DOCSLIB.ORG

Review of Factors Affecting the Durability of Repointing Mortars For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review of Factors Affecting the Durability of Repointing Mortars For REVIEW OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF REPOINTING MORTARS FOR OLDER MASONRY MADELEINE ROUSSEAU INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN CONSTRUCTION, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA, OTTAWA, ON B UILDING E NVELOPE T ECHNOLOGY S YMPOSIUM • O CTOBER 2 0 0 6 R OUSSEAU • 7 7 ABSTRACT In older masonry structures, the mortar properties need to be compatible with the exist­ ing mortars and be “sacrificial” to the masonry. Inappropriate repointing materials and exe­ cution practices can result in permanent damage to older masonry assemblies, affecting their aesthetics qualities, historical value, performance, and service life. Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC), which is faced with the maintenance and refur­ bishing of the Canadian government’s older building stock, including the Parliament build­ ings, has been grappling with this problem for years. PWGSC and the National Research Council of Canada’s Institute for Research in Construction (NRC­IRC) have carried out con­ siderable research in the last two decades to evaluate mortar mixes properties for applica­ tion in cold climates susceptible to freeze­thaw action and salt damage. This paper will describe critical elements of mix selection, on­site execution, and curing to obtain a durable mortar that has no detrimental effects on the masonry. SPEAKER MADELEINE ROUSSEAU – INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN CONSTRUCTION, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA, – OTTAWA, ON Madeleine Rousseau is an architect with 25 years experience in the area of moisture migration in exterior walls at the National Research Council Canada (NRC). For the last 10 years, Madeleine has participated in NRC research for durable repointing mortars that do not have a detrimental effect on older masonry, in the context of cold climates experiencing freeze­thaw action. In 1998, Madeleine also initiated a multi­disciplinary forum of masonry restoration specialists aimed at enhancing exchange of technical information on repointing mortar technologies. The working group, made up of trades, design professionals, building owners and managers, and manufacturers involved in masonry repointing work, has met twice a year since 1998. 7 8 • R OUSSEAU B UILDING E NVELOPE T ECHNOLOGY S YMPOSIUM • O CTOBER 2 0 0 6 REVIEW OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF REPOINTING MORTARS FOR OLDER MASONRY INTRODUCTION WHAT IS REPOINTING MORTAR? strength mortars are often not appropriate The selection of repointing mortars for Repointing mortars replace the outer and may cause damage. older masonry in cold climates is a subject deteriorated or damaged mortar in masonry Challenges to mortar selection include: of debate. Standards for modern masonry joints. The deteriorated mortar needs to be • Original mortar materials are no construction are not necessarily appropri­ carefully removed without damaging the longer available. ate for the needs of older masonry struc­ masonry units. The resulting gap is then • Difficulty in determining the exact tures, which can have unique performance cleaned and filled (repointed) with a com­ composition and properties of the requirements. As such, determining an patible repair mortar to stop further deteri­ existing mortar. appropriate mortar mix to use in the repair oration and water penetration (Figure 2). • Issues of historic authenticity. of masonry buildings can be a challenge. Repointing mortar mixes are drier and • Lack of trades specializing in old Repointing mortars should be durable, stiffer than bedding mortars to reduce materials and techniques. Many of practical in application (e.g., workmanship shrinkage and avoid staining of the mason­ the materials and techniques for and quality control), and not have a nega­ ry. For the repair of older brick and stone producing and applying traditional tive effect on the durability of the existing masonry walls, there is an increasing use of mortars were lost and substitutes masonry. Durability is not only dependent traditional mortar mixes, largely driven by may have to be found and tech­ on the mortar mix used, but also on how it the wish to have compatibility with the orig­ niques learned again. is installed and cured (workmanship) and inal mortar used and the existing bedding • Little published information on the on the severity of the environmental expo­ mortar (from