Review Article Multidimensional Uses of Medicinal Plant Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn.)
Kanchan Lata Singh, D. K. Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh*
Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009 UP, India
ABSTRACT Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Kachnar) (Fabaceae- Leguminosae) is popular ornamental plants, commonly known as Cow’s paw. Bauhinia variegata is a widely used as medicinal plant distributed in the tropical regions. According to WHO third world countries depends mainly native medicinal plants for their health purpose. various part i.e. flowers, buds, stem, roots, bark, seeds, leaves have been used since ancient times for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. It is used traditionally in dysentery, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, piles, edema, laxative, anti-helmintic, astringent, anti-leprotic, wound healing, anti-goitrogenic, anti-tumor, antidote for snake poisoning, dyspepsia and carminative disease. It have numerous chemical values and is rich phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannin, kaempferol, terpenoids, saponins, reducing sugars steroids, cardiac glycosides and quercetin. Studies on the medicinal and biological importance of B. Address for variegata have been reported. In modern studies and scientific Correspondence knowledge on the biological/ medicinal properties is demonstrate that B. variegata used as a anti-bacterial, anti-helmintic, anti-arthritic, Malacology anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, hepato- Laboratory, Department of protective, anti-oxidant, trypsin inhibitor and anti-carcinogenic Zoology, DDU activity. B. variegata can be used as molluscicidal agent against Gorakhpur University, harmful vectors/pests. The present review highlights the current Gorakhpur-273 009 status of researches on the advancement of pharmacological/ UP, India biological aspect of B. variegata and their multidimensional use in various diseases. E-mail: vinaygkpuniv@ Keywords: Bauhinia variegata, Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Anti- gmail.com diabetic, Anti-carcinogenic, Molluscicidal.
INTRODUCTION For the last four decades, number of chemically diverse plants have ethnobiology has emerged as alternative been isolated today. The knowledge and discipline that can play prominent role. A advancement of plant properties and its uses
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over synthetic have ecofriendly, I. An aerial part contains Kaempferol, biodegradable and hence are less likely to Ombuin, Kaempferol 7, 4-dimethyl accumulate in the environment. Plant ether- 3-o- β-D-2 glycopyranoside, Bauhinia variegata (Fabaceae) is called triterpene, Kaempferol-3-o-β-D- Kachnar in Hindi, commonly known as glycopyranoside, isorhamenetin-3-o- Rakta Kanchan in Sanskrit and Mountain β-D-glycopyranoside and hesperidin8 Ebony in English. It was planted in garden, & 9. park and roadsides as ornamental plant in II. Stem bark of B. variegata has many warm temperate and subtropical contain quercitroside, Kaempferol-3- regions. It was native to Southeast Asia and glucoside, lupeol and betasitosterol grows in tropical and subtropical climate1, 2. isoquercitroside, rutoside myricetol Bauhinia variegata is distributed in sub- glycoside and Kaempferol himalayan and outer himalaya of the Punjab glycosides10, 11, 12, 13 & 14. Zhao et al., and Sikkim state, India. It is also found in 15 isolated a new phenanthraquinone, Burma and China. It is also distributed in 2,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-9,10 most tropical countries, including Africa and dihydrophenanthrene-1-4, dione South America3,4. Bauhinia variegata (Bauhinione) from B. variegata stem consist about 300 species is medium sized, extract. deciduous tree which remain leafless in the III. Leaves contain lupeol, alkaloids, oil, month of January-April and in that period fat, glycoside, phenolics, lignin, flowering of the tree starts4. The genus saponins, terpenoids, β-sitisterol, includes trees, vines and shrubs that are tannins, kaempferol-3- glucoside, frequently planted for their showy flower rutin, quercitin, apigenin, apigenin-7- and ornamental foliage. Leaves are bifoliate. o-glucoside amides, carbohydrates, B. variegata is known to restore fertility to reducing sugar, protein, vitamin C, acid and degraded soils because of its ability fiber, calcium and phosphorus11, 16 & to fix nitrogen5. The various parts of the 17. plant viz., flower buds, flowers, stem, stem IV. Seeds contain protein, fatty oil- bark, leaves, seeds and roots are practiced in containing oleic acid, linoleic acid, various indigenous systems of medicine and palmitic acid, and stearic acid18. popular among the various ethnic groups in Reddy et al. 19 noted a new flavones India for the cure of variety of ailments6 & 7. in root extract of B. variegata is (2s)- 5,7-dimethoxy-3’-4’- Taxonomic hierarchy methyleneflavone. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliposida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Bauhinia Species: variegata Quercetin Phytochemical constituent The main constituent of B. variegata parts are-
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Lupeol β- sitosterol
Peonidin-3-glucoside Kaemferol- 7, 4- dimethylether-3-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside
Source of Literature Literature search on multi- dimensional uses of medicinal plant Bauhinia variegata from different sources of electronic and print scientific journals. Kaemferol Materials searched from PubMed resources, e-libraries such as NIH, CDC and book wealth of India. Ayurved, Unani and Charak samhita contains beautiful literature of plants and their role in biological system of Indian traditional system has been cited.
