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Anatomical Variants of the Emissary Veins: Unilateral Aplasia of Both the Sigmoid Sinus and the Internal Jugular Vein and Development of the Petrosquamosal Sinus
Folia Morphol. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 305–308 Copyright © 2011 Via Medica C A S E R E P O R T ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Anatomical variants of the emissary veins: unilateral aplasia of both the sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein and development of the petrosquamosal sinus. A rare case report O. Kiritsi1, G. Noussios2, K. Tsitas3, P. Chouridis4, D. Lappas5, K. Natsis6 1“Hippokrates” Diagnostic Centre of Kozani, Greece 2Laboratory of Anatomy in Department of Physical Education and Sports Medicine at Serres, “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Orthopaedic Department of General Hospital of Kozani, Greece 4Department of Otorhinolaryngology of “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece 5Department of Anatomy of Medical School of “National and Kapodistrian” University of Athens, Greece 6Department of Anatomy of the Medical School of “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece [Received 9 August 2011; Accepted 25 September 2011] We report a case of hypoplasia of the right transverse sinus and aplasia of the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein. In addition, development of the petrosquamosal sinus and the presence of a large middle meningeal sinus and sinus communicans were observed. A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to chronic head- ache. On the MRI scan a solitary meningioma was observed. Finally MR 2D veno- graphy revealed this extremely rare variant. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 4: 305–308) Key words: hypoplasia, right transverse sinus, aplasia, ipsilateral sigmoid sinus, petrosquamosal sinus, internal jugular vein INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT Emissary veins participate in the extracranial A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for venous drainage of the dural sinuses of the poste- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to rior fossa, complementary to the internal jugular chronic frontal headache complaints. -
CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit
228 CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Dural Venous Sinuses Not in the Subendocranial Occipitofrontalis Space More About the Epicranial Aponeurosis and the Cerebral Veins Subcutaneous Layer of the Scalp Emissary Veins Orbicularis Oculi CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EMISSARY VEINS Zygomaticus Major CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Orbicularis Oris Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mentalis Vertebral Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Buccinator Internal Carotid Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Platysma Circle of Willis The Absence of Veins Accompanying the PAROTID GLAND Intracranial Parts of the Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries FACIAL ARTERY THE INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY TRIGEMINAL NERVE ( C.N. V) AND FACIAL VEIN MECKEL’S CAVE (CAVUM TRIGEMINALE) FACIAL NERVE ORBITAL CAVITY AND EYE EYELIDS Bony Orbit Conjunctival Sac Extraocular Fat and Fascia Eyelashes Anulus Tendineus and Compartmentalization of The Fibrous "Skeleton" of an Eyelid -- Composed the Superior Orbital Fissure of a Tarsus and an Orbital Septum Periorbita THE SKULL Muscles of the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Development of the Neurocranium Abducens Somitomeres Cartilaginous Portion of the Neurocranium--the The Lateral, Superior, Inferior, and Medial Recti Cranial Base of the Eye Membranous Portion of the Neurocranium--Sides Superior Oblique and Top of the Braincase Levator Palpebrae Superioris SUTURAL FUSION, BOTH NORMAL AND OTHERWISE Inferior Oblique Development of the Face Actions and Functions of Extraocular Muscles Growth of Two Special Skull Structures--the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Mastoid Process and the Tympanic Bone Movements of the Eyeball Functions of the Recti and Obliques TEETH Ophthalmic Artery Ophthalmic Veins CRANIAL CAVITY Oculomotor Nerve – C.N. III Posterior Cranial Fossa CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Middle Cranial Fossa Trochlear Nerve – C.N. -
An Anatomic Study on the Upper Lip Elevator Muscles in Koreans for Application of Botulinum Toxin
