DOCSLIB.ORG

Anatomy and Pathology of the Cranial Emissary Veins: a Review with Surgical Implications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anatomy and Pathology of the Cranial Emissary Veins: a Review with Surgical Implications REVIEW TOPIC REVIEW Anatomy and Pathology of the Cranial Emissary Veins: A Review With Surgical Implications Martin M. Mortazavi, MD* Emissary veins connect the extracranial venous system with the intracranial venous R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, sinuses. These include, but are not limited to, the posterior condyloid, mastoid, oc- PhD* cipital, and parietal emissary veins. A review of the literature for the anatomy, Sheryl Riech, BS* embryology, pathology, and surgery of the intracranial emissary veins was performed. Ketan Verma, BS* Detailed descriptions of these venous structures are lacking in the literature, and, to the authors’, knowledge, this is the first detailed review to discuss the anatomy, pathology, Mohammadali M. Shoja, MD‡ anomalies, and clinical effects of the cranial emissary veins. Our hope is that such data Anna Zurada, MD, PhD§ will be useful to the neurosurgeon during surgery in the vicinity of the emissary veins. Brion Benninger, MDk KEY WORDS: Anatomy, Cranial, Neurosurgery, Venous system Marios Loukas, MD, PhD¶ Aaron A. Cohen Gadol, MD, Neurosurgery 70:1312–1319, 2012 DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31824388f8 www.neurosurgery-online.com MSc# *Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Child- “ f there were no emissary veins, injuries and fossil records indicate that there is an ren’s Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama; and diseases of the scalp would lose half increasing frequency of some emissary veins, ‡Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz I their seriousness.”—Sir Frederick Treves such as the mastoid and parietal vessels in University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 1 3 §Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, (1853-1923) humans. University of Varmia and Masuria, Olsztyn, Emissary veins connect the veins outside the Because information regarding these special- Poland; kDepartments of Surgery, Oral cranium with the intracranial venous sinuses ized structures is scant, we reviewed the anatomy Maxillofacial Surgery, Integrated Bioscien- 2-6 ces, Oregon Health & Science University, (Figure 1A). These structures are more com- and clinical and surgical implications of the Portland, Oregon; ¶Department of Ana- monly found in children, and not all of the emissary veins. Standard search engines (eg, tomical Sciences, St. George’s University, various emissary veins are identified in every PubMed) and anatomy textbooks were reviewed Grenada; #Goodman Campbell Brain and individual.7 These veins serve an important for the term “emissary vein.” Spine, Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, Indiana function of equalizing intracranial pressure and can act as safety valves during cerebral conges- ANATOMY Correspondence: tion or in patients with lesions of the neck or Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol, MD, MSc, cranium such as obstruction of the internal Posterior Condyloid Emissary Vein Goodman-Campbell Brain and Spine, 5-10 Department of Neurological Surgery, jugular veins. The foramina for these vessels The posterior condyloid emissary vein con- 6 Indiana University, tend to be larger during childhood and may nects the lower end of the sigmoid, marginal or 1801 North Senate Blvd., Suite 610, communicate with the diploic veins.10 occipital sinuses with the internal vertebral Indianapolis, IN 46202. Emissary veins are also considered an impor- venous plexus (Figure 1A).3,6,10,12 Irmak et al4 E-mail: [email protected] tant component for selective brain cooling.2,4 noted that a posterior condylar emissary vein 7 Received, November 10, 2010. These veins are valveless, so, technically, blood may connect the sigmoid sinus with the sub- 10 Accepted, November 9, 2011. can flow bidirectionally, thereby allowing cooler occipital plexus of veins. Observations have Published Online, November 29, 2011. blood from the evaporating surfaces of the head shown that the posterior condylar foramen is the to cool the brain.4 Louis et al5 found that largest emissary foramen in the retromastoid Copyright ª 2011 by the 8 Congress of Neurological Surgeons emissary veins act as the primary outflow route region. for venous drainage in the upright position and may serve to cool venous blood circulating Mastoid Emissary Vein through the head. The mastoid emissary vein