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The Cancer Problem © Jones & Bartlett Learning, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPART I © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORThe SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCancer ProblemNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ChapterNOT 1 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Biology of Cancer Chapter 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Immunology LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONChapter 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Epidemiology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8827 9781284055979_CH01_0001_0024.indd 1 DESIGN SERVICES OF 20/08/16 12:49 PM # 158569 Cust: JBL Au: Yarbro Pg. No. 1 K S4CARLISLE Title: Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice, 8e Short / Normal Publishing Services © Jones & Bartlett Learning, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8827 9781284055979_CH01_0001_0024.indd 2 20/08/16 12:49 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Julia A. Eggert, PhD, RN, AGN-BC, AOCN®, FAAN © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORBiology SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of Cancer NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ➣ Introduction Enabler: Immune Response Cells ➣ Models and Theory of Cancer Enabler: Signaling Molecules Development ➣ Hallmark: Deregulated Growth © Jones &Clonal Bartlett Model Learning, LLC © Jonesand & Mi Bartletttogenesis Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Cancer Stem Cell Model ➣ Hallmark: Metabolic Programming Plasticity Model of Cancer Stem Cells ➣ Hallmark: Suppression of Apoptosis Inflammation Theory Driver: Decreased Cell Attrition ➣ Hallmarks, Drivers, and Enablers Role of Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium Ions of Cancer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION➣ Hallmark: Evasion of SenescenceNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ➣ Hallmark: Genetic Instability Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Definitions of Individual DNA Noncoding RNAs Categories of Genes Associated With Cancer MicroRNAs Sources of Cancer-Causing Changes in DNA ➣ Hallmark: Evasion of Immunity Passenger© Jones and & DriverBartlett Mutations Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TypesNOT of DNAFOR RepairSALE OR DISTRIBUTION ➣ Hallmark:NOT Disruption FOR SALE of Epithelial OR DISTRIBUTION Epigenetic Mechanisms Adhesion and Polarity Enabler: Loss of Heterogeneity Driver: Activating Invasion and Metastasis Driver: Cancer Susceptibility Genes Altered Surface Charge Density ➣ © Jones➣ & Hallmark: Bartlett Learning, Defective DNALLC Repair and © Jones Hallmark: & Bartlett Matrix Learning, Degradation LLC and Gain NOT FOR MaintenanceSALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORin Moti SALElity OR DISTRIBUTION Enabler: Inducing Inflammation ➣ Signaling Networks and Circuitry Enabler: Inducing Angiogenesis Motility Circuits ➣ Hallmark: Microenvironment Cytostasis and Differentiation Circuits Enabler: Cancer Stem© Jones Cells & Bartlett Learning, LLCProliferation Circuits © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Enabler: Epithelial–MesenchymalNOT FOR SALE Transition OR DISTRIBUTIONViability Circuits NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Cancer Stem Cell Plasticity ➣ Conclusion Driver: Telomerase ➣ References © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 8827 9781284055979_CH01_0001_0024.indd 3 DESIGN SERVICES OF 20/08/16 12:49 PM # 158569 Cust: JBL Au: Yarbro Pg. No. 3 K S4CARLISLE Title: Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice, 8e Short / Normal Publishing Services © Jones & Bartlett Learning, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 PART I The Cancer Problem INTRODUCTION multistep tumorigenesis, heritable genetic and epigenetic © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Joneschanges & Bartlett accumulate Learning, to an ever LLC greater extent, encourag- NOT FORResearch SALE into OR the DISTRIBUTION biology of the cancer cell has led to betterNOT FORing transformation SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of normal cells into a lineage of malig- understanding of the signaling pathways and the molecular nant cells. The accumulation of multiple genetic mutations machinery that drives the ability of cancer cells to prolifer- confers beneficial traits that further alter the heterogeneity ate, resist attrition, and invade surrounding and long dis- of cells, supporting clonal expansion. Because the genetic tance tissues. As the altered machinery of the cancer cell variants accumulate more malignant characteristics that becomes more defined,© Jonesbetter targeted & Bartlett therapies Learning, may be LLCbenefit their growth, these© Jonescells proliferate & Bartlett more Learning,rapidly at LLC developed.1 It is importantNOT that FOR nurses SALE in the OR various DISTRIBUTION oncol- the expense of the less fitNOT clones. FOR Consequently, SALE OR examinaDISTRIBUTION- ogy settings have the understanding and ability to translate tion of the late-stage tumor reveals much heterogeneity in 5 this molecular information into their patient care. its makeup. The double helix was identified in the 1950s. Emerging genetics© knowledgeJones & wasBartlett not included Learning, in high LLC school biology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CANCER STEM CELL MODEL textbooksNOT until FOR the SALElate 1970s. OR The DISTRIBUTION average age of the newly NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION diagnosed patient is 66, born in 1949. Most of these new patients had a limited education in biology, cellular biol- The focus of the second model is the mutationally corrupt ogy, and certainly genetics. In addition, most of the current heterogeneous cancer stem cell. In this model, cancer cells oncology nurses are in their late 40s and early 50s, creating show a hierarchy of development, such that a few stem cells © Jonesa & similar Bartlett lack ofLearning, molecular LLCknowledge, especially in regard© Jones have & the Bartlett ability toLearning, produce progeny, LLC but demonstrate lim- 6 NOT FORto SALEgenetics. OR2 Oncology DISTRIBUTION nurses today need to embrace NOTthe FORited proliferation SALE OR potential. DISTRIBUTION As the cells divide and prolifer- challenge to understand the complexity of the biology of ate, only one subpopulation has the capability of becoming malignant cells, know how to translate this new and robust tumorigenic, with the consequent ability to drive growth knowledge into cancer care, and be able to simply explain and expansion of the malignancy. The successful survival and proliferation of these CSCs depends on their ability this multifaceted information© Jones to &their Bartlett patients Learning, and fami- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3 to undergo self-renewing mitotic divisions where at least lies. The goal of this NOTchapter FOR is to SALEprovide ORsimple DISTRIBUTION descrip- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tions of complex concepts for those nurses new to oncology, one of the progeny maintains its ability to multiply, virtu- whether they are looking for a new challenge or just begin- ally forever. Ultimately, this subpopulation
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