An Anatomic Study on the Upper Lip Elevator Muscles in Koreans for Application of Botulinum Toxin Woo-Sang Hwang The Graduate School Yonsei University Department of Dental Science An Anatomic Study on the Upper Lip Elevator Muscles in Koreans for Application of Botulinum Toxin A Masters Thesis Submitted to the Department of Dental Science And the Graduate School of Yonsei University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Dental Science Woo-Sang Hwang July 2007 This certifies that the masters thesis of Woo-Sang Hwang is approved. Thesis Supervisor : Kee-Joon Lee Hyoung-Seon Baik Hee-Jin Kim The Graduate School Yonsei University July 2007 감사의 글 이 논문이 완성되기까지 따뜻한 배려와 함께 세심한 지도와 격려를 아끼지 않으신 이기준 지도 교수님께 먼저 깊은 감사를 드립니다. 귀중한 시간을 내주시어 부족한 논문을 살펴주신 백형선 교수님, 김희진 교수님께 감사드리며 교정학을 공부할 수 있도록 기회를 주시고 제가 이 자리에 설 수 있도록 인도해주신 손병화 교수님, 박영철 교수님, 황충주 교수님, 유형석 교수님, 차정열 교수님, 김경호 교수님, 최광철 교수님, 정주령 선생님께도 감사드립니다. 바쁜 와중에도 연구 방법과 세부적인 사항에 대해 많은 도움과 조언을 해주신 허경석, 허미선 선생님을 비롯한 해부학 교실 선생님들께 감사의 말씀을 드립니다. 이 논문이 나오기까지 격려해주고 조언해주었던 동기들, 이태연, 조용민, 서승아, 이한아, 정시내, 조선미 선생과 의국 선배님과 후배님 모두에게 이 자리를 빌어 감사의 마음을 전합니다. 마지막으로 항상 변함없는 사랑으로 돌봐주시고 저를 이끌어주신 아버지와 어머니, 대구에서 힘들게 군복무 중인 동생, 그리고 옆에서 항상 힘이 되어준 레미에게 감사의 마음을 전하며 이 작은 결실을 드립니다. 2007년 7 월 저자 씀 Table of Contents Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................... ii Abstract (English) ...................................................................................................................iii 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. -
Non-Pathological Opacification of the Cavernous Sinus on Brain CT
healthcare Article Non-Pathological Opacification of the Cavernous Sinus on Brain CT Angiography: Comparison with Flow-Related Signal Intensity on Time-of-Flight MR Angiography Sun Ah Heo 1, Eun Soo Kim 1,* , Yul Lee 1, Sang Min Lee 1, Kwanseop Lee 1 , Dae Young Yoon 2, Young-Su Ju 3 and Mi Jung Kwon 4 1 Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] (S.A.H.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (S.M.L.); [email protected] (K.L.) 2 Department of Radiology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] 3 National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the non-pathological opacification of the cavernous sinus (CS) on brain computed tomography angiography (CTA) and compare it with flow-related signal intensity (FRSI) on time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA). Methods: Opacification of the CS was observed in 355 participants who underwent CTA and an additional 77 participants who underwent examination with three diagnostic modalities: CTA, TOF-MRA, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Opacification of the CS, superior petrosal sinus (SPS), inferior petrosal sinus Citation: Heo, S.A.; Kim, E.S.; Lee, Y.; Lee, S.M.; Lee, K.; Yoon, D.Y.; Ju, Y.-S.; (IPS), and pterygoid plexus (PP) were also analyzed using a five-point scale. -
Dural Venous Channels: Hidden in Plain Sight–Reassessment of an Under-Recognized Entity
Published July 16, 2020 as 10.3174/ajnr.A6647 ORIGINAL RESEARCH INTERVENTIONAL Dural Venous Channels: Hidden in Plain Sight–Reassessment of an Under-Recognized Entity M. Shapiro, K. Srivatanakul, E. Raz, M. Litao, E. Nossek, and P.K. Nelson ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tentorial sinus venous channels within the tentorium cerebelli connecting various cerebellar and su- pratentorial veins, as well as the basal vein, to adjacent venous sinuses are a well-recognized entity. Also well-known are “dural lakes” at the vertex. However, the presence of similar channels in the supratentorial dura, serving as recipients of the Labbe, super- ficial temporal, and lateral and medial parieto-occipital veins, among others, appears to be underappreciated. Also under-recog- nized is the possible role of these channels in the angioarchitecture of certain high-grade dural fistulas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 100 consecutive angiographic studies was performed following identification of index cases to gather data on the angiographic and cross-sectional appearance, location, length, and other features. A review of 100 consecutive dural fistulas was also performed to identify those not directly involving a venous sinus. RESULTS: Supratentorial dural venous channels were found in 26% of angiograms. They have the same appearance as those in the tentorium cerebelli, a flattened, ovalized morphology owing to their course between 2 layers of the dura, in contradistinction to a rounded cross-section of cortical and bridging veins. They are best appreciated on angiography and volumetric postcontrast T1- weighted images. Ten dural fistulas not directly involving a venous sinus were identified, 6 tentorium cerebelli and 4 supratentorial. -
