DOCSLIB.ORG

Groundwater Contribution to a Mountain Stream Channel, Hedmark

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Groundwater Contribution to a Mountain Stream Channel, Hedmark Groundwater contribution to a mountain stream channel , Hedmark, Norway. SYLVI HALDORSEN, JENS-OLAF ENGLUND, PER J0RGENSEN, LARS A. KIRKHUSMO & DAG HONGVE Haldorsen, S.. Englund, J-O., Jorgensen, P., Kirkhusmo, L.A. & Hongve, D. 1992: Groundwater contribution to a mounta in stream channel , Hedmark . Norway. Nor.geol.unders . 422.3-14. The Skvaldra stream in Hedmark, Southern Norway is characterized ~y a stable baseflow . This baseflow is controlled by a significant groundwater supp ly from Quaternary deposits. The area was chosen for an attempt at quant ification of the basenow's three groundwater components: (i) ground water from numerous springs on a sprinq-honzon at the boundary between permeable sediment-flow depos its in the upper valley side and compact basal till depos ited along the lower part of the valley sides and the valley bottom; (ii) groundwater from aquifers in compact basal till. topographically lower than the spring horizon; (iii) deep groun dw ater from till or underly ing bed­ rock . Flood events in the Skvaldra are due to surface run-o ff, usually confined to the valley bot­ tom along the stream channel , or due to very. shallow subsurface interflow , with very little or no groundwater compon ent. Even when the baseflow is very low « 0.05 rn's" ), groundwater from the springs makes up more than 70% of the total flow. Groundwater from the compact till constitutes about 10% of the baseflow, while deep gro undwater makes up less than 20%. During the summer the spring component is higher. During a year the baseflow varies between 0.03 and 0.1 rn's'", Most of this baseflow is due to groundwater, and the groundwater component is at least 1 x 10' m' per year, corres ponding to 10% of the annual precipitation . Sylvi rtetaorsen. Per Je rqensen, Jens-Olaf Englund, tnstitutt for jord fag, seksjon for geologi, Nor­ ges landbrukshogskole, Postboks 28, 1432 As, Norwa y. Lars A. Kirkhusm o, Norges geologiske underseke tse. Postboks 3813 - Ullev;jl Hageby, 0805-0510, Norway. Dag Hongve, Statens institutt for toncenetse, Geitmyrsveien 75, 0462 Oslo 4. Norway. Introduction in chemical and isotopic ratios of flow compo­ Terr ain covered by till or with a surface of nents. Observations from limnigrammes give strongly frost-weathered bedrock characteri­ some information about the hydrological pro ­ zes the mountainous regions of south central perties of a catc hment. but these cannot be Norway. In some mountain a: eas the ground­ anything but qualified guesses wit hout field water contribution to streams and rivers is studies. Hewlett (1982) stated that «no graph i­ considerable. It gives a stable and significant calor mathematical operation performed on a baseflow and has an important influence upon hydrograph will reveal the sourc e or pathway the chemical composition of these waters. The of stormflow». Different comb inations of sour­ routing of water along surface and sub-s urfa­ ces and pathways can lead to quite similar ce flow paths in such mountainous areas is hydrographs. This study, therefore, uses che­ important because it influences the timing of mical data in addition to the volume, rate, and strea m flow and the chem ical composition of timing of streamflow to clarify the sources of water reaching the stream. In a catc hment ground water and the specific pathways along consisting of fractured bedrock over lain by which grou ndwater moves through a catch­ glacial sediments, the rivers may receive wa­ ment. ter from deep regional groundwater flow paths The Skvaldra catchment in Hedmark was as well as shallower water from the glacial selected for the study because the Skvaldra overbu rden. Two general approaches have stream receives groundwater from thick Qua­ been used to better define the sources and ternary depos its along the valley sides and actual flow paths of wate r in catchments (e.g. because human influence is small. It is therefo­ Horton 1933, Pinder & Jones 1969, Kirkby re well suited for an attempt to quantify the 1978, Germann 1986, Kennedy et al. 1986. different groundwater components which con­ Sklash et al. 1986); (i) physical observations tribute to the Skvaldra 's streamflo w. The inves­ fro m field stud ies, coupled with theoretical flow tigation is mainly based on data from the peri­ modelling. and (ii) measurements of changes od 1987 to 1991. 4 By/vi Ha/dorsen, Jens-Ote! Eng/und, Per Jerqensen, Lars A. Kirkhusmo & Dag Honqve NGU· BULL. 422. 