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Comparative Functional Morphology of Attachment Devices in Arachnida
Comparative functional morphology of attachment devices in Arachnida Vergleichende Funktionsmorphologie der Haftstrukturen bei Spinnentieren (Arthropoda: Arachnida) DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Jonas Otto Wolff geboren am 20. September 1986 in Bergen auf Rügen Kiel, den 2. Juni 2015 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Stanislav N. Gorb _ Zweiter Gutachter: Dr. Dirk Brandis _ Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Juli 2015 _ Zum Druck genehmigt: 17. Juli 2015 _ gez. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang J. Duschl, Dekan Acknowledgements I owe Prof. Stanislav Gorb a great debt of gratitude. He taught me all skills to get a researcher and gave me all freedom to follow my ideas. I am very thankful for the opportunity to work in an active, fruitful and friendly research environment, with an interdisciplinary team and excellent laboratory equipment. I like to express my gratitude to Esther Appel, Joachim Oesert and Dr. Jan Michels for their kind and enthusiastic support on microscopy techniques. I thank Dr. Thomas Kleinteich and Dr. Jana Willkommen for their guidance on the µCt. For the fruitful discussions and numerous information on physical questions I like to thank Dr. Lars Heepe. I thank Dr. Clemens Schaber for his collaboration and great ideas on how to measure the adhesive forces of the tiny glue droplets of harvestmen. I thank Angela Veenendaal and Bettina Sattler for their kind help on administration issues. Especially I thank my students Ingo Grawe, Fabienne Frost, Marina Wirth and André Karstedt for their commitment and input of ideas. -
Araneus Bonali Sp. N., a Novel Lichen-Patterned Species Found on Oak Trunks (Araneae, Araneidae)
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 779: 119–145Araneus (2018) bonali sp. n., a novel lichen-patterned species found on oak trunks... 119 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.779.26944 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Araneus bonali sp. n., a novel lichen-patterned species found on oak trunks (Araneae, Araneidae) Eduardo Morano1, Raul Bonal2,3 1 DITEG Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain 2 Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain 3 CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain Corresponding author: Raul Bonal ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Arnedo | Received 24 May 2018 | Accepted 25 June 2018 | Published 7 August 2018 http://zoobank.org/A9C69D63-59D8-4A4B-A362-966C463337B8 Citation: Morano E, Bonal R (2018) Araneus bonali sp. n., a novel lichen-patterned species found on oak trunks (Araneae, Araneidae). ZooKeys 779: 119–145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.26944 Abstract The new species Araneus bonali Morano, sp. n. (Araneae, Araneidae) collected in central and western Spain is described and illustrated. Its novel status is confirmed after a thorough revision of the literature and museum material from the Mediterranean Basin. The taxonomy of Araneus is complicated, but both morphological and molecular data supported the genus membership of Araneus bonali Morano, sp. n. Additionally, the species uniqueness was confirmed by sequencing the barcode gene cytochrome oxidase I from the new species and comparing it with the barcodes available for species of Araneus. A molecular phylogeny, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes, retrieved a clade with a moderate support that grouped Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 with another eleven species, but neither included Araneus bonali sp. -
Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration
P1: SKH/ary P2: MBL/vks QC: MBL/agr T1: MBL October 27, 1997 17:44 Annual Reviews AR048-27 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1998. 43:619–43 Copyright c 1998 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY OF SPIDER COLORATION G. S. Oxford Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO1 5YW, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] R. G. Gillespie Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 409, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: color, crypsis, genetics, guanine, melanism, mimicry, natural selection, pigments, polymorphism, sexual dimorphism ABSTRACT Genetic color variation provides a tangible link between the external phenotype of an organism and its underlying genetic determination and thus furnishes a tractable system with which to explore fundamental evolutionary phenomena. Here we examine the basis of color variation in spiders and its evolutionary and ecological implications. Reversible color changes, resulting from several mechanisms, are surprisingly widespread in the group and must be distinguished from true genetic variation for color to be used as an evolutionary tool. Genetic polymorphism occurs in a large number of families and is frequently sex limited: Sex linkage has not yet been demonstrated, nor have the forces promoting sex limitation been elucidated. It is argued that the production of color is metabolically costly and is principally maintained by the action of sight-hunting predators. Key avenues for future research are suggested. INTRODUCTION Differences in color and pattern among individuals have long been recognized as providing a tractable system with which to address fundamental evolutionary questions (57). -
