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TEST VERSION
2013

SLUGS OF BRITAIN
& IRELAND

(Short test version, pages 18-37 only)

By Ben Rowson, James Turner,
Roy Anderson & Bill Symondson

PRODUCED BY FSC 2013. TEXT AND PHOTOS © NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WALES 2013

External features of slugs

  • Tail
  • Mantle
  • Head

Tubercles
Keel

Genital pore
Lateral bands
Tentacles.

Eyes
Breathing pore (pneumostome)

Keel

Variations in lateral banding

Mantle markings and ridges
Broken lateral bands
Mouth

Solid lateral bands
Sole (underside of foot)

Mantle. Note texture and presence of grooves and ridges, as Tubercles. Note whether numerous and small/fine vs. few and

  • well as any markings and banding.
  • large/coarse. Pigment may be present in the grooves between

tubercles.
Tentacles. Note colour. Slugs may need to be handled or

  • disturbed to extend tentacles.
  • Keel (raised ridge). Note length and whether truncated at the

tip of tail. Beware markings that may exaggerate or obscure the length of keel.

Breathing pore (pneumostome).

On right-hand side of body. Note whether rim is noticeably paler or darker than body sides.

Sole (underside of foot). Note colour and any patterning. The

sole in most slugs is tripartite i.e. there are three fields running

  • in parallel the length of the animal. Is the central field a different
  • Lateral bands. Note whether present on mantle and/or tail.

Note also intensity, whether broad or narrow, and whether high shade from the lateral fields or low on body side.

Shell

Dorsal grooves. In Testacellidae, note wheth-
Mucus pore.

er the two grooves meet in front of the shell or
Present only in Arionidae underneath it.

Foot fringe.

In Arionidae, note fringe colour and if stripes are present or not.
Mantle. In Testacellidae and Trigonochlamydidae, the mantle is situated near the tail but may be concealed by the shell, if present.

18

FSC Test Version 2013. Text and photos © National Museum of Wales 2013

  • Identifying slugs
  • Using the identification charts

Living, adult slugs are the easiest to identify. Live slugs This book contains both identification charts and species differ in the shapes they adopt when contracted, accounts. [Not in test version.] We recommend that and their behaviour when disturbed. They may need inexperienced users first try the charts for identification.

to be examined closely, especially if small (a lens is They draw attention to important features and away

recommended). White tissue or paper is useful to check from distracting ones. The charts are designed to work the colour of the mucus. Always wash your hands after without the species accounts, although these should be handling slugs. Many species can be identified from consulted for additional features and useful background good photographs provided these show enough of the information to confirm identifications. key features. The right-hand side of the body contains more features since this is where the genital pore and Most of the charts offer several identification options at breathing pore are situated. Dead slugs (e.g. from beer once. Species (or groups of species) and identification or pitfall traps) may become difficult to identify as shapes features are arranged in vertical columns or horizontal distort and colours fade. Some species have to be killed rows. The rows sometimes run across two pages. Where and dissected for accurate identification (see p. 000) in a feature is shared by more than one species (or group of which case any observations or photographs of the live species) the box is spread across columns or rows. animal need to be taken first!

It is important to examine several features in turn,

ruling out as many species as possible each time. Boxes
There are two main problems with slug identification.

Firstly, many species are extremely variable in

  • with
  • a
  • red outline highlight particularly distinctive

appearance. In particular, size, colour and markings can

vary between localities and habitats and even among slugs from a single clutch of eggs. They often change radically as slugs grow. features that will often work as shortcuts to the right identification.

Only one or a few species will correspond with all features, except in cases of exceptional variability. If the slug being identified does not correspond with all features, try returning to an earlier chart to check it is in the right group of species. Other species may be found in Britain and Ireland in future, but the vast majority of slugs will belong to the known species.

