DOCSLIB.ORG

Craniofacial Venous Plexuses: Angiographic Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Craniofacial Venous Plexuses: Angiographic Study 541 Craniofacial Venous Plexuses: Angiographic Study Anne G. Osborn 1 Venous drainage patterns at the craniocervical junction and skull base have been thoroughly described in the radiographic literature. The facial veins and their important anastomoses with the intracranial venous system are less well appreciated. This study of 54 consecutive normal cerebral angiograms demonstrates that visualization of the pterygoid plexus as well as the anterior facial, lingual, submental, and ophthalmic veins can be normal on common carotid angiograms. In contrast to previous reports, opaci­ fication of ophthalmic or orbital veins occurs in most normal internal carotid arterio­ grams. Visualization of the anterior facial vein at internal carotid angiography can also be normal if the extraocular branches of the ophthalmic artery are prominent and nasal vascularity is marked. The angiographic anatomy of the cranial dural sinuses and subependymal veins has been thoroughly discussed in the radiographic literature. While many authors have described the venous drainage patterns of the craniocervical junction [1-3], middle cranial fossa [4, 5], cavern ous sinus area [6-9], tentorium [4], and orbit [10, 11], no systematic examination of the facial veins has been performed. This study describes the normal angiographic anatomy of the super­ ficial and deep facial veins. Their anastomoses with the intracrani al basilar venous plexuses are briefly reviewed and th e incidence of their visualizati on on normal cerebral angiograms is outlined. Material and Methods Fifty-four consecutive norm al cerebral angiograms were selected for stu dy. A total of 84 vessels was injected for a vari ety of clinical indications including seizu res, headache, syncope, and transient cerebral ischemia. There were 67 comm on carotid and 17 intern al carotid studies. Selecti ve extern al carotid angiograms were not obtained. Common carotid angiography was performed using 10 ml 60% Conray (M allinckrodt) injected at a rate of 8 ml / sec. For the selecti ve intern al caroti d studies, 8 ml at 7 ml / sec was used . Subtracti on masks were made of each study and all films from the late arterial through late venous phase were examined. Midvenous phase films in th e lateral projecti on were also selected from each angiogram for routine single order subtraction prints. The type of cavernous or Received M arch 7, 1980; accepted June 26, paracavern ous venous drainage as well as visualization of the pterygoid plexus and the 1980. various facial ve ins was noted. Presented at th e annual meeting of the Am eri­ can Society of Neuroradiology, Los Angeles, March 1980. Normal Gross Anatomy IDepartm ent of Radiology, University of Utah College of Medicine, 50 N. Medical Dr., Salt Lake Sphenobasal em issary channels pass through th e foramina ovale, spinosum , City, UT 8 41 32. and lacerum to connect th e cavernous sinus with th e pterygoid venous plexus, This article appears in November/ December an extensive network of small vascul ar channels that overli es the lateral pterygoid 1980 AJNR and January 1981 AJR. muscle (fig. 1). The pterygoid pl exus also communicates with the ophthalmic AJNR 1 :541-545, November/ December 1980 01 95-6108 / 80/ 001 6-0541 $ 00.00 veins through the inferior orbital fi ssure, with the anteri or facial ve in via a deep © Am eri can Roentgen Ray Society facial branch, and receives tri butari es corresponding to branches of the ptery- 542 OSBORN AJNR: 1 , November/ December 1 980 Fig. 1.- Anatomy pterygoid venous plexus. 1 = superficial temporal vein; Fig. 2.-Anatomy of superficial facial veins, deep venous plexuses, and 2 = pterygoid plexus; 3 = maxillary ve in ; 4 = retromandibular vein; 5 = their anastomoses with intracrani al venous system. 1 = superficial temporal deep facial vein; 6 = anterior facial vein; 7 = submental vein; 8 = internal vein ; 2 = superior oph thalmic vein; 3 = inferior ophthalmic vein; 4 = jugular vein; 9 = external jugular. superficial middle cerebral vein ; 5 = angular vein; 6 = cavernous sinus; 7 = pterygoid plexus; 8 = basilar plexus; 9 = in ferior petrosal sinus; 10 = superior petrosal sinus; 11 = retromandibular vein; 12 = occipital vein; 13 = anterior facial vein ; 14 = external jugular vein; 15 = internal jugular vein. gopalatine maxillary artery segment. The pterygoid pl exus drainage patterns. If the basilar vein of Rosenthal, vein of drain s posteriorly into a .s hort trunk called the maxillary vein