PRESERVATION GUIDE FOR STONE MASONRY AND DRY-LAID RESOURCES

ABBY GLANVILLE

GREG HARTELL INTERN FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION SUMMER 2008 2 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5

INTRODUCTION 7

OVERVIEW 8

CRATER LAKE: RESOURCES AT A GLANCE 10

MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES 16

DOCUMENTATION 37

GUIDELINE SUMMARY 38

HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS 43

ENDNOTES 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY 46

A PHOTOGRAPHIC INVENTORY OF MASONRY AND DRY-LAID FEATURES WITH AN INTERACTIVE MAP SHOWING THE LOCA­ TIONS OF THESE FEATURES WAS DEVELOPED IN TANDEM WITH THIS MANUAL AND IS ON FILE WITH PARK HISTORIAN, STEVE MARK.

3 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

MY SINCERE THANKS ARE EXTENDED TO THE FRIENDS OF CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION THROUGH THE GREG HARTELL INTERNSHIP. THIS INTERNSHIP ALLOWS GRADUA TE STU­ DENTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON'S HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM TO GAIN PROFESSIONAL EX­ PERIENCE THROUGH PRESERVATION RELATED PROJECTS AT CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK

THANK YOU ALSO TO CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK SU­ PERINTENDENT CRAIG ACKERMAN FORMER INTERIM SU­ PERINTENDENT STEPHANIE TOOTH MAN, AND FORMER SUPERINTENDENT CHUCK LUNDY, AS WELL AS MARSHA MCCABE, CHIEF OF INTERPRETATION AND CULTURAL RESOURCES, FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF THE GREG HARTELL INTERNSHIP FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION; MAC BROCK BRIAN COULTER, LINDA HILLIGOSS, LESLIE JEHNINGS, CHERI KILLAM BOMHARD, DAVE RlVARD, BOB SCHAEFER, LI A VELLA, AND JERRY WATSON FOR THEIR EXPERTISE, ADVICE, AND FEEDBACK; MARY BENTEROU, FOR PREPARING DIGITAL IMAGES OF DRAW­ INGS; KINGSTON HEATH, DIRECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON'S HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM, AND TARA LKENOUYE FOR THEIR ASSISTANCE IN OBTAINING THIS INTERNSHIP; AND TO MY SUPERVISORS KARL BACH- MAN, CHIEF OF MAINTENANCE, WHOSE RESOURCEFUL­ NESS AND DEDICATION TO PRESERVING CULTURAL RE­ SOURCES WITHIN THE PARK MADE THIS WONDERFUL IN­ TERNSHIP PROJECT POSSIBLE, AND STEVE MARK, CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK HISTORIAN, WHOSE EXPERTISE IN THE PARK'S HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE GREATLY EN­ RICHED BOTH THE INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE AND THE CONTENT OF THIS MANUAL.

5 6 INTRODUCTION

Crater Lake National Park is home to a rich collection of rustic stone masonry architecture. These resources range from build­ ings and guard walls to hidden drains, spillways, and culvert headwalls that line park roads. The natural materials used and handcrafted appearance of these structures reflects the intent of Crater Lake's first architects and landscape architects to design in ways that would enhance the park's natural beauty rather than detract from it. Preserving these historic resources and using them as prototypes for repair and new construction will ultimately protect the historic integrity of the park and the legacies of the innovative individuals who designed the structures within it.

The goal of this manual is to provide park employees a reference to gain understanding of the vast amount of stone masonry archi­ tecture in the park and the aesthetic characteristics that define each type. By providing an overview of some excellent examples of original work, and discussing the principles of rustic architec­ ture that were utilized in their designs, it is hoped that this manual will assist in the effort to promote historically compatible repair to these structures when the need arises.

Lookout and trailside museum, on Watchman Peak

7 OVERVIEW

Eight different construction techniques were identified during the Summer 2008 in­ ventory of stone resources within the park. These in­ clude A) random ashlar ma­ A) sonry or "tiled" masonry with a single cut face of the stone exposed for the construction of tree wells, spillways, drains, walkways, some build­ ings, and newer steps; B) coursed ashlar using rectangu­ B) lar shaped stones with weath­ ered surfaces for features such as culvert headwalls; C) un- coursed or random stone ma­ sonry for guard walls, retain­ ing walls, and parapet walls; D) battered, un-coursed stone masonry that is either load bearing or applied as a veneer C) for buildings; E) monolithic stones for steps, benches, drinking fountains, and curb­ ing; F) dry-laid stone for re­ taining walls and revetments; G) combinations of these techniques with wood mem­ bers; and H) new construction using a concrete core faced D) with stone masonry.

8 Stone used in the construction of these features was primar­ ily andesite removed from the Watchman flow and collected from other locations within E) the park such as Garfield Peak, Dutton Cliff, and ditches along roadways. Be­ cause stone can no longer be excavated in the park, obtain­ ing stone for use in repair and new construction is problem­ atic. Planning should be coor­ dinated with all maintenance crews to save any stone re­ F) moved from roadways, ditches, and other locations for use in future projects.