Secondly, juveniles of some species may resemble the

adults of others. Some species have a loosely-defined adult season, but juveniles can be encountered at any time of year. Without experience there is no easy way to distinguish a juvenile of a large species from an adult of a small species. Most slugs of 50 mm or more long will be mature enough to identify, but some species become adult at just 15 mm. Of course, slugs encountered mating or laying eggs will be adult. In some species the genital pore also becomes subtly swollen in adults. Juveniles may have noticeably bigger optic tentacles, relative to their body size.
Some externally similar slug species cannot be distinguished without dissection. Such cases are indicated in the charts.

For encouragement, remember that:

• Not every single slug you find will be identifiable,

at least at first. Juveniles especially are often not distinctive enough to identify to species.
These problems make it difficult to construct and use a dichotomous key (a key that presents only two options at a time). We have therefore adopted charts or tabular keys that show several options at once. Where possible, the identification charts emphasize shape, texture and behavioural features over size, colour, and markings. They are designed to work for both adults and (as far as possible) juveniles.
• With practice, especially as one encounters more species, identification becomes easier. This is motivation to keep exploring!

  • 0 mm
  • 50 mm
  • 100 mm
  • 150 mm

  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 40
  • 60
  • 70
  • 80
  • 90
  • 110
  • 120
  • 130
  • 140

  • [
  • Very small
  • ][
  • Small
  • ][
  • Medium-sized
  • ][
  • Large
  • ][
  • Very large

(Approx. max recorded size 200 mm)

19

FSC Test Version 2013. Text and photos © National Museum of Wales 2013

1. Major Groups I

  • Group
  • 1a.
  • External shell

Shell spiral and obvious, even if thin and transparent.

Snails

For identification, see the AIDGAP guide by

  • Cameron (2008).
  • Animal able to retract fully into shell.

Mantle virtually hidden within shell.

Shell a loosely coiled spiral, very thin, transparent.

Semi-slugs (Vitrinidae)

Animal snail-like, but unable to retract fully into shell.
Go to Chart 15.

Mantle mainly hidden within shell, but with mantle lobes overlapping shell edge.

Shell virtually uncoiled, flattened and fingernaillike, covering only part of the rear end of the animal.

Shelled Slugs (Testacellidae)

Go to Chart 14.
Mantle virtually hidden beneath shell.

Other Slugs

No visible external shell.
Go to 1b.

  • 1b.
  • Mantle Position
  • Group

Ghost Slug (Trigonochlamydidae)

p. XX
Mantle tiny, disc-shaped, at the very rear of the

  • animal.
  • Note: in extremely rare cases, Testacellidae

(p.xx) have been found alive but lacking a shell

Mantle cloak-like or shield-like, covering the neck and “shoulders”of the animal. Mantle is of a very different texture from rest of body with breathing pore on right side.

Other slugs

Go to Chart 2.

20

FSC Test Version 2013. Text and photos © National Museum of Wales 2013

2. Major Groups II

  • Round-backed Slugs
  • Long-keeled Slugs

(Milacidae, Boettgerillidae)

  • Short-keeled Slugs
  • Short-keeled Slugs

(Agriolimacidae)

2.

  • (Arionidae)
  • (Limacidae)

No keel. Animal round-backed.

Note: a very weak keel is present in some species , especially when young, but unlike other keeled slugs these

Keel long, running all the way to the rear mantle edge.
Keel short, petering out well before the rear mantle edge.

have a mucus pore at the tail tip.

Rounded, with a mucus pore visible.
Pointed, with no mucus pore. Keel sloping sharply to tail tip.
Pointed, with no mucus pore. Keel sloping gradually to tail tip.
Pointed, with no mucus pore. Keel sloping sharply to tail tip.

groove groove

Mantle finely granular (“shagreened”).

  • Mantle texture variable. A
  • Mantle with fine concentric

ridges, like a fingerprint. Ridges centred around the midpoint of the back.
Mantle with fine concentric ridges, like a fingerprint. Ridges centred around the breathing pore.

  • deep
  • shaped groove is

usually present, but often inconspicuous.

Breathing pore in front half of mantle.
Breathing pore in rear half of mantle.
Breathing pore in rear half of mantle.
Breathing pore in rear half of mantle.