Science in the Contemporary World an Encyclopedia
Science in the Contemporary World An Encyclopedia Eric G. Swedin Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England © 2005 by Eric G. Swedin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Swedin, Eric Gottfrid. Science in the contemporary world : an encyclopedia / Eric G. Swedin. p. cm. (ABC-CLIO’s history of science series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85109-524-1 (hardback : acid-free paper)–ISBN 1-85109-529-2 (eBook) 1. Science—Encyclopedias. I.Title. II. Series: ABC-CLIO’s history of science series. Q121.S94 2005 503—dc22 2004026950 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is available on the World Wide Web as an e-book.Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper . Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface and Acknowledgments, xi Introduction, xiii Topic Finder, xxiii Science in the Contemporary World: An Encyclopedia A Biology and the Life Sciences, 33 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1 Biotechnology, 36 Agriculture, 3 Birth Control Pill, 37 Alvarez, Luis W.(1911–1988), and Walter Black Holes, 40 Alvarez (1940–), 6 Boyer, Herbert (1936–), 41 Anthropology, 7 Broecker,Wallace S. -
Invertebrate Fauna of Korea
Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Fauna Invertebrate Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 21, Number 16 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneid Spiders Vol. 21, 21, Vol. No. 16 Araneid Spiders Flora and Fauna of Korea National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment National Institute of Biological Resources NIBR Ministry of Environment ISBN 978-89-97462-69-8 Russia CB Chungcheongbuk-do CN Chungcheongnam-do HB GB Gyeongsangbuk-do China GG Gyeonggi-do YG GN Gyeongsangnam-do GW Gangwon-do HB Hamgyeongbuk-do JG HN Hamgyeongnam-do HWB Hwanghaebuk-do HN HWN Hwanghaenam-do PB JB Jeollabuk-do JG Jagang-do JJ Jeju-do JN Jeollanam-do PN PB Pyeonganbuk-do PN Pyeongannam-do YG Yanggang-do HWB HWN GW East Sea GG GB (Ulleung-do) Yellow Sea CB CN GB JB GN JN JJ South Sea Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 21, Number 16 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneid Spiders 2012 National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 21, Number 16 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneid Spiders Seung-Tae Kim and Sue-Yeon Lee Seoul National University Copyright ⓒ 2012 by the National Institute of Biological Resources Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources. ISBN : 9788997462698-96470 Government Publications Registration Number 11-1480592-000376-01 Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. -
Effects of the Wasp-Spider, Argiope Bruennichi, on Planthoppers and Leafhoppers
Beiträge zur Zikadenkunde©Arbeitskreis Zikaden8: 49-58 Mitteleuropas (2005) e.V. - download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 49 Effects of the wasp-spider, Argiope bruennichi, on planthoppers and leafhoppers Christina Taras chewski*1, Dirk Sanders1, Herbert Nickel1 and Christian Platner1 Abstract: The role of spiders as generalist predators of herbivores is an im portant issue for prey population dynamics and spatial distribution. We con ducted a field experiment in order to study the effects of the web-building spider Argiope bruennichi on plant- and leafhoppers in a grassland habitat. Spi der densities were manipulated through repeated removal in open plots that were separated by mown strips, and effects on Auchenorrhyncha were re corded in two blocks of different plot sizes by suction sampling. We found sig nificant negative effects of A. bruennichi on the abundance and biomass of their prey in both blocks. The most abundant planthoppcr Delphacodes venosus was most severely affccted. However, this species is strictly cpigcic, and there fore, predation through a web-building spider is unlikely to be the main cause for its decline. We suggest that non-lethal effects of spiders could be an im portant factor for the dynamics of herbivore communities in grassland food- webs. Zusammenfassung: Als generalistische Prädatoren beeinflussen Spinnen die Populationsdynamik und räumliche Verteilung von Herbivoren. Um die Effek te der Wespenspinne Argiope bruennichi auf Zikaden zu untersuchen, führten wir auf einer Feuchtwiese einen Versuch in offenen, nur durch gemähte Strei fen getrennten Parzellen durch. In zwei Blöcken mit verschiedenen Parzellen größen wurden die Spinnendichten experimentell reduziert und die I Ierbivo- ren mit dem Saugapparat erfasst. -
The Influence of Vegetation Structure on Spider Species Richness, Diversity and Community Organization in the Apšuciems Calcareous Fen, Latvia
Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 39.2 (2016) 221 The influence of vegetation structure on spider species richness, diversity and community organization in the Apšuciems calcareous fen, Latvia M. Štokmane & V. Spuņģis Štokmane, M. & Spuņģis, V., 2016. The influence of vegetation structure on spider species richness, diversity and community organization in the Apšuciems calcareous fen, Latvia. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 39.2: 221–236, https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2016.39.0221 Abstract The influence of vegetation structure on spider species richness, diversity and community organization in the Apšuciems calcareous fen, Latvia.— Calcareous fens are considered to be among the most threatened ecosystems of Europe. They are also one of the most diverse habitats as they support an incredibly rich and diverse range of plant and animal species. However, in spite of their diversity, calcareous fens are still poorly investigated, especially when referring to fen invertebrates, such as spiders. Because spiders are good bioin- dicators, knowledge of their ecology in rare and threatened habitats is of interest. The aim of this study was to document the composition and diversity of spider species, families and foraging guilds in the ground– and grass–layers of the Apšuciems calcareous fen, and to evaluate the influence of vegetation structure on spider community organization. In summer 2012, we collected ground–dwelling spiders using pitfall traps and grass– dwelling spiders using sweep–netting. A total of 2,937 spider individuals belonging to 19 families and 80 species was collected in the Apšuciems fen. Our results indicate that spider species and families tend to be stratified across the vertical structure of the habitat; the spider composition in the ground stratum differed from that in the grass stratum. -
The Spiders of Greenland - a Checklist (Arachnida: Araneae)
The spiders of Greenland - a checklist (Arachnida: Araneae) Sidsel Larsen & Nikolaj Scharff Larsen, S. & N. Scharff: The spiders of Greenland- a checklist (Arachnida; Ara neae). Ent. Meddr. 71: 53-61, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2003. ISSN 0013-8851. The latest checklist of spiders from Greenland was published by Ake Holm in 1967 and included 64 species. The names for more than half of the species in his checklist are no longer valid, and additional species have been recorded as new for Greenland since then. The total number of spider species now known from Greenland is 70. This figure includes all species mentioned in the litera ture up to 2001 and species present in the spider collection at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. This museum probably holds the largest and most com prehensive reference collection of spiders from Greenland. Only 10 families of spiders have been recorded from Greenland and the majority of species (64%) belongs to the family Linyphiidae. Web builders constitute 81.4% of the species and the conspicuous wolf spiders 11%. Spiders of the family Salticidae (jump ing spiders) were reported from Greenland by 0. Fabricius in 1780, but have never been re-collected. The species richness represents accumulated richness. The actual richness (in stantaneous richness) of any given site in Greenland is much smaller. There are only very few published records. The largest number of species that has been found at any given locality during a short-term survey is 18. The species richness of Greenland is low compared to that of other northern areas, and is to be explained by the isolated position of Greenland and its short postglacial colonization. -
Reversible Colour Change in Arthropoda
Biol. Rev. (2014), 89, pp. 820–848. 820 doi: 10.1111/brv.12079 Reversible colour change in Arthropoda Kate D. L. Umbers1,2,3,∗,†, Scott A. Fabricant1,†, Felipe M. Gawryszewski1, Ainsley E. Seago4 and Marie E. Herberstein1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2252, Australia 3Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia 4CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra 2602, Australia ABSTRACT The mechanisms and functions of reversible colour change in arthropods are highly diverse despite, or perhaps due to, the presence of an exoskeleton. Physiological colour changes, which have been recorded in 90 arthropod species, are rapid and are the result of changes in the positioning of microstructures or pigments, or in the refractive index of layers in the integument. By contrast, morphological colour changes, documented in 31 species, involve the anabolism or catabolism of components (e.g. pigments) directly related to the observable colour. In this review we highlight the diversity of mechanisms by which reversible colour change occurs and the evolutionary context and diversity of arthropod taxa in which it has been observed. Further, we discuss the functions of reversible colour change so far proposed, review the limited behavioural and ecological data, and argue that the field requires phylogenetically controlled approaches to understanding the evolution of reversible colour change. Finally, we encourage biologists to explore new model systems for colour change and to engage scientists from other disciplines; continued cross-disciplinary collaboration is the most promising approach to this nexus of biology, physics, and chemistry. -