historic, aesthetic, and mater­ performance of traditional mortars sure, which in turn depends on weather, ial property perspectives). Modern, higher­ in the Canadian climate. design, construction, operation, and main­ tenance. Public Works and Government Services Canada ­ Heritage Conservation Directorate (PWGSC ­ HCD) is responsible for the main­ tenance and repair of a considerable num­ ber of older masonry buildings, including the Parliamentary Precinct in Ottawa (Figure 1). For the past two decades, PWGSC­HCD has teamed up with NRC­IRC to carry out research projects which will help to define performance objectives of repointing mortars and assess a variety of mortar mixes in order to determine appro­ priate mixes for use in the repair of older masonry buildings. This ongoing work has been carried out to help fill a need for clear performance objectives for repointing mor­ tars so that an appropriate repointing mor­ tar can be chosen for a particular building. Performance objectives then need to be translated into set criteria that in many cases are still a subject of debate and research. This paper reviews literature dealing with the selection and performance of mor­ tars used in the repair of older masonry. Particular emphasis is given to factors af­ fecting the resistance to freeze­thaw dam­ age, a major consideration in a cold climate. Examples from Parliament Hill in Ottawa will be given as illustration of the text. (See Figure 1.) Figure 1 – The Center Block of Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Canada. B UILDING E NVELOPE T ECHNOLOGY S YMPOSIUM • O CTOBER 2 0 0 6 R OUSSEAU • 7 9 and at the mortar/unit interface). These, in turn, are caused by frost action, salt crys­ tallization (sulphates and chlorides – Figure 3), movement (settlement, differential, ther­ mal, and moisture), dissolution, environ­ mental pollution (acid rain), water migra­ tion (Figure 4), and biological attack in wet areas of the building. Moisture is the environmental factor commonly associated with most of these problems, although temperature also has a significant influence on the rate and extent of damage caused by the moisture. Temperature and moisture also directly affect expansion and contraction move­ ments in the masonry. Mortar can also cause problems for the masonry units such Figure 2 – Example of a mortar joint with repointing mortar. as lime leaching out of the mortar causing staining (Figure 5) or spalling with too • Traditional mortars, usually weaker POSSIBLE FORMS OF FAILURE strong a pointing mortar. than modern mortars, are less for­ Potential problems with mortar include Traditional mortars with high lime con­ giving of poor construction prac­ spalling, crumbling, efflorescence, biologi­ tent have more initial flexibility and higher tices; good quality control and site cal growth, and cracking (within the mortar porosity than modern mortars, and hence, supervision are needed they can better accom­ to ensure success. modate minor move­ • Difficulty in correlating ments in the wall with­ laboratory tests to actual out cracking. Cracks field exposure condi­ lead to increased in­ tions. gress of water into the • Few standards on use and testing of traditional mortar mixes. Modern Below: Figure 4 – standards have often Water­shedding deleted reference to details deflect water older mortars but this off the upper surface trend is beginning to of the masonry. reverse. Unfortunately, the water is deflected Mortars are basically com­ onto lower surfaces. posed of a binder, aggregate (sand), water, and additives. Traditional mortars usually have lime as the major compo­ nent of the binder. Today, many restoration mortars have a cement/lime binder – usually with more lime than cement. There is also increasing interest in the use of pure lime mortars, hydraulic lime mortars, and proprietary pre­mix mortars to which only water needs to be added. In contrast, binders for modern mortars have cement as the major component with either lime added in equal or less proportion, or with propri­ etary additives (e.g., masonry cement). Figure 3 – Salt damage to stone and mortar is apparent beside an entryway where salt is used to remove ice in the winter. 