Labbe, or superficial cortical veins are prominent, neither (fig. 1). The maxillary vein then courses posteroinferiorly the cavernous sinus nor the pterygoid plexus may be opa­ and unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the cified [13-15]. The cavernous sinus was visualized in 35 retromandibular vein. This vessel is usually a major tributary (4 1.7%) of the 84 angiograms, draining into the petrosal of the external jugul ar vein (fig. 2). The pterygoid plexus sinuses, basilar or pterygoid plexus, or a combination of may also drain via the posteri or and common facial veins these vessels (fig. 3). in to the internal jugular vei n [1 2]. Superficial middle cerebral venous tributaries were iden­ The anterior facial vein begin s near the medial palpebral tified on 61 of 84 studies. Th ese vessels often cross the angle as a di rect continuation of the angular vein . It de­ greater sphenoid wing, draining directly into sphenoidal scends obliquely across the face, crosses over the masse­ emissary veins that exit from the skull (usually through the teric muscle, then curves over the inferior border of the foramen oval e) to communicate with the pterygoid pl exus mandible. During its course the anteri or facial vein receives [7]. This sphenobasal pattern was identified in 21 (34.5%) tributaries from the orbit, lips, facial muscles, and submental of the 61 angiograms (fig. 4). Both the cavernous sinus and region. pterygoid venous plexus may be bypassed if the superficial The facial vein usually crosses the external carotid artery middle cerebral vein drains into the transverse sinus instead to drain into the internal jugul ar vein although it may also (fig . 5). This sphenopetrosal configuration was present in become a tributary of the external jugular system. The eight (13%) of 61 of the angiograms. Combinations of the anterior facial vein anastomoses with the pterygoid plexus different basal drainage patterns may also exist, resulting in via the deep facial vein and with the cavern ous sinus vi a the variable visualization of the pterygoid plexus (fig. 6). Com­ angular and ophthalmic veins (figs. 1 and 2). bined drainage patterns were identified in 24.5% (15/ 61) Normal Angiographic Anatomy and Results of the examinations. The superior and inferior ophthalmic or small orbital veins Visuali zation of many deep facial veins, particularly th e were identified in 31 of the 67 common carotid angiograms pterygoid plexus, is directly dependent on the intracranial and 12 of 17 intern al carotid studies (fig. 7). The direction AJNR:1 , November/ December 1980 CRANIOFACIAL VENOUS PLEXUSES 543 "7 ---8 3 4 Fig. 3.-Normal left internal carotid angiogram, midvenous phase, lateral Fig . 5. -Normal left internal carotid angiogram, venous phase, lateral view. 1 = superficial middle cerebral veins; 2 = cavernous sinus; 3 = basilar view. Predominant sphenopetrosal drainage pattern. 1 = superficial middle plexus; 4 = superi or petrosal sinus; 5 = inferior petrosal sinus; 5 = pterygoid cerebral vein; 2 = sphenopetrosal vein; 3 = superior petrosal sinus; 4 = plexus; 7 = internal jugular vein; 8 = suboccipital venous plexus; 9 = pterygoid plexus (faintly opacified). maxillary vein. Fig. 4.-Normal left common carotid ang iog ram, venous phase, lateral view. Dominant sphenobasal drainage pattern. Superficial middle cerebral Fig. 5.-Left internal carotid angiogram, venous phase, lateral view, in vein drains into pterygoid plexus and petrosal sinuses, largely bypassing patient with suprasellar meningioma (arrowheads). Combin ed sphenobasal­ cavernous sinus. 1 = superficial middle cerebral vein; 2 = sphenobasal sphenopetrosal pattern . Single large superficial middle cerebral vein (large emissary veins passing through foramen ovale; 3 = pterygoid plexus; 4 = black arrow) drains into pterygoid plexus (outlined arrow) and superi or maxillary vein; 5 = superficial temporal vein; 5 = retromandibular vein; 7 = petrosal sinus (small black arrows). This case is a particularly striking pharyngeal vein. example of combined basilar drainage. 544 OSBORN AJNR:1, November/ December 1980 I 2 / Fig . 7.-Normal I fl common carolid angiogram, venous ph ase, lateral Fig . 8.-Normal left common carotid angiogram, venous phase, lateral vi w. 1 = superior ophthalmic vein; 2 = anterior facial vein ; 3 = lingual view. 1 = anterior facial vein; 2 = submental vein; 3 = common facial vein. v in ; 4 = pterygoid plexus. of flow through the ophthalmic veins was extra- to intracra­ investigators. However, some have stated that visualization ni al in all these normal examinations. Superficial veins such of the superior ophthalmic vein following selective internal as the anterior or common facial, lingual, or thyroidal veins carotid angiograms is a rarity except when the extraocular were apparent on 19 of 67 common carotid angiograms (fig. ophthalmic artery branches are prominent [10). In contrast, 8). The anterior facial vein was identified on only one of the we found that opacification of the superior or inferior oph­ 17 intern al carotid studies; in this particular angiogram