Medicinal, Biological and therapeutic value Nature has been source of medicinal agent since time immemorial and man has
Kaemferol-3-O-6-O-acetyl-glucoside-7-O- been dependent on plant products for his rhamnoside needs. The importance of herbs in the cure of human ailment cannot be neglected. Phytomedicines used to cure several diseases is well acknowledged in indigenous tradition system Ayurved, Unani and Charak samhita with growing awareness for the last 3 decades; it was needed to explore the
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potentiality of plant derived products against paw edema method37,57. These activities may several diseases17. be due to their content of tannins, steroids, Modern medicine based on flavonoids and carbohydrates. Sosa et al. 58 traditional system only after chemical and/ carried out a bioassay using the inhibition of or clinical test. Synthetic drugs cause’s side croton oil-induced ear edema in mice and effects as a result, people are more interest identified a 2:1 mixture of ursolic and to use natural products obtained from oleanolic acids as the strongest plants20. It has been estimated that 56% of antiphlogistic effects, with potency similar the active compounds for medicines in the to that of indomethacin. Triterpenic acids British National Formulary are natural have long been noted as anti-inflammatory products21. Standardization and formulation activity38 & 59. Boonfong et al.60 isolated of the plant product is necessary to several new secondary metabolites from the describing the isolation, identification and root of B. variegata especially bibenzyls and qualification of active ingredient in plant dihydrodibenzoxepins. It has significant materials. These plants are an important anti-inflammatory activity. A new source of producing medicinal valuable triterpene- saponin 23-hydroxy-3alpha-[O- bioactive secondary metabolites which are alpha-L-1C4-rhamnopyranosyl-(1’4')-O- great importance for the health purpose of alpha-L-4C1-arabinopyranosyl-oxy]olean- human beings22, 23 & 24. 12-en-28-oicacid and O-alpha-L-1C4- Indigenous traditional system of rhamno pyranosyl-(1’4’)-O-beta-D-4C1- medicine various parts of the plant B. glucopyranosyl-(1’6’)-O-beta-D- variegata are used as anti-helmintic, 4Cglucopyranosylester, were isolated from astringent, anti-leprotic, anti-microbial, liver the leaves of B. variegata. It was found tonic and in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea. nontoxic (LD50) and to have significant anti- Plant is also useful for treatment of skin inflammatory activity61. It also showed anti- diseases, wounds, edema, dysentery, ulcers, nociceptive effects which are more potent eye disease, piles, hemorrhoids and an than the reference drugs (REF). Anti- antidote against snake bite 25. The Ayurvedic inflammatory agents isolated from B. has documented the use of the stem bark in variegata plant were six flavanoids namely, treating lymphadenitis and goiter 26. kaempferol, ombuin, kaempferol 7,4’- Bauhinia leaves and bark have been used dimethylether 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside, frequently in folk medicine as a remedy for kaempferol 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside, different kinds of the pathologies, isorhamnetin 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside and particularly, infections and diabetes27,1, 2. hesperidin together with one triterpene. Caffeate, 3ß-trans-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoy- Biological Effects loxy) olean-12-en-28-oic acid were isolated from the non-woody aerial parts of B. Anti-inflammatory activity variegata. These compounds were evaluated Non woody aerial part of B. as inhibitors of some macrophage functions variegata shows the anti-inflammatory involved in the inflammatory process, activity against inhibiting the significantly dose-dependent inhibition of lipopolysaccharides, with interferon λ lipo polysaccharide (LPS) and interferon induce nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines37. (IFN)-g induced nitric oxide (NO), and Ethanol extract of B. variegata root shows cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a- the anti-inflammatory activity by non- and interleukin (IL)-1237. Bairagi et al. 35 immunological carrageenan induced hind screened out the methanol and aqueous
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fraction of the B. variegata bark contained Antioxidant activity was directly correlated flavones glycosides and flavonoids. It shows with the amount of total phenolic contents in acute anti-inflammatory activity at the extracts. B. variegata in L-dopa extract 200mg/kg and 250 mg/kg orally in rats. has shown the highest FRAP values63. Shaha et al. 39 reported that the anti- Sharma et al.49 studied that both ethanolic inflammatory activity of leaf extract of B. and aqueous extracts of root of B. variegata variegata in in vitro. possesses significant antioxidant activity by scavenging of various free radicals such as Anti-oxidant activity 1,2- di phenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), A different part of B. variegata has superoxide, nitric oxide. Its observed the been reported to contain quercetin, rutin, various extract of the plant product apigenin and epigenin 7-O-glucoside16. significant DPPH (1,2- di phenyl 1-2 Flavonoid and quercetin are potent picrylhydrazyl) is a lipophilic free radical antioxidants and known to modulate the from a stable diamagnetic form with activities of various enzyme systems due to electron or hydrogen radical. Pandey et al. 51 their interaction with biomolecules62. observed antioxidant activity by inhibiting Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. of TBARs. Methanolic extract of B. variegata root produced significant variegata possesses significant free radical antioxidant activity carried out by in-vitro scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging scavenging of free radicals using 1, 2- and antioxidant activity in in vitro. They diphenyl1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric confirm the presence of phenolic compound oxide and superoxide53. It may be the flavonoids, tannin etc. flavonoids and other phyto chemicals present in the plant extracts49. Ethanolic Anti-diabetic activity extract produced significantly greater Presence of insulin like protein in antioxidant activity than other extracts49. In leaf, stem bark of B. variegata is widely vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging utilized in popular medicine, as an anti- potential are of methanolic extracts of B. diabetic agent27. The leaves and stem-bark variegata 50. Different parts of B. variegata of Bauhinia used in different phyto like leaf, bark and flowers have free radical preparation to lower blood glucose levels64 & scavenging activity by hydroxyl radical 65. Pandey et al.51 and Kumar and Yadav66 scavenging method. All extracts have noted the antidiabetic potential of the plant different level of antioxidant activity. Bauhinia in mammal. Ethanol extract Amongst all extracts methanol was found to leaves of B. variegata show the be good solvent for extraction and having hypoglycemic activity as well as antidiabetic 50 & 51 67 41 good antioxidant activity . IC50 value of activity . Lino et al. showed aqueous and B. variegata leaf, stem bark and floral buds organic solvent ethanol and hexane extract are 17.9, 19.5 and 17.2 μg/ml, respectively. of Bauhinia in a model of alloxan-induced The Reducing power of extracts was carried diabetes in rats caused reduced glucose, out with ascorbic acid as a standard reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol and high agent51. The percent free radical scavenging density lipid (HDL) cholesterol levels. activity gradually increases with increasing Morikawa68 also found in his observation concentrations of B. variegata extracts in that aqueous extract of Bauhinia leaves DPPH radical scavenging assay. Dose exhibited hypoglycemic activity in dependent antioxidant activity pattern was normoglycemic mice, he suggested that this also observed in phosphomolybdate assay63. action may be related to the presence of