FACE and SCALP, MUSCLES of FACIAL EXPRESSION, and PAROTID GLAND (Grant's Dissector [16Th Ed.] Pp
FACE AND SCALP, MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION, AND PAROTID GLAND (Grant's Dissector [16th Ed.] pp. 244-252; 254-256; 252-254) TODAY’S GOALS: 1. Identify the parotid gland and parotid duct 2. Identify the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) emerging from the parotid gland 3. Identify muscles of facial expression 4. Identify principal cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) 5. Identify the 5 layers of the scalp 6. Identify the facial nerve, retromandibular vein, and external carotid artery within the parotid gland 7. Identify the auriculotemporal nerve and superficial temporal vessels DISSECTION NOTES: General comments: Productive and effective study of the remaining lab sessions on regions of the head requires your attention to and study of the osteology of the skull. The opening pages of this section in Grant’s Dissector contains images and labels of the skull and parts thereof. Utilize atlases as additional resources to learn the osteology. Couple viewing of these images with an actual skull in hand (available in the lab) to achieve mastery of this material. Incorporate the relevant osteology to a synthesis of the area being covered. This lab session introduces you to the face and scalp, the major cutaneous nerves (branches of the trigeminal nerve [CN V]) that supply the skin of the face and scalp, and important muscles of facial expression. Some helpful overview comments to consider as you begin this study include: • The skin of the face is quite thin and mobile except where it is firmly attached to the nose and -
Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures
Rhoton Yoshioka Atlas of the Facial Nerve Unique Atlas Opens Window and Related Structures Into Facial Nerve Anatomy… Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures and Related Nerve Facial of the Atlas “His meticulous methods of anatomical dissection and microsurgical techniques helped transform the primitive specialty of neurosurgery into the magnificent surgical discipline that it is today.”— Nobutaka Yoshioka American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Albert L. Rhoton, Jr. Nobutaka Yoshioka, MD, PhD and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., MD have created an anatomical atlas of astounding precision. An unparalleled teaching tool, this atlas opens a unique window into the anatomical intricacies of complex facial nerves and related structures. An internationally renowned author, educator, brain anatomist, and neurosurgeon, Dr. Rhoton is regarded by colleagues as one of the fathers of modern microscopic neurosurgery. Dr. Yoshioka, an esteemed craniofacial reconstructive surgeon in Japan, mastered this precise dissection technique while undertaking a fellowship at Dr. Rhoton’s microanatomy lab, writing in the preface that within such precision images lies potential for surgical innovation. Special Features • Exquisite color photographs, prepared from carefully dissected latex injected cadavers, reveal anatomy layer by layer with remarkable detail and clarity • An added highlight, 3-D versions of these extraordinary images, are available online in the Thieme MediaCenter • Major sections include intracranial region and skull, upper facial and midfacial region, and lower facial and posterolateral neck region Organized by region, each layered dissection elucidates specific nerves and structures with pinpoint accuracy, providing the clinician with in-depth anatomical insights. Precise clinical explanations accompany each photograph. In tandem, the images and text provide an excellent foundation for understanding the nerves and structures impacted by neurosurgical-related pathologies as well as other conditions and injuries. -
MBB Lab 5: Anatomy of the Face and Ear
