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The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study
The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 The Silk Roads An ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 International Council of Monuments and Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94220 Charenton-le-Pont FRANCE ISBN 978-2-918086-12-3 © ICOMOS All rights reserved Contents STATES PARTIES COVERED BY THIS STUDY ......................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XI 1 CONTEXT FOR THIS THEMATIC STUDY ........................................................................ 1 1.1 The purpose of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to this study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Global Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Cultural routes ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Serial transnational World Heritage nominations of the Silk Roads .................................................. 3 1.2.4 Ittingen expert meeting 2010 ........................................................................................................... 3 2 THE SILK ROADS: BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS -
Changes in Wheat Starch Grains Using Different Cooking Methods: Insights
December 2013 Vol.58 Suppl. : 8289 Ⅰ 《中国科学》杂志社 www.scichina.com csb.scichina.com SCIENCE CHINA PRESS Article Changes in wheat starch grains using different cooking methods: Insights into ancient food processing techniques DAI Ji1,2, YANG YiMin1,2 , WANG Bo3, WANG ChangSui1,2 & JIANG HongEn1,2* 1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; 2 Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Urumqi 830006, China *Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) Received April 11, 2013; accepted August 8, 2013 We investigate the morphological changes in starch grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum) using different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, frying, and baking). We compare the cooked starch grains with starch grains from ancient wheat flour cakes (Astana Cemetery, Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China) to determine the cooking techniques used by people in Xinjiang 1200 years ago. Heat and water content affect starch grains when different cooking methods are used. Boiling and steaming results in the collapse of wheat starch grains accompanied by extreme swelling, curved granules, pasting, almost full gelatinization, a distinct extinction cross and vague granule outlines. Frying and baking cause less swelling, fewer curved granules, less pasting and only partial gelatinization of wheat starch grains, but the extinction lines are still distinct and the outlines of granules relatively clear. The pale brown substances on the starch grains make starch from baked-wheat products distinct from those cooked using other methods. -
China's Southwestern Silk Road in World History By
China's Southwestern Silk Road in World History By: James A. Anderson James A. Anderson, "China's Southwestern Silk Road in World History," World History Connected March 2009 http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/6.1/anderson.html Made available courtesy of University of Illinois Press: http://www.press.uillinois.edu/ ***Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from the University of Illinois Press. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document.*** As Robert Clark notes in The Global Imperative, "there is no doubt that trade networks like the Silk Road made possible the flourishing and spread of ancient civilizations to something approximating a global culture of the times."1 Goods, people and ideas all travelled along these long-distance routes spanning or circumventing the vast landmass of Eurasia. From earliest times, there have been three main routes, which connected China with the outside world.2 These were the overland routes that stretched across Eurasia from China to the Mediterranean, known collectively as the "Silk Road"; the Spice Trade shipping routes passing from the South China Sea into the Indian Ocean and beyond, known today as the "Maritime Silk Road"; and the "Southwestern Silk Road," a network of overland passages stretching from Central China through the mountainous areas of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces into the eastern states of South Asia. Although the first two routes are better known to students of World History, the Southwestern Silk Road has a long ancestry and also played an important role in knitting the world together. -
