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Sawala Administrasi Negara ISSN : 2598 – 4039 (Online) SAWALA Volume 8 Nomor 2 2020, Halaman 177-191 Jurnal Administrasi Negara Djoni Gunanto ISSN : 2598-4039 (Online) Program Studi Ilmu Politik FISIP Universitas ISSN : 2302-2231 (Print) Muhammadiyah Jakarta TINJAUAN KRITIS POLITIK DINASTI DI INDONESIA Djoni Gunanto Program Studi Ilmu Politik FISIP Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta Corresponding Author, email: [email protected] Abstrak Tujuan penelitian, ini untuk mengungkap secara komprehensif tentang dinasti politik yang berkembang di Indonesia. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan studi literature review, dengan menelusuri produk hukum, jurnal, artikel, dan dokumen-dokumen. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mencatat sumber literatur. Analisis penelitian dilakukan menggunakan pedekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan model analisis isi. Hasil Penelitian, Dinasti politik di Indonesia dilakukan dengan dua cara: by design dan by accident. Dinasti politik by design telah terbentuk sejak lama. Secara relasi, jejaring familisme dalam pemerintahan sudah kuat, sehingga kerabat yang masuk dalam pemerintahan atau terjun dalam kontestasi politik sudah diatur sedemikian rupa untuk merekayasa keberhasilan tujuannya. Adapun dinasti politik by accident terjadi dalam situasi suksesi pemerintahan yang secara tiba-tiba mencalonkan kerabat untuk menggantikannya demi menjaga kekuasaan informal erhadap penggantinya jika menang dalam kontestasi politik Kesimpulan. Politik dinasti sejatinya bisa diterima dan tidak dipersoalkan selama dalam pelaksanaan sistem perekrutan dan pemilihan calon dalam kontestasi politik di Indonesia berjalan secara adil dan profesional. Oleh karenanya, penentuan calon atau kandidat dalam kontestasi politik di Indonesia harus didasarkan pada sistem meritokrasi, yakni memberikan hak lebih kepada siapapun yang memiliki prestasi dan track record yang baik untuk menduduki kursi-kursi strategis dalam pemerintahan. Kata Kunci: Politik, Dinasti, Kandidat, Pilkada Abstract The purpose of this research is to reveal comprehensively about the developing political dynasties in Indonesia. This research method is a literature review study, by exploring legal products, journals, articles, and documents. The data collection technique is done by noting literature sources. The research analysis was carried out using a qualitative approach using the content analysis model. The results of the study, political dynasties in Indonesia were carried out in two ways: by design and by accident. The political dynasty by design has been around for a long time. Relatively, the network of familism in government is already strong, so that relatives who enter the government or participate in political contestation have been arranged in such a way as to engineer the success of their goals. As for the political dynasty by accident occurs in a situation of succession of government which suddenly nominates relatives to replace them in order to maintain informal power over their successors if they win in political contestation. Dynastic politics can actually be accepted and not questioned as long as the recruitment and selection system for candidates in political contestation in Indonesia runs fairly and professionally. Therefore, the determination of candidates or candidates in political contestation in Indonesia must be based on a meritocratic system, which gives more rights to anyone with good achievements and track records to occupy strategic seats in government. Keywords: Politics, Dynasty, Candidate, Regional Elections Tinjauan Kritis Politik Dinasti di Indonesia 177 SAWALA Volume 8 Nomor 2 2020, Halaman 177-191 Jurnal Administrasi Negara Djoni Gunanto ISSN : 2598-4039 (Online) Program Studi Ilmu Politik FISIP Universitas ISSN : 2302-2231 (Print) Muhammadiyah Jakarta PENDAHULUAN anggota dewan wakil rakyat terpilih Politik berpengaruh sangat berasal dari keluarga dinasti tersebut. dominan dalam perjalanan sebuah Mengingat kembali kekhawatiran bangsa dan negara. Dinamika politik Mosca, bahwa setiap kelas yang positif dan konstruktif berdampak menampilkan kecenderungan untuk terhadap kemajuan bangsa dan negara. menjadi turun temurun, bahkan ketika Dinamika politik yang negatif dan dalam kondisi politik terbuka untuk destruktif menjadikan suatu bangsa siapapun, kedudukan keluarga lemah dan mengalami kemunduran. penguasa akan dianugerahi berbagai Politik mempengaruhi berbagai hal keuntungan. dalam kehidupan bernegara, bahkan Negara demokrasi sejatinya dapat mengubah tata dan sistem suatu harus membuka kran politik seluas negara. Sebagaimana dalam pandangan mungkin untuk memastikan rakyat Harold Laswell, politik sebagai studi terlibat aktif dalam proses politik. dalam mempelajari berbagai ruang Ruang partisipasi untuk masyarakat lingkup negara, termasuk dalam dalam kontestasi politik