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glycosyl flavonoids and several natural extract of B. variegata stem bark act as flavonoids exhibit an antidiabetic activity. antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, S. The presence of insulin-like molecule was typhy, S. dysenterial, S. aureus, P. demonstrated in the leaves, where a aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera34,71. ‘chloroplast protein’ was found that has a Achenbach et al.72 showed that several partial amino acid sequence identical to that metabolites particularly the flavonoids (2s)- of Bovine insulin. This protein found to act 3,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy flavan and (2s)- as hypoglycemic activity when it is injected 7,4-dihydroxyflavan caused significant in alloxan induced diabetic mice27. Frankish inhibition of pathogenic fungi such as et al. 69 antidiabetic activity was noticed a Botrytis cinerea, Claviceps viridis, Coprinus major metabolite of the ethanolic extract of cinereus, Rhizoctoria saloni and leaves; roseoside, demonstrates Saprolegnia asterophora. Maillord et al. 73 insulinotropic activity toward pancreatic ß- confirmed that the dichloromethane extract cells of the INS-1 cell line and may act in of B. rufences caused antifungal activity conjunction with the chloroplast protein to against Cladosporium cucumerium. Ali74 contribute to the overall antidiabetic and Kumar et al. 75 have reported that the properties. Dewangan et al. 42 isolated and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of identified a bioactive carbohydrate D-pinitol plant Bauhinia due to the presence of phenol (3-o-methyl D-chlroinositol) from the metabolites. Filho4 and his research group ethanolic extract of B. variegata leaves. The has evaluated antimicrobial potential of compound pinitol is belonging to group of plant Bauhinia against pathogenic fungi and cyclic polyol. It is natural product of cyclic bacteria. Evaluation of anti-fungal potential polyol group was responsible for of this plant is active against dematophytes hypoglycemic activities70. such as Microsporium camis, Trychophyton metagrophytes, T. rubrum and Anti-microbial activity Epidermophyton flaccosum. B. variegata plant could be utilized as an alternative source of antimicrobial Anti-tumour / Cytotoxic activity drugs. Methanolic, chloroform and aqueous Rajkapoor et al. 36 and Gupta et al. 76 extracts of B. variegata fractions shows anti- noted anti-tumour activity of ethanolic bacterial activity against both gram positive extract B. variegata against dalton‘s ascetic and gram negative bacteria namely- Bacillus lymphoma (DAL) on Swiss albino mice. cereus, Staphyllococcus aureus, Klebsiella Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B. pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and variegata shows the chemoprevention and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes33. Anti- cytotoxic effect against N- bacterial activity in methanol extract is more nitrosodiethylamine induced liver tumour in potent than aqueous extract32.The alcoholic rats and human cancer cell lines at a dose of extract of leaves of B. variegata showed 200 mg/kg44. Oral administration of maximum antimicrobial activity compared ethanolic extract of B. variegata effectively with other organic solvent extracts13. The suppressed liver tumour induced by N- methanol extract from both in vivo and in nitrosodiethylamine induced elevated level vitro generated plants of B. variegata were of serum glutamate pyruvate transminase tested against a number of microbes, only (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas transminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase aeruginosa were found to be resistant at a (ALP), total bilirubin, gama glutamate concentration of 50 μg/ml2. Ethanolic transpeptidase (GGTP), lipid peroxidase
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(LPO), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), with the same degree of inhibition for the glutathione-s-transferase (GST)44. Ethanolic ethanol extract, derived from both in vivo extract of bark, seed and leaf has been noted and in vitro sources2. to be cytotoxic against human epithelial larynx cancer and breast cancer77. Pandey Anti-arthritic and Agarwal44 observed anticarcinogenic Rajkapoor et al.78 investigated the and antimutagenic potential of B. variegata anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of methanolic extract on Swiss albino mice B. variegata by the oral administration of using a skin carcinogenesis and melanoma ethanolic extract at the tested dose level of tumour model, along with micronucleus and 250 mg/kg on complete Freund’s adjuvant chromosomal aberration tests. He found that (CFA) induced arthritis in rat for 15 days. At the significant prevention of skin papilloma the end of 15 days, the rats were sacrificed, model, with delayed appearance and their blood was collected and then serum reduction in the cumulative number of was separated. After that various parameters papillomas in the DMBA + B. variegata + such as alanine amino transferase (ALT), croton oil treated group as compared to the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total DMBA + Croton Oil group. C57 Bl mice cholesterol and triglycerides were estimated. which received a 50% methanolic extract of In the level of various antioxidant enzymes B. variegata extract at the doses of 500 and were also evaluated in liver and kidney of 1,000 mg/ kg body weight for 30 days normal, arthritic control and extract treated showed increase in life span and reduced the rats such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase tumour size significantly44. Pandey and (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Agarwal, 44 noted in antimutagenicity lipid peroxidase (LPO). The result of these studies, a single application of B. variegata studies shows that administration of this extract at doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg significantly Paw Edema volume in rat and dry weight, 24 hours prior the administration altered the biochemical parameters and also of cyclophosphamide (at 50 mg/kg) level of various antioxidant enzymes which significantly prevented micronucleus got affected in arthritic rats. From this study, formation and chromosomal aberrations in it was concluded that the ethanolic extracts bone marrow cells of mice, in a dose of this plant showed significant antiarthritic dependent manner. Tewari et al.77 effect in rats47. investigated the traditional use of B. variegata against anti tumour activity. The Anti-Obesity anti tumour potential of B. variegata was Balamurugan and Muralidharan79 studied by 3-(4,5 dimethyl thiozole-2-yl)- investigated the anti-obesity effect of 2.5- diphenyl trtrazodium bromide (MTT) methanolic extracts of stem and root bark of and sulpherhodamine B (SRB) the two B. variegata by oral administration of cancer cell line (Hep-2, HeLa) and one methanolic extracts at the tested dose level normal cell line (BRL3A). The result of of 200 and 400 mg/kg in female rats fed MTT and SRB showed seven extract of with hyper caloric diet for 40 days. At the cytotoxic to the cancer cell line and less end of 40 days, various parameters was toxic towards normal cell lines. The evaluated such as body weight (BW), feed preliminary Phytochemical screened out intake, high density lipoproteins (HDLP), flavonoids asantitumour activity. In vitro low density lipoproteins (LDLP), cytotoxicity on Ehlrich Ascitic Carcinoma triglycerides, total cholesterol, brain (EAC) mouse cell lines responses almost serotonin level. The results of these studies