The map on the next page shows the locations of many masonry features found in the park, although it is not com­ G) prehensive. The accompany­ ing list on pages 12-15 identi­ fies the features found at each location. Although the con­ tent of this manual is pre­ dominantly geared toward stone masonry, dry-laid fea­ tures are also keyed on the H) map and a short section on dry-laid features can be found toward the end of the manual.

9 CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK: RESOURCES AT A GLANCE

10 11 MAP KEY

#1 Mile 0.3 L, Castle Crest Wildflower Garden #2 Mile 0.4 R, Tiled masonry culvert across road from Castle Crest #3 Mile 0.5 L, Tiled masonry drain and culvert head wall east of Castle Crest #4 Mile 1.0 L, Dry-laid spillway #5 Mile 3.0 L, Vidae Falls Station #6 Mile 3.0 R, Vidae Falls Picnic Area #7 Mile 3.4 L, Tiled masonry spillway #8 Mile 3.5 L, Tiled masonry spillway #9 Mile 4.31 R, Tiled masonry drain #10 Mile 4.35 L, Masonry culvert headwall #11 Mile 4.4 R, Tiled Masonry drain #12 Mile 4.4 L, Sun Notch #13 Mile 4.5 L, Horizontal tiled masonry drain and culvert headwall #14 Mile 4.5 to 5.0 and 5.3 to 5.5 R, Guard walls and retaining walls on Sun Grade #15 Mile 5.0, 5.2, 5.5, L, Spillways and culvert head walls #16 Mile 5.8 R, Pullout with Boulders #17 Mile 6.6, L, Culvert Headwall #18 Mile 7.5 to 8.0 R, Guard walls and Retaining walls above Pinnacles Road #19 Mile 7.53, 7.56, 7.59, L, Spillways and culvert headwalls #20 Mile 8.5 L, Phantom Ship Overlook at Ken- Notch #21 Mile 10.5 L, Turnout

12 #22 Mile 10.7 L, Sentinel Point turnout #23 Mile 11.0 L, Pumice Castle Overlook #24 Mile 12.1 L, Cloud Cap #25 Mile 12.1 L, Mount Scott plaque monument at Cloud Cap turnoff #26 Mile 12.7 R, White Bark Pine Picnic Area #27 Mile 12.7 to 13.0 L, Culvert Headwalls #28 Mile 13.3 R, Pullout #29 Mile 14.9 L, Skell Head Station #30 Mile 15.6 L, Turnout with guard wall in two sections #31 Mile 15.8 L, Pullout #32 Mile 17.2 to 17.3 L, Guard wall #33 Mile 17.7 on L, Pullout #34 Mile 18.9 L, Guard wall #35 Mile 18.9 L, Turnout #36 Mile 19.1 R, Cleetwood Station parking area on right, trail on left #37 Mile 19.5 L, Pullout #38 Mile 19.7 L, Pullout #39 Mile 19.9 L, Pullout #40 Mile 20.0 L, Pullout #41 Mile 20.0 R, Pumice Point Picnic Area #42 Mile 20.3 L, Pullout #43 Mile 20.8 L, Turnout #44 Mile 20.9 L, Turnout #45 Mile 23.7 L, Merriam Point Station #46 Mile 23.9 L, Turnout #47 Mile 24.0 L, Turnout

13 MAP KEY

#48 Mile 24.2 L, Turnout #49 Mile 25.2 R, Turnout #50 Mile 25.9 L, Corrals Overlook Station #51 Mile 26.0 L, Watchman Trail #52 Mile 26.4 R, Pullout #53 Mile 26.8 R, Pullout #54 Mile 27.6 L, Turnout #55 Mile 28.7 L, Discovery Point Station #56 Mile 29.6 L, Pullout #57 Mile 29.7 L, Rim Village #58 Mile 31.4 R, Spillway #59 Mile 31.8 L, Spillway #60 Mile 32.0 L, Culvert Headwall #61 Mile 32.05 L, Culvert Headwall #62 Mile 32.7 R, Park Headquarters #63 Mile 35.2 R, Tiled, dry-laid masonry feature #64 Mile 35.4 R, Goodbye Picnic area and wall on left side of road #65 Mile 35.7 R, Tiled masonry feature #66 Mile 35.9 R, Tiled masonry feature

#la Mile 5.0 from North Junction L, Pumice Desert Monument #2a Mile 8.4 from North Junction L, North Entrance Vault toilet #3a Mile 8.6 from North Junction, North Entrance Station #4a Mile 9.1 from North Junction, L and R, North Entrance Sign and Pier

14 #lb Mile 1.7 from intersection of Rim Drive on Pinnacles Road, L and R, Culvert headwalls #2b Mile 3.1 from intersection of Rim Drive on Pinnacles Road, R, Lost Creek Campground restroom #3b Mile 6.2 from intersection of Rim Drive on Pinnacles Road, Pinnacles overlook monument and guard railing

