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Endodontidae, Euconulidae, Zonitidae, Eta Vitrinidae Marras

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Endodontidae, Euconulidae, Zonitidae, Eta Vitrinidae Marras Lurralde 13 1990 p: 173-192 ISSN 0211-5891 IBERIAR PENINTSULAKO MALAKOFAUNARI BURUZKO GOGORAMEN BIOGEOGRAFIKOAK: ENDODONTIDAE, EUCONULIDAE, ZONITIDAE ETA VITRINIDAE MARRASKILO-FAMILIEN KASUA EUSKAL HERRIAN ETA ALDAMENETAKO LURRALDETAN (*) Recibido: 1989-11-14 K.ALTONAGA, A.I.PUENTE & C.E.PRIETO Zoologia Laborategia Animali Biologia eta Genetika Departamentua Zientzi Fakultatea Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea P.K.: 644. 48080-BILBAO. Espainia. LABURPENA: lberiar Penintsulako malakofaunari buruzko gogoramen biogeografikoak: En­ dodontidae, Euconulidae, Zonitidae eta Vitrlnidae marraskilo-familien kasua Euskal Herrian eta aldamenetako lurraldetan. ' ldazlan honetan, eszenario penintsularra itxuratzen duten ela, beraz, bertako fauna malakolo­ giko konplexuaren agerpenean bitartekatu duten faktoreak aztertu dira, horrez gainera, fauna horren egungo ezagumenduaren egoera azalduz. Textu-inguru horretan, aipaturiko familiek erakutsi duten banaketa-mota adierazi da, zeina kantauritartasun-gradiente batckin erlaziona bait daiteke. Gako hltzak: biogeografia, kantauritartasuna, malakofauna, Zonitidae, Vitrinidae, Endodontidae, Euconulidae, lberiar Penintsula. * J;usko Jaurlaritzako Hezkuntza, Unibertsitate eta lkerketa Sailaren X-86.044 Projektuak finantza­ tu du ikerlan honen parte bat. Lurralde, 13: 1990 173 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ K. AlTONAGA- A. 1. PU ENTE - C. E. PRIETO RESUMEN: Conslderaclones biogeogrâficas sobre la malacofauna de la Penin sula lbérica: el caso de las familias Endodontidae, Euconulidae, Zonitidae y Vitrinidae en el Pais Vasco y zonas adyacentes. En el presente trabajo se da cuenta de los distintos factores que configuran el escenario peninsular y que han mediado en la aparicién de una fau na malacolégica compleja, exponiéndose, ademâs, en que estado se halla actualmente el estudio de esta ultima. En ese marco, se explicita el tipo de distribucién presentado por las familias mencionadas, el cual se puede relacionar con un gradiente de cantabricidad. Palabras clave: biogeografîa, cantabricidad, malacofauna, Zonitidae, Vitrinidae, Endodontidae, Euconulidae, Penlnsula lbérica. SUMMARY: Biogeographie considerations on the malacofauna of the lberian Peninsula: the case of the families Endodontidae, Euconulidae, Zonitidae and Vitrinidae in the Basque Country and adjacent zones. ln the present work it is given account of the different factors that shape the penin sul ar scenario and have mediated in the appearance of a complexe malacological fau na; it is expound, furthermore, which is the actual state of this fauna's study. ln this context, it is explicited the distribution type shown by the above mentioned familias, which can be related with a •cantabricity" gradient. Key words: biogeography, cantabricity, malacofauna, Zonitidae, Vitrinidae, Endodontidae, Euconu­ lidae, lberian Peninsula. IBERIAR PENINTSULA MALAKO GEOGRAFIAREN ALDETIK Europako estatu gehienetan oso aurreratuta dago lur-moluskuen ikasketa, espezie­ zentsua eta espezie bakoitzaren