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showed that administration of this extract Molluscicidal activity significantly brought down the increased Singh et al. 28 & 29 reported that level of was total cholesterol, triglycerides, Bauhinia variegata leaf is a potential source LDLP and there was increased in the level of molluscicides against snail Lymnaea of HDLP, brain serotonin level79. This was acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus. These attributed to the presence of β-sitosterol in snails are the intermediate host of liver fluke the stem and tendency to release the Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, serotonin level in the brain. Thus this which causes 94% fascioliasis in the finding showed a significant anti-obesity buffalo’s population of Eastern Uttar activity79. Pradesh in India82 & 83. The active molluscicidal component of Bauhinia Pesticidal Properties: variegata leaf is soluble in organic solvent such as acetone, carbon tetra chloride, Anti-helmintic activity chloroform, ether and ethanol. The toxicity Aqueous and Chloroform extract of of ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata bark of B. variegata were investigated for leaf powder is higher than other organic their anti-helmintic activity against solvents. Singh et al. 28 characterized that Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli. All quercetin is the active component present in extracts exhibited a dose dependent (25, 50 Bauhinia variegata leaf by column and 100 mg/ml) inhibition of spontaneous chromatography and thin layer motility (paralysis) and time of death of the chromatography. Toxicity of 96h exposure worms35. Extract obtained from bark not period of column purified fraction of B. only killed the Pheretima posthuma but also variegata leaf (LC50 -5.98 mg/l) against L. killed the Ascardia galli. The observations acuminata is lower than the values of were comparable with standard drug synthetic molluscicides- carbaryl (14.40 piperazine citrate at a concentration of 20 mg/l) 84, phorate (15.0 mg/l) 84, formothion mg/ml and distilled water as control. (8.56 mg/l) 84 and aldicarb (11.50 mg/l) 84. Maximum vermicide activity was shown by Plant molluscicides of Thuja orientalis fruit both extract at the concentration of 100 powder (255.12 mg/l), Areca catechu mg/ml. From the experiment performed, it powder (36.59 mg/l), Termanalia chebula can be said that the aqueous and chloroform fruit powder (93.59 mg/l), Morus nigra fruit extract of bark of B. variegata bearing a powder (166.92 mg/l) M. oleifera leaf potential anthelmintic activity35. powder (602.75 mg/l), 85, 86 & 87, respectively. Further, treatment of sublethal concentration Insecticidal activity (40% and 80% of 96h LC50) in vivo of Plant extract act as an effective column-purified fraction of B. variegata leaf measure for controlling insect pest like and their active component quercetin inhibit Plutella xylostella. B. variegata var. candida the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and is a promising source of edible wild alkaline phosphatase (ACP and ALP) vegetable flowers with plenty of nutrients. activities in the nervous tissue of L. This plant may serve as a potential source acuminata. AChE activity was more for low cost proteins. The tree is susceptible inhibited than ACP and ALP in snail to ‘Brown Root Rot’ caused by Phellinus exposed to column purified fraction of B. noxius80. The abundance of phytophagous variegata leaf and their active component mites is higher, being Lorryia formosa quercetin31. Cooreman the dominant species81.
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Other therapeutic value: hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetra chloride induced hepato toxicity in Sprague Antihyperlipidemic activity Dawbey rats at the dose of 100 and 200 Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the mg/kg. Oral administration of ethanolic stem bark and root of B. variegata shows extract decreases the level of allenin-s- antihyperlipidemic activity against albino transferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), rat. It showed significant (p> 0.05) reduction gamma glutamate transferase, total lipids in cholesterol and triglyceride level. The and increase the level of total protein which very low density lipids (VLDL) level was increases during the hepato toxicity and also significantly reduced, with a significant decrease the level of total protein47. increase in high density lipid (HDL)53. Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B. variegata exhibit highly significant Immunomodulatory activity reduction (p> 0.001) in aspartate Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B. aminotransferase (AST), alanine variegata shows the Immunomodulatory aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline activity on the primary and secondary phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin. The antibody responses by humoral antibody ethanolic extract has decreasing the extent of response for specific immune response. centrilobular necrosis, fatty changes and Phagocytic activity test and neutrophil congestion of sinusoids when compared to 48 activation test were evaluated by the carbon CCl4 . clearance and neutrophil adhesion test for a nonspecific immune response respectively. Proteinase Inhibitor Increase in phagocytic index and percentage Different species of Bauhinia seeds neutrophil adhesion at the doses of 250 and inhibit blood clotting enzymes, as well as 500 mg/kg has been noted45. The acetone- other serine and cysteine proteinases88. Two water, aqueous extracts and isolated varieties B. variegata seeds, shown to compound (tannin) of B. variegata stem possess through B. variegata trypsin bark were screened for their possible inhibitors, viz. Bauhinia variegata Candida immuno-modulatory activity by assessing trypsin inhibitor (Bvc TI) and B. variegata nitro blue tetrazolium test, phagocytosis of lilac trypsin inhibitor (BvlTI) are proteins killed Candida albicans, candidacidal assay, about 20,000, with four cysteine residues neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis46. All forming two disulphide bridges in one the extracts were tested at concentrations polypeptide chain88.The complete sequences viz. 10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 have been determined by automated Edman μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml. The acetone:water degradation of the reduced and and isolated compound of B. variegata stem carboxymethylated proteins of the peptides bark showed predominantly significant resulting from Staphylococcus aureus activity on in vitro human neutrophils46. protease and trypsin digestion88.