Mather Bay on the promenade at Rim Village

15 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES

Although stone masonry is walls and tipping are indica­ one of the most durable build­ tors of structural instability ing materials, it is susceptible caused by snow loads, under­ to damage incurred by severe mining by headward erosion, weather such as heavy rain damage from snow removal, and snow, environmental and poor construction. Many events such as erosion, and of these problems are cur­ also human error through im­ rently evident in structures proper maintenance and acci­ along Rim Drive and should dents. Inspection of stone be addressed before further masonry features, especially damage is incurred. For ex­ those integral to visitor and ample, several of the drains park staff safety and use and spillways which are inte­ should be regularly con­ gral to maintaining Rim Drive ducted. are clogged with debris or can no longer function properly When assessing masonry fea­ because erosion has caused tures, particular attention them to shift. should be paid to issues in­ cluding but not limited to ade­ quate drainage, mortar joint deterioration, structural stabil­ ity, crumbling, cracking, spalling, or loose stones, and also undermining of the struc­ ture due to erosion. Inade­ quate drainage will be identi­ fied by standing water or dampness in, on, or around masonry features. Broken or chipped stone edges along Deterioration of a tiled ma­ joints may be an indication sonry drain across from the that the mortar used was too Sun Notch parking lot at mile strong or hard.1 Bulges in 4.4

16 Assessment of these features also take place in the case of should be completed after pe­ significant environmental riods of severe weather, espe­ events. Although the exper­ cially when freeze-thaw cy­ tise of a structural engineer cles take place, before and should be utilized to design after periods of heavy visitor appropriate treatment strate­ use, and after periods of use gies, all maintenance staff by heavy equipment for snow should be on the lookout for removal or construction pro­ potential problems in regards jects. Generally, inspection of to the stone masonry struc­ masonry features should take tures within the park and re­ place before and after the port them to the facility man­ summer season. This will en­ ger or maintenance supervisor sure that masonry structures so that proper action can be within the park are in proper taken. condition for providing visitor and staff safety during periods of intense use, and that they can withstand the harsh cli­ mates and intense rain and snow fall throughout the win­ ter months.

Because there is such a large number of masonry features in the park, inspection could be done on a rotational basis by structural type. For exam­ ple, buildings and guardrails could be inspected before the summer season and drainage features could be inspected Massive deterioration of before the winter months. guard wall along Dutton Cliff Intermittent inspection should at mile 7.5-8.0

17 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES

Guard Walls tooth" pattern that is undesir­ Of all the masonry features able and will be discussed in found at Crater Lake guard further detail later on. Many walls seem to be most prone of the guard walls on the west to damage caused by weather side of the lake are historic and environmental factors due walls that have been incom­ to their degree of exposure on patibly repaired, or newer the rim of the caldera, and walls constructed in the 1960s also human error given their and 1970s using historically proximity to Rim Drive. Be­ incompatible designs. There cause of these factors they are are comparatively few guard also the feature most prone to walls on the south side of the repair that is incompatible lake, but one in particular is in with the historic rustic design such bad shape that it will theme found throughout the likely need to undergo com­ park. plete reconstruction. It is for these reasons that the follow­ While conducting the inven­ ing sections on stone selection tory of masonry features iden­ and mortar application for tified on the map on pages 10- guard walls are covered in 11 it was determined that considerable depth. guard walls along Rim Drive on the east side of the lake were in best condition in re­ gards to historic integrity. Although some of these walls have undergone incompatible repair they can still serve as prototypes for any reconstruc­ tion or new construction of The guard wall at the Sentinel guard walls. Those on the Point Turnout at mile 10.7 north side of the lake were demonstrates appropriate dis­ also found to be in good con­ tribution of stone size and dition but many have a "shark variation of stone color.

18 Stone Selection -No more than 10% of stone Using stones that are compati­ shoidd be of equal dimension. ble in composition, texture, color, and size is of utmost -Bunching of small rocks or importance to retaining the rocks of the same dimension aesthetic character of historic is not permitted. guard walls. When masonry features must be rebuilt or re­ -There shoidd be variation in paired stones should be reused stone color and texture. to the extent possible, how­ -No more than 75 % of stones ever, this may be impossible should have un-weathered or if deterioration is too exten­ quarried surfaces exposed. sive. Any stones removed These stones must be uni­ from a feature should be num­ formly distributed to avoid bered and note should be patches. taken of both the placement and orientation of the stone so -Individual stones shoidd that it can be replaced cor­ have wall heights between 12 rectly. This will eliminate the and 24 inches. over or under use of materials. -Individual stones should The following guidelines were have wall lengths between 18 established for stone selection and 48 inches. when guard walls were ini­ tially built in the park and -The minimum face area of should be adhered to for any stones should be between 216 maintenance concern where square inches and 684 square new stone must be used.2 inches. These guidelines further sug­ gest aesthetic characteristics -Stones with more than two that should be considered on right-angle corners should all structures which will help not be permitted, in general, 5 facilitate repair work that is or more sides to a stone are historically compatible. required.

