How Internal Organizations Support Democratization Preventing Authoritarian Reversals Or Promoting Consolidation?
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Forms of Government (World General Knowledge)
Forms of Government (World General Knowledge) Anarchism A system that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical or free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and/or harmful. Anarchy A society without a publicly enforced government or political authority. Sometimes said to be non-governance; it is a structure which strives for non-hierarchical, voluntary associations among agents. Anarchy is a situation where there is no state. Autocracy Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control Aristocracy Rule by the nobility; a system of governance where political power is in the hands of a small class of privileged individuals who claim a higher birth than the rest of society. Anocracy A regime type where power is not vested in public institutions (as in a normal democracy) but spread amongst elite groups who are constantly competing with each other for power. Adhocracy Rule by a government based on relatively disorganised principles and institutions as compared to a bureaucracy, its exact opposite. Absolute monarchy A traditional and historical system where the monarch exercises ultimate governing Downloaded from www.csstimes.pk | 1 Forms of Government (World General Knowledge) authority as head of state and head of government. Many nations of Europe during the Middle Ages were absolute monarchies. -
Soldiers and Statesmen
, SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number008-070-00335-0 Catalog Number D 301.78:970 The Military History Symposium is sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy 1970 Military History Symposium Steering Committee: Colonel Alfred F. Hurley, Chairman Lt. Colonel Elliott L. Johnson Major David MacIsaac, Executive Director Captain Donald W. Nelson, Deputy Director Captain Frederick L. Metcalf SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN The Proceedings of the 4th Military History Symposium United States Air Force Academy 22-23 October 1970 Edited by Monte D. Wright, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy and Lawrence J. Paszek, Office of Air Force History Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy Washington: 1973 The Military History Symposia of the USAF Academy 1. May 1967. Current Concepts in Military History. Proceedings not published. 2. May 1968. Command and Commanders in Modem Warfare. Proceedings published: Colorado Springs: USAF Academy, 1269; 2d ed., enlarged, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972. 3. May 1969. Science, Technology, and Warfare. Proceedings published: Washington, b.C.: Government Printing Office, 197 1. 4. October 1970. Soldiers and Statesmen. Present volume. 5. October 1972. The Military and Society. Proceedings to be published. Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. -
If Not Us, Who?
Dario Azzellini (Editor) If Not Us, Who? Workers worldwide against authoritarianism, fascism and dictatorship VSA: Dario Azzellini (ed.) If Not Us, Who? Global workers against authoritarianism, fascism, and dictatorships The Editor Dario Azzellini is Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico, and visiting scholar at Cornell University in the USA. He has conducted research into social transformation processes for more than 25 years. His primary research interests are industrial sociol- ogy and the sociology of labour, local and workers’ self-management, and so- cial movements and protest, with a focus on South America and Europe. He has published more than 20 books, 11 films, and a multitude of academic ar- ticles, many of which have been translated into a variety of languages. Among them are Vom Protest zum sozialen Prozess: Betriebsbesetzungen und Arbei ten in Selbstverwaltung (VSA 2018) and The Class Strikes Back: SelfOrganised Workers’ Struggles in the TwentyFirst Century (Haymarket 2019). Further in- formation can be found at www.azzellini.net. Dario Azzellini (ed.) If Not Us, Who? Global workers against authoritarianism, fascism, and dictatorships A publication by the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung VSA: Verlag Hamburg www.vsa-verlag.de www.rosalux.de This publication was financially supported by the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung with funds from the Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) of the Federal Republic of Germany. The publishers are solely respon- sible for the content of this publication; the opinions presented here do not reflect the position of the funders. Translations into English: Adrian Wilding (chapter 2) Translations by Gegensatz Translation Collective: Markus Fiebig (chapter 30), Louise Pain (chapter 1/4/21/28/29, CVs, cover text) Translation copy editing: Marty Hiatt English copy editing: Marty Hiatt Proofreading and editing: Dario Azzellini This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution–Non- Commercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Germany License. -
International Organizations and Democratic Backsliding
The Unintended Consequences of Democracy Promotion: International Organizations and Democratic Backsliding Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Anna M. Meyerrose, M.A. Graduate Program in Political Science The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee: Alexander Thompson, Co-Advisor Irfan Nooruddin, Co-Advisor Marcus Kurtz William Minozzi Sara Watson c Copyright by Anna M. Meyerrose 2019 Abstract Since the end of the Cold War, international organizations (IOs) have engaged in unprecedented levels of democracy promotion and are widely viewed as positive forces for democracy. However, this increased emphasis on democracy has more re- cently been accompanied by rampant illiberalism and a sharp rise in cases of demo- cratic backsliding in new democracies. What explains democratic backsliding in an age of unparalleled international support for democracy? Democratic backsliding oc- curs when elected officials weaken or erode democratic institutions and results in an illiberal or diminished form of democracy, rather than autocracy. This dissertation argues that IOs commonly associated with democracy promotion can support tran- sitions to democracy but unintentionally make democratic backsliding more likely in new democracies. Specifically, I identify three interrelated mechanisms linking IOs to democratic backsliding. These organizations neglect to support democratic insti- tutions other than executives and elections; they increase relative executive power; and they limit states’ domestic policy options via requirements for membership. Lim- ited policy options stunt the development of representative institutions and make it more difficult for leaders to govern. Unable to appeal to voters based on records of effective governance or policy alternatives, executives manipulate weak institutions to maintain power, thus increasing the likelihood of backsliding. -