1992 Study area coming from the east. In the western part of the catchment there are two small lakes (Fig. 1). The annual precipitat ion is about 1100 mm Topography, climate and land use (Fig. 2).Winters are norm ally cold with tempera­ tures well below aoe , and the snow falls from The study was car ried out in the uppe r part the beginn ing of November. The main sno w of the Skvaldra catc hment , Godlidalen, whi ch melt period is usua lly in the latter part of covers 13.5 km' (Fig. 1). Godlidalen is an asym­ May. Two of the study years, 1989 and 1990, metric valley with a rather flat valley floor, were exceptionally mild, with little or no snow bounded by mountainou s areas to the north accum ulation until late December and wit h the and east, and low er hills between the Skvald­ main snow melt in late April. ra catch ment and the main Astdalen valley to Peatland const itutes about 40 percent of the west. The altitude varies from 875 m abo­ Godlidalen, and dom inates completely below ve sea level (a.s.l.) in the valley bottom up to the timber line. The Skvaldra catc hment is 1090 m at the highest mountain summit in the used only for extensive graz ing by sheep, east. The Skvaldra stre am forms a dend ritic hunt ing and recreation. Other sources of pollu­ pattern , with most of the tributary streams ion are insignificant. Precipitation (mm) 70 60 '---'_---''----'3km 50 40 30 20 ' ~ . ., I " 10 . 00 . : • I ° • f ' .. 0 ~ ~ ! : :-~ ~ ~~ ~ - ~:. ~:- ~~~~ ~ _ h _ ~ ! , · : o • • •• • •-', . .. • ,_: ... • .:. ". : ;,:: i ;.. ;. .. JFMAMJ JASON D Discharge m 3s -' 20 - ...-/ Sk val d r a ca tchm ent Monitored pa rt of 15 · ca tchment area River o Gr ound w at er tu bewel l o Y Pre cipitation g auge ""'V Limnig raph Peat lands 5 Sprin g horizon Fig. 1. The Skvaldra catchment with position of the monito­ red part (Godlidalen). The profile a - a' is shown in Fig. 4. o J F D The western tube well is number 15006, the middle one 15007 and the eastern one 15008. Inset: 0 .d.= 0 sterdalen, Fig. 2. Precipitation at Sjusjeen 1990 and discharg e of the G.d.= Gudbra ndsdalen. Skvaldra in 1990. z - -<..------ 1 k m o C Dommant ground w a ter aJ oE- recharge ar ea ~ C r: Thin sacrments r c. and frost .. · Permeable weathered bedroc k !" -o· glacial seo tments '" -o· c I uva m a.s .t s ~· 1100 '" ~ 1050 Comp act basal (Ill 1000 Permeable and peat land sediments 9 50 900 "I--''-----LJ..........:,I!:l ""''' '-''-' c=. .,..J: ==c-=~-- _r. ---__,_- --,_--N..J 8 50 o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000m ~=~ ~============= a a' l .-- -;r I : ,;;:/ 1 - 3· Bas e flow 4 Flood events '0 --- j~ 7 .r: Tate ru ngskampen " ==== peat Spri ng A ­ unsaturated flow Spring s saturated flow -- - groundwater level springs Fig. 3. Depositional mode l for the Quatern ary sediments in Fig. 4. (a) W5W -ENE geo logical and hydrogeological pro file the Skva ldra catchment. a -a' through the southern par t of the Godlidalen based Top : Relation to the glac ier during glaciation. on the seismic investigations of Hillestad (1990). Position Bott om : Present day, show ing pos itio ns of the springs & of profi le is shown in Fig. 1. (b) Main hydrological budget peatland s. of the Skva ldra . 6 Sylvi Haldorsen , Jens-Olaf Englund. Per Jerqe rtsen, Lars A. Kirkhusmo & Dag Hongve NGU · BULL. 422. 1992 Bedro ck geology en clearly separ ated flood events, and it is The Skvaldra catchment is situated in the normally between 0.03"and 0.1 m's-I (Fig. 2). middle of a Late Precambrian sedimentary The annual baseflow is 1 - 3 x 10' m' , corre­ rock basin. The bedrock belongs to the upper sponding to 110 - 220 mm (Le. 10 - 20%) of part of the Brett urn form ation and consi sts the precipitation. During snowm elt floods , the of alternating fine-grained conglomerates and discharge in the Skvaldra can reach 20 m's-I. arkosic sandstones (Siedlecka et al. 1987). During the summer, stormflows of more than Seismic studies (Hillestad 1990) showed that 2 rn's' have been measured. the bedrock underlying the Quaterna ry sedi­ ments can be regarded as only moderately fractured,Le. with seismic velocities betwe en 4500 and 5500 ms-I. Monitoring The precipitation in summer was measured Quaternary geology with a Plumatic precipitation gauge (Fig. 1) The valley botto m and the lowest part of the and the data was proc essed by the Norwegian valley sides (about 6.5 km') are covered by a Meteorological Institute (DNMI Station 0676 compac t silty basal till of thick ness c. 10 m Astdalen - Skvaldra). During the winter, precipi­ (Kehler 1985, Hillestad 1990) (Figs. 3 & 4). Its tation data from the meteoro logical station at petrographic and granulometric composition Sjusjeen, 30 km west of Godlidalen, were is very homoge neous because it was formed used (DNMI Station 1296 Sjusjeen - Stora­ by comminution of the arkos ic bedrock alone sen). The precipitation data from Sjusjce n are (Haldorsen 1982, 1983).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • US Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville
    Prepared In Cooperation with the Department of Geosciences at the University of Arkansas U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26-29, 2011 Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5031 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Prepared in Cooperation with the Department of Geosciences at the University of Arkansas U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26–29, 2011 Edited By Eve L. Kuniansky Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5031 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey i U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2011 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Kuniansky,E.L., 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26-29, 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5031, 212p. Online copies of the proceedings area available at: http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/karst/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.