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Why Should We Report Posterior Fossa Emissary Veins?
    Diagn Interv Radiol 2014; 20:78–81 NEURORADIOLOGY © Turkish Society of Radiology 2014 PICTORIAL ESSAY Why should we report posterior fossa emissary veins? Yeliz Pekçevik, Rıdvan Pekçevik ABSTRACT osterior fossa emissary veins pass through cranial apertures and par- Posterior fossa emissary veins are valveless veins that pass ticipate in extracranial venous drainage of the posterior fossa dural through cranial apertures. They participate in extracranial ve- sinuses. These emissary veins are usually small and asymptomatic nous drainage of the posterior fossa dural sinuses. The mas- P toid emissary vein, condylar veins, occipital emissary vein, in healthy people. They protect the brain from increases in intracranial and petrosquamosal sinus are the major posterior fossa emis- pressure in patients with lesions of the neck or skull base and obstructed sary veins. We believe that posterior fossa emissary veins can internal jugular veins (1). They also help to cool venous blood circulat- be detected by radiologists before surgery with a thorough understanding of their anatomy. Describing them using tem- ing through cephalic structures (2). Emissary veins may be enlarged in poral bone computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, patients with high-flow vascular malformations or severe hypoplasia or and cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) venography exam- inations results in more detailed and accurate preoperative aplasia of the jugular veins. They are associated with craniofacial syn- radiological interpretation and has clinical importance. This dromes (1, 3). Dilated emissary veins may cause tinnitus (4, 5). pictorial essay reviews the anatomy of the major and clini- We aim to emphasize the importance of reporting posterior fossa em- cally relevant posterior fossa emissary veins using high-reso- lution CT, CT angiography, and MR venography images and issary veins prior to surgeries that are related to the posterior fossa and discusses the clinical importance of reporting these vascular mastoid region.
    [Show full text]
  • Raised Intracranial Pressure Presenting with Spontaneous Periorbital Bruising: Two Case Reports S Hadjikoutis, C Carroll, G T Plant
    1192 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2003.016006 on 16 July 2004. Downloaded from SHORT REPORT Raised intracranial pressure presenting with spontaneous periorbital bruising: two case reports S Hadjikoutis, C Carroll, G T Plant ............................................................................................................................... J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1192–1193. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.016006 The venous drainage of the orbit is known to be via the ophthalmic and vortex veins which communicate with the cavernous sinus. We describe two patients with raised intracranial pressure presenting with periorbital bruising. In one patient dural venous sinus thrombosis was demonstrated and it is suspected that the cause of the raised intracranial pressure may have been the same in the second. We suggest that the abrupt rise of pressure in the cerebral venous system was transmitted via the cavernous sinus to the orbital venous system. Figure 1 Case 1: periorbital bruising more marked on the right. he early diagnosis of raised intracranial pressure can be problematic, especially when the patient first visits an Taccident and emergency department and there are no abnormal physical signs. We describe two patients who presented with headache due to raised intracranial pressure copyright. associated with bilateral periorbital bruising. We suggest that this may be an external sign of raised intracranial pressure under certain circumstances. We then go on to discuss the possible mechanisms whereby an abrupt rise in intracranial pressure may give rise to periorbital bruising. CASE REPORTS Case 1 A 24 year old woman with a history of migraine presented with a three day history of spontaneous periorbital bruising.