Hepatoprotective activity and anti- Nephroprotective asthematic activity The nephroprotective activity of the The some experimental studies have ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata revealed that B. variegata showing (Linn.) whole stem against cisplatin-induced antiasthematic and hepatoprotective effect. nephropathy was investigated by an in vivo Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B. method in rats52. Treatment with the ethanol variegata exhibited significant extract of Bauhinia variegata at the dose
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level of 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days variegata and active ingredients has well significantly minimized the serum level of documented in recent years. Considering the creatinine and urea, decreased urine overall benefits of the plant it can be creatinine and albumin with a significant advocated as an important medicinal plant weight gain, and increased urine output for mankind. Now more explore is required when compared with the toxic group. The to establish the active ingredient which is histological damages in the Bauhinia responsible for the mode of action. variegata extract-treated group were minimal in contrast to the toxic rats52. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no Anti-ulcer activity conflict of interests. Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B. variegata shows the anti-ulcer activity REFERENCES against gastric ulcer induced by pyloric ligation and aspirin induced ulcer model in 1. Hocking, D. (1993). Trees for dry lands. rats. Ethanolic extract the volume of gastric Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. 2. Sinha, K. and Verma, A.K. (2012). secretion, total, free acidity and ulcer index Evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer with respect to control which increase 36 activities of methanol extract of in vivo and in during ulcer . vitro grown Bauhinia variegata L. Int. Res. J. of Biological Sci., 1(6): 26-30. Antigoitrogenic 3. Anonymous (1995). The Wealth of India, Ethanolic extracts of B. variegata Raw Materials, Vol. IV Publication and shows antigoitrogenic activity against information directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. neomercazole induced goiter54. From these 4. Filho, C.V. (2009). Chemical composition studies, it was concluded that ethanolic and biological potential of plants from the extract of B. variegata showed significant genus Bauhinia. Phytotherapy Research, 23: antigoitrogenic activity at the dose of 200 1347-1354. 55 5. Acharya, A. and Kafle, N. (2009). Land mg/day . degradation issues in Nepal and its management through agro forestry. J. Agric. Wound healing activity Envir., 10(1): 115-123. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts 6. Ananymous (2001). The Ayurvedic of root of B. variegata shows wound healing pharmacopeia of India. Vol-1, The Controller activity against Albino Wister rats at dose of of publications, New Delhi, 321-322. 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight56. Both 7. Arvind, N., Sharma, N. and Singh, M. F. aqueous and ethanolic extracts of root B. (2012). Spectrum of Pharmacological variegata at both doses produced significant Activities from Bauhinia variegata: A wound healing by excision and incision Review. J. of Pharmacy Research, 5(2): 792- wound models, which was comparable to 797. 56 8. Ayyanar, M. and Iganacimuthu, S. (2005). that of standard in excision wound model . Traditional knowledge of kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunilveli hills, Tamil Nadu CONCLUSION India. J. Enthopharmacology, 102: 246-255. 9. Koteswara, R.Y., Shih-Hua, F. and Yew-Min, On the basis of above literature B. T. (2008). Anti-inflammatory activity of variegata are noted in folk medicine against flavonoids and atriterpene caffeate isolated a variety of ailments such as cancer, from Bauhinia variegata. Phytotherapy diabetes, inflammation and infections. Its Research, 22: 957-962. biological/pharmacological properties of B.
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10. Sharma, D.D., Gill, R.S., Chander, S. and aerial parts of Ageratum conyzoides L. in Negi, S.S. (1966). Chemical composition of different solvents. Asian Journal of some fodder tree leaves in the Kangra district. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2): 82-88. J. Res., 3: 438-442. 22. Uddin, G., Rauf, A., Siddiqui, B. and Shah, 11. Gupta, A. K., Vidyapati, T.J. and Chauhan, S.Q. (2011). Preliminary comparative J.S. (1980). Chemical examination of the stem phytochemical screening of Diospyros Lotus of Bauhinia variegata. Planta Medica, 38: Stewart. Middle–East J. Scientific Research, 174-176. 10(1): 78-81. 12. Anonymous (1998). The wealth of India, a 23. Rauf, A., Khan, A., Rasool, S., Ali, S. and dictionary of Indian raw materials and Saleem, M. (2012). In vitro antifungal activity industrial products, vol. 2B, New Delhi, of three selected Pakistani medicinal plants. CSIR, pp48-52. Middle-East J. of Medicinal plants Research, 13. Dhale, D.A. (2011). Phytochemical screening 1(2): 41-43. and antimicrobial activity of Bauhinia 24. Qaisar, M., Gilani, S.N., Farooq, S., Rauf, A., variegata Linn. J. of Ecobiotechnology, 3(9): Naz, R., Shaista, and Perveez, S. (2012). 4-9. Preliminary comparative phytochemical 14. Josh, S.K., Roy, R. and Gorai, D. (2014). screening of Euphorbia species, American- Bioactive constituents from Bauhinia Eurasian J. of Agricultural and variegata Linn. International J of Environmental Sciences, 12(8): 1056-1060. Pharmaceutical and biomedical research, 25. Asima, C. and Satyesh, C.P. (1992). In the 5(2): 51-54. treatise of Indian medicinal plants. Vol. 2. 