8 0 • R OUSSEAU B UILDING E NVELOPE T ECHNOLOGY S YMPOSIUM • O CTOBER 2 0 0 6 masonry that in turn hang has less risk of dam­ affects durability. If age than mortar in a cracks do occur, they are chimney). more likely to occur along North America has a the weaker mortar joints large climatic diversity. and not through the ma­ Climates vary from hot sonry units (this is prefer­ summers to cold winters. able, simply because it is In winter, some areas can easier and cheaper to be cold and relatively dry, repoint mortar joints than while others have large to repair or replace dam­ amounts of precipitation. aged brick or stone). Fine Regions with more precip­ cracks may reseal due to itation (snow and rain) redeposition of lime with­ and many freeze­thaw cy­ in the crack. cles are more severe for the masonry than regions DURABLE that tend to stay cold or REPOINTING mild over the entire win­ Repointing mortars ter. Building orientation should be as durable as affects the local climate possible without causing (e.g., prevailing driving damage to the existing rain and solar radiation). masonry (a dense mortar Not much can be done could retard the drying of about the weather, but the masonry assembly the design of the building, and cause frost or salt especially building de­ crystallization damage in tails, can have a large the bedding mortar or influence on the local masonry units). It is environment experienced preferable to repoint mor­ by the masonry. tar joints at more frequent Attention to water­ intervals than to have to shedding architectural Figure 5 – Lime leached out of the mortar joints onto the masonry repair damaged masonry features, including their surface leaves an unsightly stain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Static and Seismic Retrofit of Masonry Arch Bridges Case Studies
    Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability – Biondini & Frangopol (Eds) © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-62124-3 Static and seismic retrofit of masonry arch bridges: case studies G.Tecchio, F. da Porto, P. Zampieri, C. Modena Department of Structural and Transportation Engineering, University of Padova, Italy C. Bettio S.M. Ingegneria srl, Via longhin 6, Padova, Italy ABSTRACT: Thousands of road and railway masonry arch bridges are still in operation in the Italian trans- portation network: most of them need being improved in their carrying capacity and to be upgraded to the standards of the current seismic code. In this paper three case-studies of the static and seismic retrofit of his- torical masonry arch bridges are presented, outlining some methodological approaches to the renewal inter- vention according to the different typological characteristics of the bridges and their state of maintenance. The main phases of work, combining both traditional and innovative strengthening techniques, are described. In the S.Gallo Bridge the load bearing capacity of the existing structure has been preserved and increased through a thickening of the old arch with a new layer of brick masonry and the application of CFRP laminates. Many refurbishment techniques, derived from the historical heritage restoration field, have been used for the Rio Moline Bridge, where new longitudinal internal brick spandrel walls connected to the extrados of the vaults have been built to share some of the load and enhance the seismic resistance. In the case of the Gresal Bridge the seismic vulnerability has been reduced by creating a new structural arrangement through a new rc slab anchored to the piers with vertical ties and restrained at the abutments, collaborating with the existing structure in carrying horizontal loads.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortar Mix No
    Mortar Mix No. 1102 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION when they become "thumb print" hard. This will make the mortar joint water-tight and provide a Basic use: QUIKRETE® Mortar Mix (#1102) is neat appearance. a type N masonry mortar for use in laying brick, Coverage: Refer to table 1 for approximate block or stone; and repairing of masonry walls. coverage for each bag size. Use for brick or stone fireplaces, brick walls, block walls, parge coats, tuck pointing, stucco Table 1: Mortar Mix Usage Chart and plaster. Bag Size Standard Block Standard ® 8" X 8" X 16" Brick Composition and materials: QUIKRETE (200 mm X 200 mm X 8" X 2" X 4" Mortar (Masonry) Mix consists of a uniformly 410 mm) (200 mm X 50 blended mixture of fine sand, and type N mm X 100 mm) masonry cement. 80-lb. 12 37 Packaging: Available in three sizes: 80 lbs. (36.3 kg) (36.3 kg), 60 lbs. (27.2 kg), and 40 lbs. (18.1 28 kg). 60 lbs. 9 (27.2 kg) Technical Data QUIKRETE® Mortar Mix meets and exceeds the 40 lbs. 6 19 physical property requirements of ASTM (18.1 kg) designation 387 (Standard Specifications for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Mortar Tuck Pointing or Repointing and Concrete) and ASTM C 270 for Type N Mortar. Product achieves a compressive Mixing: Mix QUIKRETE Mortar Mix with just strength in excess of 750 psi (5.17 MPa) in 28 enough water to form a damp unworkable mix day. that retains its form when pressed into a ball in the hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Wall Tile Failure in the Physical and Recreational Training Building, HMCS Shearwater, Dartmouth, N.S
    NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Wall tile failure in the physical and recreational training building, HMCS Shearwater, Dartmouth, N.S. Tibbetts, D. C. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/20359026 Technical Note (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1962-05-01 NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC: https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=030d3c84-a61e-4721-abe0-14e7dc285439 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=030d3c84-a61e-4721-abe0-14e7dc285439 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • MASONRY REPAIR/REPOINTING at 310B ROUTE 32 UNCASVILLE, MONTVILLE, CT
    MONTVILLE TOWN HALL 310b Route 32 Uncasville, Montville, Connecticut Specifications For MASONRY REPAIR/REPOINTING AT 310b ROUTE 32 UNCASVILLE, MONTVILLE, CT CLA Job No. 6765 February 2021 Prepared By: CLA Engineers, Inc. Consulting Engineers 317 Main Street Norwich, CT 06360 Ph: 860-886-1966 F: 860-886-9165 I. ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS II. INFORMATION FOR BIDDERS III. PROPOSAL FORMS 1. BID PROPOSAL 2. FORM OF BID BOND 3. NON-COLLUSION AFFIDAVIT OF PRIME BIDDER 4. STATEMENT OF BIDDER’S QUALIFICATIONS 5. PROPOSED SUBCONTRACTORS IV. AGREEMENT AND BOND FORMS 1. CONTRACT AGREEMENT 2. CERTIFICATION 3. FORM OF PERFORMANCE BOND 4. FORM OF PAYMENT BOND V. GENERAL CONDITIONS VI. SPECIAL CONDITIONS VII. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS VIII. PHOTOGRAPHS Town of Montville CLA Engineers, Inc. Masonry Repair/Repointing, 310b Route 32. Civil · Structural · Survey I. ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS Town of Montville CLA Engineers, Inc. Masonry Repair/Repointing, 310b Route 32. Civil · Structural · Survey ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS TOWN OF MONTVILLE IS SOLICITING BIDS FOR MASONRY REPAIR/REPOINTING 310b ROUTE 32 UNCASVILLE, MONTVILLE, CT Sealed bids for MASONRY REPAIR/REPOINTING AT 310b ROUTE 32, UNCASVILLE, MONTVILLE, CT will be received at Montville Town Hall, 310 Norwich-New London Turnpike, Montville CT, until 10:00 am on April 6th, 2021, prevailing time, at which time they will be publicly opened and read aloud in the Town Council Chambers. The Contract generally consists of the repair and repointing of the existing exterior brickwork of Building #2 located at 310b Route 32, Uncasville, Montville, CT. The 2-story masonry building has prevalent cracking in the mortar throughout, cracks that extend through bricks, spalling of brick, and mortar loss occurring frequently.
    [Show full text]
  • Repointing Masonry Walls
    TM TECHNOLOGY BRIEF October 2002 RESOURCE INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE Section 6.2 Repointing Masonry Walls The durability and longevity of masonry is greater than that of any other building material, as evident in the thousands of old brick buildings throughout our neighborhoods and towns. When designed and constructed properly, masonry can last hundreds of years or more. To maximize the life of a masonry building, the mortar joints will need periodic maintenance during the building’s life cycle. As with any building product continuously exposed to the elements, the joints are susceptible to weathering, acids in the rain, seismic movement, building settlement, freezing and thawing cycles, impact damage, and dirt. When visual inspection reveals that the mortar joints are cracking or otherwise deteriorated, restoration is necessary to help maintain the integrity of the wall system. Commonly known as tuckpointing, “repointing” is the preferred term used to describe the process of cutting out deteriorated mortar joints in a masonry wall and filling in those joints with fresh mortar. The goals of a repointing job should be to remove and replace mortar in a way that will main- tain the structural properties of the wall, improve the appearance of the wall, and form weathertight joints. To accomplish this, the architect should produce drawings and specifications that will clearly state the requirements for mortar removal, joint preparation, preparation of pointing mortar, and placing mortar in the joints. For best results, use only contractors employing trained, skilled tuckpointers. Determining Scope The architect should determine the scope of the work with the assistance of the tuckpointing contractor.