19 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES

Another problem that should Although it is preferred that be avoided is the placement of new mortar match the visual similarly shaped stones all in characteristics of the historic the same orientation. This mortar, specifications for new can lead to unwanted patterns mortar should be chosen with in the masonry such as the consideration to all factors "shark tooth" pattern that is that currently affect the struc­ evident in several guard walls ture.3 on the north side of the lake. Consideration should be given to how current site conditions differ from when the structure was originally built, for exam­ ple, the degree of wind expo­ sure, or the amount and type of traffic that currently cause vibrations on the road near The guard wall at the turnout that feature.4 Another impor­ at mile 20.8 demonstrates the tant factor to consider is "shark tooth" pattern that whether the function of the should be avoided. building or structure has changed, and if so, does that Mortar change warrant different mor­ Types of mortar used on tar specifications. In new structures within the park vary construction it is okay to have depending on the structural variety in mortar strength to type and the date of construc­ meet particular needs but it is tion which is evident in the best to duplicate the historic variation of mortar color and mortar as closely as possible texture. Historic mortar in the in color, texture, and applica­ park can be identified by a red tion. As a general rule, new tint, coarse grained sand, and mortar should match the un- high lime content. weathered interior portions of the historic mortar.5

20 The strength of mortar is de­ ticularly important at Crater pendent on the amount of Lake due to the variation in Portland cement added to the temperature and average mixture. High Portland ce­ yearly snow and rain fall. The ment content yields mortar components of historic mortar that is harder. Higher lime at Crater Lake are sand, lime, content will lead to a softer cement, water, and pigment. mortar that has greater worka­ It is believed that builders bility. While mortar that is may have used pumice from greater in compressive the surrounding terrain to give strength is generally more de­ the mortar its red color. sirable for use with hard stones, it is important that the Portland cement content of any new mortar applied is not higher than that of the historic mortar. This new mortar could create a stronger bond that can damage the stone wall due to differing coeffi­ cients of expansion.6 The guard wall at the turnout at mile 10.5 shows the red tint Most historic masonry struc­ found in historic mortar. tures were constructed using a lime mortar with low rigidity and compressive strength so Mortar components should be that instead of creating a high carefully measured to assure strength bond it provided a uniformity of physical and cushion which allowed the visual characteristics. Dry stones to settle, expand, and ingredients should be thor­ contract with thermal changes oughly mixed prior to the ad­ and also compensate for any dition of any water and it is variable qualities in the indi­ important to use as little water vidual stones.7 This is par­ as possible because drier

21 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES mortar is cleaner to work with labor intensive than using and can be compacted more power saws or grinders, hand tightly into joints.8 Further­ tools pose less threat of dam­ more, because a drier mortar age to the stones. In extreme has less excess water to cases where mortar removal is evaporate it will cure without especially difficult but abso­ shrinkage cracks.9 Mortar lutely necessary, small pneu­ should be used within ap­ matically-powered chisels proximately 30 minutes of the could be used in conjunction addition of water and re- with proper hand tools but this tempering should not be per­ method should only be done mitted. by highly skilled masons."

Repointing Mortar Repointing deteriorated mor­ tar on a masonry feature can resolve a variety of issues relative to moisture penetra­ tion, plant growth, and stabil­ ity. If all stones can be re­ moved and reused then the following procedure should be Guard wall at mile 4.5-5.0 on followed. If replacement Sun Grade showing a loose stones are needed then the stone caused by mortar dete­ guidelines listed under the rioration. Stone Selection section should be followed. Mortar should be removed to ] Deteriorated mortar should be a depth of 2 to 2 /2 times the removed by carefully raking width of the joint. For excep­ the joints using appropriate tionally wide joints mortar hand tools such as hand chis­ may have to be removed to a 12 els and mash hammers.10 Al­ depth of several inches. Any though this method is more loose or disintegrated mortar

22 beyond this depth should also will minimize overall shrink­ be removed and any mortar age and therefore cracks in the dust or residue should be mortar.15 cleaned out of the joint with light water spray.13 Once the last layer of mortar is applied and has reached Repointing should be carried "thumbprint" hardness, the out when the temperature of joint should be tooled accord­ the wall is between 40 and 95 ingly to match joints on the degrees Fahrenheit to prevent rest of the historic fabric. freezing or rapid evaporation Joints on structures such as of water in the mortar.14 All guard walls and parapet walls stones used and adjacent should follow historic specifi­ pointing and stones should be cations and be 1 to 1 54 inches dampened just before repoint­ wide, never exceeding 2 54 ing. Areas where mortar has inches or below 3A inch.16 been removed to the greatest Joints should be raked out to a depth should be filled first and depth of 54 inch.17 the rest filled successively in layers. Each layer should be Although joints should be approximately 54 inch thick, raked back, creating ledges making sure to adequately that may hold water should be pack mortar into the back cor­ avoided. Mortar joints that ners. Once the first layer of collect rather than shed water mortar has reached will further aggravate mois­ "thumbprint" hardness, then ture problems. When water the next 54 inch layer of mor­ penetrates cracks in the joints tar can be applied. Allowing it can deteriorate the mortar. each layer to harden before This is especially problematic the next layer is applied is im­ at higher elevations because portant because most mortar water exerts a more powerful shrinkage occurs during the expansion force when it initial hardening process. Ap­ freezes.18 Once a repointing plying the mortar in layers project is complete mortar