    [Show full text]
  • 1-Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland
    Color Code Important Anatomy of Pituitary Gland Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: ✓ Describe the position of the pituitary gland. ✓ List the structures related to the pituitary gland. ✓ Differentiate between the lobes of the gland. ✓ Describe the blood supply of pituitary gland & the hypophyseal portal system. الغدة النخامية Pituitary Gland (also called Hypophysis Cerebri) o It is referred to as the master of endocrine glands. o It is a small oval structure 1 cm in diameter. o It doubles its size during pregnancy. lactation ,(الحمل) pregnancy ,(الحيض) A women experiences changes in her hormone levels during menstruation But only the pituitary gland will only increase in size during pregnancy .(سن اليأس) and menopause ,(الرضاعة) X-RAY SKULL: LATERAL VIEW SAGITTAL SECTION OF HEAD & NECK Extra Pituitary Gland Position o It lies in the middle cranial fossa. o It is well protected in sella turcica* (hypophyseal fossa) of body of sphenoid o It lies between optic chiasma (anteriorly) & mamillary bodies** (posteriorly). Clinical point: *سرج الحصان Anterior to the pituitary gland is the optic chiasm, so if there was a tumor in the pituitary gland or it was ** Part of hypothalamus enlarged this could press on the chiasm and disrupt the patients vision (loss of temporal field). Extra Pictures The purple part is the sphenoid bone Hypophyseal fossa Pituitary Gland The relations are important Important Relations • SUPERIOR: Diaphragma sellae: A fold of dura mater covers the pituitary gland & has an opening for passage of infundibulum (pituitary stalk) connecting the gland to hypothalamus.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Variants of the Emissary Veins: Unilateral Aplasia of Both the Sigmoid Sinus and the Internal Jugular Vein and Development of the Petrosquamosal Sinus
    Folia Morphol. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 305–308 Copyright © 2011 Via Medica C A S E R E P O R T ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Anatomical variants of the emissary veins: unilateral aplasia of both the sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein and development of the petrosquamosal sinus. A rare case report O. Kiritsi1, G. Noussios2, K. Tsitas3, P. Chouridis4, D. Lappas5, K. Natsis6 1“Hippokrates” Diagnostic Centre of Kozani, Greece 2Laboratory of Anatomy in Department of Physical Education and Sports Medicine at Serres, “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Orthopaedic Department of General Hospital of Kozani, Greece 4Department of Otorhinolaryngology of “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece 5Department of Anatomy of Medical School of “National and Kapodistrian” University of Athens, Greece 6Department of Anatomy of the Medical School of “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece [Received 9 August 2011; Accepted 25 September 2011] We report a case of hypoplasia of the right transverse sinus and aplasia of the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein. In addition, development of the petrosquamosal sinus and the presence of a large middle meningeal sinus and sinus communicans were observed. A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to chronic head- ache. On the MRI scan a solitary meningioma was observed. Finally MR 2D veno- graphy revealed this extremely rare variant. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 4: 305–308) Key words: hypoplasia, right transverse sinus, aplasia, ipsilateral sigmoid sinus, petrosquamosal sinus, internal jugular vein INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT Emissary veins participate in the extracranial A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for venous drainage of the dural sinuses of the poste- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to rior fossa, complementary to the internal jugular chronic frontal headache complaints.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit
    228 CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Dural Venous Sinuses Not in the Subendocranial Occipitofrontalis Space More About the Epicranial Aponeurosis and the Cerebral Veins Subcutaneous Layer of the Scalp Emissary Veins Orbicularis Oculi CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EMISSARY VEINS Zygomaticus Major CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Orbicularis Oris Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mentalis Vertebral Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Buccinator Internal Carotid Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Platysma Circle of Willis The Absence of Veins Accompanying the PAROTID GLAND Intracranial Parts of the Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries FACIAL ARTERY THE INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY TRIGEMINAL NERVE ( C.N. V) AND FACIAL VEIN MECKEL’S CAVE (CAVUM TRIGEMINALE) FACIAL NERVE ORBITAL CAVITY AND EYE EYELIDS Bony Orbit Conjunctival Sac Extraocular Fat and Fascia Eyelashes Anulus Tendineus and Compartmentalization of The Fibrous "Skeleton" of an Eyelid -- Composed the Superior Orbital Fissure of a Tarsus and an Orbital Septum Periorbita THE SKULL Muscles of the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Development of the Neurocranium Abducens Somitomeres Cartilaginous Portion of the Neurocranium--the The Lateral, Superior, Inferior, and Medial Recti Cranial Base of the Eye Membranous Portion of the Neurocranium--Sides Superior Oblique and Top of the Braincase Levator Palpebrae Superioris SUTURAL FUSION, BOTH NORMAL AND OTHERWISE Inferior Oblique Development of the Face Actions and Functions of Extraocular Muscles Growth of Two Special Skull Structures--the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Mastoid Process and the Tympanic Bone Movements of the Eyeball Functions of the Recti and Obliques TEETH Ophthalmic Artery Ophthalmic Veins CRANIAL CAVITY Oculomotor Nerve – C.N. III Posterior Cranial Fossa CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Middle Cranial Fossa Trochlear Nerve – C.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistula with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: a Case Report
    Carotid cavernous sinus fistula with central retinal artery occlusion: A case report Suntaree Thitiwichienlert1, Chonwarat Phattarapongdilok1, Paiboon Bawornwattanadilok1 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Thammasat University, Thailand Background: A carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is an abnormal arteriovenous communication between the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery (ICA) and/or external carotid artery (ECA). Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a rare posterior segment complication occurring as result of traumatic CCF from an ocular hypoperfusion. Case Report: We present a 58-year-old female complaining of acute visual loss, with redness and swelling of the right eye following a motor vehicle accident. Her visual acuity was light perception (PL) in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 52 mm Hg in the right eye and normal in the left eye. Eye examinations revealed proptosis, ptosis, complete total ophthalmoplegia and a 5-mm fixed dilated right pupil with relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) positive in her right eye. The fundus examination showed CRAO in the right eye. Cerebral angiogra- phy revealed a high flow direct CCF Barrow’s type A. Endovascular treatment was performed using balloon embolization. During the one-year follow-up, the patient had improvement of eye redness, proptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. However, the visual prognosis was poor due to optic atrophy and macular ischemia with the final visual acuity of PL. Conclusion: A complete fundus examination found vision- threatening complications in patients who have traumatic CCFs. Early recognition of CRAO is important in the management of these patients. Conflicts of interest: The authors report no confilcts of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Variant Anatomy of the External Jugular Vein
    ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION Anatomy Journal of Africa. 2015. 4(1): 518 – 527 VARIANT ANATOMY OF THE EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN Beda O. Olabu, Poonamjeet K. Loyal, Bethleen W. Matiko, Joseph M. Nderitu , Musa K. Misiani, Julius A. Ogeng’o Corresponding Author: Beda Otieno Olabu P.O.Box 30197 – 00100 GPO, Nairobi Kenya Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. Cell phone: +254 720 915 805 or +254 736 791 617 ABSTRACT Variant anatomy of the external jugular vein is important when performing invasive procedures in the neck. Although there are a number of case reports on some of these variations, there are few descriptive cross-sectional regarding the same. This study therefore aimed at describing the variant anatomy of the external jugular vein as seen in a sample Kenyan population. One hundred and six (106) sides of the neck from 53 cadaveric specimens (70 males and 36 females) in the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Kenya, were used. Pattern