passes through the Emissary veins can often be seen on magnetic mastoid canal and connects the transverse or resonance imaging, computed tomography, and sigmoid sinus to the posterior auricular or angiography, and the various types are named occipital veins, which then join the vertebral according to their position on the cranium.5,8,11 plexus of veins (Figure 1A and B).3,4,8,10,13,14 Interestingly, an enlarged emissary foramen does Lang and Samii15 observed that the mastoid not necessarily transmit a large emissary vein,8 emissary foramen exists less frequently in females 1312 | VOLUME 70 | NUMBER 5 | MAY 2012 www.neurosurgery-online.com Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. EMISSARY VEINS FIGURE 1. A, schematic drawing of the major emissary veins and their internal connections. B, posterior view of a cadaver cranium noting a large injected (blue) right-sided mastoid emissary vein. C, schematic drawing illustrating the anterior condylar vein (AC) traveling through the hypoglossal canal. For reference, also note the right sigmoid sinus (SS) and superior petrosal sinus (SPS). Also note the basilar venous plexus applied to the dorsal surface of the clivus. D, cadaveric dissection revealing the left mastoid and occipital emissary veins. than males, although the reason for this is unclear. It is reported that the occipital vein may drain to the confluence controversial whether mastoid foramina are more common of sinuses. on the right or left side.5 Cheatle13 noted an infrequent Parietal Emissary Vein association between the mastoid emissary vein and the petros- quamosal sinus. The parietal emissary vein connects the superior sagittal sinus with the occipital vein that then joins the vertebral venous plexus (Figure 1A).3,6 Parietal emissary veins also interact with the Occipital Emissary Vein diploic veins within the cranial bones, which as mentioned The occipital emissary vein connects the transverse sinus to the previously, may allow for the cooler blood to spread through the occipital vein, which then drains blood to the vertebral venous cranium to the meninges.4 Both the parietal and mastoid plexus (Figure 1A).3,6 On occasion, the occipital emissary vein emissary veins are found at high frequencies in Homo sapiens joins the transverse–sigmoid sinus complex.16 Okudera et al17 compared with other hominid species.2 NEUROSURGERY VOLUME 70 | NUMBER 5 | MAY 2012 | 1313 Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. MORTAZAVI ET AL Petrosquamosal Sinus Anterior Condylar Vein Although it serves as the primary cerebral drainage site in many The anterior condylar vein accompanies the hypoglossal nerve lesser primates and quadrupeds, the petrosquamosal sinus is a rare through the hypoglossal canal (Figure 1C) and joins the anterior emissary vein in humans that typically disappears before birth in condylar confluent.23 humans. The petrosquamosal sinus ranges from 2 to 4 mm in diameter and originates at the junction between the transverse and Temporal Emissary Vein sigmoid sinuses, coursing laterally above the superior border of the This venous structure may connect the remnant of the temporal bone. petrosquamosal sinus with the deep temporal vein and likely represents the dorsal cerebral vein seen in some mammals. Ophthalmic Veins The ophthalmic veins are considered by some to be emissary Superficial Petrosal Emissary Vein veins (Figure 1A) because they may perform a similar function as This vein connects the vessel(s) traveling along the superficial the emissary veins by connecting the exterior with the interior petrosal vein in the middle cranial fossa to the vein traveling with cranium (angular vein to cavernous sinus) and are valveless. The the facial nerve within the stylomastoid foramen. Such vessels may ophthalmic veins travel through the orbit and traverse the supe- be remnants of the primary head sinus. rior orbital fissure to reach the most anterior portion of the cavernous sinus.18 Significance of Emissary Veins During Surgery Open Procedures Sphenoidal Emissary Vein (Vesalius) The cranial emissary veins provide surgical advantages. For Sphenoidal emissary veins (Vesalian veins) connect the cavernous procedures such as the transcondylar and far lateral approaches, sinus with the pterygoid or pharyngeal plexuses (Figure 1A).18-20 the emissary veins act as landmarks for the deeper lying venous These veins are not constant and are found in only approximately 1 sinuses.24-28 In the retrosigmoid approach to the posterior cranial in 3 cases.18 The foramen for this vessel is found just medial to the fossa, emissary veins should be freed from the bone to avoid foramen ovale. avulsion of the vein or lacerations of the underlying sinuses to which they are connected; otherwise, hemorrhage or air embo- 25 Emissary Veins of the Foramen Ovale lism may occur (Figure 1D). Bleeding from emissary veins may 29,30 Just like the sphenoidal emissary veins, the emissary veins of the result in postoperative epidural hematoma formation. foramen ovale connect the cavernous sinus to the pterygoid plexus Although the most appropriate amount of material, including (Figure 1A).18,19 fibrin glue used to put into a bleeding emissary foramen, is not known, care should be used when applying