23 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES stains should be removed by cant than the mortar which scrubbing the stonework with ultimately gives the wall a wire brushes using water and less natural appearance. muriatic acid solution in the proportions 20 parts water to 1 part acid.19 New pointing should be covered to protect it from rain and over rapid dry­ ing until the surface set is complete. Guard wall at Sentinel Point Proper mortar application and (mile 10.7), showing incom­ stone selection are of utmost patible repair. importance to retaining the historic appearance of these In addition to stone selection guard walls. The following and mortar application, two photograph shows the result other character defining fea­ of incompatible repair to a tures of historic guard walls section of a guard wall. No­ that should be retained and tice that several small rocks replicated are merlons, which were pieced together to fill are the raised portions of the space rather than stones of the wall, and an overall curvilin­ recommended dimensions in ear form that echoes the sur­ the stone selection guidelines. rounding landscape. In addition, the mortar joints are too wide and were not raked out to the specified depth. The mortar application in this section is quite sloppy and appears unfinished in comparison to the rest of the wall. Furthermore, because Guard wall at mile 15.8 the joints were not raked the showing merlons and curvi­ stones becomes less signifi­ linear form.

24 Tiled Features only slows water flow, but Tiled masonry features are also increases the accumula­ found in several locations tion of rocks and debris that throughout the park in the can clog the culverts they di­ fonn of spillways, drains, tree rect water into. Furthermore, wells, and flagstone walk­ the roots of weeds and shrubs ways. Because these features growing through deteriorated are integral to maintaining mortar can damage the stones roadways as well as building and open pathways for mois­ 20 use by visitors and staff, these ture to penetrate. Mosses features should be regularly and lichens also retain mois­ maintained. These features ture that erode stone and mor­ seem to be most prone to tar. damage caused by deteriora­ tion of mortar joints caused by erosion (which can cause the feature to shift) and moisture penetration (which allows plant material to grow through cracks).

Before undertaking any struc­ tural maintenance to these features, plant material and Moss covered spillway at debris should be thoroughly mile 5.0. removed. As mentioned previ­ ously, some of these features Drainage features should be are critical to maintaining periodically checked and Rim Drive as they direct wa­ cleared of any debris. Debris ter from seasonal run-off and plant material should be away from or under the road removed by hand to the extent and disperse it into the sur­ possible so as not to risk dam­ rounding vegetation. Plant aging the mortar or stones growth in these features not with tools such as rockbars.

25 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES

Chemicals should not be used When replacing stones while to control plant growth as they repointing care should be can damage the mortar and taken to firmly press the stone and also pollute water. stones back into place to Damaged stones should be eliminate air pockets in the replaced and mortar repointed mortar. Air pockets create on these features where neces­ voids where the stone is un­ sary. supported and can lead to cracking when weight is ap­ Repointing the mortar of tiled plied. The proper width and features should be done with depth of mortar joints should consideration to stone size, be determined according to shape, color, and texture of the historic practice utilized each individual feature as they for each individual feature. vary widely according to The following photograph function throughout the park. shows an excellent example Spillways, drains, and tree of a spillway that can be used wells were built with much as a reference for directing smaller stones and tighter repair. joints than features such as the walkway at the Superin­ tendent's Residence and the patio in front of the Steel Visitor Center.

Front patio of the Steel Center at Park Headquarters. Tiled spillway at mile 3.5.

26 Buildings Residence at Park Headquar­ Buildings at Crater lake were ters are excellent examples to constructed with large weath­ reference for repair and new ered stones and boulders set in construction. In both in­ place with cement mortar on stances the stones are battered the exterior and poured con­ with the largest stones placed crete walls between the ma­ at the base, although some sonry and interior timber form very large stones were used in work. This construction the upper courses, particularly method served several pur­ at the Superintendent's Resi­ poses but mainly it allowed dence. It should also be noted for swift construction necessi­ that rigid lines are avoided at tated by short constaiction the corners of both buildings seasons, provided the struc­ by using large stones that tural strength necessary to wrap the corners rather than support the use of very large aligning stones to form 90 de­ boulders on the exterior, as gree angles. This same tech­ well as a smooth wall surface nique is applied around win­ on the interior.21 dow and door openings al­ though square timber lintels were applied above window openings. If maintenance to any of these buildings re­ quires replacement of stones then they should be selected to match the damaged stone as closely as possible in size, Construction of the Superin­ shape, and color. New mortar tendent's Residence showing should be mixed to match the application of the exterior color and texture of the his­ layer of masonry (Photo: Na­ toric mortar and joints should tional Park Service). be identical in width and pro­ The Superintendent's Resi­ file to others found on the dence and the Naturalist's building.

27 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES

Curbing Note that the drawings call for Stone is the material primarily approximately 8 inches of ex­ used for curbing throughout posed curbing and that stones Crater Lake National Park at range from 8 inches to 12 observation stations along inches in width across the top. Rim Drive and in parking ar­ The top and upper 10 to 12 eas. The exceptions are at the inches of stones were dressed North Junction, the Watch­ and trimmed by hand before man Overlook, and the Cleet- setting them into place. The wood Cove parking area joints between stones should where concrete curbing was be between 1 and 2 inches 23 installed. Besides having wide. aesthetic appeal, stone curb­ ing helps with drainage and articulates boundaries be­ tween areas for motor traffic and those for pedestrian traf­ fic. The stones used for curb­ ing are typically 3 to 4 foot rectangles that rise 5 to 6 inches above the surface of the road with approximately 14-18 inches of the stone set below grade.22

The following illustrations are from the original plan used for construction of the Kerr Notch Observation Sta­ tion on the east side of the lake. Plan view of guard wall and curbing at Kerr Notch (Detail from drawing by Francis G. Lange).

