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Abschlussarbeiten Am Japan-Zentrum Der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München DEPARTMENT FÜR ASIENSTUDIEN JAPAN-ZENTRUM Abschlussarbeiten am Japan-Zentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich University Japan Center Graduation Theses herausgegeben von / edited by Steffen Döll, Martin Lehnert, Peter Pörtner, Evelyn Schulz, Klaus Vollmer, Franz Waldenberger Band 1 Japan-Zentrum der LMU 2013 Vorwort der Herausgeber Bei den Beiträgen in der vorliegenden Schriftenreihe handelt es sich um Abschluss- arbeiten des Japan-Zentrums der LMU. Eine große Bandbreite an Themen und Forschungsrichtungen findet sich darin vertreten. Ziel der Reihe ist es, herausragende Arbeiten einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Es wird davon ab- gesehen, inhaltliche oder strukturelle Überarbeitungen vorzunehmen; die Typoskripte der Bachelor-, Master- und Magisterarbeiten werden praktisch unverändert ver- öffentlicht. Editors’ Foreword The present series comprises select Bachelor, Master and Magister Artium theses that were submitted to the Japan Center of Munich University and address a broad variety of topics from different methodological perspectives. The series’ goal is to make available to a larger academic community outstanding studies that would otherwise remain inaccessible and unnoticed. The theses’ typescripts are published without revisions with regards to structure and content and closely resemble their original versions. Moritz Munderloh The Imperial Japanese Army as a Factor in Spreading Militarism and Fascism in Prewar Japan Magisterarbeit an der LMU München, 2012 Japan-Zentrum der LMU Oettingenstr. 67 80538 München © 2013 M. Munderloh Alle Rechte vorbehalten For Carl and Wanda Wehner, in memoriam. Table of Contents Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 1. The Japanese Context & the Army: Late Meiji until prewar Shōwa.............................5 1.1 The First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War....................................5 1.1.1 The First Sino-Japanese War (1894 – 1895)...................................................5 1.1.2 The Russo-Japanese War (1904 – 1905).........................................................6 1.2 World War I, Temporary Economic Prosperity, Depression, and Military Buildup .......................................................................................................................................8 1.3 Democracy During the Taishō Years.....................................................................10 1.3.1 Pluralization of Japan....................................................................................11 2. Militarism and Fascism in Japan.................................................................................12 2.1 An Overview of Japanese Fascism.......................................................................13 2.1.1 The Background of Japanese Fascism..........................................................15 2.2 Fascist Terrorism...................................................................................................17 2.2.1 The Manchurian Incident..............................................................................19 2.2.2 The February 26 Incident..............................................................................22 3. Yamagata Aritomo (山県有朋, 1838 – 1923)..............................................................25 3.1 Military and Political Career.................................................................................25 3.2 Yamagata's Death and the Ensuing Power Vacuum..............................................29 4. The Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun................................................................................31 4.1 Creating and Structuring the Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun..................................31 4.2 Conscript Army.....................................................................................................33 4.3 The Emperor and the Independence of the Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun.............37 4.4 Indoctrination within the Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun........................................39 4.4.1 The Gunjin Chokuyu.....................................................................................39 4.4.2 Education, Indoctrination and Ideology........................................................40 5. Tanaka Giichi (田中義一, 1864 – 1929).....................................................................44 5.1 Early Life..............................................................................................................45 5.2 Military Career......................................................................................................45 5.3 Party Politician......................................................................................................48 6. The Teikoku Zaigō Gunjinkai......................................................................................50 6.1 Indoctrination in the Field of Education...............................................................50 6.1.1 The Kyōiku Chokugo....................................................................................52 6.2 The Idea of and Reason for the Teikoku Zaigō Gunjinkai....................................53 6.2.1 Establishing the Teikoku Zaigō Gunjinkai....................................................54 6.3 The Dainihon Seinendan and Seinen Kunrenjo....................................................56 6.3.1 Establishing the Dainihon Seinendan............................................................57 6.3.2 The Seinen Kunrenjo.....................................................................................58 6.4 The Dainippon Kokubō Fujinkai..........................................................................59 6.5 Duties and Activities of the Teikoku Zaigō Gunjinkai and its Subsidiary Organizations.........................................................................................................60 6.6 Indoctrination by Means of the Teikoku Zaigō Gunjinkai and its Subsidiary Organizations.........................................................................................................62 6.7 The Funding of the Indoctrination Apparatus.......................................................64 7. The Army's Various Connections in pre-World War II Japan......................................65 7.1 The Army's Relationship with the Bureaucracy....................................................66 7.2 The Army's Cooperation with the Zaibatsu..........................................................68 7.3 The Army in the Political Arena...........................................................................69 8. Epilogue: Towards Total War......................................................................................72 8.1 The Kokutai no Hongi..........................................................................................73 8.2 The China Incident and the National Mobilization Law.......................................74 8.3 Total War...............................................................................................................76 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................77 Bibliography....................................................................................................................79 Appendix I: Select Glossary of Japanese Terms..............................................................90 Appendix II: Translation..................................................................................................93 Introduction A prominent aspect of the discussion in regards to whether Japan can be labeled fascist during the 1930's until its defeat in 1945 is the lack of a fascist mass movement concentrated in a fascist political party. Maruyama Masao (丸山眞男) notes that Japan, until 1936, lacked a fascist mass movement and that the fascist terrorists did not wish to create such a movement.1 He divides Japanese fascism into 'fascism from below' and 'fascism from above' and explains that the military itself, as a result of the fascist terrorism actually gained more political power, and became an important force in advancing 'fascism from above.'2 Was it just the military's position of power that enabled it to spread militarism and fascism? Was it not the mass base of militarized and willing followers within the populace, who had been indoctrinated for decades, who came to cheer the fascist terrorism and eventually helped carry the fascization 'from above' that was promoted by the military? The Imperial Japanese Army (大日本帝国陸軍 dainippon teikoku rikugun) was an important actor in the political scene from Meiji to Shōwa partly because the restorationists – the Meiji Oligarchs – came from the samurai class, which had been the military force in Japan for centuries. The army's unique position in the Meiji Constitution (明治憲法 meiji kenpō3) and the emperor's position as de jure head of state and supreme commander of the armed forces, but de facto not being in control, greatly contributed to the army's independence and its being a powerful political player. This, however, as this thesis will demonstrate, was only one significant aspect for the army in being an important factor in spreading militarism and fascism in prewar Japan. The army would have hardly been able to stimulate the support it – for the most part – had within the population merely through military propaganda, aided by the fascist
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