15. Zhao, Y.Y., Cui, C.B., Cai, B., Han, B. and New Delhi: Publicantion and Information Sun, Q.S. (2005). A new phenanthraquinone directorate CSIR, 24-26. from the stem of Bauhinia variegata L. 26. Khare, C.P. (2007). Bauhinia variegata Journal of Asian Natural Product Research, Indian medicinal plants. An Illustrated 7(6): 835-838. Dictionary, Springer, 86-87. 16. Spilkova, J. and Hubik, J. (1992). 27. Azevedo, C.R., Maciel, F.M., Silva, L.B., Biologischewirkungen von flavonoiden II. Ferreira, A.T., da Cunha, M., Machado, O.L., Pharmazie in unsererzeit, 21(4): 174-182. Fernandes, K.V., Oliveira A.E. and Xavier- 17. Shariff, Z.U. (2001). Modern herbal therapy Filho J. (2006). Isolation and intracellular for common ailments. Nature Pharmacy localization of insulin-like proteins from Series Vol.1, Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, leaves of Bauhinia variegata. Braz J Med Biol Nigeria in Association with safari Books Res., 39(11), 1435-1444. (Export) Ltd, UK, pp 9-84. 28. Singh, K.L., Singh, D.K. and Singh, V.K. 18. Yadava, R.N. and Reddy, V.M. (2001). A (2012). Characterization of the molluscicidal new flavones glycoside, 5-hydroxy 7,3’ 4’ 5’ activity of Bauhinia variegata and Mimusops tetra methoxy flavones 5-O-β-D- elengi plant extract against the Fasciola xylopyranosyl-(1->2)–α-L- vector Lymnaea acuminata. Rev. Inst. Med. rhamnopyranoside from Bauhinia variegata Trap. Sao Paulo 54 (3): 135-140. Linn. J. Asian Nat Prod Res, 3:341-336. 29. Singh, K.L., Singh, D.K. and Singh, V.K. 19. Reddy, M.V.B., Reddy, M.K., Gunasekar, D., (2013). Molluscicidal activity of Mimusops Caux, C. and Bodo, B., (2003). A flavones elengi and Bauhinia variegata against the and a dihydrdibenzoxepin from Bauhinia fresh water snail Indoplanorbis exustus. The variegata. Phytochemistry, 64: 879-882. Ecoscan, Special Issue 4: 89-95. 20. Gunalan, G., Saraswarthy, A. and 30. Singh, K.L. Singh, D.K., and Singh, V.K. Vijayalakshi, K. (2012). HPTLC fingerprint (2014). Binary combinations of Mimusops profile of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Leaves. elengi and Bauhinia variegata with other Asian Pascific Journal of Tropical Disease, plant derived molluscicides against S21-S25. Indoplanorbis exustus. International J. of 21. Anjoo, K. and Saluja A.K. (2011). HPTLC Traditional and Natural Medicines, 4(1): 6- finger print profile of extracts from dried 13.
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31. Singh, K.L., Singh, D.K. and Singh, V.K. 41. Lino, C.S., Diogenes, J.P. and Pereira, B.A. (2015). Enzyme inhibition by molluscicidal (2004). Antidiabetic activity of Bauhinia agents of Bauhinia variegata and Mimusops forficata extracts in alloxan-diabetic rats. Biol. elengi in the nervous tissue of Lymnaea Pharm. Bull., 27: 125-127. acuminata. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 42. Dewanagan, P. Verma, A. and Kesharwani, 3(10): 805-808. D. (2014). Isolation of D- Pinitol: A bioactive 32. Parekh, J., Karathia, N. and Chanda, S. carbohydrate from the leaves of Bauhinia (2006). Evaluation of antibacterial activity variegata L. Int. J. Pharm Sci Rev Res, 24(1): and phytochemical analysis of Bauhinia 43-45. variegata L. bark. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 98: 43. Rajkapoor, B., Jayakar, B., Murugesh, N. and 213-216. Sakthisekaran, D. (2006). Chemoprevention 33. Uddin, G., Sattar, S. and Rauf, A. (2012). and cytotoxic effect of Bauhinia variegata Preliminary phytochemical, in vitro against N- nitrosodiethylamine induced liver pharmacological study of Bauhinia alba and tumours and human cancer cell lines. J. Bauhinia variegata flowers. Middle–East Ethanopharmacol., 104: 407-409. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 1(4): 44. Pandey, S. and Agarwal, R.C. (2009). Effects 75-79. of Bauhinia variegata bark extract on DMBA 34. Sahu, G. and Gupta, P.K. (2012). A review on induced mouse skin carcinogenesis: A Bauhinia variegata Linn. International preliminary study. Global J. of Research J. Pharmacy, 3(1): 48-51. Pharmacology, 3(3): 158-162. 35. Bairagi, S.M., Aher, A.A. and Nimase, P.K. 45. Kritikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D. (1991). Indian (2012). In vitro anthehelmintic activity of medical plants 3rd ed. 898-900. Bauhinia variegata bark (Leguminosae). 46. Patil, J.K., Jalalpure, S.S., Hamid, S. and International J of Pharmacy and Ahirrao, R.A. (2010). In vitro Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(3): 672-674. immunomodulatory activity of extracts of 36. Rajkapoor, B., Jayakar, B. and Murugesh, N. Bauhinia variegata Linn. stem bark on human (2003). Antitumour activity of Bauhinia neutrophils. Iranian J. of Pharmacology and variegata on Dalton’s ascetic lymphoma. J. Therapeutics, 9: 41-46. Ethanopharmacology, 89: 107-109. 47. Bodake, S.H. and Ram, A. (2007). 