New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921. -
A Study on the Auspicious Animal Motifs on Han Textiles in Ancient China
A STUDY ON THE AUSPICIOUS ANIMAL MOTIFS ON HAN TEXTILES IN ANCIENT CHINA Zhang Wen 張文 Xu Chunzhong 徐純中 Wu Zhuo 吳焯 Qiu Yiping 邱夷平 hinese textiles have many animal motifs, found weft ones will be from 1/3 up to nearly all of of the C especially in combination with traditional Chi- cloth width (Zhao 2005, p. 132). There are many dif- nese cloud-designs. Such textiles were manufactured ferent kinds of animals in the designs on these textiles. during the period of the Han 漢代 and Northern Dy- To begin, we will classify in the table on the next page nasties (206 BCE – 589 CE), with many of the high- all the auspicious animals on the textiles by “species,” est quality examples produced in the Eastern Han the individual pieces often identifi ed by the inscrip- period, (25 – 220 CE). In earlier research, most schol- tions on them. ars thought motifs such as the winged monster origi- All the textiles in the list represent some of the fi n- nated in Chinese traditional culture: such auspicious est examples of world textile art. Most of them were 麒麟 天祿 animals have other names, e.g., qilin , tianlu , manufactured during the period from the Han to the 辟邪 bixie . Of interest though is the fact that similar Northern and Southern Dynasties. Such silk textiles depictions have been found in other places far away have been found in different sites, evidence for Silk from China — Central Asia, Western Asia, and even Road trade across Eurasia, from Korea in the east to in ancient Greece. -
Research Article
Research Article Journal of Global Buddhism 4 (2003): 18 - 34 Buddhism in Mongolia After 1990 By Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz Professor for the History of Religions University of Berne, Switzerland [email protected] Copyright Notes: Digitial copies of this work may be made and distributed provided no chargeis made and no alteration ismade to the content. Reproduction in any other format with the exception of a single copy for private study requires the written permission of the author. All enquries to: http://www.globalbuddhism.org Journal of Global Buddism 18 ISSN 1527-6457 R e s e a r c h A r t i c l e Buddhism in Mongolia After 1990 by Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz Professor for the History of Religions University of Berne, Switzerland [email protected] Introduction In 1990 Mongolia turned from a communist country highly dependent, economically as well as ideologically, on the Soviet Union, into a democratic country.(1) Free elections took place for the first time ever, and the country managed the transition to a democracy patterned after the Western model comparatively well. In 1992 the Mongols confirmed this historic turn by giving themselves a democratic constitution.(2) The shaking off of communist rulership brought about a resurgence of Mongolian religious traditions, Buddhism and the autochthonous Mongolian religion alike.(3) In northern Mongolia, the revival of the indigenous religious traditions of the Mongols, including owō-worship, the mountain-cult and, of course, shamanism, seem to be predominant. But in the rest of Mongolia, Buddhism has experienced a massive renaissance. -
Discover the Nunner Silk Road Advantage
DISCOVER THE NUNNER SILK ROAD ADVANTAGE www.nunner-silkroad.com DISCOVER THE NUNNER SILK ROAD ADVANTAGE DISCOVER THE NUNNER ADVANTAGE Discover how nobody goes further on the Silk Road to get your goods where they have to go. On time. Every time. Container and breakbulk. DISCOVER OUR SPECIAL ADDED VALUE PRODUCTS Check out our full product range and find out how you can take advantage with Nunner Logistics. www.nunner-silkroad.com NUNNER SILK ROAD WE KNOW THE WAY NUNNER runs blocktrain services China – Europe v.v. We offer Nunner Logistics have been on the Silk Road since the early FCL, LCL and reefer services with weekly fixed departures. A 1990’s, together with our partners we are active and present dedicated and cost effective service, it takes half the time of with our own footprint on all the routes, north and south. ocean freight and is a sixth of the cost of airfreight. The “NUNNER Silkroad” delivers valuable freight from China to Western Europe v.v. economically and fast. The connection is firmly established. NUNNER offers as well direct railway services from China to Moscow and Central Asia. RUSSIA KAZAN NOVOSIBIRSK BLOCK TRAIN SERVICE DEPARTURE TRANSIT TIME EQUIPMENT* DOOR-DOOR MOSCOW Yiwu - Duisburg / 1 x per week 14-16 days 20’, 40’, 40’ HC Yes Madrid / v.v. DUISBURG HAMBURG HARBIN Zhengzhou - Hamburg / ROTTERDAM LD 2 x per week 14-16 days 20’, 40’, 40’ HC Yes v.v. MINSK KHORGOS Wuhan - Hamburg - KAZAKHSTAN 1 x per week 14-16 days 20’, 40’, 40’ HC Yes WARSAW ALASHANKOU Duisburg / v.v. -