    [Show full text]
  • Preservation Guide for Stone Masonry and Dry-Laid Resources
    PRESERVATION GUIDE FOR STONE MASONRY AND DRY-LAID RESOURCES ABBY GLANVILLE GREG HARTELL INTERN FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION SUMMER 2008 2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5 INTRODUCTION 7 OVERVIEW 8 CRATER LAKE: RESOURCES AT A GLANCE 10 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES 16 DOCUMENTATION 37 GUIDELINE SUMMARY 38 HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS 43 ENDNOTES 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46 A PHOTOGRAPHIC INVENTORY OF MASONRY AND DRY-LAID FEATURES WITH AN INTERACTIVE MAP SHOWING THE LOCA­ TIONS OF THESE FEATURES WAS DEVELOPED IN TANDEM WITH THIS MANUAL AND IS ON FILE WITH PARK HISTORIAN, STEVE MARK. 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS MY SINCERE THANKS ARE EXTENDED TO THE FRIENDS OF CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION THROUGH THE GREG HARTELL INTERNSHIP. THIS INTERNSHIP ALLOWS GRADUA TE STU­ DENTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON'S HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM TO GAIN PROFESSIONAL EX­ PERIENCE THROUGH PRESERVATION RELATED PROJECTS AT CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK THANK YOU ALSO TO CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK SU­ PERINTENDENT CRAIG ACKERMAN FORMER INTERIM SU­ PERINTENDENT STEPHANIE TOOTH MAN, AND FORMER SUPERINTENDENT CHUCK LUNDY, AS WELL AS MARSHA MCCABE, CHIEF OF INTERPRETATION AND CULTURAL RESOURCES, FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF THE GREG HARTELL INTERNSHIP FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION; MAC BROCK BRIAN COULTER, LINDA HILLIGOSS, LESLIE JEHNINGS, CHERI KILLAM BOMHARD, DAVE RlVARD, BOB SCHAEFER, LI A VELLA, AND JERRY WATSON FOR THEIR EXPERTISE, ADVICE, AND FEEDBACK; MARY BENTEROU, FOR PREPARING DIGITAL IMAGES OF DRAW­ INGS; KINGSTON HEATH, DIRECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON'S HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM, AND TARA LKENOUYE FOR THEIR ASSISTANCE IN OBTAINING THIS INTERNSHIP; AND TO MY SUPERVISORS KARL BACH- MAN, CHIEF OF MAINTENANCE, WHOSE RESOURCEFUL­ NESS AND DEDICATION TO PRESERVING CULTURAL RE­ SOURCES WITHIN THE PARK MADE THIS WONDERFUL IN­ TERNSHIP PROJECT POSSIBLE, AND STEVE MARK, CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK HISTORIAN, WHOSE EXPERTISE IN THE PARK'S HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE GREATLY EN­ RICHED BOTH THE INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE AND THE CONTENT OF THIS MANUAL.