37. Rao, Y.K., Fang, S.H. and Tzeng, Y.M. Hepatoprotective properties of Bauhinia (2008). Anti-inflammatory activity of variegata bark extract. The Pharmaceutical flavonoids and a triterpene caffeate isolated Society of Japan, 127(9): 1503-1507. from Bauhinia variegata. Phytotheraphy 48. Manoj, A., Kumara, F. and Yunus, S.M. Research, 22:957-962. (2013). Screening of hepatoprotectivity of 38. Cipak, L., Grausova, L., Miadokova, E., ethanolic extract of stem bark of Bauhinia Novotny, L. and Rauko, P. (2006). Dual variegata in rats. Int. J. of Pharm. Pharm. activity of triterpenoids: Apoptotic versus Sci., 5(2): 624-628. antidifferentiation effects. Arch. Toxicol., 80: 49. Sharma, R.K., Rajani, G.P., Mandal, S. and 429-435. Gupta, N. (2011). In-vitro antioxidant and 39. Shaha, S., Subrahmanyam, E.V.S., protective effect of Bauhinia variegata Linn Kodangala, C., and Shastry, C.S. (2011). on gentamicin- induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Isolation and characterization of triterpenoids Int. J. of Res. in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, and fatty acid ester of triterpenoid from leaves 2(1): 312-318. of Bauhinia variegata. Der Pharma Chemica, 50. Mishra, A., Kumar, S., Bhargava, A., Sharma, 3 (4): 28-37. B., and Pandey, A.K. (2011). Studies on in 40. Bairagi, S.M., Aher, A.A., Nema, N. and vitro antioxidant and antistaphylococcal Nimase, P.K. (2012). Anti-inflammatory activities of some important medicinal plants, evaluation of methanol extract aqueous Cellular and Molecular Biology, 57(1): 16- fraction of the bark of Bauhinia variegata 25. (Leguminosae). International J. Research in 51. Pandey, S., Agarwal, R.C. and Maheshwari, Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2(1): 77-82. S. (2012). In-vitro antioxidant and free radical
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scavenging activity of Bauhinia variegata 62. Maldonadu, P.D., Barrera, D., Rivero, I., Linn. Int. J. of Scientific and Research Mata, R., Copos, O.N. and Pando, R.H. Publications, 2(2): 1-5. (2003). Antioxidant S-aIIIcystein prevents 52. Panda, P.K., Pani, S.R., Mishra, S. and Sahoo, gentamicin- induced oxidative stress and renal S. (2011). Nephroprotective effect of damage. Bio. Med., 35: 317-324. Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) whole stem extract 63. Gautam, B., Vadivel, V., Stuetz, W., and against cisplatin-induced nephropathy in rats. Biesalski, H.K. (2011). Bioactive compounds Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 43(2): 200- extracted from Indian wild legume seeds: 202. antioxidant and type II diabetes related 53. Rajani, P.G. and Ashok, P. (2009). In vitro enzyme inhibition properties, International antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1-4. of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Indian J. 64. Da Silva, K.L., and Filho, C. (2002). Plantas Pharmacol, 41(5): 227-232. do genero Bauhinia: Composicao quimica e 54. Veena, G., Prasad, C., Singh, K.P. and Udupa, potential farmacologico. Quim. Nova, 25: K.N. (1975). Preventive effect of some 449-454. indigenous drugs on experimental goiter on 65. Mali, R.G., Mahajan, S.G. and Mehta, A.A. rats. J Res Ind Med, 10: 2-18 (2007). Rakta Kanchan (Bauhinia variegata): 55. Srivastava, U.S., Jaiswal, A.K. and Abidi, R. chemistry, traditional and medicinal uses a (1985). Juvenoid activity in extracts of certain review. Pharmacognosy Review, 1: 314-319. plants. Current Sciences, 12: 576-78. 66. Kumar, V., and Yadav, S.K. (2011). Synthesis 56. Sharma, R. K. (2010). Pharmacological of variable shaped gold nanoparticls in one evaluation of Bauhinia variegata Linn. For solution using leaf extract of Bauhinia wound healing and nephroprotective activity. variegata L. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials M. Sc. thesis, Rajiv Gandhi University of and Biostructures, 6(4), 1685-1693. Health Sciences, Karnataka. 67. Wahab, A.E., Wassel, S.M., Ammar, G.M. 57. Yadava, R.N. and Reddy, M. (2002). Anti- and Hanna, N.M. (1987). Flavonoids inflammatory activity of novel flavonol constituents in different organs of selected glycosides from Bauhinia variegata Linn. Bauhinia species and their effect on blood Natural Product Research, 17(3): 165-169. glucose. Herba Hungarica, 26(1): 27-39. 58. Sosa, S., Braca, A., Altinier G., Della L.R., 68. Morikawa, T. (2007). Search for bioactive Morelli, I. and Tubaro, A. (2002). Tropical constituent from several medicinal foods: anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and anti-allergic tarapotensis leaves. Phytomedicine, 9: 646- activities. J. Nat. Med, 61: 112-126. 653. 69. Frankish, N., de Souza-Menezes, F., Mills, C. 59. Deepak, M. and Handa, S.S. (2000). Anti- and Sheridan, H. (2010). Enhancement of inflammatory activity and chemical Insulin Release from the ß-Cell Line INS-1 by composition of extracts of Verbena officinalis. an Ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata Phytotherapy Research, 14: 463-465. and its major constituent roseoside. Planta 60. Boonfong, S., Puangsombat, P., Baramee, A., Med, 76, 995-997. Mahidol, C., Ruchirawat, S., and Kittakoop, 70. Mishra, L.N. and Siddiqi, S.A. (2004). P. (2007). Bioactive compound from Dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa) leaves: A Bauhinia purpurea possessing antimalarial, good source of antidiabetic (+)- pinitol. antimicobacterial, antifungal, anti- Current Science, 87: 1507. inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. J. of 71. Jigna, P., Nehal, K. and Sumitra, C. (2006). Nat. Prod.70: 795-801. Screening of some traditionally used 61. Mohamed, M.A., Mammoud, M.R., and medicinal plants for potential antibacterial Hayen, H., (2009). Evaluation of activity. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory Science, 68(6); 832-834. activities of a new triterpene saponin from 72. Achenbach, H., Stocker, M. and Constenla, Bauhinia variegata leaves. Journal of M. A. (1988). Flavonoid and others Biosciences, 64(11-12): 798-808.