Do Leaders' Characteristics and Regime Transitions in Africa Matter
IZA DP No. 10338 Do Leaders’ Characteristics and Regime Transitions in Africa Matter for Citizens’ Health Status? Luis Diaz-Serrano Frank G. Sackey October 2016 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Do Leaders’ Characteristics and Regime Transitions in Africa Matter for Citizens’ Health Status? Luis Diaz-Serrano CREIP, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and IZA Frank G. Sackey CREIP, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Discussion Paper No. 10338 October 2016 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. -
DOWNLOAD Comparing Democratization in the East and The
An annual publication of the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim Volume III · Number 1 May · 2003 Copyright 2003 CONTENTS Editors Stephen J. Roddy Nuclear Nonproliferation: A Hidden but Contentious Issue in US-Japan Joaquin Gonzalez Relations During the Carter Administration (1977-1981) Editorial >>.....................................................Charles S. Costello III 1 Consultants Barbara K. Bundy An Interview with 2002 Kiriyama Chair Rosemary Foot on Human Hartmut Fischer Richard J. Kozicki Rights, the United States, and the Asia Pacific Stephen Uhalley, Jr. >>..................................................Joaquin L. Gonzalez III 7 Xiaoxin Wu Editorial Board Persistence of Interlocking Institutions: Big Business Policy Under the Yoko Arisaka Bih-hsya Hsieh Kim Dae Jung Government Uldis Kruze >>......................................................................Jiho Jang 10 Man-lui Lau Mark Mir Noriko Nagata Shifting Boundaries: The Double Life of Walls in Beijing, 1949-1965 John K. Nelson >>................................................................Duanfang Lu 17 Kyoko Suda Bruce Wydick North Korean Realities >>............................................................James McAdam 25 Asian American Mental Health Issues >>.........................................................Michael Menaster 31 Christian Higher Education: A Case for the Study of the History of Christianity in China >>........................................................Peter Tze Ming Ng 35 Comparing Democratization in the East -
Reassessing the Civic Culture Model1 2/16/11
Reassessing The Civic Culture Model1 2/16/11 Russell J. Dalton and Doh Chull Shin Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba’s (1963) seminal The Civic Culture described the characteristics of a political culture that presumably enables nations to develop stable democratic processes. The civic culture was a mix of many traits, but several features were prominent in their discussion of stable democracy in the United States and Britain. A democratic political culture is based on an aware, participatory public, although participation is often a potential rather than a reality. Similarly, a democratic culture required a supportive public that identified with the political community and trusted the institutions of government. They highlighted this pattern with the allegiant citizen described in the following example: Miss E. is well informed on the uses of tax funds and is on the whole satisfied with the way in which tax money is being used. She has had some routine official contacts, at the local Social Security office for instance, and she found the officials ‘in every way as nice as could be.’ She remembers her father’s writing to the government about a state problem and receiving a pleasant and courteous reply. She feels that she would always be treated with friendliness and consideration by any government officials (Almond and Verba 1963: 443-44). To many readers this description of the ‘good’ democratic citizen must seem like an image of a different political era. In addition, the early political culture studies described the political culture of many Third World nations that supposedly lacked these civic traits (Pye and Verba 1965; Almond and Coleman 1960; Lerner 1958). -
Democratisation's Third Wave and the Challenges of Democratic Deepening
Good Governance, Aid Modalities and Poverty Reduction: Linkages to the Millennium Development Goals and Implications for Irish Aid Research project (RP-05-GG) of the Advisory Board for Irish Aid Working Paper 1 Democratisation’s Third Wave and the Challenges of Democratic Deepening: Assessing International Democracy Assistance and Lessons Learned Lise Rakner (Chr. Michelsen Institute), Alina Rocha Menocal (ODI) and Verena Fritz (ODI) August 2007 Disclaimer and acknowledgements The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Advisory Board for Irish Aid or those of any of the organisations in the research consortium implementing the project. The authors thank Bill Morton of the North-South Institute for comments on a previous draft, and Tammie O’Neil and Jo Adcock (ODI) for excellent editorial assistance. Responsibility for the content of published version remains with the authors. Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 www.odi.org.uk ii Contents Executive summary ...........................................................................................................v 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................1 1.1 The emergence of democracy assistance............................................................................... 1 1.2 Democracy assistance and the broader ‘good governance’ agenda ..................................... -
“What Do We Know About Democratic Consolidation?”