regional hingga pembentukan dan pembagian nasional harusnya sangat terbuka. kekuasaan. Namun faktanya, dengan munculnya Dalam negara demokrasi, dinasti politik dinasti telah menghambat politik telah muncul sejak lama. Hal itu partisipasi masyarakat karena status menimbulkan kekhawatiran adanya atau hak sosialnya yang jauh berbeda ketidaksetaraan dalam distribusi dengan keluarga petahana. Politik kekuasaan politik sehingga dapat dinasti telah merusak makna demokrasi mencerminkan ketidaksempurnaan yang sejati, yakni kekuasaan politik atau dalam reperesentasi demokratis dalam pemerintahan yang dijalankan dari politik, yang disebut kekuasaan rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat. melahirkan kekuatan. Dinasti polititk Politik dinasti juga memunculka adalah fenomena umum dan telah lahir pragmatisme politik dengan mendorong di negara-negara demokrasi modern. Di famili atau kerabat penguasa untuk Amerika Serikat, prevalensi dinasti di menjadi pejabat publik. Kongres lebih tinggi dibandingkan Dalam kontestasi politik tentu dengan pekerjaan lain. Hasil pemilihan diwarnai dengan berbagai dinamika, paruh waktu di Filipina pada tahun mulai dari proses pemilihan pejabat 2013 menunjukkan bahwa dari 80 negara untuk menduduki pemerintahan persen provinsi, yang keluarga politik hingga dinamika dalam menjalankan ikut andil dalam pemilihan, 74 persen kekuasaan. Dalam hal tersebut, partai politik (parpol) menjadi aktor utama, Tinjauan Kritis Politik Dinasti di Indonesia 178 SAWALA Volume 8 Nomor 2 2020, Halaman 177-191 Jurnal Administrasi Negara Djoni Gunanto ISSN : 2598-4039 (Online) Program Studi Ilmu Politik FISIP Universitas ISSN : 2302-2231 (Print) Muhammadiyah Jakarta sehingga dinamika yang sering menjadi berkembang pandangan bahwa adanya sorotan adalah peran parpol dalam larangan bagi keluarga petahana atau proses mendapatkan kekuasaan, mulai penguasa untuk ikut serta dalam dari pembentukan koalisi hingga kontestasi politik merupakan penentuan calon. Sebelum kontestasi pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan politik dimulai, penentuan calon oleh melanggar konstitusi warga negara. parpol dalam pilkada atau pemilu selalu menjadi pembahasan penting, METODE PENELITIAN utamanya fenomena terjadinya politik Penelitian ini berfokus pada dinasti, yakni munculnya calon yang pembahasan politik dinasti di berasal dari keluarga tokoh parpol. Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan Disadari atau tidak, politik dinasti studi literature review, dengan dalam tubuh parpol tumbuh menelusuri produk hukum, jurnal, berkembang dalam perpolitikan artikel, dan dokumen-dokumen yang Indonesia. terkait dengan fokus penelitian. Teknik Di tubuh partai politik di pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Indonesia tidak dapat dipungkiri mencatat sumber literatur yang meliputi adanya oligarki yang dapat peraturan perundang-undangan mempengaruhi mekanisme pencalonan mengenai pemilihan umum (pemilu) dan kandidasi sehingga tidak berjalan dan pemilihan kepala daerah (pilkada), sebagaimana mestinya. pencalonan buku dan jurnal yang berkaitan dengan kandidat oleh partai politik seringkali politik dinasti dan pemilu dan pilkada, seringkali berdasarkan keinginan elit juga opini-opini dan berita di media- partai politik, bukan berdasarkan media massa. Analisis penelitian kualitas dan integritas calon. Dinasti dilakukan menggunakan pedekatan politik memperkuat jaringan kekuasaan kualitatif dengan menggunakan model mulai dari tingkat daerah hingga pusat, analisis isi. yang orientasinya mempertahankan kekuasaan dalam tubuh partai politik. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Akhirnya dinasti politik menguasai Politik Dinasti dan Kontestasi Politik sekaligus mematikan demokrasi dalam Politik dinasti dan dinasti politik partai politik. merupakan dua hal berbeda. Politik Tumbuh berkembangnya dinasti dinasti adalah proses mobilisasi politik selalu menjadi pro-kontra. Secara regenerasi kekuasaan kaum oligarki umum, dinasti politik dipandang yang bertujuan untuk meraih atau berpotensi memicu penyalahgunaan melanggengkan kekuasaan. Dinasti kekuasaan. Namun di sisi lain juga politik ialah sistem reproduksi Tinjauan Kritis Politik Dinasti di Indonesia 179 SAWALA Volume 8 Nomor 2 2020, Halaman 177-191 Jurnal Administrasi Negara Djoni Gunanto ISSN : 2598-4039 (Online) Program Studi Ilmu Politik FISIP Universitas ISSN : 2302-2231 (Print) Muhammadiyah Jakarta kekuasaan yang mengandalkan Hingga saat ini, dinasti politik familisme atau hubungan kekerabatan. terus tumbuh berkembang. Dinasti Dinasti politik dapat disebut sebagai politik, yang oleh masyarakat dianggap sistem yang bertentangan dengan sebagai virus demokrasi pada awalnya demokrasi karena telah membatasi muncul optimisme penyakit ini akan ruang ligkup demokrasi yang hilang dengan terpilihnya Jokowi seharusnya membuka peluang dalam sebagai penguasa karena dia bukan
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