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Relações Japão - Asean: a Doutrina Fukuda E a Cooperação Para a Paz Regional

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Relações Japão - Asean: a Doutrina Fukuda E a Cooperação Para a Paz Regional UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS DEPARTAMENTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS RELAÇÕES JAPÃO - ASEAN: A DOUTRINA FUKUDA E A COOPERAÇÃO PARA A PAZ REGIONAL ANA MARIA GENEROSO DA SILVA JOÃO PESSOA - PB 2020 ANA MARIA GENEROSO DA SILVA RELAÇÕES JAPÃO - ASEAN: A DOUTRINA FUKUDA E A COOPERAÇÃO PARA A PAZ REGIONAL Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado como requisito parcial para conclusão do Curso de Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Orientador: Prof. Marcos Alan Shaikhzadeh V. Ferreira JOÃO PESSOA - PB 2020 Catalogação na publicação Seção de Catalogação e Classificação S586r Silva, Ana Maria G da. Relações Japão - ASEAN: a Doutrina Fukuda e a cooperação para a paz regional / Ana Maria G da Silva. - João Pessoa, 2020. 50 f. Orientação: Marcos Alan S V Ferreira. Monografia (Graduação) - UFPB/CCSA. 1. ASEAN. 2. Japão. 3. cooperação regional. 4. pacificação. I. S V Ferreira, Marcos Alan. II. Título. UFPB/CCSA AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço aos meus familiares, que, apesar dos mais de 3.000 km de distância, sempre mantiveram contato comigo durante meus anos universitários. Agradeço aos servidores do Departamento de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal da Paraíba por suas contribuições em minha jornada acadêmica. Em especial, agradeço ao meu professor orientador, Marcos Alan Shaikhzadeh V. Ferreira, por seus ensinamentos, por sua disposição e por sua paciência para me ajudar na realização deste trabalho. Agradeço também aos colegas que conheci durante a Graduação por sua boa companhia e por sua cooperação em trabalhos conjuntos. Por fim, agradeço à cidade de João Pessoa por seu acolhimento durante minha estadia. Muito obrigada a todos! RESUMO O trabalho irá apresentar uma breve análise do processo de pacificação (peacemaking) da região do sudeste asiático e as contribuições dadas pelo Japão nesse processo, em especial após a anunciação da Doutrina Fukuda em 1977, que foi um marco da reforma da política externa japonesa em relação ao sudeste asiático. O trabalho traz um panorama histórico do Império do Japão, com ênfase nas colônias do sudeste asiático, e da fundação da Associação das Nações do Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN). Também serão explicadas as relações entre o Japão e a Associação, antes e após o advento da Doutrina Fukuda, e suas atividades conjuntas para a promoção da paz e da segurança regional. Por fim, a conclusão traz uma avaliação dos resultados dessas atividades e da eficiência da Doutrina Fukuda. Palavras-chave: ASEAN. Cooperação regional. Doutrina Fukuda. Japão. Pacificação. Segurança. Sudeste asiático. ABSTRACT This paper will present a brief analysis of the peacemaking process in the Southeast Asian region and the contributions made by Japan in that process, especially after the announcement of the Fukuda Doctrine in 1977, which was a milestone in the reform of Japanese foreign policy in Southeast Asia. This paper provides a historical overview of the Empire of Japan, emphasizing its colonies in Southeast Asia, and the foundation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The relations between Japan and the Association, before and after the advent of the Fukuda Doctrine, and their joint activities for the promotion of regional peace and security will also be explained. Finally, the conclusion brings an evaluation of the results of these activities and the effectiveness of the Fukuda Doctrine. Keywords: ASEAN. Regional cooperation. Fukuda Doctrine. Japan. Peacemaking. Security affairs. Southeast Asia. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 6 1 - ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS (1868 - 1947) ............................................................ 8 A RESTAURAÇÃO MEIJI (1868) ............................................................................................ 8 O PERÍODO MEIJI (1868 -1912) .............................................................................................. 8 O SUDESTE ASIÁTICO ...................................................................................................... 9 FUKOKU KYŌHEI, HOKUSHIN-RON E NANSHIN-RON ................................................ 10 PERÍODO TAISHŌ (1912-1926) ............................................................................................ 12 SHŌWA (1926-1989) ............................................................................................................. 13 PRÉ-1945 ........................................................................................................................... 13 PÓS-1945 ........................................................................................................................... 