28 Steps Crater Lake National Park has beautiful examples of stone steps at the Watchman para­ pet, the Victor Rock Trail to the Sinnott Memorial, and other locations along the promenade at Rim Village. Each of these sites should be Cross-section of guard wall referenced for repair and new and curbing at Kerr Notch construction. (Detail from drawing by Francis G. Lange).

Both the curbing and the guard wall at Kerr Notch are excellent examples of original work and should be used as a basis for comparison when repair work or new construc­ tion of either curbing or guard walls is undertaken.

Historic stone steps at the Lodge Bay at Rim Village.

Newer steps have been con­ structed at Rim Village and a distinct difference can be seen between the historic steps and the new steps as illustrated in Kerr Notch Observation the following photograph, (over­ Station at mile 8.5. leaf).

29 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES

Stones used for steps in areas of heavy traffic should be 3 to 4 inches thick, rectangular in shape, and wherever possible they should be the same width as the sidewalk. Steps should be supported on either end and carried below the frost line. The frost line is the ex­ pected depth that groundwater in the soil freezes. Placing the supports below this depth will Newer steps leading from the therefore reduce shifting parking lot to the cafe and caused by frost. When steps gift shop at Rim Village. are supported along their en­ tire length they tend to rock or crack when weight is applied The historic steps are con­ if there is any uneven settle­ structed using large rectangu­ ment. Extra long steps should lar stones rather than several be supported on either end as small stones. In some cases, well as in the middle.24 such as at the Lodge Bay, each step is a single slab, Each step should overlap the whereas the newer steps lead­ one below it by at least 1 Vi ing up to the cafe and gift inches and steps should be shop from the parking area at laid on a 2 to 3 inch thick bed Rim Village are much smaller of sand. Stone edges should and have a layer of flagstone rest on small beds of concrete pavers on top of each tread. and any joints should be filled Ideally, any new steps con­ with mortar to prevent water structed at Crater Lake should penetration.25 be designed using historic ex­ amples as prototypes.

30 Drinking Fountains The following drawing illus­ Historic stone drinking foun­ trates the construction plan for tains are found at Rim Vil­ drinking fountains and should lage, Kerr Notch, and Park be referenced for any mainte­ Headquarters. They were de­ nance concerns. signed with a rustic theme and are important to the historic character of the park.

Section drawing of drinking fountain (Drawing: Gilbert Drinking Fountain at Park and Liaenberg, p. 103). Headquarters.

Any new drinking fountains constructed for the park should follow this design as well.

Benches Because the parapet wall along the promenade at Rim Village and the guard walls at Drinking Fountain at Rim most locations along rim Village. Drive serve as both safety fea­ tures and seating, few benches

31 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES are found in the park. Two Stone Features with Wood stone benches are located in Members the circular bay along the The majority of stone ma­ promenade below the lodge at sonry features with wood Rim Village, as well as on the members are buildings used Watchman Trail and the Gar­ as facilities for park staff or field Peak Trail. It should be for visitor accommodations, noted that bench designs of although there are other fea­ those found on the trails are tures that combine the two much simpler in comparison materials such as stone pier to those found in the Lodge and wooden post barriers, and Bay. The aesthetic quality of signs. all benches should be main­ tained if they are damaged. New stones should be selected in accordance with size, tex­ ture, scale, and color of the originals.

Stone masonry pier and log guard rail at the Pinnacles Overlook.

One of the most common problems that will occur is deterioration of the wood which requires removal of the One of the two stone benches old piece of wood and re­ in the bay below the lodge placement with a new piece. along the promenade at Rim It is important that the struc­ Village. ture be assessed for the cause

32 of deterioration first. For ex­ stone pier (for example) use ample, if deterioration of caution when cutting out the wood railings near the en­ wood to avoid damaging the trance to the Steel Center is masonry with tools. the result of a leaky roof over­ hang which causes a constant drip on the railing, then the leak must be resolved first. If only a small portion of the wood member is deteriorated then it may be possible to cut out that section and piece in a new one using pegs or other connectors and properly fin­ ishing the new piece to match the appearance of the older sections that have been re­ tained.

This should only be done if the process will not compro­ mise the stability of the struc­ North Entrance Sign to the ture. If moisture penetration park showing wood and stone or other causes of deteriora­ construction. tion have caused problems where a wood member is in­ serted into a masonry wall, Dry-Laid Features then the masonry should be Crater Lake National Park has closely inspected to find the several examples of dry-laid source of the problem (such as features. These include re­ cracks in the mortar). taining walls on Rim Drive, the Garfield Peak Trail and If a wood member must be the Watchman Trail; a revet­ completely removed from a ment below west Highway 62

33 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES on Corkscrew Hill; and sev­ instead relies on the skill of eral stone-lined paths and placement, the force of grav­ drains at multiple locations ity, and frictional resistance. throughout the park. Other Furthermore, because mortar dry laid features can be found is not used, dry-laid walls will in some of the old camp­ adjust to settlement without grounds that are no longer damage. used such as Cold Spring.