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Morphology of the Dural Venous Complex of Skull Base in Human
    Brain and Nerves Research Article ISSN: 2515-012X Morphology of the dural venous complex of skull base in human ontogenesis Maryna Kornieieva* Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology Department, AUC School of Medicine, Lowlands, Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles Abstract The development of the dural venous complex of the skull base formed by the cavernous, intercavernous, and petrous dural sinuses and their connections with the intra- and extracranial veins and venous plexuses, was investigated on 112 premature stillborn human fetuses from 16 to 36 weeks of gestation by methods of vascular corrosion casting. It was established that the main intracranial dural canals approach similar to the mature arrangement at the very beginning of the early fetal period. In fetuses 16 weeks of gestation, the parasellar dural venous complex appeared as a plexiform venous ring draining the venous plexus of the orbits into the petrous sinuses. The average diameter of dural canals progressively enlarged and reached its maximum value 2.2 ± 0.53 mm approaching the 24th week of gestation. This developmental stage is characterized by the intensive formation of the emissary veins connecting the cavernous sinus with the extracranial venous plexuses. Due to the particular fusion of the intraluminal canals, the average diameter of the lumen gradually declined to reach 1.9 ± 0.54 mm in 36-week-old fetuses. By the end of the fetal development, 21.3% of fetuses featured a considerable reduction of the primary venous system with the formation of the one-canal shaped dural venous sinuses, obliteration of several tributaries, and decreased density of the extracranial venous plexuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Should We Report Posterior Fossa Emissary Veins?
    Diagn Interv Radiol 2014; 20:78–81 NEURORADIOLOGY © Turkish Society of Radiology 2014 PICTORIAL ESSAY Why should we report posterior fossa emissary veins? Yeliz Pekçevik, Rıdvan Pekçevik ABSTRACT osterior fossa emissary veins pass through cranial apertures and par- Posterior fossa emissary veins are valveless veins that pass ticipate in extracranial venous drainage of the posterior fossa dural through cranial apertures. They participate in extracranial ve- sinuses. These emissary veins are usually small and asymptomatic nous drainage of the posterior fossa dural sinuses. The mas- P toid emissary vein, condylar veins, occipital emissary vein, in healthy people. They protect the brain from increases in intracranial and petrosquamosal sinus are the major posterior fossa emis- pressure in patients with lesions of the neck or skull base and obstructed sary veins. We believe that posterior fossa emissary veins can internal jugular veins (1). They also help to cool venous blood circulat- be detected by radiologists before surgery with a thorough understanding of their anatomy. Describing them using tem- ing through cephalic structures (2). Emissary veins may be enlarged in poral bone computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, patients with high-flow vascular malformations or severe hypoplasia or and cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) venography exam- inations results in more detailed and accurate preoperative aplasia of the jugular veins. They are associated with craniofacial syn- radiological interpretation and has clinical importance. This dromes (1, 3). Dilated emissary veins may cause tinnitus (4, 5). pictorial essay reviews the anatomy of the major and clini- We aim to emphasize the importance of reporting posterior fossa em- cally relevant posterior fossa emissary veins using high-reso- lution CT, CT angiography, and MR venography images and issary veins prior to surgeries that are related to the posterior fossa and discusses the clinical importance of reporting these vascular mastoid region.