16 INDEPENDÊNCIAS DO SUDESTE ASIÁTICO ............................................................. 17 2 - ASSOCIAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES DO SUDESTE ASIÁTICO (ASEAN) ....................... 21 UM NOVO BLOCO ............................................................................................................... 21 CARACTERÍSTICAS GERAIS .............................................................................................. 22 ASEAN E A PAZ REGIONAL ............................................................................................ 24 3 - ASEAN E JAPÃO ............................................................................................................. 28 PRIMEIRAS INTERAÇÕES ................................................................................................... 28 DOUTRINA FUKUDA .......................................................................................................... 31 4 - ASEAN, JAPÃO E A PAZ REGIONAL ........................................................................ 34 DOUTRINA FUKUDA NA PRÁTICA .................................................................................... 34 A PAZ DE CAMBOJA ....................................................................................................... 34 PÓS-GUERRA FRIA .......................................................................................................... 37 O CASO DE MINDANAO .................................................................................................. 39 O COMBATE À PIRATARIA NA ÁSIA ............................................................................. 40 CONCLUSÕES ...................................................................................................................... 43 REFERÊNCIAS ..................................................................................................................... 44 6 INTRODUÇÃO Em 14 de novembro de 2018, a vigésima primeira reunião de cúpula ASEAN-Japão (ASEAN-Japan Summit), realizada em Singapura, celebrou os 45 anos da Amizade e Cooperação ASEAN-Japão (ASEAN-Japan Friendship and Cooperation). Atualmente, reuniões entre o bloco e o país são bastante habituais, mas por trás delas há um longo caminho permeado por antagonismos históricos, com ápice no recente período colonial. O Império do Japão se expandiu para o sul através da anexação de quase todas as nações do sudeste asiático (exceto Tailândia) nos anos 1930 e foi desmantelado em 1947, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e a rendição japonesa. Durante as décadas seguintes, o Japão realizou esforços para se reconstruir, reformular sua política externa e restabelecer laços políticos e econômicos com suas ex-colônias, agora países independentes. No auge da Guerra Fria, em 1967, é fundada a Associação das Nações do Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN), com objetivos de formar uma resistência contra o avanço do comunismo e promover a paz, a cooperação e o desenvolvimento na região. O Japão iniciou suas interações com a ASEAN pouco tempo após sua fundação. Porém, nos anos 1970, a rápida ascensão econômica do Japão e sua crescente influência na Ásia e no resto do mundo desencadearam manifestações anti-japonesas ao redor do sudeste asiático em 1974, durante a visita do então primeiro-ministro japonês Kakuei Tanaka aos países da região. Havia um temor de que o Japão estaria ambicionando um novo expansionismo nos antigos moldes coloniais. Esse episódio evidenciou a necessidade do Japão de renovar sua política externa regional com mais empenho. Em 18 de agosto de 1977, durante uma visita em Manila, nas Filipinas, o primeiro- ministro japonês Takeo Fukuda deu um discurso para apresentar os novos princípios que iriam guiar a política externa japonesa em relação ao sudeste asiático: o engajamento do Japão na construção da paz no sudeste asiático, a consolidação de relações igualitárias de confiança mútua entre o Japão e a ASEAN e a promoção do desenvolvimento da região. Esses princípios ficaram conhecidos como a Doutrina Fukuda. Os diálogos entre o Japão e a ASEAN foram formalizados em 1977, com o primeiro Fórum ASEAN-Japão (ASEAN-Japan Forum). Porém, apesar dessa parceria ser frequentemente associada à esfera econômica e ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, também existem vários feitos no campo do peacemaking (pacificação) a nível regional, que ajudaram a consolidar a estabilidade no sudeste asiático no período pós-Guerra Fria, permitindo que os países dessem maior atenção ao seu desenvolvimento e aumentando a relevância internacional da ASEAN. 7 Com o passar do tempo, o Japão gradualmente estabeleceu um papel mais proativo nas questões de segurança do sudeste asiático: diálogos multilaterais, missões de pacificação, combate à pirataria, entre outros. As nações do sudeste asiático
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