    [Show full text]
  • The Repointing of Historic Masonry Buildings
    The Repointing Of Historic Masonry Buildings Robert C. Mack, AIA and James S. Askins Historic Structures Consultant Published by SERMAC Industries Inc. PROLOGUE CONTENTS The restoration and rehabilitation of older buildings is one Prologue 2 of the most interesting, yet challenging, trends in architec­ Introduction 3 ture today. This work not only heightens our awareness of our past while preserving the character of our cities and WhyRepoint 3 neighborhoods, it also makes good practical sense. Re-use Logistic Planning 4 of existing structures saves building materials and energy Scaffolding 4 while providing usable space more quickly and at a lower cost than new construction. In addition, restoration and Contracts 5 rehabilitation efforts are creating many new jobs throughout Types 5 the country. Bonds 5 For many years. SERMAC Industries Inc. has been Scheduling 5 assisting in the maintenance of buildings; good maintenance Measurement & Payment 5 has given these buildings longer life while making them more pleasant places in which to work and live. More recently, Contract Documents 6 SERMAC has been active in the exterior cleaning and im­ Scope 7 provement of masonry buildings. We are gratified to have Temperature 7 had a role in the restoration of many significant buildings. Job Layout 7 In the interest of providing our clients and licensees with Final Tests 7 basic information concerning the repointing of masonry Technical Specifications 7 buildings, we are pleased to publish this booklet. Written by Robert C. Mack, a restoration architect, it is based in Test Panels 8 large part on material presented by James S. Askins, a masonry restoration specialist, during a symposium spon­ Planning & Research 8 sored by SERMAC on July 15, 1977; Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Underwater Bridge Repair, Rehabilitation, and Countermeasures
    Underwater Bridge Repair, Rehabilitation, and Countermeasures Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-029 Pre-Publication Edition NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the contractor who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document. The conduct of underwater bridge inspections and repairs may frequently require the use of divers. While this manual contains information on diving equipment, it is neither intended to train personnel in diving nor enumerate all diving safety concerns and regulations. Actual diving operations can be extremely hazardous and should be undertaken only by personnel adequately trained to cope with the conditions that may be encountered. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-NHI-10-029 4. Title and Subtitle 4. Report Date April 2010 Underwater Bridge Repair, Rehabilitation, and Countermeasures 6. Performing Organization Code: 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Terence M. Browne, P.E.; Thomas J. Collins, S.E., P.E.; Michael J. Garlich, S.E., P.E.; John E. O’Leary, S.E., P.E.; Katherine C.
    [Show full text]
  • Although Repairing a Leaning Chimney Or One That Is Leaking Smoke
    Although repairing a leaning chimney or one that is leaking smoke through the brick joints are jobs best left to a professional, there are some important repairs that anyone can perform. These include repairs to preserve the integrity of the brickwork and to avoid more serious and expensive work in the future. If your chimney has crumbling pointing or holes and cracks in the cap, doing the repairs yourself immediately will prevent further weakening and avoid the costly job of rebuilding or replacing it later. Getting up to the chimney might require some time and effort because scaffolding is usually necessary, but the repairs themselves are straightforward tasks. Repointing a Chimney Repointing a chimney does not require a great deal of mortar. QUIKRETE® Mortar Mix or Mason Mix is available in bags conveniently sized to provide just enough mortar for the present job or to have a little left over for other small jobs. QUIKRETE® Vinyl Concrete Patcher can be used instead for better adhesion. • QUIKRETE® Mortar Mix or Mason Mix or QUIKRETE® Vinyl Concrete Patcher • Mason's 2 lb. hammer • 3/8" chisel • Brush • Brick trowel • Mortarboard • Scaffolding • Heavy gloves • Safety glasses or goggles Cleaning and Repointing 1. Hold the chisel at a sharp angle to the joint while striking it with a hammer and knock out the crumbling joints to a depth of at least ½". Work the chisel along the joint about 1" at a time. 2. Chip out vertical joints first, then do horizontal joints. 3. Brush any loose particles of dirt or mortar out of the joints.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliverable D 4.1 Specification for Laboratory Specimens and Testing
    NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 Deliverable D 4.1 Specification for laboratory specimens and testing strategies on walls Due date: September 2010 Submission date: 15/09/2010 Issued by: BAM/ZRS WORKPACKAGE 4: Optimization of design for vertical elements Partners: UNIPD, ITAM, NTUA, POLIMI, UMINHO, UPC, CDCU, S&B, ZRS, MONU Leader: BAM PROJECT N°: 244123 ACRONYM: NIKER TITLE: New integrated knowledge based approaches to the protection of cultural heritage from earthquake-induced risk COORDINATOR: Università di Padova (Italy) START DATE: 01 January 2010 DURATION: 36 months INSTRUMENT: Collaborative Project Small or medium scale focused research project THEME: Environment (including Climate Change) Dissemination level: PU Rev: FIN NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 INDEX 1 INTRODUCTION AND GOALS OF THE WORK PACKAGE ................................................... 1 2 VERTICAL ELEMENTS UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOAD ......................................................... 2 2.1 Material properties .............................................................................................................. 2 2.1.1 Masonry materials and masonry ..................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Composite characteristics of masonry ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Repointing Rubble Stonework
    Repointing Rubble Stonework In traditionally built rubble stone walling it should be expected that the mortar that was used in its original construction will deteriorate over time and a need for repointing will eventually occur. If the wall was correctly built in the first place this is only liable to be required some time after the first 100 years. If repointed properly a further century of life can readily be expected from the wall without much additional maintenance. Over the last few decades the processes involved in doing this work effectively have not been fully understood. As a result, much superficial and inappropriate work has been carried out that will not last as long and will soon have to be redone. This INFORM aims to guide building owners through the steps that are required for contractors to carry out repointing work properly. The need for pinning stones When traditional rubble stone masonry walls were originally constructed it was common practice to use a variety of small stones, called pinnings, to make the larger stones secure in the wall. Both the large and small stones were bedded, or set, in lime mortar (although, occasionally, clay was used as a mortar). Throughout the country a variety of materials were used in constructing walls, and to make them as structurally sound and weather-tight as possible. This gave rubble walls distinctively varied appearances across the country depending upon what local practices and materials were used. Depending upon the region, the lime mortar Irrespective of the finish, the underlying finish around the stones could be flush or rubble stones were generally originally built so slightly recessed so that all of the stone faces that the stones and smaller pinnings touched could be obviously seen.
    [Show full text]
  • Van Lare Hall Renovation 17.520 9/27/2019 Plan Review and Permit SECTION 02 22 30 DEMOLITION for REMODELING
    Alpena Community College Center for Health Sciences- Van Lare Hall Renovation 17.520 9/27/2019 Plan Review and Permit SECTION 02 22 30 DEMOLITION FOR REMODELING PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 SECTION INCLUDES A. Removal of designated building equipment and fixtures. B. Removal of designated construction. C. Disposal of materials. D. Identification of utilities. E. Refer to items schedule at end of section. 1.2 RELATED SECTIONS A. Summary: Work sequence and continued occupancy of the building. B. Execution Requirements: RE-installation of removed components. C. Division 1 - Close-Out Submittals: Project record documents. 1.3 SUBMITTALS A. See Section - Administrative Requirements for submittal procedures. B. Shop Drawings: indicate demolition; location and construction of temporary facilities. C. Project Record Documents: Accurately record actual location of capped utilities. 1.4 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS A. Conform to applicable code for demolition work, dust control, projects requiring electrical disconnection and re-connection. B. Obtain required permits from authorities. C. Do not close or obstruct egress from any building exit or site exit. D. Do not disable or disrupt building fire or life safety systems without 3 days’ prior written notice to Owner. E. Conform to applicable regulatory procedures when hazardous or contaminated materials are discovered. 1.5 SCHEDULING A. Schedule work to coincide with new construction. B. Describe demolition removal procedures and schedule. 1.6 PROJECT CONDITIONS A. Contractor is to prepare a photo journal of all existing conditions in areas requiring work, and submit copies to the architect and owner prior to work starting. B. Conduct demolition to minimize interference with adjacent ad occupied building areas.
    [Show full text]