The American Political Science Association APSA Volume 12, No. 2 Comparative Democratization May 2014 In This Issue CD QUALIT Y OF GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION “What Do We Bo Rothstein, University of Gothenburg Know about Democratic hat is a consolidated democracy and why is it sometimes difficult to achieve? One way to get a better understanding of this is to look Consolidation?” at the opposite. What should count as a failed consolidation of a democratization process could be debated. Yet, it may be safe to argue that when 1 Editorial Board Note W political conflicts (a natural ingredient in any democracy) escalate into full blown civil wars, Benjamin Smith and Staffan I. Lindberg consolidation has failed. Two such cases will be discussed here, namely the outbreak of the 1 Quality of Government and civil wars in former Yugoslavia in 1991and the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Democratic Consolidation Bo Rothstein The civil war in former Yugoslavia has been thoroughly analyzed from a great many 1 The Constitutional Foundations of Democratic Consolidation perspectives and this is not the place to give a complete explanation of this tragic conflict. José Antonio Cheibub Instead, I want call attention to an often overlooked causal factor in analyses of conflicts like 2 Why Democracy Scholars Need to Learn More about State this, namely, what takes place at the “output side” of the political system. My starting point Building Sheri Berman is an argument put forward by Michael Ignatieff, according to which in many respects this conflict was unlikely to happen. Firstly, he argues that the central government’s policy from 2 State Firewalls and Democratic Deepening the 1960s to replace the various national identities with a Yugoslav identity was not without Agnes Cornell, Marcia Grimes, and Victor Lapuente success. -
Institutions and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships∗
The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions and Power-sharing in Dictatorships∗ Carles Boix† and Milan W. Svolik‡ Word count: 11,921 Abstract Why do dictatorships establish institutions that may constrain their leaders? We propose a new theory of institutions and power-sharing in dictatorships. We argue that by facilitating power-sharing, political institutions promote the survival of dictatorships. However, authoritarian power-sharing succeeds only when it is backed by a credible threat of a rebellion by the dictator’s allies. Whereas the allies’ political opportunities determine the credibility of the threat of a rebellion, institutions alleviate the commitment and moni- toring problems caused by the secrecy in authoritarian governance. We use both historical and large-N data to assess new empirical predictions about the relationship between po- litical institutions, dictator tenures, and the concentration of power in dictatorships. ∗We would like to thank Al´ıcia Adser`a, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Barbara Geddes, Bonnie Weir, the participants at seminars and conferences at Princeton, Berkeley, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the APSA, IPES, ISA and MPSA annual conventions for helpful comments and Aya Kachi for research assistance. †Department of Politics and Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton Univer- sity. Email: [email protected]. ‡Department of Political Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Email: [email protected]. 1 Introduction In the vast majority of authoritarian regimes, dictators govern with the help of political institutions such as parties, legislatures, advisory councils, or committees of notables. With the exception of the 1970s, over 70 percent of dictatorships between 1950 and 1999 have had either a legislature or at least one political party (Figure 1). -
Outline-Democratization
DEMOCRATIZATION OUTLINE Tommaso Pavone ([email protected]) Spring 2015 MODERNIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION • Modernization theorists were the first scholars to posit a relationship between development and democratization • Conceptualize development thickly - A bundle of structural/cultural changes that prompt the transition from a traditional way of life to a cosmopolitan, modern, democratic one • Generally Euro-centric – Influenced by the first wave of 19th century democratization in Western Europe, and posited that economic modernization would lead to West-European style democracy regardless of time/place • This Whiggish narrative of modernization leading to democracy was challenged within the modernization paradigm by Barrington Moore, Samuel Huntington, and David Collier Seymour Lipset, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy” (1959) 1. What is development? a. Increased wealth (per capita income; doctors and vehicles per capita) b. Industrialization (percentage of employed males in agriculture; tons of coal per person per year) c. Urbanization (percentage of people living in cities with over 20,000 and 100,000 inhabitants) d. Education (literacy rates; educational enrollment rates) 2. What is democracy? a. For European states: Uninterrupted continuation of political democracy (free and fair elections; partisan competition; mass suffrage, etc.) since WWI and the absence of a major political movement opposed to democracy b. For Latin American states: Whether a country has had reasonably fair elections for most of the Post-WWI period 3. What is the relationship between development and democracy? 1 a. Analytic strategy: Synchronic, cross-national statistical analysis (first quantitative analysis of its kind) b. Correlational findings: Wealth, urbanization, education, and industrialization correlate with democracy c. Posited mechanisms: i. Social mobilization: The process of social and cultural change that happens when substantial parts of a country’s population move from traditional ways of life to modern ways of life. -
The Role of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Democratization: the Case of Turkey and the Chances of Democratic Consolidation
University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2016 The Role of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Democratization: The Case of Turkey and the Chances of Democratic Consolidation Semih Oktay University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Oktay, Semih, "The Role of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Democratization: The Case of Turkey and the Chances of Democratic Consolidation" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1092. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1092 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY AND THE RULE OF LAW IN DEMOCRATIZATION: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND THE CHANCES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION __________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts __________ by Semih Oktay March 2016 Advisor: Joseph Szyliowicz ©Copyright by Semih Oktay 2016 All Rights Reserved Author: Semih Oktay Title: The Role of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Democratization: The Case of Turkey and the Chances of Democratic Consolidation Advisor: Joseph Szyliowicz Degree Date: March 2016 ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the role of the judicial system in democratic consolidation using Turkey as a case study.