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Artificial Reefs Feasibility Study Artificial Reefs Feasibility Study AUGUST 2001 Prepared for The Marine Institute Edward O’Leary M.Sc. H.Dip. Tom Hubbard B.Sc. David O’Leary M.Sc. H. Dip. Coastal Resources Centre National University of Ireland Cork ISSN 1393 4643 Marine Resource Series, No. 20, 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Principal Aims and Objectives 3 1.2 Scope of the Study 3 1.3 Justification 3 2 THE ARTIFICIAL REEFS REVIEW 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Site Selection 6 2.3 Design & Materials 8 2.4 Legislation 12 2.5 Utilisation 14 2.5.1 Physical 2.5.2 Biological 2.5.3 Recreational 2.6 Monitoring 16 3 CONSULTATIONS 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Consultation with Regulatory Authority 17 3.2.1 Methodology 3.2.2 The current situation 3.3 Consultation with Local Stakeholders 21 3.3.1 Methodology 3.3.2 Site Selection 3.3.3 Constraint Mapping 3.3.4 Data Capture 4 SEA ANGLING SPECIES REVIEW 27 5 CONCLUSIONS 31 5.1 Conclusions with a national relevance 31 5.2 Conclusions with relevance to the Beara area 33 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 35 i O’Leary et. al.: Artificial Reefs Feasibility Study ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 37 REFERENCES 39 APPENDICES 43 APPENDIX I: National Legislation of Relevance to the Coastal Zone 43 APPENDIX II: European Legislation of Relevance to the Irish Coastal Zone 45 APPENDIX III: International Conventions of Relevance to the Irish Coastal Zone 47 ii Marine Resource Series, No. 20, 2001 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Marine Institute commissioned this study to review the current status of artificial reefs world-wide with a view to determining the feasibility of the development of a sea angling initiative based on the deployment and exploitation of artificial reefs. The study, conducted by the Coastal Resources Centre, National University of Ireland, Cork, includes a review of the current status of artificial reefs globally with a focus on site selection, reef design, construction material and reef use. The Beara Tourism Development Association has expressed an interest in developing a sustainable sea angling initiative based on the construction of a series of artificial reef sites. In response to this interest, the Beara Peninsula was used as a case study area for the purpose of determining feasible artificial reef site locations. Consultations with relevant regulatory bodies, local tourism development groups and the sea angling sector in the Beara Peninsula were an essential element of this study. The use and benefits of artificial reefs have been widely accepted with both ongoing research and national development programmes in place in over forty countries worldwide. In Japan for example, national programmes have been in operation for over twenty years. The Japanese have been at the forefront of reef design, construction and deployment since their inception. However, little research has ever been undertaken on artificial reefs in Ireland, to date one application for the creation of an artificial reef has been submitted to the Department of the Marine & Natural Resources. This initial application was rejected. From an Irish perspective, artificial reefs could potentially be utilised as a: ! soft engineering approach to coastal erosion; ! tool for the protection of sensitive habitats, biota and nursery grounds; ! possible tool in the removal of nutrients from waste discharge; ! means of increasing biodiversity and biomass; ! means of boosting inshore fisheries within our 12 mile waters; ! tool for the enhancement of crustacean and Molluscan fisheries (e.g. lobster) and ! for the algo culture sector. From a recreational perspective, reefs could be deployed in Irish waters to: ! enhance prospects for sea angling; ! enhance shore angling sites and ! be used as locations for diving and snorkeling. A wide range of materials and designs have been used in the construction and deployment of artificial reefs. Variations in the designs and materials used occur as a result of different goals and objectives for the creation of the reef (e.g., from coastal protection to SCUBA diving) in addition to the local availability of materials. Availability of materials accounts frequently for the choice of materials used in reef construction. In Ireland there is indicative support from the marine sector for the development and deployment of artificial reefs. Aquaculture, inshore fisheries, tourism and the environment could all potentially benefit from the deployment of such structures. The 1 O’Leary et. al.: Artificial Reefs Feasibility Study coming years are likely to see a significant increase in the development and deployment of reefs in Irish coastal waters. Artificial reefs are perceived as a potential solution to a number of problems currently experienced in Irish waters. Their use as a tool in coastal management may become relevant in the future and consequently further research needs to be conducted in this area. The development of marine-based wind power generating units is likely to act as a catalyst in this process. Preliminary research indicates