    [Show full text]
  • GPS/Tachymetry) and GIS
    Ecological Assessment of Springs and Spring Brooks in the Swiss National Park: Combining Fieldwork with Geodesy (GPS/Tachymetry) and GIS Diploma Thesis by Michael Döring Written at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) Supervised by Dr. Urs Uehlinger PD Dr. Christopher T. Robinson (EAWAG, Switzerland) Diploma Professor: Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmitt (Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany) Table of contents Table of contents I SUMMARY......................................................................................................................1 II ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................................3 1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................5 1.1 HISTORY .......................................................................................................................5 1.2 STUDIES ON SPRINGS.....................................................................................................5 1.3 ECOLOGY OF SPRINGS ...................................................................................................6 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...........................................................................................8 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ....................................................................9 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION ..........................................................................................9 2.2 SWISS NATIONAL
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeological Investigation and Technological
    AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STOCKHOFF BASALT QUARRY , NORTHEASTERN OREGON By BRUCE RAYMOND WOMACK A thesis submitted in partial f ulfil l ment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS ~vASHINGTON STATE UNIVERS I TY Department of Anthropology 1977 r r r v r AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL r ANALYSIS OF THE STOCKHOFF BASALT QUARRY, r NORTHEASTERN OREGON ABSTRACT r by Bruce Raymond Womack, M.A. Washington State University, 1977 r I Chairman: Frank C. Leonhardy J ~ i i The Stockhoff Basalt Quarry (35UN52) is located the Blue Mountains f in r ~ of northeastern Oregon, 19 km southeast of La Grande. The site lies along a r small tributary of Ladd Creek in the upper end of Ladd Canyon. During surface collection and excavation, over 700 basalt implements r and 3900 pieces of chipping detritus were recovered. A test excavation which r revealed the presence of basalt implements beneath a deposit of Mazama ash indicated exploitation of the site's lithic resources by 6700 B.P. The imple- r ments recovered from the site bear a strong technomorphological resemblance to implements of the Cascade Phase 8000-4500 B.P. This suggests that the r site's lithic resources may have been exploited as early as 8000 B.P. The r paucity of diagnostic lithic material post-dating the Cold Springs Horizon 6000-4000 B.P. suggests non-utilization of these resources after 4000 B.P. I r ( The Stockhoff site served aboriginal folk as a major source of lithic raw material for approximately 4000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Tucannon Phase in Lower Snake River Prehistory
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Steven W. Lucas for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Anthropology, Anthropology, and Geography presented on September 29, 1994. Title: The Origin of the Tucannon Phase in Lower Snake River Prehistory. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy David R. Brauner Approximately 5,500 years ago a discreet period of wetter and cooler environmental conditions prevailed across the southern Columbia Plateau. This period was marked by the first prominent episodes of erosion to occur along the lower Snake River following the height of the Altithermal and eruption of Mt. Mazama during the mid post-glacial. In addition to the reactivation of small stream courses choked with debris and sediment, large stream channels began downcutting and scouring older terrace faces incorporated with large accumulations of Mazama ash. The resulting degradation of aquatic habitats forced concurrent changes within human economies adapted to the local riverine-environments. These adjustments reported for the Tucannon phase time period along the lower Snake River are notable and demonstrate the degree to which Cascade phase culture was unsuccessful in coping with environmental instability at the end of the Altithermal time period. This successionary event has demonstratively become the most significant post-glacial, qualitative change to occur in the lifeways of lower Snake River people prior to Euro-American influence. © Copyright by Steven W. Lucas September 29, 1994 All Rights Reserved Origin of the Tucannon Phase in Lower Snake River Prehistory By Steven W. Lucas A THESIS Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Completed September 29, 1994 Commencement June 1995 Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies thesis of Steven W.
