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Anteprima Degli Avvenimenti Astronautici Del 2020

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Anteprima Degli Avvenimenti Astronautici Del 2020 Anteprima degli avvenimenti astronautici del 2020 DI MATTEO CARPENTIERI · Modehttps://www.astronautinews.it/2020/01/anteprima-degli-avvenimenti-astronautici-del-2020/ llo al ROCC. Credit: ALTEC Come ogni mese di gennaio, anche quest’anno proviamo a spingerci qualche mese nel futuro per cercare di capire come si svolgerà il 2020 spaziale. Sarà un anno di incertezza per quel che riguarda gli astronauti, ma anche ricco di nuovi esaltanti sviluppi. Non dimentichiamo, poi, l’instancabile lavoro delle sonde robotiche. Anche il 2020 non ci deluderà, con uno stuolo di nuove missioni marziane e l’attesa missione cinese sulla Luna. La stazione spaziale internazionale Ancora più che l’anno scorso c’è molta incertezza sulle rotazioni degli equipaggi delle varie Expedition sulla stazione spaziale internazionale (ISS). Nel 2020 ci saranno solo due voli Sojuz, mentre non è chiaro se e quando le navette americane potranno cominciare i loro voli commerciali. Expedition 61 prima della storica EVA tutta femminile. Ma andiamo con ordine. L’anno si è aperto in maniera piuttosto tradizionale, con i 6 membri dell’Expedition 61 in orbita: il comandante dell’Expedition, Luca Parmitano, insieme a Aleksandr Skvorcov, Christina Koch, Andrew Morgan, Oleg Skripočka e Jessica Meir. A febbraio la Sojuz MS-13 di Luca e Aleksandr dovrebbe rientrare, portando con sé anche Christina Koch al termine di una missione molto lunga sulla ISS. Christina era infatti arrivata con la Sojuz MS- 12 a marzo dell’anno scorso, ma la sua permanenza fu estesa anche per permettere la missione breve dell’astronauta emiratino Hazza Al Mansouri. Christina prenderà il posto nella Sojuz di Andrew Morgan, che quindi resterà anche lui più a lungo del previsto sulla ISS. Ad aprile avverrà finalmente il primo lancio dell’anno di una Sojuz, la MS-16, con a bordo Nikolaj Tichonov, Andrej Babkin e Christopher Cassidy. Poco dopo è previsto il rientro della Sojuz MS-15, con i due occupanti originari Skripočka e Meir, e Andrew Morgan. A quel punto l’equipaggio della ISS potrebbe rimanere a soli tre elementi per lungo tempo. Il volo successivo della Sojuz, la MS-17, è previsto infatti per ottobre, più o meno al termine della missione della MS-16. In quel caso, inoltre, l’equipaggio sarà probabilmente formato da soli astronauti russi, Anatolij Ivanišin, Ivan Vagner e Nikolaj Čub. Cassidy potrebbe comunque non essere l’unico americano a raggiungere la ISS nel 2020. Siamo infatti in attesa di conoscere le date ufficiali di lancio per le prossime missioni dimostrative di SpaceX (Dragon SpX-DM2) e di Boeing (CST-100 Starliner Boe-CFT). Mentre l’azienda di Elon Musk ha subito ritardi notevoli per via dell’esplosione della capsula di SpX-DM1 durante un test, i successi recenti dell’in-flight abort test hanno ridato un certo ottimismo. Il volo con gli astronauti Douglas Hurley e Robert Behnken potrebbe avvenire prima dell’estate. Al momento, anche il volo di CST-100 con Christopher Ferguson, Michael Fincke e Nicole Mann è pianificato per prima dell’estate, ma visti i problemi riscontrati durante il volo di test Boe-OFT, le incertezze rimangono alte. È molto difficile, quindi, prevedere una data per il primo volo operativo verso la ISS, che sia su una Dragon o su una CST-100. Al momento si prevede un lancio entro la fine dell’anno, ma rimane tutto molto incerto. Allo stesso modo non è chiaro chi farà parte di questo primo volo: la presenza di Michael Hopkins e Victor Glover era stata annunciata da tempo, ma gli altri due partecipanti non sono al momento noti, anche se in pole position sembra esserci il giapponese Soichi Noguchi. Il lancio di CST-100 Starliner durante la missione Boeing OFT Nel 2020 non partirà verso la ISS nessun astronauta europeo (anche se la presenza è comunque garantita da Luca Parmitano, al momento in orbita). Dal 2001, anno in cui fece il suo ingresso nella ISS Umberto Guidoni, questo era avvenuto solo nel 2012. Thomas Pesquet è comunque al lavoro per la sua prossima missione, che dovrebbe partire nel 2021 a bordo di una delle nuove navette americane. Per quel che riguarda i rifornimenti cargo, Northrop Grumman e la sua navetta Cygnus hanno già cominciato nel 2019 i voli nell’ambito del programma CRS- 2 (Commercial Resupply Services), la seconda tranche di contratti commerciali siglati dalla NASA, e continuerà anche nel 2020. Continuerà anche SpaceX, il cui ultimo volo della Dragon nell’ambito del CRS-1 è pianificato per marzo e proseguirà il 2020 con i voli del CRS-2. La terza navetta beneficiaria dei contratti CRS-2, il Dream Chaser di Sierra Nevada, non comincerà i voli fino almeno al 2021. La configurazione della ISS non dovrebbe cambiare nel 2020, con il volo di Nauka e dei nuovi moduli russi al momento pianificati tra almeno un anno. Il