  • 15 - 140 mm.
  • 25 - 75 mm.
  • 35 - 200 mm.
  • 15 -50 mm

Usually rather sluggish and less willing to extend when handled. usually found on or in the Mucus may be very sticky and staining. Poor climbers.

  • Particularly poor climbers,
  • Rather active when handled.

Mucus may be thin and runny. Strong climbers, often found well off the ground.
Especially active, extending readily in the hand. Mucus may

  • be thin and milky.
  • ground.

Round-backed Slugs

(Arionidae)

Long-keeled Slugs

(Milacidae, Boettgerillidae)

Short-keeled Slugs

(Limacidae)

Short-keeled Slugs

(Agriolimacidae)

  • Go to Chart 3.
  • Go to Chart 8.
  • Go to Chart 9.
  • Go to Chart 13.

21

FSC Test Version 2013. Text and photos © National Museum of Wales 2013

3. Arionidae: Genara & Subgenera

3.

  • Geomalacus
  • Arion (Kobeltia)
  • Arion (Carinarion)
  • Arion (Mesarion)
  • Arion (Arion)

Medium-sized to very large
(60 - 140 mm).
Medium-sized (60 - 90 mm).
Very small to small
(15 - 45 mm).
Small
(30 - 45 mm).
Medium-sized (50 - 70 mm).

Small/fine; even more so than in many smaller species.
Varying between species. Small/fine; central row May appear prickly when often paler, giving the
Small/fine, even more so than in many smaller
Large/coarse; slugs nearly always rough or

  • warty to the naked eye.
  • retracted.
  • impression of of a keel i.e. species.

a “false keel”.

A ball, formed by bending the sole in half.
Varies from a dome to elongate; less flattened than in subgenus

Carinarion.

A flattened dome, bellshaped in cross-section.
An elongate dome, very seldom hemispherical.
A near- hemispherical dome. May squirm or rock from side to side if disturbed.

  • Colourless.
  • Mucus yellow-orange, at

least on the sole, staining fingers or paper.

  • Colourless.
  • Mucus yellow-orange,

staining fingers or paper.
Mucus thick, sticky and very hard to remove, usually colourless.

Sole pale grey to white, never dark.
Sole pale grey to white, never dark
Sole coloured yellow-orange.

Foot fringe broadly and clearly striped from front to rear.
Back covered with pale spots.

W & SW Ireland only.
Foot fringe usually without stripes.
Foot fringe with narrow stripes from front to rear.
Foot fringe usually without stripes.

  • Arion (Carinarion)
  • Arion (Arion)

  • Geomalacus
  • Arion (Kobeltia)
  • Arion (Mesarion)

p. XX

  • Go to Chart 4.
  • Go to Chart 5.
  • Go to Chart 6.
  • Go to Chart 7.

22

FSC Test Version 2013. Text and photos © National Museum of Wales 2013

4. Arionidae: Arion (Kobeltia)

A. (Kobeltia) intermedius
A. (Kobeltia) distinctus
A. (Kobeltia) hortensis

4.

  • A. (Kobeltia) occultus
  • A. (Kobeltia) owenii

Very small
(15 - 20 mm).
Small
(35 - 40 mm).
Small
(25 - 40 mm).
Small
(25 - 40 mm).
Small
(25 - 40 mm).

  • Dome-shaped
  • A flattened dome, not

elongated.
Flattened, often slightly elongated.
May form a ( or C shape.

  • Coarse, sometimes drawn Coarse, giving a rough or warty appearance, especially Tubercles fine, not giving
  • Tubercles fine, not giving

a warty appearance. Bottom row of tubercles often contrastingly white. to slight points giving a “prickly”appearance in dry or cold conditions.

  • in drier conditions.
  • a warty appearance.

More variable than other Kobeltia: white to orange or blue-grey. Often a dull yellow-brown with darker head.
Yellow-brown, yellowgrey, or pale blue-grey.