    [Show full text]
  • Basin Descriptions and Flow Characteristics of Ohio Streams
    Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water BASIN DESCRIPTIONS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF OHIO STREAMS By Michael C. Schiefer, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Bulletin 47 Columbus, Ohio 2002 Robert Taft, Governor Samuel Speck, Director CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 2 Purpose and Scope ……………………………………………………………. 2 Previous Studies……………………………………………………………….. 2 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………… 3 Factors Determining Regimen of Flow………………………………………………... 4 Weather and Climate…………………………………………………………… 4 Basin Characteristics...………………………………………………………… 6 Physiology…….………………………………………………………… 6 Geology………………………………………………………………... 12 Soils and Natural Vegetation ..………………………………………… 15 Land Use...……………………………………………………………. 23 Water Development……………………………………………………. 26 Estimates and Comparisons of Flow Characteristics………………………………….. 28 Mean Annual Runoff…………………………………………………………... 28 Base Flow……………………………………………………………………… 29 Flow Duration…………………………………………………………………. 30 Frequency of Flow Events…………………………………………………….. 31 Descriptions of Basins and Characteristics of Flow…………………………………… 34 Lake Erie Basin………………………………………………………………………… 35 Maumee River Basin…………………………………………………………… 36 Portage River and Sandusky River Basins…………………………………….. 49 Lake Erie Tributaries between Sandusky River and Cuyahoga River…………. 58 Cuyahoga River Basin………………………………………………………….. 68 Lake Erie Tributaries East of the Cuyahoga River…………………………….. 77 Ohio River Basin………………………………………………………………………. 84
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017
    A Product of the Water Availability and Use Science Program Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Texas at San Antonio and hosted by the Student Geological Society and student chapters of the Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Association of Engineering Geologists U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017 Edited By Eve L. Kuniansky and Lawrence E. Spangler Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5023 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Kuniansky, E.L., and Spangler, L.E., eds., 2017, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5023, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175023.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Monitoring of Coal-Ash Disposal Sites in a Karst Terrane Near Burnside, South-Central Kentucky
    ISSN 0075-5591 Kentucky Geological Survey Donald C. Haney, State Geologist and Director University of Kentucky, Lexington Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Monitoring of Coal-Ash Disposal Sites in a Karst Terrane near Burnside, South-Central Kentucky Shelley Minns Hutcheson Lyle V.A. Sendlein James S. Dinger James C. Currens Arsin M. Sahba Report of Investigations 11 Series XI, 1997 DISCLAIMER The Kentucky Geological Survey provides online versions of its publications as a public service. Publications are provided as Adobe PDF (portable document format) files. Hard- copy versions are available for purchase by contacting the Survey at: Kentucky Geological Survey Publication Sales Office 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0107 Phone: 606-257-5500 Fax: 606-257-1147 Selected KGS reports published before 1999 have been scanned and converted to PDF format. Scanned documents may not retain the formatting of the original publication. In addition, color may have been added to some documents to clarify illustrations; in these cases, the color does not appear in the original printed copy of the publication. Every effort has been made to ensure the integrity of the text. KGS maps and charts are supplied either whole or in part and some are too large to be printed on most plotters. Open-file reports are reproduced from the best available copy provided by the author, and have not undergone KGS technical or editorial review. The Kentucky Geological Survey disclaims all warranties, representations, or endorsements, expressed or implied, with regard to the information accessed from, or via, this server or the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions
    j»ly ana Irrigation Paper No. 145 Series 0, Underground Waters, 46 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 1905 MYRON L. FULLER GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 145 Series 0, Underground Waters, 46 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 19 O 5 L. FULLER GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE Tv7ater Resources Branch, Geological Survey, BDX 3106, Capitol Station Oklahoma City, Okla. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT I'KIN TING OFFICE 1905 CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transmittal _.........-.------_------------------------_-.----.- 7 Hydrologic work in eastern United States and publications on ground waters. by Myron L. Fuller___________________________ ___-__--__.______ 9 Drainage of ponds into drilled wells, by Robert E. Horton ______________ 30 Two unusual types of artesian flow, by Myron L. Fuller __________________ 40 Construction of so-called fountain and geyser springs, by Myron L. Fuller- 46 A convenient gage for determining low artesian heads, by Myron L. Fuller. 51 Water resources of the Catatorik area. New York, by E. M. Kindle ______ 53 Water resources of the Pawpaw and Hancock quadrangles. West Virginia. Maryland, and Pennsylvania, by George W. Stose and George C. Martin_ 58 Watsr resources of the Nicholas quadrangle, West Virginia, by George H. Ashley _ _ _ _ ____...._'____ ____________ _.._____.--_---_-___.__..____ 64 Water resources of the "Mineral Point quadrangle. Wisconsin, by U. S. Grant _-____...._...__.________________._._______ ___.______._.__ 67 Water resources of the Joplin district, Missouri-Kansas, by W.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Prioritization of Karst Groundwater Basins in Kentucky for Targeting Resources for Nonpoint Source Pollution Prevention and Abatement
    Project Title: Identification and Prioritization of Karst Groundwater Basins in Kentucky for Targeting Resources for Nonpoint Source Pollution Prevention and Abatement Joseph A. Ray, Phillip W. O’dell, and Jack R. Moody Technical Services Section Jolene M. Blanset and Robert J. Blair Data Management and Support Groundwater Branch Kentucky Division of Water 14 Reilly Road Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 Grant Number: C9994861-97 Workplan Number: 97-17 Report Period: 1997-2004 FINAL REPORT January 14, 2005 The Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet (EPPC) and Kentucky Division of Water, Groundwater Branch do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or disability. The EPPC and Kentucky Division of Water, Groundwater Branch will provide, on request, reasonable accommodations including auxiliary aids and services necessary to afford an individual with a disability an equal opportunity to participate in all services, programs and activities. To request materials in an alternative format, contact the Kentucky Division of Water, 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY, 40601 or call (502) 564-3410, or contact Kentucky Division of Water, Groundwater Branch. Hearing and speech-impaired persons can use the Kentucky Relay Service, a toll- free telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD). For voice to TDD, call 800-648-6057. For TDD to voice, call 800-648-6056. Funding for this project was provided in part by a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) through the Kentucky Division of Water, Nonpoint Source Section, to Kentucky Division of Water, Groundwater Branch as authorized by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987, §319(h) Nonpoint Source Implementation Grant #C9994861-97.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGIC ANTIQUITY Ofvthff^ ^ LINDENMEIER SITE in COLORADO
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 99, NUMBER 2 GEOLOGIC ANTIQUITY OFVThff^ ^ LINDENMEIER SITE IN COLORADO (With Six Plates) BY KIRK BRYAN AND LOUIS L. RAY Harvard University (Publication 35541 CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FEBRUARY 5, 1940 u -c c J H SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 99. NUMBER 2 GEOLOGIC ANTIQUITY OF THE LINDENMEIER SITE IN COLORADO (With Six Plates) BY KIRK BRYAN AND LOUIS L. RAY Harvard University (Publication 3554) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FEBRUARY 5, 1940 ZU £ord (^aftimove (Prtee BALTIMORE, UD., U. B. A. 1 CONTENTS Page Introduction i Acknowledgments 6 General geology of the Lindenmeier site and adjacent regions 6 General statement 6 The Tertiary beds of the High Plains 7 Character of the Colorado Piedmont 8 Rocks near the Lindenmeier site 8 Springs and their significance 9 ' Climate and its influence " lo The culture layer and its local setting 1 The Lindenmeier Valley 14 Topography 14 Conclusion ! 19 Pediments and terraces ot the Colorado Piedmont 20 General statement 20 Spottlewood pediment 21 Coalbank pediment 22 Timnath pediment 23 Piracy by the South Platte River 24 The canyon-cutting cycle 24 Alluvial terraces 24 Modern flood plain 26 Summary 27 Glaciation of the Cache la Poudre Valley 2^ Prairie Divide glacial stage 28 Other possible pre-Wisconsin glaciations. 29 The canyon-cutting cycle 29 Home, and a possible earlier, glacial substage 30 Corral Creek substage of glaciation 33 Long Draw substage of glaciation 34 Protalus substage 35 Summary 35 Terraces of the Cache la Poudre Canyon 36 The canyon 36 Nature of valley trains 38 Methods of terrace study 39 Terrace No.