    [Show full text]
  • Gross Anatomy Assignment Name: Olorunfemi Peace Toluwalase Matric No: 17/Mhs01/257 Dept: Mbbs Course: Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck
    GROSS ANATOMY ASSIGNMENT NAME: OLORUNFEMI PEACE TOLUWALASE MATRIC NO: 17/MHS01/257 DEPT: MBBS COURSE: GROSS ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK QUESTION 1 Write an essay on the carvernous sinus. The cavernous sinuses are one of several drainage pathways for the brain that sits in the middle. In addition to receiving venous drainage from the brain, it also receives tributaries from parts of the face. STRUCTURE ➢ The cavernous sinuses are 1 cm wide cavities that extend a distance of 2 cm from the most posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. ➢ They are bilaterally paired collections of venous plexuses that sit on either side of the sphenoid bone. ➢ Although they are not truly trabeculated cavities like the corpora cavernosa of the penis, the numerous plexuses, however, give the cavities their characteristic sponge-like appearance. ➢ The cavernous sinus is roofed by an inner layer of dura matter that continues with the diaphragma sellae that covers the superior part of the pituitary gland. The roof of the sinus also has several other attachments. ➢ Anteriorly, it attaches to the anterior and middle clinoid processes, posteriorly it attaches to the tentorium (at its attachment to the posterior clinoid process). Part of the periosteum of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone forms the floor of the sinus. ➢ The body of the sphenoid acts as the medial wall of the sinus while the lateral wall is formed from the visceral part of the dura mater. CONTENTS The cavernous sinus contains the internal carotid artery and several cranial nerves. Abducens nerve (CN VI) traverses the sinus lateral to the internal carotid artery.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Variants of the Emissary Veins: Unilateral Aplasia of Both the Sigmoid Sinus and the Internal Jugular Vein and Development of the Petrosquamosal Sinus
    Folia Morphol. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 305–308 Copyright © 2011 Via Medica C A S E R E P O R T ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Anatomical variants of the emissary veins: unilateral aplasia of both the sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein and development of the petrosquamosal sinus. A rare case report O. Kiritsi1, G. Noussios2, K. Tsitas3, P. Chouridis4, D. Lappas5, K. Natsis6 1“Hippokrates” Diagnostic Centre of Kozani, Greece 2Laboratory of Anatomy in Department of Physical Education and Sports Medicine at Serres, “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Orthopaedic Department of General Hospital of Kozani, Greece 4Department of Otorhinolaryngology of “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece 5Department of Anatomy of Medical School of “National and Kapodistrian” University of Athens, Greece 6Department of Anatomy of the Medical School of “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece [Received 9 August 2011; Accepted 25 September 2011] We report a case of hypoplasia of the right transverse sinus and aplasia of the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein. In addition, development of the petrosquamosal sinus and the presence of a large middle meningeal sinus and sinus communicans were observed. A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to chronic head- ache. On the MRI scan a solitary meningioma was observed. Finally MR 2D veno- graphy revealed this extremely rare variant. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 4: 305–308) Key words: hypoplasia, right transverse sinus, aplasia, ipsilateral sigmoid sinus, petrosquamosal sinus, internal jugular vein INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT Emissary veins participate in the extracranial A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for venous drainage of the dural sinuses of the poste- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to rior fossa, complementary to the internal jugular chronic frontal headache complaints.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit
    228 CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Dural Venous Sinuses Not in the Subendocranial Occipitofrontalis Space More About the Epicranial Aponeurosis and the Cerebral Veins Subcutaneous Layer of the Scalp Emissary Veins Orbicularis Oculi CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EMISSARY VEINS Zygomaticus Major CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Orbicularis Oris Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mentalis Vertebral Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Buccinator Internal Carotid Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Platysma Circle of Willis The Absence of Veins Accompanying the PAROTID GLAND Intracranial Parts of the Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries