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THE DESIGN of MASONRY STRUCTURES and FOUNDATIONS Pie!Imt!Imvi!L!U!Il]!!!Mymi."Mi!»!Imii!™^^^

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THE DESIGN of MASONRY STRUCTURES and FOUNDATIONS Pie!Imt!Imvi!L!U!Il]!!!Mymi. CORNELL UNIVERSITY UBRARIES ITHACA. N. Y. 14833 Fine Arts Library Sibley HaU TA 670. Wt"™"""'™'^'""-*"^ ^'l«IMaSf.,r^°!;ry.?«ryctures and fou 3 1924 015 370 269 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924015370269 THE DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS pie!iMt!iMVI!l!U!il]!!!MyMi."mi!»!iMii!™^^^ "Ms Qraw^MlBook (a 7ne PUBLISHERS OF BOOKS FO B_ Coal Age ^ Electric Railway Journal Electrical World ^ Engineering News-Record American Machinist vlngenierfa Intemacional Engineering g Mining Journal "^ Power Chemical 6 Metallurgical Engineering Electrical Merchandising THE DESIGN OP MASONEY STRUCTUEES AND FOUNDATIONS BY CLEMENT C. WILLIAMS, C. E. PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OP KANSAS; CONSULTING ENGINEER; MEMBER AMERICAN SOCIETY OP CIVIL ENGINEERS; MEMBER AMERICAN RAILWAY ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION; MEMBER SOCIETY POR THE PROMOTION OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION FiBST Edition ' McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEW YORK: 370 SEYENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4 1922 Copyright, 1922, by the McGkaw-Hill Book Company, Inc. THBJ MA.VI.T: PSBSB YOSH! 1» A PREFACE Due to investigations, both analytical and experimental, that have been made in recent years of the properties of masonry materials, the forces to which masonry structures are subjected, and the behavior of such structures, masonry design and con- struction have largely passed from the status of an art to that of a science, much as did bridge design after the invention of methods for calculating stresses in truss members. The extensive use of concrete with the studies that have been made to improve its quality and to secure economy in its use, and the development of reinforced concrete, a masonry material capable of sustaining tensile strains and requiring a stress analysis in order to propor- tion the steel, have contributed largely to this changed status in the design of masonry structures. This scientific understanding of masonry design has widened the use of masonry to include many structures for which other materials formerly were used exclusively, although for the most part, notwithstanding their diversity, these structures can be grouped about a comparatively few representative types. The soft and pleasing hues and outlines of masonry structures as well as their durability have appealed to builders from time immemorial, and masonry still offers the best means of building artistically and strongly with the economy that results from permanence. Moreover, there is an increasing demand in the design of engineering structures to secure not only stability and economy but something of elegance, grace and beauty in addition. Since good architectural treatment can be secured with but slight if any increase in the cost, it is appropriate that this phase of design should be given special attention in planning masonry structures. The present volume was prepared with a view to furnishing a textbook embodying these ideas. An attempt has been made to offer a mode of analyzing forces and calculating resulting stresses and to indicate an acceptable method of design. Extended discussion of moot questions and of variations in design are purposely avoided with the belief that these are of interest to the vi PREFACE practicing engineer rather than of use in the class room. An effort has been made to keep in mind the aesthetic features of design in the selection of illustrative examples and to mention briefly the underlying principles of good architectural treatment whenever they could be formulated, although no more could be accomplished in this direction, perhaps, than to call attention to the desirability of giving thought to this important phase of- design. A knowledge of mechanics on the part of the reader is assumed. No attempt was made to treat reinforced concrete completely, the brief chapter on this topic being for reference and to provide for those readers who have not previously pursued a course in this subject. The study of the design of masonry structures should preferably be preceded by a course in the mechanics of reinforced concrete. A brief historical review of masonry materials and construction was included with some recent patent litigation in mind as well as for its intrinsic interest. It is believed that the chapter on built up masonry and the one on plain concrete will serve to give the student the essential facts and principles involved, although the treatment is brief in each case. The consideration of foundations was reserved until after the loads that the superstructures transmit to the foundations had been studied. The arrangement and also the material included are the result of several years teaching the subject as well as some years practical experience in design and construction. LaWHENCE, Kan. C. C. W. January, 1922. — CONTENTS Page Chapter I. General Principles .... 