    [Show full text]
  • Fetter, CW, 1988, 'Applied Hydrogeology
    hJ 5BO Army Snyder Exh. # 5-D [Originally Attached As EXHIBIT SNS #5 to Witness Snyder's pre-filed testimony] U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMLSSI0N .tc 6n~~j inliather Mew of-t TFE1re 5NPov9 OFFERED by prnt/Licens intervenor NRC Staff Other Witness/PanelC ,, AclnMIM:Maw on ADMITTE RE.JECT1ED MOMlI~~ll Fetter, C. W., 1988, "Applied Hydrogeology", Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus, Ohio. DOCKETEDUSNRC October 25, 2007 (2:00pm) OFFICE OF SECRETARY RULEMAKINGS AND ADJUDICATIONS STAFF Docket No. 40-8838-ML w SECOND EDITION APPLIED HYDROGEOLOGY C. W. FETTER University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh Merrill Publishing Company A Bell & Howell Information Company Columbus Toronto London Melbourne LITHIFIED[ SEDiENTARY ROCKS 285 LUnrasd ,hicknt-,w. of GleFIwoodS-I. Peter ,and.tvne !fn .n 400n• 1-. S 1 I I(J. Lnca,;ed thicknes-. of Mt. Simnon jqUifor (fl, FIGURE 8.19 Relation between the spi-ific capacity of a well (gallonm per minute of yield per foot of drawdown) and the uncased thickness of the sandstone aquifer: A. Glenwood-St. Peter Sandstone. B. Mt. Simon Sandstone. Both of northern Illinois. Source: VV. C. Walton and S. Csalljny, Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation 43, 1962. nation of explosives in the uncased hole. The shots are generally located oppo- site the most permeable zones of the sandstone. The loosened rock and sand is bailed from the well prior to the installation of the pump. The shooting process has two effects on the borehole: it enlarges the diameter of the well in the per- meable zones and also breaks off the surface of the sandstone, which may have been clogged by fine material during drilling.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Variation of Flow Duration Curves in the Eastern United States
    Journal of Hydrology 559 (2018) 327–346 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Hydrology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol Research papers Regional variation of flow duration curves in the eastern United States: Process-based analyses of the interaction between climate and landscape properties ⇑ Wafa Chouaib a, , Peter V. Caldwell b, Younes Alila c a Department of Forest Resources Management 2404, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada b USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Forest Watershed Research, Coweeta Hydrologic Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, NC 28734, USA c Department of Forest Resources Management 2030, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada article info abstract Article history: This paper advances the physical understanding of the flow duration curve (FDC) regional variation. It Received 21 May 2017 provides a process-based analysis of the interaction between climate and landscape properties to explain Received in revised form 29 November 2017 disparities in FDC shapes. We used (i) long term measured flow and precipitation data over 73 catch- Accepted 15 January 2018 ments from the eastern US. (ii) We calibrated the Sacramento model (SAC-SMA) to simulate soil moisture Available online 3 February 2018 and flow components FDCs. The catchments classification based on storm characteristics pointed to the This manuscript was handled by A. Bardossy, Editor-in-Chief, with the effect of catchments landscape properties on the precipitation variability and consequently on the FDC assistance of Roger Moussa, Associate Editor shapes. The landscape properties effect was pronounce such that low value of the slope of FDC (SFDC)—hinting at limited flow variability—were present in regions of high precipitation variability.
    [Show full text]