  • Dark grey-brown, suffused Dark blue-grey to black,
  • Tawny yellow-brown to

  • rich warm brown.
  • with a trace of yellow or

putty- coloured pigment with little or no trace of yellow. Often bluish
Usually with obvious

diffuse dark pigment along centre of back. on back. Never blue-grey. when young.
Often absent; if present, faint and high on body.
High on body, not diffusing gradually down to foot fringe.
High on body, usually diffusing down to the foot fringe.
Low on body sides, almost reaching foot fringe.
Low on body sides, almost reaching foot fringe.

Variable., seldom black. Sole mucus:
Black to cold blue-black. Sole mucus:
Black to purplish-brown. Sole mucus:
Black to cold blue-black. Sole mucus:
Black to warm red-black. Sole mucus:

Season: Adults all year round.
Season: Adults mainly in spring.

  • Season:
  • Season:
  • Season:

Adults mainly in summer. Adults mainly in spring and summer.
Adults mainly in autumn and winter, later than A.

distinctus.

A. (Kobeltia) occultus

  • A. (Kobeltia) sp.
  • A. (Kobeltia) intermedius
  • A. (Kobeltia) owenii
  • A. (Kobeltia) distinctus
  • A. (Kobeltia) hortensis

(Dissection required)

  • p. XX
  • p. XX & p. XX
  • p. XX
  • p. XX
  • p. XX

23

FSC Test Version 2013. Text and photos © National Museum of Wales 2013

5. Arionidae: Arion (Carinarion)

5.

  • A. (Carinarion) fasciatus
  • A. (Carinarion) circumscriptus
  • A. (Carinarion) silvaticus

Small
(35 - 45 mm).
Small
(30 - 40 mm).
Small
(30 - 40 mm).

  • Grey to yellow-brown.
  • Grey to blue-grey.
  • Grey to blue-grey, or brown.

Usually with an orange or yellow pigment flush along sides below lateral band.
No orange or yellow pigment flush along sides.
No orange or yellow pigment flush along sides.

  • Sides and sole a pale version of body colour.
  • Sides and sole very pale, often bright white.
  • Sides and sole very pale, often bright white.

  • Relatively broad.
  • Relatively narrow.
  • Relatively broad.

  • No dark flecks on mantle.
  • Dark flecks or blotches usually present on

mantle.
Central area of mantle may be dark, but any pigment is diffuse, not in flecks.

Mainly in disturbed habitats including farms and some woods.
Mainly open habitats (but also in woods); extends further into uplands and acidic

habitats than A. (C.) circumscriptus.

Mainly in woods; does not extend as far into uplands and acidic habitats as A. (C.)

silvaticus.

Much less common in southern Britain and

  • in Ireland than the other two species.
  • Common throughout Britain and Ireland,

except in eastern England.
Common throughout Britain; in Ireland, mainly eastern.

  • A. (Carinarion) fasciatus
  • A. (Carinarion) circumscriptus
  • A. (Carinarion) silvaticus

  • p. XX
  • p. XX
  • p. XX

24

FSC Test Version 2013. Text and photos © National Museum of Wales 2013

6. Arionidae: Arion (Mesarion)

6.

  • A. (Mesarion) iratii
  • A. (Mesarion) fuscus
  • A. (Mesarion) subfuscus

Medium-sized (50 - 70 mm).
Medium-sized (50 - 70 mm).
Medium-sized (50 - 70 mm).

  • Pale orange-brown to dark grey.
  • Pale orange-brown.
  • Variable, even within populations: from

bright orange-yellow, through brown and grey to (in uplands) purple-black.

Dark lateral bands present, with black spots or speckles usually present on back.
Dark smudge present on “cheeks”below mantle edges.
Dark lateral bands nearly always present, though may be faint, or obscured in dark individuals. Paler bands may occur above
Dark lateral bands present, with a paler band the dark bands. above.

  • Orange or yellow.
  • Orange, yellow, or colourless.
  • Orange or yellow.