Dry-laid spillway at mile 1.0 on left side of the road. Stone lined section of path on Dry stone construction has the Castle Crest Wildflower many benefits over masonry Trail. because it requires a minimal use of tools and materials and

34 When repairing dry-laid re­ patible size, shape, texture, taining walls, it is important and color. To ensure a long to maintain the appropriate life of the structure, the mason batter angle used to erect the must carefully select appropri­ wall. This angle was origi­ ate stones for each course so nally determined by the height that movement between of the wall. If this was done stones will be minimal. correctly then slight move­ ments in the ground will fur­ Parking Barriers ther secure the structure in One other "method" of dry- place. It is this property that laid construction that is found permits a dry-laid wall to be in several locations through­ constructed without a concrete out the park is the use of 26 footing for extra stability. boulders to define parking areas and provide barriers for vehicular traffic.

Retaining wall at Discovery Point Observation Station at mile 28.7. Boulders used to outline the When repairing dry laid fea­ parking area at Sun Notch. tures it is also important to maintain the original appear­ This practice should be ance of the structure through stopped in favor of the his­ the re-use of original stones or toric practice, originally de­ by selecting stones of com- vised by Francis Lange, one

35 MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES of the early park landscape masonry guard wall. In addi­ architects, of alternating boul­ tion, the variation in height ders and logs. As demon­ created by the alternation of strated in the historic photo­ logs and boulders better re­ graph below, the boulders and flects the landscape of the sur­ logs were partially buried and rounding terrain. the logs were treated and their ends chamfered.

Historic photograph showing Lange's log and boulder treat­ ment (Photo: National Park Service).

It was believed that the boul­ der and log treatment was a practical solution for creating barriers that also blended well with the surrounding terrain. The alternation of materials Drawing of Francis Lange's creates visual interest and also log and boulder barrier breaks up the monotony of the (Drawing: National Park line, similar to the way mer­ Service). lons break up the line of a

36 DOCUMENTATION

Documenting work on historic needed. structures through photo­ graphs and reports is integral The same documentation to providing accurate accounts process should be used for of their original appearance. any new construction, espe­ When repair is done to any cially when a structure is de­ features or buildings in Crater signed to look old so that it is Lake National Park, the work compatible with the original crew supervisor should pro­ architecture. It may be very vide at the very least a write- obvious now but several years up of the project description, down the road differentiating what construction methods between what is 100 years old and tools were used, mortar and what is 50 years old may specifications (if applicable), not be clear and documenta­ where materials came from, tion will aid in providing an the date, location, and names accurate historical account of of those involved with the the different eras of construc­ project. The supervisor might tion at Crater Lake. also wish to include how well a particular treatment did or did not work.

This process will not only provide a record for future project supervisors to refer­ ence, but also a timeline of the projects undertaken. This will assist in the planning phase of maintenance projects because it will be clear how many workers were needed and how Guard wall at Pumice Castle much time it took to complete Overlook at mile 11.0 show­ a similar project, and also ing proper variation in stone what materials and tools were size, shape, and color.

37 GUIDELINE SUMMARY

When stone masonry structures were built at Crater Lake National Park the rustic style of architecture was believed to enhance the beauty of the natural landscape most successfully through the use of natural materials, appropriate scale, careful positioning on the landscape, appropriate use of color, avoidance of rigid lines, and a rugged and handcrafted appearance.27 The following photo­ graphs are meant to provide a recap of the issues discussed throughout the manual by comparing historic fabric with incom­ patible repair and new construction.

The guard wall at the turnout at mile 10.5 demonstrates the use of merlons (the raised portions of the wall) which were meant to create visual interest by breaking up the monotony of a single height The guard wall at the turnout wall. Merlons, however, are at mile 24.0 was constructed only employed when the view without merlons at regularly behind the wall is unob­ spaced intervals even though structed. If the wall is built as the view behind the wall is a retaining feature and there unobstructed. are shrubs or trees behind it then merlons are not used. Several good examples of this can be found at Rim village along the promenade.

38 The guard wall at the turnout at mile 25.2 forms a rigid, The curvilinear form of this straight line that contrasts guard wall at the turnout at with the surrounding terrain. mile 18.9 follows the natural Also notice that the mortar shape of the rim but also re­ joint were not raked and the treats back to provide differ­ stones are not of the specified ent views of the lake. size.

The stones of historic guard walls were not laid with any particular pattern. The sizes, shapes, and colors of the This wall demonstrates in­ stones vary widely but within compatible stone work with certain parameters as dis­ the use of shaped stones with cussed in the guidelines for cut faces exposed. The ab­ stone selection. The color sence of rough-faced stones varies enough to provide vis­ and the bunching of small, ual interest but all stones ap­ more uniformly sized stones pear to have come from a lo­ creates an unnatural appear­ cal source. ance.