that a sea-angling enterprise based around the construction of several artificial reefs placed strategically around the Beara Peninsula is feasible. Factors favouring such a development include the: ! recognised need to develop the sea angling sector in the Beara area; ! active support for such a venture from local tourism and inshore fishing groups; ! large variety of angling species and the number of potentially suitable artificial reefs in the area; ! artificial reef research undertaken to date in the area. However, a number of other factors are required to ensure the success of such a venture. These include the continued support of the inshore fishermen, sufficient financial resources to undertake research and development and the support of relevant state agencies. This study has identified a number of sites, which offer potential in terms of site suitability. These sites will have to be assessed on the basis of the final goal of the deployment, the finances available, and the type of reef units to be deployed. Only then can the final decisions be made as to the sites that best suit the task. In principle, however, both the Beara Tourism & Development Association and the Coastal Resources Centre, University College Cork are committed to the goal of developing a sustainable sea-angling sector that will incorporate artificial reef sites deployed around the Peninsula. 2 Marine Resource Series, No. 20, 2001 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Principal Aims and Objectives The principal aims of the study were to review the current status of artificial reefs worldwide, and to then attempt to identify potential sites for the location of artificial reefs within the vicinity of the Beara Peninsula. With these aims in mind, a number of important objectives were specified: 1. To complete a literature review on the current status of artificial reefs globally. This report would specifically focus on site selection, reef design, materials, construction, reef success, etc. 2. To undertake a review of the species most relevant to sea angling in the context of potential developments off the Beara Peninsula, West Cork. 3. To conduct meetings with local and national groups to ascertain information on the views on the use of artificial reefs and on information on potential sites for the location of reefs around the Beara Peninsula. 4. To carry out an assessment of potential sites around the Beara Peninsula on the basis of the physical, biological, oceanographic and socio-economic features of the sites. 1.2 Scope of the Study While the practical aspects of the study are confined to a body of water around the Beara Peninsula, West Cork, many aspects of this research work are of national relevance. This is particularly the case in terms of both the review of artificial reefs and the regulatory body consultations. 1.3 Justification Like most rural coastal locations in Ireland, the natural resources of the Beara Peninsula have strongly influenced its socio-economic development. This has resulted in activities based on the following primary sectors: fishing, aquaculture and agriculture. Despite this, the economic status of the Beara Peninsula is exemplified by: ! lower than average national income levels; ! higher than average national unemployment levels; ! subsistence agriculture on poor soils with very small farming units; ! high labour dependency ratios; ! inshore fishing from small boats; ! limited industrial development. 3 O’Leary et. al.: Artificial Reefs Feasibility Study While there has been significant effort in promoting this region for industrial development purposes, there are extreme difficulties in attracting sustainable industries to the area. The drawbacks such as location and poor infrastructure have made it unlikely that industrial development will create the necessary stable and long- term activity needed. For these reasons, the development of natural and marine resources in particular has been identified as offering a significant advantage in developing stable and acceptable long-term economic activity, offering work for which many of the skills required are available locally. The development of a sea-angling sector incorporating the construction of a series of artificial reefs could help to realise the following opportunities: ! An increase in the range of tourism products on offer in the Beara Peninsula, increasing the attractiveness of the Peninsula as a tourist destination. ! Socio-economic benefits from increased tourist throughput (both direct and indirectly). ! The benefit of aiding other fisheries, such as the lobster fishery. ! Enhanced habitat protection. ! Improvement of nature conservation and bio-diversity. ! Increased opportunities for diversification of the fishing fleet. 4 Marine Resource Series, No. 20, 2001 2 THE ARTIFICIAL REEFS REVIEW The following is a summary of an extensive review of the literature on artificial reefs, undertaken as part of this study. 2.1 Introduction The creation of artificial reefs on flat, featureless, sandy seabeds has been a form of enhancement for subsistence, commercial and sport fishing practiced in certain countries for centuries.
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