and level of formation, course, communications and termination were studied by dissection. The vein was absent in 14.2% of cases, all males. It was formed within the substance of the parotid gland in 44%, and did not receive posterior auricular vein in 6.6%. Variant communications noted included facial vein, internal jugular, and a presence of a large anastomotic vein connecting it to the anterior jugular. It was duplicated in 2.2% cases and terminated into internal jugular vein in 7.7% of cases. The most common variations were in origin, course, communications and termination. These may limit its clinical utilization, and their awareness is important when considering the vein for any invasive procedure.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Correlations Between Anomalies of Jugular Veins And
    Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 2006, 47(3):287–290 ORIGINAL PAPER Correlations between anomalies of jugular veins and areas of vascular drainage of head and neck MONICA-ADRIANA VAIDA, V. NICULESCU, A. MOTOC, S. BOLINTINEANU, IZABELLA SARGAN, M. C. NICULESCU Department of Anatomy and Embryology “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara Abstract The study conducted on 60 human cadavers preserved in formalin, in the Anatomy Laboratory of the “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, during 2000–2006, observed the internal and external jugular veins from the point of view of their origin, course and affluents. The morphological variability of the jugular veins (external jugular that receives as affluents the facial and lingual veins and drains into the internal jugular, draining the latter’s territory – 3.33%; internal jugular that receives the lingual, upper thyroid and facial veins, independent – 13.33%, via the linguofacial trunk – 50%, and via thyrolinguofacial trunk – 33.33%) made possible the correlation of these anomalies with disorders in the ontogenetic development of the veins of the neck. Knowing the variants of origin, course and drainage area of jugular veins is important not only for the anatomist but also for the surgeon operating at this level. Keywords: internal jugular vein, external jugular vein, drainage areas. Introduction The ventral pharyngeal vein that receives the tributaries of the face and tongue becomes the Literature contains several descriptions of variations linguofacial vein. With the development of the face, the in the venous drainage of the neck [1–4]. primitive maxillary vein expands its drainage territories The external jugular drains the superficial areas of to those innervated by the ophtalmic and mandibular the head, the deep areas of the face and the superficial branches of the trigeminal nerve, and it anastomoses layers of the posterior and lateral parts of the neck.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Supply to the Head and Neck
    Vascular supply to the head and neck Sumamry This lesson covers the head and neck vascular supply. ReviseDental would like to thank @KIKISDENTALSERVICE for the wonderful drawings in this lesson. Arterial supply to the head Facial artery: Origin: External carotid Branches: submental a. superior and inferior labial a. lateral nasal a. angular a. Note: passes superiorly over the body of there mandible at the masseter Superficial temporal artery: Origin: External carotid Branches: It is a continuation of the ex carotid a. Note: terminal branch of the ex carotid a. and is in close relation to the auricular temporal nerve Transverse facial artery: Origin: Superficial temporal a. Note: exits the parotid gland Maxillary branch: supplies the areas missed from the above vasculature Origin: External carotid a. Branches: (to the face) infraorbital, buccal and inferior alveolar a.- mental a. Note: Terminal branch of the ex carotid a. The ophthalmic branches Origin: Internal carotid a. Branches: Supratrochlear, supraorbital, lacrimal, anterior ethmoid, dorsal nasal Note:ReviseDental.com enters orbit via the optic foramen Note: The face arterial supply anastomose freely. ReviseDental.com ReviseDental.com Venous drainage of the head Note: follow a similar pathway to the arteries Superficial vessels can communicate with deep structures e.g. cavernous sinus and the pterygoid plexus. (note: relevant for spread of infection) Head venous vessels don't have valves Supratrochlear vein Origin: forehead and communicates with the superficial temporal v. Connects: joins with supra-orbital v. Note: from the angular vein Supra-orbital vein Origin: forehead and communicates with the superficial temporal v. Connects: joins with supratrochlear v.