39 GUIDELINE SUMMARY

Joints are raked back to the This wall section shows in­ specified depth of 72 inch so compatible mortar applica­ the stones are recognizable as tion. The joints are not raked individual units and have a back allowing the mortar to more natural appearance, become more significant than similar to that of a rugged the stones. cliff.

The stone walkway at the Su­ perintendent's Residence The stone patio outside of the (Science and Learning Cen­ Steel Visitor Center is another ter) demonstrates inappropri­ example of proper mortar ap­ ate mortar application and plication and joint raking. joints that are not properly raked.

40 Curbing is constructed using Curbing is not the appropriate dressed stone of appropriate height and several small size and shape. stones were pieced together rather than using one large stone for each section.

Maintaining the type of stone and detailing within a structure is of utmost importance to retaining historic character. The photo on the left is the historic Chief Naturalist's Residence and the photo on the right is the Crater Lake Lodge. Both are examples of rustic architecture but variation in stone size should be noted. The Naturalist's Residence was constructed with large stones at the base and progressively smaller stones in the upper portions of the walls whereas the lodge was constructed with much less variation in stone size. Be aware of these aesthetics and repli­ cate them as necessary. A significant difference can be seen in the stone selection and mortar application of the two chimneys on the lodge that contrasts sharply with the rest of the building.

41 GUIDELINE SUMMARY

Compatible monument addi­ Addition of the monument to tion to the guard wall at the the top of the merlon was Pumice Castle Overlook. done using stones of incom­ patible size and color.

The guard wall constructed at the Discovery Point Observa­ Although this vault toilet was tion Station is incompatible constructed with concrete with historic guard walls faced in stone, it demonstrates throughout the park. Al­ compatible new construction though the stone sizes and as it has many of the same colors have appropriate varia­ characteristics of original tion, they lack the rustication work throughout the park of those used in the historic including raked joints and walls. Furthermore, the joints proper variation in stone size, are not raked deep enough to color, and shape. expose the mass of the stones.

42 HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS

Historic photograph of the construction of a stone masonry guard wall near Pumice Point, 1934 (Photo: National Park Service)

Historic photograph of stonemasons building a retaining wall at Scott Bluffs, 1934 (Photo: National Park Service)

43 HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS

Historic photograph of a tiled stone masonry spillway along Rim Drive (Photo: National Park Service)

Historic photograph of a family visiting the Phantom Ship Over­ look at Kerr Notch, 1940 (Photo: National Park Service)

44 ENDNOTES

1. Stephen R. Mark and Jerry Watson, Rim Drive Cultural Landscape Report, Chapter 5 on Specific Treatment Recommendations, USDI-NPS, Pacific West Region, Cultural Resources Division, Seattle, 2009, p. 31. 2. L.I. Hewes, American Higinvay Practice, (New York: Wiley, 1942), 437. 3. The components of historic mortar used in the park can be determined by submitting a sample to a lab for analysis, however, a historically compatible match can also be achieved through experimentation by mixing mortar samples with varied ingredient proportions. As stated in the text, matching the historic mortar in color, texture, and tooling is more important than determining the exact mortar specifications that were historically used. In addition, current site conditions may call for variations in mortar strength, for example, so experimen­ tation with samples will allow for aesthetic replication of the historic mortar while still ac­ counting for the current needs of a particular structure. 4. Robert C. Mack and John P. Speweik, "Repointing Mortar Joints in Historic Masonry Buildings," National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, http://www.nps.gov/ historv/hps/tps/briefs/brief02.htm (accessed August 2008). 5. Mark and Watson, Chapter 5, p. 28. 6. Technical Preservation Services, "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabili­ tation and Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings-Masonry," Na­ tional Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, http://www.nps. gov/history/hps/tps/tax/ rhb/masonrvO I .htm (accessed August 2008). 7. National Park Service, "Masonry Materials," Williamsport Preservation Training Center, p. 1. 8. Mack and Speweik. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Mark and Watson, Chapter 5, p. 31 14. Ibid. 15. Mack and Speweik. 16. Hewes, 437. 17. Mark and Watson, Chapter 5, p. 32. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid, p. 24. 21. Laura Soulliere Harrison, "Architecture in the Parks: A National Historic Landmark Theme Study," National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/historv/historv/online books/ harrison/harrison22.htm (accessed October 2008). 22. Mark and Watson, Chapter 5, p. 22. 23. Cathy A.Gilbert and Gretchen A. Luxenberg, The Rustic Landscape of Rim Village, 1927-1941: Crater Lake National Park, (Seattle: National Park Service, 1990), p.l 13. 24. Mark and Watson, Chapter 5, p.23. 25. Ibid. 26. Dry Stone Conservancy, "History of Dry Stone Construction," http:// www.drvstone.org/ (accessed September 2008). 27. Gilbert and Luxenberg, p. 20.

45 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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46 Mark, Stephen R., and Jerry Watson. Rim Drive Cultural Landscape Report. USDI-NPS, Pacific West Region, Cultural Resources Division, Seattle, 2009.

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Staehli, Alfred. Historic Structures Maintenance Guide for Mount Rainier National Park. Seattle: National Park Service, 1983.

Technical Preservation Services. "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings-Masonry." National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/tax/rhb/masonrv01.htm (accessed August 2008).

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47 Jacket: 577-690