sign in sign up
<<
Home , Carpal bones

Bones and of the upper . Sándor Katz M.D., Ph.D.

It is a branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure organisms and their parts.

Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine. ana=up tom, tomia= cut, dissect cut up or cut open Anatomy

The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy.

Macroscopic anatomy or gross anatomy is the examination of body parts with naked eye.

Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology. Anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy describes the …

• location • shape • external surface • internal surface • parts

of organs or structures. Course books Course books Anatomical planes (overview) Skeleton Function of

• support • movements - muscle attachment • protection • Ca storage • marrow - hemopoiesis Identifying characteristics

• fossa - depression • sinus - cavity • foramen - hole • meatus - tube • condyles - large, smooth and curved surfaces • tubercle - projection • tuberosity - rough surface Classification of bones

• long bones

• short bones

• irregular bones

• flat bones

• pneumatic bones

• sesamoid bones Long bones - general features e.g. , femur

proximal epiphysis

Long bones are mostly presented in the diaphysis=shaft=body , and they facilitate movements.

distal epiphysis Short bones - general features e.g. carpal and tarsal bones

Short bones provide stability and some movements. Irregular bones - general features e.g. vertebrae

Irregular bones have a complex shape, which helps to protect organs. Flat bones - general features e.g. , sternum and ribs

Flat bones can provide protection (like a shield) and large areas of attachment for muscles. Pneumatic bones - general features e.g. maxilla, frontal and sphenoid bones

Pneumatic bones have air spaces within them which makes them lighter than more solid bones. Sesamoid bones - general features e.g. patella (kneecap)

Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons and they protect tendons from stress and wear. Gross anatomy of bone

• compact bone • spongy bone • periosteum • bone marrow cavity Upper limb

1. : and scapula

2. Free upper extremity: humerus, , , carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges. Clavicle

• sternal end • acromial end • impression for costoclavicular ligament Scapula Scapula

• • spine • supraspinous fossa • infraspinous fossa • subscapular fossa • glenoid cavity • • medial, lateral and superior borders • superior and inferior angles • supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles lateral view Humerus Humerus

• head • epicondyles • anatomical neck • capitulum • surgical neck • trochlea • body • fossa • • crests of lesser and • greater tubercles • intertubercular groove Ulna

• olecranon • • ulnar tuberosity • • body • ulnar head Radius

• head • articular circumference • • body • carpal articular surface • ulnar notch • styloid process Carpal bones

They appear in two rows. proximal row: 1. scaphoid, 2. lunate, 3. triquetrum, 4. pisiform distal row: 1. , 2. trapezoid, 3. capitate, 4. hamate

They appear in two rows.

proximal row: 1. scaphoid, 2. lunate, 3. triquetrum, 4. pisiform

distal row: 1. trapezium, 2. trapezoid, 3. capitate, 4. hamate Joints (A gap is presented between the articular surfaces.)

• Compulsory components (articular surfaces, cartilage, capsule and ligaments)

• Optional components (discs, menisci, articular , bursae, tendon sheaths and articular muscles) Compulsory components

• articular head

• articular cavity

• cartilage (hyaline cartilage) Compulsory components

• articular capsule: -outer fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue; rich in vessels and )

-inner synovial layer (synoviocytes secrete synovia) Optional components

• ligaments Optional components

• menisci and discs: separate the articular cavity into two parts. Optional components

• articular lips: extend the articular cavities. Optional components

• Bursae and tendon sheaths: reduce friction between surfaces. Optional components

• articular muscles: delicate fibers from the surrounding muscles, tense the articular capsule. • Normal position of the body: standing body, face looking forward and face forward.

• Midposition of joints: capsule and ligaments on each side are collectively loose. Stabilisers of joints

• ligaments • capsule • pressure • adhesion between the surfaces • muscles Classification of joints - Uniaxial joints • Hinge: e.g. humeroulnar and interphalangeal joints. Flexion-extension.

• Pivot: e.g. atlantoaxial and radioulnar joints. Rotation.

• Trochoginglimus (hinge and pivot): combination of the two uniaxial joints. e.g. elbow and joints. Flexion-extension, rotation. Classification of joints - Biaxial joints

• Ellipsoid: e.g. . Flexion-extension, adduction-abduction.

• Saddle: e.g. I. carpometacarpal joint. Adduction- abduction, opposition-reposition. Classification of joints - Multiaxial joints

• Ball-and-socket: e.g. shoulder and hip joints. Flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, rotation =

circumduction. Special joint types

• Restricted ball-and-socket: e.g. II.-V. metacarpophalangeal joints • Amphiarthrosis: intercarpal and II.-V. carpometacarpal joints Sternoclavicular joint

• Type: plane (restricted ball-and- socket) • Articular surfaces: sternal articular facet – clavicular notch of sternum • Articular disc • Ligaments: costoclavicular, interclavicular and sternoclavicular ligaments. • Movement: rotation - 50°. Acromioclavicular joint

• Type: plane (restricted ball-and- socket) • Articular surfaces: acromial articular facet– acromion • Articular disc • Ligaments: acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular (conoid and trapezoid ligaments) ligaments • Movement: rotation. Shoulder joint

• Type: ball-and- socket • Articular surfaces: head of humerus – glenoid cavity • Glenoid labrum Shoulder joint

• Bursae: subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid and subtendinous bursae – they communicate with the articular cavity • Ligaments: coracohumeral, glenohumeral and coracoacromial ligaments

(coracoacromial arch=coracoacromial lig.) • Movements: a. Anteversion: 60° b. Retroversion: 5° c. Abduction: 90° d. Adduction: 0° e. Rotation: 90°

circumduction dislocation of the humeral head Thank you for your attention.

References: McGraw-Hill Company’s pictures Gray’s Anatomy for Students Pearson Education Thieme: Atlas of Anatomy, General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System