    [Show full text]
  • Venous Arrangement of the Head and Neck in Humans – Anatomic Variability and Its Clinical Inferences
    Original article http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.093815 Venous arrangement of the head and neck in humans – anatomic variability and its clinical inferences SILVA, M. R. M. A.1*, HENRIQUES, J. G. B.1, SILVA, J. H.1, CAMARGOS, V. R.2 and MOREIRA, P. R.1 1Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31920-000, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte – UniBH, Rua Diamantina, 567, Lagoinha, CEP 31110-320, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: The knowledge of morphological variations of the veins of the head and neck is essential for health professionals, both for diagnostic procedures as for clinical and surgical planning. This study described changes in the following structures: retromandibular vein and its divisions, including the relationship with the facial nerve, facial vein, common facial vein and jugular veins. Material and Methods: The variations of the veins were analyzed in three heads, five hemi-heads (right side) and two hemi-heads (left side) of unknown age and sex. Results: The changes only on the right side of the face were: union between the superficial temporal and maxillary veins at a lower level; absence of the common facial vein and facial vein draining into the external jugular vein. While on the left, only, it was noted: posterior division of retromandibular, after unite with the common facial vein, led to the internal jugular vein; union between the posterior auricular and common facial veins to form the external jugular and union between posterior auricular and common facial veins to terminate into internal jugular.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Venous Drainage of the Common Facial Vein. a Morphologycal Study ORIGINAL
    International INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF MEDICINE 2018 Medical Society SECTION: HUMAN ANATOMY Vol. 11 No. 29 http://imedicalsociety.org ISSN: 1755-7682 doi: 10.3823/2570 Unusual Venous Drainage of the Common Facial Vein. A Morphologycal Study ORIGINAL Sergio Ivan Granados-Torres1, Humberto Ferreira-Arquez2 1 Medicine student sixth Semester, University of Pamplona, Norte de Abstract Santander, Colombia, South America 2 Professor Human Morphology, Medicine Background: Anatomical knowledge of the facial vasculature is cru- Program, University of Pamplona, Morphology Laboratory Coordinator, cial not only for anatomists but also for oral and maxillofacial surgery, University of Pamplona. plastic surgeon, otorhinolaryngologists. Access pathways, pedicled and free flap transfer, and explantation and transplantation of total Contact information: faces are based on the proper assessment and use of the facial veins and arteries. The anatomical variations reported in the present study Ivan Granados-Torres. confirms the need for preoperative vascular imaging for sure good Address: University Campus, Kilometer venous outflow for the free flap survival. 1. Via Bucaramanga. Norte de Santander, Colombia. Suramérica, Pamplona Zip code: Aims: The aim of the present study was to describe a rare anato- 543050 Tel: 573176222213 mical variation of the common facial vein which not been previously described. [email protected] Methods and Findings: Head and neck region were carefully dissected as per standard dissection procedure, studied serially during the years 2013-2017 in 15 males and 2 females, i.e. 34 sides, embal- med adults cadavers with different age group, in the laboratory of Morphology of the University of Pamplona. In 33 sides (97 %) of the cases the anterior facial vein (FV) terminated into the internal jugular vein via the common facial vein (CFV) as per standard anatomic des- cription.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mandibular Landmarks About the Facial Artery and Vein With
    Int. J. Morphol., 30(2):504-509, 2012. The Mandibular Landmarks about the Facial Artery and Vein with Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography (MDCTA): an Anatomical and Radiological Morphometric Study Puntos de Referencia de la Mandíbula Relacionados a la Arteria y Vena Facial con Angiografía por Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector (ATCM): un Estudio Morfométrico Anatómico y Radiológico *Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi; *Mehmet Tugrul Yılmaz; **Demet Kıresi & *Muzaffer Seker CICEKCIBASI, A. E.; YILMAZ, M. T.; KIRESI, D. & SEKER, M. The mandibular landmarks about the facial artery and vein with multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA): an anatomical and radiological morphometric study. Int. J. Morphol., 30(2):504-509, 2012. SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to investigate the course of the facial vessels according to several mandibular landmarks in living individuals using multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) to determine these related to sex and side. This study was conducted in the Radiology Department, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University (Konya, Turkey). In total, sixty faces from 30 specimens (15 males and 15 females) with symptoms and signs of vascular disease were evaluated for the facial vessels by MDCTA scan. The facial vessel parameters were measured according to the reference points (mandibular angle, mental protuberance, mental foramen and facial midline). The distance from the point at which the facial artery first appears in the lower margin of the mandible to the mandibular angle for right and left facial artery were observed as 3.53±0.66 cm and 3.31±0.73 cm in males, respectively. These distances were determined as 2.91±0.52 cm and 3.35±0.48 cm in females.
    [Show full text]