1 Historical development of masonry construction.—Structures. Materials.—Factors affecting design.—Adequacy.—Economy. Aesthetics. Chapter II. Masonry Laid in Mortar 22 Elements of stone masonry.—Building stones.—Classification of stone masonry.—^Laying stone masonry.—Strength.—Stone bearing blocks.—Costs.—Brick masonry.—Manner of laying.—Strength. Corbeling.—Terra cotta.—Stucco. Chapter III. Plain Concrete 57 Nature of concrete.—Cements.—Aggregates.—Methods of propor- tioning.—Strength and other properties of concrete. —Effect of var- ious factors on the properties of concrete. —Expansion and contrac- tion.—Waterproofing concrete. Chapter IV. Reinforced Concrete. 108 General principles.—Derivation of formulas.—Beams.—Columns. —Slabs.—Practical design.—Elements of cost. Chapter V. Masonry Arches. .... ... 138 Determination of form of arch ring.—Analysis of stresses. Loading for maximum stress. —Design of an arch.—Arches with elastic piers. —Arch abutment. —Groined arches.—Architectural treatment of arch bridges. Chapter VI. Dams and Sea Walls . 205 Forces acting on a dam.—Conditions of stability. —Design of section.—Design of overflow dams.—Dam foundations. —Single arch dams.—Multiple arch dams.—Rock fill and core-wall earth dams.—Architectural treatment of dams. —Breakwaters and sea Chapter VII. Retaining Walls and Quay Walls . 249 Nature of materials retained.—Forces acting on a retaining wall. Theory of pressures.—Design of section.—Effect of cohesion. Types of wall sections.—Retaining grillage and slope walls. Relative economy.—Architectural treatment of walls.—Quay walls. Chapter VIII. Bridge Abutments and Piers 284 Functions of a bridge abutment.—Elements of design.—Forces acting.—Stability of an abutment.—Types of abutments.—Rela- tive economy. Forces acting on a bridge pier. —Stability.—Hollow piers. — Relative economy.—Appearance. vii — viii CONTENTS Page Chapter IX. Concbbte Viaducts and Trestles 324 Types of masonry bridges.—^Loads on bridges.—Girder bridges. Three hinged arch bridges.—Slab bridges.—Trestles.—Stresses in trestle frames.—Cantilever concrete bridges.—Waterproofing bridge floors. Chapter X. Culverts and Underground Conduits 349 Nature of loads and pressures.-^Water way required.—Distribu- tion of pressure through earth.—Stresses in pipe conduits.—Stresses in box culverts.—Rectangular culverts.—Arch culverts.—Stresses in a large conduit of curved section. Chapter XI. Bins and Chimnets 371 Nature of pressures in granular materials.—Shallow bins.—Deep bins.—Janssen's theory of pressures.—Interspace bins.—Design of foundation slab.—Design of silos.—Forces acting on a chimney. —Design of brick chimneys.—Design of reinforced concrete chimneys. Chapter XII. Masonry Forms and Falsework 407 General requirements.—Action of concrete in forms.—Typical forms.—Movable forms.—Arch centers.—Costs of form work. Chapter XIII. Foundations on Dry Ground 431 Classification of soils.—Bearing capacity of soils.—Modes of failure.—Investigations of foundation sites.—Wall and column footings.—Grillages.—Pile foundations.—Pile driving.—Support- ing capacity of piles. —Concrete piles. —Open well foundations. Costs. Chapter XIV. Open Foundatinos under Water. ... 477 Coffer-dams.—Sheet piling.—Open caissons.—Solidifying aqui- ferous strata.—Costs. Chapter XV. Foundations under Water. Pneumatic Process. 494 General principles.—Diving.—Pneumatic cylinders.—Pneumatic caisson.—Design of caisson.—Details of caisson.—^Launching, sinking and sealing the caisson.—Pneumatic caissons under buildings.—Physiological and pathological effects of compressed air. Costs. Appendix A 537 Appendix B 544 Index. ... 547 DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES Introduction.—Masonry structures are those built of stone, or of stone-like (petrous), materials. In a primitive form, they were among the earliest types of structures erected by man, and the development from the earliest and crudest dolmens to the magnificent masonry edifices and bridges of the present day has been one of slow stages. The enduring character of masonry structures, the relative simplicity of the processes involved, the pleasing outlines usually obtained, together with the almost universal availability of the materials and the consequent moderate cost, render masonry construction one of the most important of the civil engineer's activities. Moreover, the importance of masonry construction is likely to be enhanced in the future by the growing scarcity of other structural materials, notably steel and timber, and the fact
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