Known from upland woodlands, mainly larch plantations, in South Wales.
Known from woodlands in the Cairngorms and Sherwood Forest area; also from near Cannock Chase and Thetford Forest.
In almost all habitats, including woodlands and gardens.

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  • Gastropods = Slugs + Snails

    Gastropods = Slugs + Snails

    Slug and snail pests in urban areas and the development of novel tools for their management Rory Mc Donnell DepartmentGastropods of Crop and Soil =Science, Slugs Oregon + Snails State University, Corvallis Our relationship with slugs and snails Traditionally a repulsive organism . Slug phobias – American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis Shell-less snails! Slug = snail minus an external shell! Advantages of no shell: – Squeeze through very tight spaces – Live in environments that snails cannot – Move more quickly i.e. top speed 0.025mph! Slug Body Plan Keel Ocular tentacles Pneumostome Mantle Aydin Orstan Sensory tentacles Caudal mucus pore Tubercle Slugs and snails as pests . Direct pests of agriculture, suburban, urban, natural areas, and interface of these systems Purdue Extension Choke disease – Jay Pscheidt . Vector human pathogens – e.g. Escherichia coli . Aesthetic damage e.g. mucus and faeces Pest species in Oregon What species are causing the damage? Invasive slugs and snails Predominantly from Europe European Brown Garden Snail - Helix aspersa © Lynn Ketchum, OSU Gray Garden Slug - Deroceras reticulatum Josua Vlach, ODA White-soled Slug - Arion circumscriptus © Evergreen State College Marsh Slug – Deroceras laeve European Red Slug - Arion rufus Cellar Slug - Limacus flavus Shelled Slug - Testacella haliotidea Roy Anderson - MolluscIreland Future threats What species should we be worried about showing up here in the future? Cuban Slug - Veronicella cubensis Cuban Slug Should Oregon be concerned? Collected on the mainland in 2006 Angiostrongylus cantonensis Potentially fatal in humans Giant African Snail - Lissachatina fulica Robert Pearce Giant African Snail Giant African Snail James Smith and Glenn Fowler – USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST Urban Infestation in Miami 1966 infestation in Miami – Seven years – 18,000 snails – $1 million New infestation – 8 September 2011 Miami Infestation Miami Dade Co.
  • Fauna of New Zealand Ko Te Aitanga Pepeke O Aotearoa

    Fauna of New Zealand Ko Te Aitanga Pepeke O Aotearoa

    aua o ew eaa Ko te Aiaga eeke o Aoeaoa IEEAE SYSEMAICS AISOY GOU EESEAIES O ACAE ESEAC ema acae eseac ico Agicuue & Sciece Cee P O o 9 ico ew eaa K Cosy a M-C aiièe acae eseac Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa EESEAIE O UIESIIES M Emeso eame o Eomoogy & Aima Ecoogy PO o ico Uiesiy ew eaa EESEAIE O MUSEUMS M ama aua Eiome eame Museum o ew eaa e aa ogaewa O o 7 Weigo ew eaa EESEAIE O OESEAS ISIUIOS awece CSIO iisio o Eomoogy GO o 17 Caea Ciy AC 1 Ausaia SEIES EIO AUA O EW EAA M C ua (ecease ue 199 acae eseac Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 38 Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mousca Gasooa Gay M ake acae eseac iae ag 317 amio ew eaa 4 Maaaki Whenua Ρ Ε S S ico Caeuy ew eaa 1999 Coyig © acae eseac ew eaa 1999 o a o is wok coee y coyig may e eouce o coie i ay om o y ay meas (gaic eecoic o mecaica icuig oocoyig ecoig aig iomaio eiea sysems o oewise wiou e wie emissio o e uise Caaoguig i uicaio AKE G Μ (Gay Micae 195— auase eesia Syommaooa (Mousca Gasooa / G Μ ake — ico Caeuy Maaaki Weua ess 1999 (aua o ew eaa ISS 111-533 ; o 3 IS -7-93-5 I ie 11 Seies UC 593(931 eae o uIicaio y e seies eio (a comee y eo Cosy usig comue-ase e ocessig ayou scaig a iig a acae eseac M Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa Māoi summay e y aco uaau Cosuas Weigo uise y Maaaki Weua ess acae eseac O o ico Caeuy Wesie //wwwmwessco/ ie y G i Weigo o coe eoceas eicuaum (ue a eigo oaa (owe (IIusao G M ake oucio o e coou Iaes was ue y e ew eaIa oey oa ue oeies eseac
  • Intermediate Gastropod Hosts of Major Feline Cardiopulmonary Nematodes in an Area of Wildcat and Domestic Cat Sympatry in Greece