County Offaly: State of the Wild 2007
County Offaly THE STATE OF THE WILD 2007 Compiled by John Feehan County Offaly THE STATE OF THE WILD 2007 Compiled by John Feehan Offaly County Council in association with the School of Biology and Environmental Science at UCD and the Heritage Council ISBN -13: 978-1-905254-21-7 Foreword If we are to be effective custodians of our heritage of at hand. But they are so well hidden, and the wild nature, we need to know what plants and ani- naturalist is so blind, that it is only when he mals share the county with us, and where they live. sees the swarms of winged Insects that he be- This report attempts to provide an outline sketch of comes conscious of the multitude of larvae and 1 that diversity – or, more accurately, of what we know pupae which he has overlooked. about it. It is written as an introductory overview for What we know is only a fraction of what remains to a general readership of Offaly people who have an in- be discovered. This highlights the endless scope there terest in and concern for the wild life and wild places is for further exploration. We need to know an awful of the county. It is not really intended for those who lot more if we are to ensure proper conservation of the would describe themselves as specialists. flora and fauna of the county. I have included checklists of species in different It has been hard to keep track of all the people who groups of plants and animals recorded for the county have provided information or helped in other ways where they could be compiled with some confidence. -
An Estimated 400–800 Million Tons of Prey Are Annually Killed by the Global Spider Community
Sci Nat (2017) 104:30 DOI 10.1007/s00114-017-1440-1 ORIGINAL PAPER An estimated 400–800 million tons of prey are annually killed by the global spider community Martin Nyffeler1 & Klaus Birkhofer2,3 Received: 18 November 2016 /Revised: 31 January 2017 /Accepted: 2 February 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Spiders have been suspected to be one of the most annual prey kill and the relative contribution of spider preda- important groups of natural enemies of insects worldwide. To tion in different biomes improve the general understanding of document the impact of the global spider community as insect spider ecology and provide a first assessment of the global predators, we present estimates of the biomass of annually impact of this very important predator group. killed insect prey. Our estimates assessed with two different methods suggest that the annual prey kill of the global spider Keywords Araneae . Collembola . Insects . community is in the range of 400–800 million metric tons Global impact . Predation (fresh weight), with insects and collembolans composing >90% of the captured prey. This equals approximately 1‰ of the global terrestrial net primary production. Spiders asso- Introduction ciated with forests and grasslands account for >95% of the annual prey kill of the global spider community, whereas spi- Spiders, which evolved from an arachnid ancestor during the ders in other habitats are rather insignificant contributors over Devonian period around 400 million years ago, are among the a full year. The spider communities associated with annual most common and abundant predators in terrestrial ecosys- crops contribute less than 2% to the global annual prey kill. -
Weaving Spiders in a Grassland Habitat
Research Collection Journal Article Foraging ecology and predatory importance of a guild of orb- weaving spiders in a grassland habitat Author(s): Nyffeler, Martin; Benz, Georg Publication Date: 1989 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005802292 Originally published in: Journal of Applied Entomology 107(1-5), http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1989.tb00246.x Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library J. Appl. Enr. 7a7 (1989), 166-184 O 1989 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 Department of Entomology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, Zurich, Suitzerland Foraging ecology and predatory importance of a guild of orb-weaving spiders in a grassland habitatl By M. NYrrrltn and G. BnNz Abstract In an abandoned grassland ecosystem (megaphorbe meadow: Valeriano-Filipendu\etum, Carex acutiformis Ehrh. type) in Eastern Switzerland, orb-weaving spiders dominated the spider communiry of the field layer (ca 60o/o of the yearly total of spiders in sweep samples). The orb-weavers of this grassland comprised predominantly the six species Argiope brwennicbi (Scop.), Aranews qwadratus ekrck, Araneus diadematus Clerck, Nucteiea cornuta (Clerck), Meta segnentata Clerck, and Tetragnatha extensa (L.), which combined formed a guild of insectivorous predators. The orb- weaving spiders in that grassland captured a variety of insect taxa (generalist predators); their major prey wäre Diptera (diveise species) änd Homoptera (primarily leafhopper Stenocranus rnajor lKbm.] ändaphids of-theAnoeciacoinigrorp).Araneaeconstitutedaverysmall fraction(<0.5%)intheorb- *eauärs'prey, indicaring rhat aranebphagy (cannibalism and interspecific predation) is insignificant for the nutrition o[ this orb-weaver guild.