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PAN Rzym WERSJA2.Indd Bacciarelli ok.qxd 30-09-2011 22:46 Pagina 6 Pubblicato da ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA vicolo Doria, 2 (Palazzo Doria) 00187 Roma tel. +39 066792170 fax +39 066794087 e-mail: [email protected] www.accademiapolacca.it Progetto grafico ANNA WAWRZYNIAK MAOLONI Pubblicazione finanziata dai fondi dell’Accademia Polacca delle Scienze PublikacjaImpaginazione wydana ze środków Polskiej Akademii Nauk DANILO SOSSI ANNA WAWRZYNIAK MAOLONI Progetto grafico/Projekt graficzny: ANNA WawRZYNIAK MAOLONI Impaginazione e stampa/Skład i druk: EDO – JAKUB Łoś ISSN 0208-5623 © Accademia Polacca delle Scienze Biblioteca e Centro di Studi a Roma Bacciarelli ok.qxd 30-09-2011 22:46 Pagina 7 indice Leszek kuk IntroduzIone 9 PWstępREMESSA LESZEK KUK 12 9 RCosimo OYAL PATRONAGEsemeraro AND THEsDBEMANCIPATION OF ARTISTS: REMARKS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN Pio XII e Il prImate august Józef Hlond datI acquIsItI e orIentamentI KING STANISLAUS AUGUSTUS AND BACCIARELLI ANDRZEJ ROTTERMUND 13 per ulterIorI rIcercHe 15 MPiARusCELL XII IO prymasBACCIARELLI august ORGANISATEUR Józef Hlond. stan badań I postulaty badaWcze 32 DE LA VIE ARTISTIQUE ÀWito LA COURLD DUzahorski DERNIER ROI DE POLOGNE ANITA CHIRON-MROZOWSKA 33 Il prImate dI polonIa, cardInale august Hlond, In francIa (1940–1944) 52 LA SCALATA SOCIALE DI BACCIARELLI. NpUOVIrymas DATI polsk DELLAI kardynał GENEALOGIA august DEL Hlond PRIMO PITTOREWe francJI (1940–1944) 66 DI SUA MAESTÀ RE DI POLONIA ELstanisła’INVENTARIOW z POSTUMOimniak DEIsDB SUOI BENI DEL 1818 ANGELA SO¸TYS 50 la posIzIone del prImate august Hlond neI confrontI deI totalItarIsmI ASPETTI DELLA RITRATTISTICA A ROMA nazIsta e sovIetIco 81 NELLA SECONDA METÀ DEL ‘700 ANTONELLA PAMPALONE 68 stanoWIsko prymasa augusta Hlonda Wobec systemóW totalItarnycH: nazIstoWskIego I soWIeckIego LA CULTURA FIGURATIVA DI MARCELLO BACCIARELLI FABRIZIO LEMME 104101 MsARCELLOtanisłaBWACCIARELLI WiLk sDB PIlEINTRE card DEInale L’ARISTOCRATIE august Hlond POLONAISE l’organIzzatore dI vIta ecclesIPaleRZEMYS nella¸AW polonMROZOWSKIIa del 107 dopoguerra. le facoltà specIalIssIme papalI del prImate per la polonIa (8 vII 1945) 128 IL RITRATTO DI STANISLAO AUGUSTO CON IL BUSTO kard. august Hlond Jako organIzator życIa koścIelnego W polsce po II WoJnIe DI PIO VI DELLA FONDAZIONE “CIECHANOWIECKI” DOROTA JUSZCZAK śWIatoWeJ. nadzWyczaJne upraWnIenIa papIeskIe dla prymasa polskI (8.vII.1945) 143 DEL CASTELLO REALE DI VARSAVIA HANNA MA¸ACHOWICZ 119 LrESu PLAFONDSDoLf GruPEINTSLiCh DE MARCELLO BACCIARELLI DANS LES RESIDENCES ROYALES DE VARSOVIE JERZY GUTKOWSKI Il cardInale august Hlond vIsto dalla prospettIva tedesca 158139 kardynał august Hlond WIdzIany oczamI nIemcóW 170 AGGIUNTE A MARCELLO BACCIARELLI ANTONELLO CESAREO 158 kardInal august Hlond aus deutscHer sIcHt 183 127 CONFERNZE TADDEO POLACCO, LA DECORAZIONE DELL’EPISCOPIO 7 DI FRASCATI E UN’INEDITACOMMITENZA COLONNA ADRIANO AMENDOLA 175 Jerzy Pietrzak Il prImate august Hlond nella polonIa comunIsta (1945–1948) alla luce deglI studI pIù recentI 196 prymas august Hlond W polsce komunIstyczneJ (1945–1948). naJnoWszy stan badań 207 stanisłaW zimniak sDB conclusIonI 217 uWagI końcoWe 222 aPPenDiCe/aneks nota bIografIca 228 nota bIografIczna 239 kurzbIograpHIe 250 CONFERNZE 127 CONFERNZE 8 L 127° VOLUme deLLA SERIE “CONFERENZE”, pubblicata dall’Accademia Polacca di Roma ormai da oltre cinquant’anni, raccoglie gli atti del convegno internazionale tenutosi nella sede dell’Accademia il 14 dicembre 2009, dedicato alla figura del cardinale primate August Hlond, considerato Iuno dei più illustri personaggi della storia della Chiesa Cattolica Romana in Polonia nel XX sec., oltre che uno stimato e celebre salesiano. Gli anni in cui visse e si trovò a operare il primate Hlond, nato nel 1881 e morto nel 1948, coincidono con un periodo storico assai tormentato e complesso, e numerose e ardue furono le sfide che egli dovette affrontare. Nacque nell’Alta Slesia, in un momento in cui lo stato polacco ormai non esisteva più da oltre cento anni e quasi tutta la Slesia, che da molto tempo faceva parte del regno prussiano, apparteneva ormai al Reich. In Europa, e nei territori polacchi, continuava a vigere l’ordine geopolitico fissato ancora ai tempi del Congresso di Vienna. Il futuro cardinale e primate di Polonia era già uomo maturo e sacerdote di una certa esperienza quando iniziò la prima guerra mondiale, guerra rivelatasi col tempo assai più difficile di quanto si fosse inizialmente pronosticato e detta, al termine di un conflitto durato quattro anni, “grande”. Hlond visse e operò per vent’anni in una Polonia libera. Fu testimone della nascita e della distruzione della Seconda Repubblica Polacca. Durante gli scontri bellici si trovò in paesi in guerra o coinvolti