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Safety Profile of Superior Petrosal Vein (The Vein of Dandy) Sacrifice in Neurosurgical Procedures: a Systematic Review

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Safety Profile of Superior Petrosal Vein (The Vein of Dandy) Sacrifice in Neurosurgical Procedures: a Systematic Review NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 45 (1):E3, 2018 Safety profile of superior petrosal vein (the vein of Dandy) sacrifice in neurosurgical procedures: a systematic review *Vinayak Narayan, MD, MCh, Amey R. Savardekar, MD, MCh, Devi Prasad Patra, MD, MCh, Nasser Mohammed, MD, MCh, Jai D. Thakur, MD, Muhammad Riaz, MD, FCPS, and Anil Nanda, MD, MPH Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana OBJECTIVE Walter E. Dandy described for the first time the anatomical course of the superior petrosal vein (SPV) and its significance during surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. The patient’s safety after sacrifice of this vein is a challenging question, with conflicting views in current literature. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the current surgical considerations regarding Dandy’s vein, as well as provide a concise review of the complications after its obliteration. METHODS A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database; articles were selected systematically based on the PRISMA protocol and reviewed completely, and then relevant data were summarized and discussed. RESULTS A total of 35 publications pertaining to the SPV were included and reviewed. Although certain studies report almost negligible complications of SPV sectioning, there are reports demonstrating the deleterious effects of SPV oblit- eration when achieving adequate exposure in surgical pathologies like trigeminal neuralgia, vestibular schwannoma, and petroclival meningioma. The incidence of complications after SPV sacrifice (32/50 cases in the authors’ series) is 2/32 (6.2%), and that reported in various case series varies from 0.01% to 31%. It includes hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic venous infarction of the cerebellum, sigmoid thrombosis, cerebellar hemorrhage, midbrain and pontine infarct, intrace- rebral hematoma, cerebellar and brainstem edema, acute hydrocephalus, peduncular hallucinosis, hearing loss, facial nerve palsy, coma, and even death. In many studies, the difference in incidence of complications between the SPV- sacrificed group and the SPV-preserved group was significant. CONCLUSIONS The preservation of Dandy’s vein is a neurosurgical dilemma. Literature review and experiences from large series suggest that obliterating the vein of Dandy while approaching the superior cerebellopontine angle corridor may be associated with negligible complications. However, the counterview cannot be neglected in light of some series showing an up to 30% complication rate from SPV sacrifice. This review provides the insight that although the incidence of complications due to SPV obliteration is low, they can happen, and the sequelae might be worse than the natural his- tory of the existing pathology. Therefore, SPV preservation should be attempted to optimize patient outcome. https://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2018.4.FOCUS18133 KEYWORDS superior petrosal vein; Dandy’s vein; venous complications; retrosigmoid approach; neurosurgery ALTER E. Dandy described the anatomical course tant venous drainage system in the posterior cranial fossa of the superior petrosal vein (SPV), its relation to because it drains the anterior aspect of the cerebellum and the trigeminal nerve and cerebellum, and its sig- brainstem, and ultimately empties into the superior petro- Wnificance during surgery for trigeminal neuralgia (TN), in sal sinus (SPS).19 Neurosurgeons commonly sacrifice this 1929. 5 SPV, also termed “the vein of Dandy,” is an impor- vein to widen the operative exposure at the apex of the cer- ABBREVIATIONS CPA = cerebellopontine angle; IAM = internal acoustic meatus; MVD = microvascular decompression; PAM = petrous apex meningioma; PCM = pet- roclival meningioma; PRISMA = Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; SPS = superior petrosal sinus; SPV = superior petrosal vein; TN = trigeminal neuralgia. SUBMITTED March 8, 2018. ACCEPTED April 16, 2018. INCLUDE WHEN CITING DOI: 10.3171/2018.4.FOCUS18133. * V.N. and A.R.S. contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. ©AANS 2018, except where prohibited by US copyright law Neurosurg Focus Volume 45 • July 2018 1 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/07/21 05:22 AM UTC V. Narayan et al. ebellopontine angle (CPA) while performing operations CPA near the rostral aspect of trigeminal nerve.5 He re- for TN, vestibular schwannomas, and petrous or petro- ported the handling of SPV while describing the surgical clival meningiomas (PCMs). The safety of SPV sacrifice approach