programma Artemis Il 2020 sarà un anno cruciale per il neo-ribattezzato programma Artemis anche se per quest’anno non è prevista nessuna missione, né di test né operativa. Se la NASA vorrà rispettare l’agenda aggressiva che gli è stata imposta, quest’anno si dovranno vedere sia nuovi finanziamenti stanziati dal Congresso americano sia rapidi sviluppi per quel che riguarda l’hardware di volo e i profili di missione. Continuano molto lentamente, infatti, i progressi per la missione Artemis 1, la missione lunare senza equipaggio che servirà soprattutto a testare la capsula Orion e lo Space Launch System (SLS). Sia Orion sia il primo stadio di SLS sono quasi pronti, e passeranno i prossimi mesi a compiere gli ultimi importantissimi test, che una volta completati porteranno all’assemblaggio finale, con l’inclusione del secondo stadio e dei booster laterali. Per questo motivo non si prevede un lancio prima del 2021, ma è lecito aspettarsi il completamento dell’hardware, o quasi, entro la fine dell’anno. La missione Artemis 2, quella con equipaggio, è programmata per il 2022. Se la NASA vorrà rispettare i tempi questo significa che nel 2020 dovremmo vedere progressi significativi anche su Orion e SLS per questa missione. Il programma Artemis prevede poi una serie di missioni di supporto che includono sia payload che lander commerciali sulla superficie lunare, sia quelle che dovranno immettere in orbita lunare il cosiddetto Lunar Gateway, cioè la stazione spaziale che farà da base ai nuovi sbarchi lunari, a partire da Artemis 3. I primi lanci dei lander commerciali sono previsti per il 2021, il che significa che quest’anno dovremmo vedere il completamento, o quasi, dei test sui lander Peregrine di Astrobotic, e Nova-C di Intuitive Machines, che saranno i primi a partire. Orion in prossimità del Gateway con la Terra in fase crescente in una ricostruzione artistica a cura della NASA. I lanci per il Lunar Gateway non sono previsti prima del 2022 ma, se si vogliono rispettare i calendari, anche in questo caso quest’anno dovrà finalmente mostrare qualcosa di concreto per questo elemento cruciale del programma Artemis che finora è sempre rimasto sulla carta. Altri programmi spaziali governativi con astronauti Anche quest’anno probabilmente non vedremo astronauti cinesi nello spazio (l’ultimo volo di una Shenzhou risale al 2016). Non per questo la Cina se ne starà con le mani in mano per quel che riguarda l’astronautica abitata. Il ritorno al volo del Lunga Marcia 5, infatti, ha offerto un sospiro di sollievo a tutto il programma spaziale, soprattutto per i piani che riguardano la nuova stazione spaziale modulare. Il modulo centrale Tianhe-1 non volerà probabilmente prima del 2021, ma quest’anno potremmo finalmente vedere qualche dettaglio in più su questo ambizioso progetto. Nella prima parte del 2020 potremmo anche vedere il primo test per la nuova capsula cinese per l’esplorazione dello spazio profondo e, probabilmente, della Luna. La capsula volerà disabitata durante il primo test, ma pur come al solito senza molti dettagli e informazioni, si tratta di uno sviluppo molto interessante. Potrebbero finalmente concretizzarsi entro la fine di quest’anno i piani indiani di mettere in orbita una capsula capace di ospitare esseri umani a bordo. Il lancio di test per la capsula Gaganyaan è attualmente previsto per dicembre 2020, ma non saremmo per niente sorpresi se il volo non dovesse avvenire quest’anno. Continueranno a rilento anche i piani russi per una nuova capsula abitata. Federacija è stata ribattezzata Orel, il vettore in progetto, Sojuz-5, è stato ribattezzato Irtyš (ha preso il posto dell’Angara, che a sua volta aveva preso il posto del Rus-M). Il primo lancio, senza equipaggio, è ancora previsto per il 2023. SpaceX e le altre compagnie private È veramente difficile prevedere cosa succederà nel 2020 con Starship e il programma di colonizzazione di Marte di SpaceX. Gli ultimi annunci di Elon Musk risalgono allo scorso settembre, ma da allora c’è stato l’incidente al prototipo Starship Mk 1 durante un test di pressurizzazione che ha sicuramente rallentato i programmi. Il piano iniziale era di procedere con test suborbitali dal sito texano di Boca Chica con il prototipo Mk 1 entro la fine del 2019 e compiere altre tipologie di test sul prototipo Mk 2, in costruzione presso il Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Alla fine dei test sui prototipi sarebbero dovuti essere costruiti due veicoli orbitali su cui compiere i primi voli intorno al nostro pianeta, secondo Musk entro circa 6 mesi dall’inizio dei lavori. Starship Orbiter Mk1 La distruzione del Mk 1 ha ovviamente cambiato i piani e SpaceX ha messo praticamente in pausa i lavori in Florida per concentrarsi sulla costruzione del veicolo orbitale in Texas. A meno di ulteriori incidenti, è lecito aspettarsi diversi test su questo veicolo durante il 2020, magari anche qualche sortita orbitale.
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