    Intermediate Gastropod Hosts of Major Feline Cardiopulmonary Nematodes in an Area of Wildcat and Domestic Cat Sympatry in Greece

    Dimzas et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:345 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04213-z Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Intermediate gastropod hosts of major feline cardiopulmonary nematodes in an area of wildcat and domestic cat sympatry in Greece Dimitris Dimzas1, Simone Morelli2, Donato Traversa2, Angela Di Cesare2, Yoo Ree Van Bourgonie3, Karin Breugelmans3, Thierry Backeljau3,4, Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono5 and Anastasia Diakou1* Abstract Background: The metastrongyloid nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Angiostrongy- lus chabaudi are cardiopulmonary parasites afecting domestic cats (Felis catus) and wildcats (Felis silvestris). Although knowledge on these nematodes has been improved in the past years, gaps in our knowledge of their distribution and role of gastropods as intermediate hosts in Europe still exist. This study reports on the presence of these nematodes and their intermediate hosts in an area in Greece where domestic cats and wildcats occur in sympatry. Methods: Terrestrial gastropods were collected in the feld and identifed morphologically and by mitochondrial DNA-sequence analysis. Metastrongyloid larvae were detected by artifcial digestion, morphologically identifed to the species and stage level and their identity was molecularly confrmed. Results: Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was found in the snails Massylaea vermiculata and Helix lucorum, T. brevior in the slug Tandonia sp., and A. chabaudi in the slug Limax sp. and the snails H. lucorum and M. vermiculata. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge this study provides the frst reports of (i) terrestrial gastropods being naturally infected with A. chabaudi, (ii) T. brevior naturally infecting terrestrial gastropods in Europe, and (iii) A. abstrusus naturally infecting terrestrial gastropods in Greece.
  • Distribution of Angiostrongylus Vasorum and Its

    Distribution of Angiostrongylus Vasorum and Its

    Aziz et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:56 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1338-3 RESEARCH Open Access Distribution of Angiostrongylus vasorum and its gastropod intermediate hosts along the rural–urban gradient in two cities in the United Kingdom, using real time PCR Nor Azlina A. Aziz1,2*, Elizabeth Daly1, Simon Allen1,3, Ben Rowson4, Carolyn Greig3, Dan Forman3 and Eric R. Morgan1 Abstract Background: Angiostrongylus vasorum is a highly pathogenic metastrongylid nematode affecting dogs, which uses gastropod molluscs as intermediate hosts. The geographical distribution of the parasite appears to be heterogeneous or patchy and understanding of the factors underlying this heterogeneity is limited. In this study, we compared the species of gastropod present and the prevalence of A. vasorum along a rural–urban gradient in two cities in the south-west United Kingdom. Methods: The study was conducted in Swansea in south Wales (a known endemic hotspot for A. vasorum) and Bristol in south-west England (where reported cases are rare). In each location, slugs were sampled from nine sites across three broad habitat types (urban, suburban and rural). A total of 180 slugs were collected in Swansea in autumn 2012 and 338 in Bristol in summer 2014. A 10 mg sample of foot tissue was tested for the presence of A. vasorum by amplification of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) using a previously validated real-time PCR assay. Results: There was a significant difference in the prevalence of A. vasorum in slugs between cities: 29.4 % in Swansea and 0.3 % in Bristol. In Swansea, prevalence was higher in suburban than in rural and urban areas.
  • Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats

    Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats

    CARPATHIAN RED LIST OF FOREST HABITATS AND SPECIES CARPATHIAN LIST OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (DRAFT) PUBLISHED BY THE STATE NATURE CONSERVANCY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 2014 zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 1 227.8.20147.8.2014 222:36:052:36:05 © Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, 2014 Editor: Ján Kadlečík Available from: Štátna ochrana prírody SR Tajovského 28B 974 01 Banská Bystrica Slovakia ISBN 978-80-89310-81-4 Program švajčiarsko-slovenskej spolupráce Swiss-Slovak Cooperation Programme Slovenská republika This publication was elaborated within BioREGIO Carpathians project supported by South East Europe Programme and was fi nanced by a Swiss-Slovak project supported by the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union and Carpathian Wetlands Initiative. zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 2 115.9.20145.9.2014 223:10:123:10:12 Table of contents Draft Red Lists of Threatened Carpathian Habitats and Species and Carpathian List of Invasive Alien Species . 5 Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats . 20 Red List of Vascular Plants of the Carpathians . 44 Draft Carpathian Red List of Molluscs (Mollusca) . 106 Red List of Spiders (Araneae) of the Carpathian Mts. 118 Draft Red List of Dragonfl ies (Odonata) of the Carpathians . 172 Red List of Grasshoppers, Bush-crickets and Crickets (Orthoptera) of the Carpathian Mountains . 186 Draft Red List of Butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the Carpathian Mts. 200 Draft Carpathian Red List of Fish and Lamprey Species . 203 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Amphibians (Lissamphibia) . 209 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Reptiles (Reptilia) . 214 Draft Carpathian Red List of Birds (Aves). 217 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Mammals (Mammalia) .
  • Terrestrial Mollusks of Attu, Aleutian Islands, Alaska BARRY ROTH’ and DAVID R

    Terrestrial Mollusks of Attu, Aleutian Islands, Alaska BARRY ROTH’ and DAVID R

    ARCTK: VOL. 34, NO. 1 (MARCH 1981), P. 43-47 Terrestrial Mollusks of Attu, Aleutian Islands, Alaska BARRY ROTH’ and DAVID R. LINDBERG’ ABSTRACT. Seven species of land mollusk (2 slugs, 5 snails) were collected on Attu in July 1979. Three are circumboreal species, two are amphi-arctic (Palearctic and Nearctic but not circumboreal), and two are Nearctic. Barring chance survival of mollusks in local refugia, the fauna was assembled overwater since deglaciation, perhaps within the last 10 OOO years. Mollusk faunas from Kamchatka to southeastern Alaska all have a Holarctic component. A Palearctic component present on Kamchatka and the Commander Islands is absent from the Aleutians, which have a Nearctic component that diminishes westward. This pattern is similar to that of other soil-dwelling invertebrate groups. RESUM& Sept espbces de mollusques terrestres (2 limaces et 5 escargots) furent prklevkes sur I’ile d’Attu en juillet 1979. Trois sont des espbces circomborkales, deux amphi-arctiques (Palkarctiques et Nkarctiques mais non circomborkales), et deux Nkarctiques. Si I’on excepte la survivance de mollusques due auhasard dans des refuges locaux, cette faune s’est retrouvke de part et d’autre des eauxdepuis la dkglaciation, peut-&re depuis les derniers 10 OOO ans. Les faunes de mollusques de la pkninsule de Kamchatkajusqu’au sud-est de 1’Alaska on toutes une composante Holarctique. Une composante Palkarctique prksente sur leKamchatka et les iles Commandeur ne se retrouve pas aux Alkoutiennes, oil la composante Nkarctique diminue vers I’ouest. Ce patron est similaire il celui de d’autres groupes d’invertkbrks terrestres . Traduit par Jean-Guy Brossard, Laboratoire d’ArchCologie de I’Universitk du Qukbec il Montrkal.