FACIAL ARTERY THE INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY TRIGEMINAL NERVE ( C.N. V) AND FACIAL VEIN MECKEL’S CAVE (CAVUM TRIGEMINALE) FACIAL NERVE ORBITAL CAVITY AND EYE EYELIDS Bony Orbit Conjunctival Sac Extraocular Fat and Fascia Eyelashes Anulus Tendineus and Compartmentalization of The Fibrous "Skeleton" of an Eyelid -- Composed the Superior Orbital Fissure of a Tarsus and an Orbital Septum Periorbita THE SKULL Muscles of the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Development of the Neurocranium Abducens Somitomeres Cartilaginous Portion of the Neurocranium--the The Lateral, Superior, Inferior, and Medial Recti Cranial Base of the Eye Membranous Portion of the Neurocranium--Sides Superior Oblique and Top of the Braincase Levator Palpebrae Superioris SUTURAL FUSION, BOTH NORMAL AND OTHERWISE Inferior Oblique Development of the Face Actions and Functions of Extraocular Muscles Growth of Two Special Skull Structures--the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Mastoid Process and the Tympanic Bone Movements of the Eyeball Functions of the Recti and Obliques TEETH Ophthalmic Artery Ophthalmic Veins CRANIAL CAVITY Oculomotor Nerve – C.N. III Posterior Cranial Fossa CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Middle Cranial Fossa Trochlear Nerve – C.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometry of Parietal Foramen in Skulls of Telangana Population Dr
    Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology Abbreviated Key Title: Sch Int J Anat Physiol ISSN 2616-8618 (Print) |ISSN 2617-345X (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: https://saudijournals.com/sijap Original Research Article Morphometry of Parietal Foramen in Skulls of Telangana Population Dr. T. Sumalatha1, Dr. V. Sailaja2*, Dr. S. Deepthi3, Dr. Mounica Katukuri4 1Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 3Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India 4Post Graduate 2nd year, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, Telangana, India DOI: 10.36348/sijap.2020.v03i10.001 | Received: 06.10.2020 | Accepted: 14.10.2020 | Published: 18.10.2020 *Corresponding author: Dr. V. Sailaja Abstract Aims & Objectives: To study the prevalence, number, location and variations of parietal foramen in human skulls and correlate with the clinical significance if any. Material and Methods: A total of 45 skulls with 90 parietal bones were studied in the Department of Anatomy Govt medical college Mahabubnagar from osteology specimens in the academic year 2018-2019.Various parameters like unilateral or bilateral occurance or total absence of the parietal foramen, their location in relation to sagittal suture and lambda, their shape have been observed using appropriate tools and the findings have been tabulate. Observation & Conclusions: Out of total 45 skulls there were 64 parietal foramina in 90 parietal bones, with foramina only on right side in 10 skulls, only on left side in 7 skulls, bilaterally present in 23 skulls, total absence in 4 skulls and 1 foramen located in the sagittal suture.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Fracture Effects of the Hamulus Pterygoid: a Literature Review of the Last 49 Years
    Latin American Journal of Development, Curitiba, v. 3, n. 1, p. 475-487, jan./feb. 2021. ISSN 2674-9297 Morphology and fracture effects of the hamulus pterygoid: a literature review of the last 49 years Morfología y efectos de fractura del hamulus pterygoid: una revisión de la literatura de los últimos 49 años DOI: 10.46814/lajdv3n1-041 Recebimento dos originais: 30/10/2020 Aceitação para publicação: 23/12/2020 Polyanne Junqueira Silva Andresen Strini PhD, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil Address: Rio Preto Street, 178, Lídice, Uberlândia - MG Paulinne Junqueira Silva Andresen Strini PhD, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil Address: Rio Preto Street, 178, Lídice, Uberlândia - MG ABSTRACT The hamulus pterygoid consists in a relevant anatomical structure, important for fixation of several tendons and muscles, keeping the integrity of soft palate and pharynx. A literature review was conducted in order to investigate the morphology and effect of hamulus pterygoid fracture in clinical manifestation and its relationships with other orofacial components. A literature search was conducted, using Pubmed and Bireme data bases, and covering the time period 1970 to 2019. The Key words for the research were hamulus pterygoid, pterygoid fracture and hamulus pterygoid fracture, resulting in 440 articles, being 41 initials selected. Among them, just 31 were included in the analysis and 08 of the articles were not available through our library system or were in volumes before our holdings began. The remaining were excluded when they weren’t in English idiom, or when didn’t talk about morphological, functional or damages in the hamulus pterygoid.