banaketa geografikoa zehaztasun handiz ezagutzen direlarik (KERNEY, CAMERON & JUNGBLUTH 1983). Ostera, lberiar Penintsulak ezeza­ gun samar irauten du, nahiz eta azken hamarkadetan bertako malakologiak hartu duen aupada nabarmena izan. Egoera hari era bitako faktorek sorterazia da, faktore geografi­ koak eta historikoak alegia. Faktore historikoei, zeintzuak Penintsulako tradizioak jasan izan duan jarraitasun-eza aipatuz laburbildu ahal bai! dira (MANGA 1983; ALTABA & TRAVESSET 1985), faktore geografiko eta biohistorikoak gehitu behar zaizkie, berauen ondorioz konplexutasun malakologiko handia sortu delarik. Horren guztiorren emaitza, azken batean, espezieen ezagumendu urri samarra da, bai alde taxonomikotik nola biog eografikoki. lberiar Penintsula, Kaukasoarekin bata ra, Europako arearik interesgarrienetarikoa da ikuspegi biogeografikotik (SACCHI 1964). Autore horren arauera, Penintsula zubitzat jo daiteke, hain zuzen mendebaldeko Europatik, Frantziatik, Afrikaraino luzaturiko zubitzat, zeina, gainera, aipatutako kontinente biotatik geografi akzidente garrantzitsu biz isolatuta bait daga, Pirinioez ipar aldean eta Mediterranioaz hego aldean. Hortaz, trantsizio-gune bat da. Kokapen hain apartari eta gorago inplizituki "geografiko" hitzaren barruan seinalatu diren berezitasun litologiko, orografiko eta klimatikoei gehitu egin behar zaie, bestalde, GERMAINek (1930) Europako mendebalderako kontsideratu zituen hiru taldekamendu malakofaunistikoek Penintsularen gainazalean zehar konfluditzen dutela: taldekamendu septentrionala, taldekamendu atlantikolusitaniarra eta taldekamendu mediterraniarra. Malakofauna septentrionala, zeina estepa errusiarretik lberiar Penintsularaino Euro­ pa asean zehar hedatzen bait da, toki basatsu, heze eta hotzetako espezieez osotua da. Lurralde, 13: 1990 174 K. AL TONAGA • A. 1. PUENTE • C. E. PRIETO SACCHik (1964) adierazi duenez, taldekamendu malakofaunistiko honen banaketaren hegoko limitea,orohar, Ebro haranean kokatu beharda, nahiz eta hain bat espeziek barrera hori gainditzea lortu duten. Beraz, eta Penintsulari dagokiola, multzo bi bereiz daitezke taldekamendu septentrionalean. Alde batetik,ba daude zenbait espezie, erregio pirinia­ rrean bizi izateaz gainera lberiar Sisteman aurkitzen direnak, mendi-zerra horren koloni­ zazioa Euskal Mendietan barrena gertatu bide zelarik. Bigarren multzoan Pirinio eta aldamenetan bizi diren bare-marraskiloak inkludi ditzakegu, bai na, Ebro harana zeharkatu ez dutelarik. GERMAIN (1930) eta CASTILLEJOren (1981) arauera, malakofauna atlantikolusita­ niarra Portugal osotik, Galizia, Zirrinda Kantauriar et a Frantziako mendebaldeko kostalde­ tik Bretainiaraino eta lrla Britaniarren SWraino zabaltzen da, eta CAZIOTen (1915) eritziz, agian Marokotik ere. Ez da ezagun fauna horren jatorria, eta Atlantida populatu zuten espezieak izan litezkeelako ideiaz espekulatu da inoiz (CAZIOT 1915). Ziur aski, oso aintzinekoa eta lurralde epel eta hezetakoa zen fau na baten aztarna izan daiteke, zeina, glaziazio kuaternarioen kausaz, lehen aipatutako erregioen kostaldetara murriztu bait zen, non ez bait zen tenperaturaren beherakada bortizki pairatu itsasoarekiko hurbiltasunaga­ tik. Malakofauna mediterraniarra da espezie-kopururik handiena besarkatzen duena, eragin mediterraniarreko