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constituents of Bauhinia manca. associated with Bauhinia variegata L. Phytochemistry, 27: 1835-1841. (Leguminosae) in Northeast of state of Sao 73. Maillard, M.P., Recio-Iglesias, M. C., Saadou, Paulo. Neotropical Entomology, 36(2): 322- M., Stoeckli, E.H. and Hostettmann, K. 325. (1991). Novel antifungal tetracyclic 82. Singh, O. and Agarwal, R A. (1981). Toxicity compounds from Bauhinia rufescens LAM. of certain pesticides to two economic species Helv. Chim. Acta, 74: 791-799. of snails in northern India. J. Econ. Entomol, 74. Ali, M.S., Azhar, I., Amtul, Z., Ahmad, V.U. 74: 568-571. and Usmanghani, K. (1995). Antimicrobial 83. Singh, D.K., Singh, V.K. and Kumar, P. screening of some Caesalpiniaceae. (2012). Pestiferous Gastropods and Their Fitoterapia, 70: 299-304. Control. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing 75. Kumar, R.S., Sivakumar, T., Sunderram, R.S., GmbH and Co., Germany, pp: 1-153. Gupta, M., Mazumdar, U.K., Gomathi, P., et 84. Singh, D. K. and Agarwal, R.A. (1983). al. (2005). Antioxidant and antimicrobial Inhibition kinetics of certain activities of Bauhinia racemose L. stem bark. organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides Brazilian J. of medical and biological on the acetylcholinesterase from the snail research, 38: 1015-1024. Lymnaea acuminata. Toxicology Letters, 19: 76. Gupta, R., Paarakh, P.M. and Gavani, U. 313-319. (2009). Pharmacognostical and 85. Singh, A. and Singh, V.K. (2009). phytochemical screening of Bauhinia Molluscicidal activity of Saraca asoca and variegata Linn. Leaves. J. of Pharmacy Thuja orientalis against the fresh water snail Research, 2(7): 1196-1198. Lymnaea acuminata. Vet Parasitol., 164:206- 77. Tewari, R.C., Chaubey, S., Dash, S., Kour, 10. G.D., and Gautam, R.K. (2015). Kanchnara 86. Hanif, F. and Singh D.K. (2012). (Bauhinia variegata Linn.):A Critical Review. Molluscicidal activity of Morus nigra against International J of Ayurveda and Pharma the fresh water snail Lymnaea acuminata. J. Research, 3(7)-39-46. of Biology and Earth Science, 2(2):B54-B62. 78. Rajkapoor, B., Raichandran, V., Gobinath, 87. Upadhyay, A., Singh, V.K. and Singh, D.K. M., Anbu J. and Harikrishnan, N. (2007). (2013). Characterization of molluscicidal Effect of Bauhinia variegata on complete component of Moringa oleifera leaf and freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. J. Momordica charentia fruits and their modes Pharmacol Toxicol, 2: 465-72. of action in snail Lymnaea acuminata. Rev. 79. Balamurugan, G. and Muralidharan, P. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, 55(4): 251-259. (2010). Anti-obesity effect of Bauhinia 88. Oliva, M.L.V., Mendes, C.R., Santomauro- variegata bark extract on female rats fed on Vaz, E.M., Juliano, M.A., Fritz. H., Sampaio, hypercaloric diet. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol, M.U. and Sampaio, C.A.M. (2001). Bauhinia 5: 8-12. bauhinioides plasma kallikrein inhibitor: 80. Chang, T.T. (1995). Decline of nine tree Interaction with synthetic peptides and species with brown root rot caused by fluorogenic peptide substrates related to the Phellinus noxius in Taiwan. Plant Diseases, reactive site sequence. Medical Chemistry, 8: 79(9), 962-965. 977–984. 81. Ragrigo, D.D., Reinaldo, J.F.F. and Renato, B. (2007). Mites (Acari: Arachnida)
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Table 1. Multidimensional properties of Bauhinia variegata plant.
Bauhinia variegata Parts used Medium Reference activity Leaf, stem Aqueous/ Molluscicidal Singh et al.28- 31. bark, Organic Leaf, Stem Aqueous/ Dhale,13; Parekh et al.32; Uddin et al.33; Antimicrobial bark Organic Shahu and Gupta,34. Aqueous/ Anthelmintic Bark Bairagi et al.35. Organic Antiulcer Stem bark Organic Rajkapoor et al.36. Leaf, stem Aqueous/ Rao et al.37; Cipek et al.38; Shaha et Anti-inflammatory bark, root Organic al.39;Bairagi et al.40. Leaf, stem Aqueous/ Azevedo et al.27; Lino et al.41; Antidiabetic bark Organic Dewangan et al.42. Anti-tumour/ Sinha and Verma,2; Rajkapoor et al.,43; Stem, bark Organic cytotoxic Pandey et al.44; Immuno- Aqueous/ Stem, bark Kritikar and Basu, 45; Patil et al., 46. modulatory Organic Aqueous/ Hepatoprotective Stem, bark Bodake and Ram,47; Manoj et al.,48. Organic Leaf, bark, Aqueous/ Sharma et al.49; Mishra et al.50; Pandey Antioxidant root Organic et al.,51. Nephroprotective Stem bark Organic Panda et al., 52. Stem bark Aqueous/ Antihyperlipidemic Rajani and Ashoke, 53. and root Organic Antigoitrogenic Stem bark Organic Veena et al.54; Srivastava et al.55. Aqueous/ Wound healing Root, Seed Sharma,56. Organic
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