    [Show full text]
  • Vessels and Circulation
    CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OUTLINE 23.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 684 23.1a Blood Vessel Tunics 684 23.1b Arteries 685 23.1c Capillaries 688 23 23.1d Veins 689 23.2 Blood Pressure 691 23.3 Systemic Circulation 692 Vessels and 23.3a General Arterial Flow Out of the Heart 693 23.3b General Venous Return to the Heart 693 23.3c Blood Flow Through the Head and Neck 693 23.3d Blood Flow Through the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 697 23.3e Blood Flow Through the Thoracic Organs 700 Circulation 23.3f Blood Flow Through the Gastrointestinal Tract 701 23.3g Blood Flow Through the Posterior Abdominal Organs, Pelvis, and Perineum 705 23.3h Blood Flow Through the Upper Limb 705 23.3i Blood Flow Through the Lower Limb 709 23.4 Pulmonary Circulation 712 23.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation 714 23.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 715 23.7 Blood Vessel Development 716 23.7a Artery Development 716 23.7b Vein Development 717 23.7c Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation 718 MODULE 9: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM mck78097_ch23_683-723.indd 683 2/14/11 4:31 PM 684 Chapter Twenty-Three Vessels and Circulation lood vessels are analogous to highways—they are an efficient larger as they merge and come closer to the heart. The site where B mode of transport for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hor- two or more arteries (or two or more veins) converge to supply the mones, and waste products to and from body tissues. The heart is same body region is called an anastomosis (ă-nas ′tō -mō′ sis; pl., the mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels.
    [Show full text]
  • Morfofunctional Structure of the Skull
    N.L. Svintsytska V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine Public Institution «Central Methodological Office for Higher Medical Education of MPH of Ukraine» Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy» N.L. Svintsytska, V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 2 LBC 28.706 UDC 611.714/716 S 24 «Recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as textbook for English- speaking students of higher educational institutions of the MPH of Ukraine» (minutes of the meeting of the Commission for the organization of training and methodical literature for the persons enrolled in higher medical (pharmaceutical) educational establishments of postgraduate education MPH of Ukraine, from 02.06.2016 №2). Letter of the MPH of Ukraine of 11.07.2016 № 08.01-30/17321 Composed by: N.L. Svintsytska, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor V.H. Hryn, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor This textbook is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: O.M. Slobodian, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Bukovinian State Medical University», Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Supply to the Head and Neck
    Vascular supply to the head and neck Sumamry This lesson covers the head and neck vascular supply. ReviseDental would like to thank @KIKISDENTALSERVICE for the wonderful drawings in this lesson. Arterial supply to the head Facial artery: Origin: External carotid Branches: submental a. superior and inferior labial a. lateral nasal a. angular a. Note: passes superiorly over the body of there mandible at the masseter Superficial temporal artery: Origin: External carotid Branches: It is a continuation of the ex carotid a. Note: terminal branch of the ex carotid a. and is in close relation to the auricular temporal nerve Transverse facial artery: Origin: Superficial temporal a. Note: exits the parotid gland Maxillary branch: supplies the areas missed from the above vasculature Origin: External carotid a. Branches: (to the face) infraorbital, buccal and inferior alveolar a.