lurraldeak estaltzen bait du lberiar Penintsulako zabalera gehie­ na. Erregio hori oso konplexuada faunistikoki (SACCHI1964), zeren bertan elkarrekin bizi bait dira, batetik, Europatik nahiz ipar Afrikatik iritsiriko espezie mediterraniarrak, bestalde, elementu zirkunmediterraniarrak eta, azkenik, Penintsulako endemikoak ere. Espezie zirkunmediterraniarren artean, batez ere kostaldean bizi direnak gailendu dira; hala ere, sarri askotan et a duten jasankortasun ekologikoaren arauera Penintsulako barne-alderago aurki daitezke. Europatiko elementu mediterraniarrak, bestetik, alde kataluniarretik iritsi dira; malakofauna iparrafrikarra, konkretukiago mintzatuz iberoma­ ghrebiarra (SACCHI1964), Afrikako NWko lurraldeko elementuez osotua da, zeintzuek, edo Mediterranioa barne-itsasoa zeneko garaietan kolonizatu bait zuten hegoalde iberia­ rra, edo aintzineko mazizo betiko-riftarra populatzen zuten, be rau geroago, Mediterranio eta Atlantiko arteko komunikazioa ezartzean, banatu egin zelarik. Azkenik, Penintsulako konplexutasun geografiko handiak, Euro pa eta Afrikatiko espezieakjasotzeko posibilitatea eskeini duan habitat-ugaritasunaz gainera, barrera geografiko asko aurkeztu ditu espezia­ zioa erraztu delarik, eta, batez ere, elementu mediterraniarretatik abiatutako espeziazioa. Deskribatzen ari garen dinamika biogeografiko horretan, Ebro haranak azpimarratua izatea merezi du, oso munta handiko zeregina betetzen bait du: esan denez, ezaugarri erlatiboki europearrak dituen Katalunia eta propioki iberiarra den gainontzeko Penintsula elkarretik bereizten ditu, elementu europearren hegoranzko eta iberiarren iparreranzko pasea galerazten duelarik. Halaber, espezie mediterraniarren Penintsulako NWrako iraganbidea da, Ebro arroak bizi dituen mediterraniartasun-baldintzak dire la eta (eguzkiz­ tapen handia,prezipitazio urria, idortasuna ... ). lberiar Penintsulako textu-inguruan Euskal Herriak garrantzi berezia du, zeren, hedadura geografiko erlatiboki txiki batetan, Europako mendebalderako aipatu diren hiru taldekamendu malakofaunistikoetako ordezkariak aurkitzen bait dira, eta horrez gainera, Euskal Herria bara da fauna horien teflakamendu-gunea. Horrela, bertatik gertatu da Penintsula barneranzko elementu europearren sarrera, Pirinio eta Mendi Kantauriarretan zehar, hain zuzen. Lurralde, 13: 1990 175 K. AL TONAGA - A. 1. PUENTE • C. E. PRIETO ~1 1 Mapatlberiar Penlntsularen ezagumendu malakologlkoaren adibidea 1etik 4raino higromiido-espezie aipaturik bibliografian. • 1 to 4 hygromiid species ched in the bibliography. 5etik Sraino higromlido-espezie aipaturik bibllograflan. e 5 to 8 hygromiid species ched in the bibliography. 9tik 12raino higromiido-espezie aipaturik bibllografian. • 9 to 12 hygromiid specles ched ln the bibliography. 13 baino hlgromiido-espezie geihago aipaturik bbliograflan. • More than 13 hygromiid species cited in the bibliography. Map 1/ Exarrple of the malacological Knowledge of the lverian Peninsula Lurralde, 13: 1990 176 K. AL TONAGA ·A. 1. PUENTE • C. E. PRIETO IBERIAR PENINTSULAKO IKERKETA MALAKOLOGIKOEN EGOERA Hasiera batetan aipatu den egoera hurrengo lerroetan itxuratuko dugu. Horretarako, ikus bedi 1 mapa (PU ENTE 1985). Bertan, lberiar Penintsulako
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