Searching for Antidotes to Globalization : Local Insitutions at Mongolia’S Sacred Bogd Khan Mountain
SEARCHING FOR ANTIDOTES TO GLOBALIZATION : LOCAL INSITUTIONS AT MONGOLIA’S SACRED BOGD KHAN MOUNTAIN by David Tyler Sadoway B.E.S. Hons. Co-op (Urban & Regional Planning), University of Waterloo, 1991. Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Resource Management in the School of Resource and Environmental Management Report No. 291 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY April 2002 This work may be reproduced in whole or in part. ii Approval page iii A b s t r a c t The Bogd Khan Mountain (Uul) is a sacred natural and cultural site—an island-like forest-steppe mountain massif revered for centuries by Mongolians. This sacred site is also a 41, 651 hectare state-designated ‘Strictly Protected Area’ and a listed UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of global significance (1996). Bogd Khan Uul is adjacent to the nation's capital, largest and fastest growing city—Ulaanbaatar. This case study employs an inter-scale research frame to draw linkages between current resource management problems at Bogd Khan Uul while at the same time examines the capacity of local, national and multilateral institutions to address these. In the process the research provides a glimpse of centuries old Mongol traditions—human ingenuity shaped by understandings that have co-evolved with the cycles of nature. The study provides contemporary insights into the dramatic changes that affected Mongolia and its institutions during its tumultuous global integration in the final decade of the second millennium. The study’s inter-scaled Globalocal Diversity Spiral (GDS) framework focuses upon Bogd Khan Uul site-specific issues of forest and vegetation over-harvest, animal overgrazing and problematic tourism development; and key contextual issues of material poverty and local traditions. -
Genghis Khan and Modern Mongolian Identity: the Democracy Connection
The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Number 8-9, 2002 GENGHIS KHAN AND MODERN MONGOLIAN IDENTITY: THE DEMOCRACY CONNECTION Paula L. W. Sabloff (USA)* It is not surprising that since Mongolia’s separation from the Soviet Union Genghis Khan has rapidly become a symbol of national unity. Born in 1162 in Hentii Province (aimag), Mongolia, Genghis Khan had united the Mongol peoples into an independent, sovereign nation in 1189. By 1206, the year he was elected Genghis Khan of All Mongols, he had expanded Mongol territory to roughly its present size. Over the next twenty-one years, he and his sons conquered the largest land mass ever held by one ruler: from Korea to Persia and the Caspian Sea, from Russia south to the Yellow River of China (Ratchnevsky 1997). Clearly Genghis Khan is the author of Mongolian independence. Today’s Mongolian government promotes Genghis Khan as a symbol of national unity and independence. His picture is on the three highest denomina- tions of Mongolian money. The ceremonial ger (yurt) located in the inner court- yard of Parliament houses a huge statue of the seated ruler; visiting dignitaries are brought here for ‘photo-ops.’ Right outside the legislative chamber on the first floor of Parliament, nine ceremonial ‘banners’ of white horsetails stand opposite a bust of Genghis Khan. The banners are paraded at the Naadam festival and then placed in a circular holder before the reviewing stand of the President. As 1,000 wrestlers march into the arena during the opening parade, they literally make obeisance to the nine banners, bowing before them. -
Langdon Warner at Dunhuang: What Really Happened? by Justin M