nel conflitto: trascorse un breve periodo in Polonia, in Italia e uno più a lungo in Francia. Verso la fine della sua vita raminga, ancora durante la guerra, finì nel Reich, quando questo stava ormai per crollare. Dopo la guerra tornò in Polonia, dove assistette da vicino all’instaurarsi di un nuovo ordine politico e sociale, imposto dall’esterno, che rompeva in modo radicale con tutte le principali tendenze e gli indirizzi di sviluppo fondamentali conosciuti e applicati fino a quel momento nella storia della 127 CONFERNZE 9 LESZEK KUK Polonia. Il cardinale non approvò quell’ordine e non nascose il suo dissenso. Morì prima che giungesse al suo culmine l’epoca staliniana, che in Polonia fu, fortunamente, più breve e meno violenta che in altri paesi trovatisi sotto il dominio sovietico. I primi tre anni successivi alla guerra furono anche gli ultimi tre anni di vita del Primate. Quando morì, il mondo era ormai completamente diverso da quello in cui egli era cresciuto. Che le operazioni intraprese da Hlond con l’intento di far funzionare la Chiesa polacca dopo il 1945 abbiano corrisposto, grazie alla sua audacia e allo slancio, alle nuove sfide, che pure lo avevano riempito di ansia e preoccupazione, è uno dei tanti paradossi della storia. Le decisioni che egli prese furono importanti e gravide di conseguenze. Certamente lo furono quelle riguardanti l’amministrazione ecclesiale dei territori ex tedeschi annessi alla Polonia in forza delle deci- sioni prese dagli Alleati a Potsdam (USSR, Usa e Gran Bretagna). Ma non solo: è soprattutto a lui, infatti, che i cattolici polacchi devono la veloce ricostruzione, sin dall’inizio, delle strutture dell’amministrazione ecclesiale in Polonia. Operazione che risultò necessaria nel momento in cui gli Alleati decisero l’espulsione forzata della popolazione tedesca dai territori in cui sarebbero passati polacchi di confessione quasi esclusivamente cattolica. Il Primate operò nei limiti delle facoltà specialissime conferitegli l’8 luglio 1945 da Pio XII, che conosceva molto bene, incontrò spesso e al quale fu legato da profonda affinità spirituale. Le azioni intraprese dal Primate, che oggettivamente facilitarono e sostennero la ripolonizzazione e, di conseguenza, spesso anche la ricatolicizzazione dei territori tedeschi situati all’est della linea Oder-Neisse, suscitarono, e ancora suscitano, una forte opposizione e molte critiche da parte tedesca. Proprio le facoltà specialissime sono state al centro di gran parte delle discussioni del nostro convegno. Si potrebbe anzi dire che l’evento sia stato organizzato con l’obiettivo di presentare le varie posizioni in merito e per descrivere l’ampio contesto storico in cui si inseriscono le decisioni prese a quei tempi dal primate Hlond. I singoli interventi ricostruiscono, ci sembra, in modo convincente il quadro dei rapporti del primate Hlond con le ideologie e i regimi totalitari, delle sue relazioni con il papa Pio XII, delle circostanze, infine, in cui egli avviò le varie azioni e prese le decisioni utilizzando le facoltà specialissime che il Papa gli aveva concesso. I relatori che hanno partecipato al convegno sono ricercatori laici ed ecclesiastici provenienti da quattro paesi: la Polonia, l’Italia, la Francia e la Germania. Le loro opinioni relative alla figura di Hlond o a singoli e differenti aspetti della sua attività sono risultate diverse e, in qualche caso, CONFERNZE 127 CONFERNZE contrastanti. La lettura degli articoli di R. Grulich e di S. Wilk rende bene 10 INTRODUZione l’idea delle divergenze nell’interpretazione e nella valutazione dell’attività del primate Hlond, e soprattutto delle sue azioni a favore dell’organizzazione dell’amministrazione ecclesiale polacca sui territori orientali assegnati alla Polonia nel 1945 e prima appartenenti al Terzo Reich. La vita del primate Hlond coincise con un periodo storico difficile, seguito da anni non meno complicati. Ciò ha fatto sì che non sia stato possibile avviare subito dopo la sua morte ricerche e studi approfonditi in merito. La situazione è iniziata a cambiare solo negli ultimi vent’anni. Si può forse nutrire la speranza che la pubblicazione degli atti del nostro convegno, grazie al contributo degli esperti in materia che vi hanno preso parte, permetta di ravvivare l’interesse e approfondire le ricerche sulla vita e l’attività di questo importante personaggio. Tutti i testi di questo volume sono pubblicati in due lingue, la prima versione in lingua italiana è seguita da quella in lingua polacca. Soltanto in due casi – il contributo di R. Grulich e la nota biografica redatta da S. Zimniak – i redattori del presente volume hanno ritenuto opportuno di pubblicare i testi anche in versione tedesca. Il convegno è stato organizzato dall’Accademia Polacca di Roma in stretta collaborazione
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