MBB Lab 5: Anatomy of the Face and Ear PowerPoint Handout Review ”The Basics” and ”The Details” for the following cranial nerves in the Cranial Nerve PowerPoint Handout. • Mandibular division trigeminal (CN V3) • Facial nerve (CN VII) Slide Title Slide Number Slide Title Slide Number Blood Supply to Neck, Face, and Scalp: External Carotid Artery Slide3 Parotid Gland Slide 22 Scalp: Layers Slide4 Scalp and Face: Sensory Innervation Slide 23 Scalp: Blood Supply Slide 5 Scalp and Face: Sensory Innervation (Continued) Slide 24 Regions of the Ear Slide 6 Temporomandibular joint Slide 25 External Ear Slide 7 Temporal and Infratemporal Fossae: Introduction Slide 26 Temporal and Infratemporal Fossae: Muscles of Tympanic Membrane Slide 8 Slide 27 Mastication Tympanic Membrane (Continued) Slide 9 Temporal and Infratemporal Fossae: Muscles of Sensory Innervation: Auricle, EAC, and Tympanic Membrane Slide 10 Slide 28 Mastication (Continued) Middle Ear Cavity Slide 11 Summary of Muscles of Mastication Actions Slide 29 Middle Ear Cavity (Continued) Slide 12 Infratemporal Fossae: Mandibular Nerve Slide 30 Mastoid Antrum Slide 13 Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Slide 31 Eustachian (Pharyngotympanic or Auditory) Tube Slide 14 Palatine Nerve Block Slide 32 Otitis Media Slide 15 Infratemporal Fossae: Maxillary Artery & Pterygoid Plexus Auditory Ossicles Slide 16 Slide 33 Chorda Tympani Nerve and Middle Ear Slide 17 Infratemporal Fossa: Maxillary Artery Slide 34 Superficial Facial Muscles: Muscles of Facial Expression Slide 18 Infratemporal Fossa: Pterygoid Plexus Slide 35 Superficial Facial Muscles: Muscles of Facial Expression Slide 19 Infratemporal Fossa: Otic Ganglion Slide 36 (Continued) Superficial Facial Muscles: Innervation Slide 20 Infratemporal Fossa: Chorda Tympani Nerve Slide 37 Superficial Facial Muscles: Innervation (Continued) Slide 21 Blood Supply to Neck, Face, and Scalp: External Carotid Artery The common carotid artery branches into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage. -
The Condylar Canal and Emissary Vein—A Comprehensive and Pictorial Review of Its Anatomy and Variation
Child's Nervous System (2019) 35:747–751 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-019-04120-4 REVIEW ARTICLE The condylar canal and emissary vein—a comprehensive and pictorial review of its anatomy and variation Stefan Lachkar1 & Shogo Kikuta1 & Joe Iwanaga1,2 & R. Shane Tubbs1,3 Received: 6 March 2019 /Accepted: 8 March 2019 /Published online: 21 March 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The condylar canal and its associated emissary vein serve as vital landmarks during surgical interventions involving skull base surgery. The condylar canal serves to function as a bridge of communication from the intracranial to extracranial space. Variations of the condylar canal are extremely prevalent and can present as either bilateral, unilateral, or completely absent. Anatomical variations of the condylar canal pose as a potential risk to surgeons and radiologist during diagnosis as it could be misinterpreted for a glomus jugular tumor and require surgical intervention when one is not needed. Few literature reviews have articulated the condylar canal and its associated emissary vein through extensive imaging. This present paper aims to further the knowledge of anatomical variations and surgical anatomy involving the condylar canal through high-quality computed tomography (CT) images with cadaveric and dry bone specimens that have been injected with latex to highlight emissary veins arising from the condylar canal. Keywords Posterior condylar canal . Anatomical variation . Anatomy . Cadaver . Skull . Emissary vein Introduction the posterior cranial fossa near or in the jugular fossa (Figs. 3 and 4)[2, 7, 9]. Its contents include the condylar emissary The condylar canal serves as a vital passageway for venous vein, which connects the sigmoid sinus or superior jugular circulation (condylar emissary vein) (Fig. -
Special Sense
Anatomy Models Special Sense Foramina & Fissures of the Orbit Foramen Structures Passing 1- Optic nerve ( surrounded by its meninges ) Optic Foramen 2- Opthalmic artery 1- Occulomotor n. 2- Trochlear n. Sup. Orbital Fissure 3- Abducent n. 4- Ophthalmic Veins. 1- Infra Orbital nerve Inf. Orbital Fissure 2- Infra Orbital artery 3- Orbital branch of sphenopalatine ganglion. 4- Emissary vein , between inf. orbital V. & pterygoid plexus. Frontal air sinus Ethmoid air sinus Branches of Olfactory Nerve Sphenoid air sinus (Inside body of sphenoid) Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Superior Oblique Muscle From the post. part of the roof of The lat. Aspect of the eye ball between orbit antromedial to the optic sup. Rectus & lat. rectus foramen. Trochlear n. ( 4 ) S.O.4 Inf. division Medial Rectus Sup. division Superior Rectus Inf . division Inferior Rectus Abducent ( 6) LR 6 Lateral Rectus - The 4 recti muscle arise from tendinous ring at the apex of the o rbit surrounding the optic formen & the med. ends of the sup. & inf. orbital fissure - Origin of each one depends on the name.