ISSN 2152-7237 (print) ISSN 2153-2060 (online) The Silk Road Volume 11 2013 Contents In Memoriam ........................................................................................................................................................... [iii] Langdon Warner at Dunhuang: What Really Happened? by Justin M. Jacobs ............................................................................................................................ 1 Metallurgy and Technology of the Hunnic Gold Hoard from Nagyszéksós, by Alessandra Giumlia-Mair ......................................................................................................... 12 New Discoveries of Rock Art in Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor and Pamir: A Preliminary Study, by John Mock .................................................................................................................................. 36 On the Interpretation of Certain Images on Deer Stones, by Sergei S. Miniaev ....................................................................................................................... 54 Tamgas, a Code of the Steppes. Identity Marks and Writing among the Ancient Iranians, by Niccolò Manassero .................................................................................................................... 60 Some Observations on Depictions of Early Turkic Costume, by Sergey A. Yatsenko .................................................................................................................... 70 The Relations between China and India -
Tuul River Basin Basin
GOVERNMENT OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT MONGOLIA I II III AND GREEN DEVELOPMENT Physical, Tuul river Socio-Economic geographical basin water Development and natural resource and and Future condition of water quality trend of the Tuul river Tuul River basin Basin IV V VI Water Water use Negative TUUL RIVER BASIN supply, water balance of the impacts on consumption- Tuul river basin basin water INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN use and water resources demand, hydro- constructions VII VIII IX Main challenges River basin The organization and strategic integrated and control of objectives of the water resources the activities to river basin water management implement the Tuul management plan plan measures River Basin IWM INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN plan Address: TUUL RIVER BASIN “Strengthening Integrated Water Resources Management in Mongolia” project Chingunjav Street, Bayangol District Ulaanbaatar-16050, Mongolia Tel/Fax: 362592, 363716 Website: http://iwrm.water.mn E-mail: [email protected] Ulaanbaatar 2012 Annex 1 of the Minister’s order ¹ A-102 of Environment and Green Development, dated on 03 December, 2012 TUUL RIVER BASIN INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN (Phase 1, 2013-2015; Phase 2, 2016-2021) Ulaanbaatar 2012 DDC 555.7’015 Tu-90 This plan was developed within the framework of the “Strengthening Integrated Water Resources Management in Mongolia” project, funded by the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at Ministry of Environment and Green Development of Mongolia Project Project Project Consulting Team National Director -
Ìîíãîë Íóòàã Äàõü Ò¯¯Õ, Ñî¨Ëûí ¯Ë Õªäëªõ Äóðñãàë
ÃÎÂÜѯÌÁÝÐ ÀÉÌÃÈÉÍ ÍÓÒÀà ÄÀÕÜ Ò¯¯Õ, ÑΨËÛÍ ¯Ë ÕªÄËªÕ ÄÓÐÑÃÀË ISBN 978-99929-61-98-8 Ñî¨ëûí ªâèéí òªâ ÌÎÍÃÎË ÍÓÒÀà ÄÀÕÜ Ò¯¯Õ, ÑΨËÛÍ ¯Ë ÕªÄËªÕ ÄÓÐÑÃÀË Historical and cultural immovable ProPerties in monGolia YII ÄÝâòÝÐ ÃîâÜѯÌÁÝÐ, ÄÀÐÕÀí-ÓÓë, îÐÕîí ÀéÌÀà 1 ÃÎÂÜѯÌÁÝÐ ÀÉÌÃÈÉÍ ÍÓÒÀà ÄÀÕÜ Ò¯¯Õ, ÑΨËÛÍ ¯Ë ÕªÄËªÕ ÄÓÐÑÃÀË ÌÎíãÎë íóòàã äàõü ò¯¯õ, ñΨëûí ¯ë õªäëªõ äóðñãàë yII äýâòýð ÃÎâÜѯÌÁÝÐ, äÀðÕÀÍ-ÓÓË, ÎðÕÎÍ Àéìàã 1 ÃÎÂÜѯÌÁÝÐ ÀÉÌÃÈÉÍ ÍÓÒÀà ÄÀÕÜ Ò¯¯Õ, ÑΨËÛÍ ¯Ë ÕªÄËªÕ ÄÓÐÑÃÀË DDC 306 Ý-66 Зохиогч: Г.Энхбат б.ДаваацЭрЭн Гэрэл зургийг: б.ДаваацЭрЭн П.Чинбат Гар зургийг: б.ДаваацЭрЭн Дизайнер: б.аЛТАНСҮх Орчуулагч: ц.цОЛМОн Зохиогчийн эрх хамгаалагдсан. © 2012, Copyrigth © 2012 by the Center of Cultural Соёлын өвийн төв, Улаанбаатар, Монгол улс Heritage, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Энэхүү цомгийг Соёлын өвийн төвийн зөвшөөрөлгүйгээр бүтнээр нь буюу хэсэгчлэн хувилан олшруулахыг хориглоно. Монгол улс Улаанбаатар хот - 211238 Сүхбаатар дүүрэг Сүхбаатарын талбай 3 Соёлын төв өргөө б хэсэг Соёлын өвийн төв Шуудангийн хайрцаг 223 веб сайт: www.monheritage.mn и-мэйл: [email protected] Утас: 976-11-312735 ISBN 978-99929-61-98-8 боловсрол, Соёл, Соёлын өвийн төв Говьсүмбэр аймгийн Дархан-Уул аймгийн Орхон аймгийн Шинжлэх ухааны яам ЗДтГазар ЗДтГазар ЗДтГазар 2 ÃÎÂÜѯÌÁÝÐ ÀÉÌÃÈÉÍ ÍÓÒÀà ÄÀÕÜ Ò¯¯Õ, ÑΨËÛÍ ¯Ë ÕªÄËªÕ ÄÓÐÑÃÀË ÃÀÐ×Èà Өмнөх үг 4 Удиртгал 5 Говьсүмбэр аймгийн нутаг дахь түүх, соёлын үл хөдлөх дурсгалын тухай 19 Говьсүмбэр аймгийн нутаг дахь түүх, соёлын үл хөдлөх дурсгалын байршил 23 Говьсүмбэр аймгийн нутаг дахь түүх, соёлын үл хөдлөх дурсгалууд