- mental a. Note: Terminal branch of the ex carotid a. The ophthalmic branches Origin: Internal carotid a. Branches: Supratrochlear, supraorbital, lacrimal, anterior ethmoid, dorsal nasal Note:ReviseDental.com enters orbit via the optic foramen Note: The face arterial supply anastomose freely. ReviseDental.com ReviseDental.com Venous drainage of the head Note: follow a similar pathway to the arteries Superficial vessels can communicate with deep structures e.g. cavernous sinus and the pterygoid plexus. (note: relevant for spread of infection) Head venous vessels don't have valves Supratrochlear vein Origin: forehead and communicates with the superficial temporal v. Connects: joins with supra-orbital v. Note: from the angular vein Supra-orbital vein Origin: forehead and communicates with the superficial temporal v. Connects: joins with supratrochlear v.
    [Show full text]
  • Venous Arrangement of the Head and Neck in Humans – Anatomic Variability and Its Clinical Inferences
    Original article http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.093815 Venous arrangement of the head and neck in humans – anatomic variability and its clinical inferences SILVA, M. R. M. A.1*, HENRIQUES, J. G. B.1, SILVA, J. H.1, CAMARGOS, V. R.2 and MOREIRA, P. R.1 1Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31920-000, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte – UniBH, Rua Diamantina, 567, Lagoinha, CEP 31110-320, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: The knowledge of morphological variations of the veins of the head and neck is essential for health professionals, both for diagnostic procedures as for clinical and surgical planning. This study described changes in the following structures: retromandibular vein and its divisions, including the relationship with the facial nerve, facial vein, common facial vein and jugular veins. Material and Methods: The variations of the veins were analyzed in three heads, five hemi-heads (right side) and two hemi-heads (left side) of unknown age and sex. Results: The changes only on the right side of the face were: union between the superficial temporal and maxillary veins at a lower level; absence of the common facial vein and facial vein draining into the external jugular vein. While on the left, only, it was noted: posterior division of retromandibular, after unite with the common facial vein, led to the internal jugular vein; union between the posterior auricular and common facial veins to form the external jugular and union between posterior auricular and common facial veins to terminate into internal jugular.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Pathological Opacification of the Cavernous Sinus on Brain CT
    healthcare Article Non-Pathological Opacification of the Cavernous Sinus on Brain CT Angiography: Comparison with Flow-Related Signal Intensity on Time-of-Flight MR Angiography Sun Ah Heo 1, Eun Soo Kim 1,* , Yul Lee 1, Sang Min Lee 1, Kwanseop Lee 1 , Dae Young Yoon 2, Young-Su Ju 3 and Mi Jung Kwon 4 1 Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] (S.A.H.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (S.M.L.); [email protected] (K.L.) 2 Department of Radiology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] 3 National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the non-pathological opacification of the cavernous sinus (CS) on brain computed tomography angiography (CTA) and compare it with flow-related signal intensity (FRSI) on time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA). Methods: Opacification of the CS was observed in 355 participants who underwent CTA and an additional 77 participants who underwent examination with three diagnostic modalities: CTA, TOF-MRA, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Opacification of the CS, superior petrosal sinus (SPS), inferior petrosal sinus Citation: Heo, S.A.; Kim, E.S.; Lee, Y.; Lee, S.M.; Lee, K.; Yoon, D.Y.; Ju, Y.-S.; (IPS), and pterygoid plexus (PP) were also analyzed using a five-point scale.
    [Show full text]