(e.g. Sup. Rectus from the sup. Part of the ring ) Insertion into the sup. , inf. , med. & lat. Surfaces of the sclera, short dista nce behind the corneo-scleral junction. All extraoccular muscles are supplied by occulomotor nerve(3) except: 1- Lat. Rectus supplied by abducent (6) Optic Nerve 2- Sup. Oblique supplied by trochlear (4) Sup . Lacrimal gland Its Position is upper-lateral Lat . Med . Right Eye Inf . Sup. Oblique m. Optic Nerve Inf. Oblique Oval Round Ear Drum Promantry window window Mastoid air cells Mastoid Antrum Aditus I.C.R Tensor Tympani muscle Eustachian tube Tensor Palati muscle External auditory meatus The medial wall ( nasal septum ) is formed by: 1- Septal cartilage ……………….… Anteriorly 2- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid . -
Safety Profile of Superior Petrosal Vein (The Vein of Dandy) Sacrifice in Neurosurgical Procedures: a Systematic Review
NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 45 (1):E3, 2018 Safety profile of superior petrosal vein (the vein of Dandy) sacrifice in neurosurgical procedures: a systematic review *Vinayak Narayan, MD, MCh, Amey R. Savardekar, MD, MCh, Devi Prasad Patra, MD, MCh, Nasser Mohammed, MD, MCh, Jai D. Thakur, MD, Muhammad Riaz, MD, FCPS, and Anil Nanda, MD, MPH Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana OBJECTIVE Walter E. Dandy described for the first time the anatomical course of the superior petrosal vein (SPV) and its significance during surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. The patient’s safety after sacrifice of this vein is a challenging question, with conflicting views in current literature. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the current surgical considerations regarding Dandy’s vein, as well as provide a concise review of the complications after its obliteration. METHODS A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database; articles were selected systematically based on the PRISMA protocol and reviewed completely, and then relevant data were summarized and discussed. RESULTS A total of 35 publications pertaining to the SPV were included and reviewed. Although certain studies report almost negligible complications of SPV sectioning, there are reports demonstrating the deleterious effects of SPV oblit- eration when achieving adequate exposure in surgical pathologies like trigeminal neuralgia, vestibular schwannoma, and petroclival meningioma. The incidence of complications after SPV sacrifice (32/50 cases in the authors’ series) is 2/32 (6.2%), and that reported in various case series varies from 0.01% to 31%. -
Hemodynamic Features in Normal and Cavernous Sinus Dural ORIGINAL RESEARCH Arteriovenous Fistulas
Published September 6, 2012 as 10.3174/ajnr.A3252 Superior Petrosal Sinus: Hemodynamic Features in Normal and Cavernous Sinus Dural ORIGINAL RESEARCH Arteriovenous Fistulas R. Shimada BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Normal hemodynamic features of the superior petrosal sinus and their H. Kiyosue relationships to the SPS drainage from cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas are not well known. We investigated normal hemodynamic features of the SPS on cerebral angiography as well as the S. Tanoue frequency and types of the SPS drainage from CSDAVFs. H. Mori T. Abe MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 119 patients who underwent cerebral angiography by focusing on visualization and hemodynamic status of the SPS. We also reviewed selective angiography in 25 consecutive patients with CSDAVFs; we were especially interested in the presence of drainage routes through the SPS from CSDAVFs. RESULTS: In 119 patients (238 sides), the SPS was segmentally (anterior segment, 37 sides; posterior segment, 82 sides) or totally (116 sides) demonstrated. It was demonstrated on carotid angiography in 11 sides (4.6%), receiving blood from the basal vein of Rosenthal or sphenopetrosal sinus, and on vertebral angiography in 235 sides (98.7%), receiving blood from the petrosal vein. No SPSs were demonstrated with venous drainage from the cavernous sinus. SPS drainage was found in 7 of 25 patients (28%) with CSDAVFs. CSDAVFs drained through the anterior segment of SPS into the petrosal vein without draining to the posterior segment in 3 of 7 patients (12%). CONCLUSIONS: The SPS normally works as the drainage route receiving blood from the anterior cerebellar and brain stem venous systems.