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TAXON:Bauhinia Variegata SCORE:8.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Bauhinia variegata SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Bauhinia variegata Family: Fabaceae Common Name(s): mountain ebony Synonym(s): B. variegata var. alboflava de Wit orchidtree B. variegata var. candida Voigt Bauhinia alba hort. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 8 Feb 2017 WRA Score: 8.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Environmental Weed, Ornamental, Fodder, Self-Compatible, Coppices Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 8 Feb 2017 (Bauhinia variegata) Page 1 of 17 TAXON: Bauhinia variegata SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 8 Feb 2017 (Bauhinia variegata) Page 2 of 17 TAXON: Bauhinia variegata SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "B. variegata is of great importance as a multipurpose tree, particularly as a source of fodder in rural economies. Its wood is CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB used for agricultural implements and the bark for tanning. The tree is International, Wallingford, UK very handsome when in flower and is widely planted as an ornamental (Watt, 1972)." [No evidence of domestication] 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "B. variegata is naturally found in the sub-Himalayan tract and outer CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB hills and valleys from the river Indus in Pakistan eastwards to Assam International, Wallingford, UK and Myanmar, ascending to altitudes of 1500 to 1830 m (Troup, 1921; Luna, 1996)." "The plant is indigenous to southern China, the Indian sub-continent Lim, T.K. 2014. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal (i.e. Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan) and Southeast Asia (i.e. Laos, Plants. Volume 7, Flowers. Springer, Dordrecht Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand)" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK Creation Date: 8 Feb 2017 (Bauhinia variegata) Page 3 of 17 TAXON: Bauhinia variegata SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Climatic amplitude (estimates) - Altitude range: 0 - 1830 m - Mean annual rainfall: 500 - 2550 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; winter; bimodal - Dry season duration: 3 - 4 months CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB - Mean annual temperature: 0 - 48ºC International, Wallingford, UK - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 30 - 42ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 7 - 14ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: 0 - 17ºC" [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "B. variegata is naturally found in the sub-Himalayan tract and outer CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB hills and valleys from the river Indus in Pakistan eastwards to Assam International, Wallingford, UK and Myanmar, ascending to altitudes of 1500 to 1830 m (Troup, 1921; Luna, 1996)." "The plant is indigenous to southern China, the Indian sub-continent (i.e. Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan) and Southeast Asia (i.e. Laos, Lim, T.K. 2014. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand). It is now widely cultivated Plants. Volume 7, Flowers. Springer, Dordrecht elsewhere in subtropical and tropical regions of the world. It has naturalized elsewhere in the tropics in Queensland and southern United States." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "It is now widely cultivated elsewhere in subtropical and tropical Lim, T.K. 2014. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal regions of the world. It has naturalized elsewhere in the tropics in Plants. Volume 7, Flowers. Springer, Dordrecht Queensland and southern United States." CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB "The tree is very handsome when in flower and is widely planted as International, Wallingford, UK an ornamental (Watt, 1972)." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "A popular planting in Florida and Hawaii, the species has escaped Vozzo, J.A. 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Forest and naturalized in the southern foothills of Puerto Rico and Service, Washington, D.C. throughout the West Indies." Creation Date: 8 Feb 2017 (Bauhinia variegata) Page 4 of 17 TAXON: Bauhinia variegata SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Ecological Significance: Introduced into Florida before 1900 (Ledin 1956). Noted as a common escape, abundantly invading disturbed areas in particular (Morton 1976). Noted as occasional across south Florida (Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, Tomlinson 1980, Wunderlin 1982). Naturalized in the Caribbean and elsewhere in the Neotropics as well (Morton 1976, Correll and Correll 1982, Little et al. 1974). Langeland, K.A., Cherry, H.M., McCormick, C.M. & Spreading from sites where previously planted in Big Cypress Craddock Burks, K.A. 2008. Identification & Biology of National Preserve (T. Pernas, National Park Service, 1996 personal Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. Second communication). Found in 10 conservation areas in Dade County; Edition. IFAS Publications, Gainesville, FL displacing native vegetation in hammock margins and occasionally in globally imperiled pine rocklands (R. Hammer, Miami-Dade Parks Department, 1996 personal communication). Reported now from natural areas in four counties: Pinellas, Lee, Dade, and Palm Beach, including the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge and Everglades National Park (EPPC 1996)." "It is now widely cultivated elsewhere in subtropical and tropical Lim, T.K. 2014. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal regions of the world. It has naturalized elsewhere in the tropics in Plants. Volume 7, Flowers. Springer, Dordrecht Queensland and southern United States." Francis, J.K. & Liogier, H.A. 1991. Naturalized Exotic Tree "Table 1 -Naturalized and escaped exotic trees in Puerto Rico" Species in Puerto Rico. General Technical Report SO-82. [Bauhinia variegata - Location of reproduction; number of plants or United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, area covered = Moist and dry areas; more than 1000 plants] New Orleans, LA Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H.
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