for TN by the cerebellar route in 1932.6 Dandy is a challenging question, which has not been addressed stated, “Electrocautery makes it possible to easily coagu- adequately in the literature. The aim of our systematic re- late and divide the petrosal vein should this be necessary. view was to analyze the current surgical considerations of The control of the petrosal vein and its branches was re- Dandy’s vein, as well as provide a concise review of the ally the only element of danger in the operation and safely complications after its obliteration. overcome, if necessary, with the cautery. As a matter of fact it is only once in about fifteen cases that it is necessary Methods to occlude the petrosal vein for in the remaining cases the sensory root is not at all obscured by the vessel.” The in- A systematic review of the literature was performed ac- terpretation could be that if the vein obscures the surgical cording to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic view, it can be safely sacrificed; however, this surgical step Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Fig. has to be seen in the light of the era preceding operating 1). The primary objective of the review was to assess the microscopes in which Dandy was performing these chal- incidence and nature of the complications associated with lenging surgeries.9,22 sacrifice of SPV. The research question that was primar- The anatomy of the SPV complex was clarified by ily addressed was the safety profile after deliberate or in- Huang et al. in their study on the classification of the advertent sacrifice of SPV during surgery. Other related posterior fossa venous system.12 The tributaries of the facts pertinent to the topic of interest were also collected, SPV together create large infratentorial venous chan- including the applied anatomy and surgical strategies for nels termed the “SPV complex.” The SPV is the venous venous preservation. A detailed search was conducted of structure most frequently encountered during lateral pos- electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and terior fossa approaches.31 The most common tributaries the Cochrane database, and this was performed using of the SPV complex are the cerebellopontine fissure vein, key MeSH search terms like “superior petrosal sinus,” middle cerebellar peduncle vein, transverse pontine vein, “Dandy’s vein,” “complications,” “sacrifice,” “injury,” and pontotrigeminal vein, and the veins draining the lateral “retromastoid approach.” Given the rarity of definite re- cerebellar hemisphere. These veins merge together along porting of the topic in the literature, the search strategy the adjacent anterolateral margin of the cerebellum.19 The included other synonyms of and terms related to the key SPV may be either the terminal segment of a single vein search items, with “AND” and “OR” connectors in vari- or the common stem arising from a union of several of ous combinations to increase its sensitivity. the aforementioned veins.31 Matsushima et al. proposed The primary database search and independent search the classification of SPVs into lateral, intermediate, and of the web identified 2335 articles, which was reduced to medial groups on the basis of the relationship of their site 1476 articles after removing duplicates. The title review of entry to the internal acoustic meatus (IAM).9,21 The in- excluded another 1356 articles. Abstracts were reviewed termediate group drains into the sinus above the IAM, the in the next 120 articles, which identified 56 full-text ar- medial group drains into the sinus medial to the IAM, and ticles related to the topic of interest. Finally, 35 articles the lateral group drains into the sinus lateral to the IAM.11 were found relevant to our study objectives; these articles Huang et al. reported that the SPV usually drains into were analyzed in detail and the data are presented. As the SPS just posterior to the Meckel cave and rarely supe- discussed earlier, literature specifically discussing the out- rior to the IAM.12 However, based on further studies show- comes after the sacrifice of SPV is scarce and is mostly ing that the stem of the SPV complex empties into the SPS, limited to individual case reports; therefore, estimation nearer to the Meckel cave than to the IAM, Tanriover and of incidence of individual complications was not feasible. Rhoton’s group updated the classification as type 1, type Hence, our analysis mostly focused on providing a sum- 2, and type 3 based on the relationship of its site of entry mary of evidence about venous complications, along with into the SPS, the Meckel cave, and the IAM (Fig. 2).31 In a comprehensive discussion on the feasibility of venous type 1, the SPV complex empties into the SPS superior sacrifice during surgery. The data from 3 review articles or lateral to the IAM, particularly at a point superolateral
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