Family name Common name Liliaceae ...... Star-of-Bethlehem, Wild garlic, Wild onion ...... 2 Poaceae ...... Annual bluegrass, Carolina foxtail, Downy brome ...... 3 Foxtail barley, Quackgrass...... 4 Asteraceae ...... Butterweed...... 4 Cornflower, Dandelion, Fleabanes ...... 5

Contents Horseweed, Pineapple-weed, Prickly lettuce ...... 6 Western salsify ...... 7 Boraginaceae . . . . . Corn gromwell ...... 7 Brassicaceae . . . . . Bushy wallflower ...... 7 Field pennycress, Shepherd’s-purse, Smallflowered bittercress ...... 8 Tansymustard (or flixweed), Virginia pepperweed, Wild mustard . . . . 14 Yellow rocket ...... 15 Campanulaceae . . . Venuslookingglass...... 15 Caryophyllacaea . . . Common chickweed ...... 15 Mouseear chickweed ...... 16 Chenopodiaceae. . . Kochia ...... 16 Geraniaceae...... Carolina geranium ...... 16 Lamiaceae ...... Henbit, Purple deadnettle ...... 17 Onagraceae ...... Eveningprimrose ...... 17 Plantaginaceae. . . . Plantains ...... 18 Polygonaceae . . . . . Broadleaf dock, Curly dock, ...... 18 Prostrate knotweed, Wild buckwheat ...... 19 Ranunculaceae. . . . Buttercups ...... 19 Mousetail ...... 20 Rubiaceae ...... Catchweed bedstraw...... 20 Scrophulariaceae . . Common mullein ...... 20 Corn speedwell, Purslane speedwell ...... 21 Violaceae...... Field pansy...... 21

Taxonomic key Grasses and grasslike plants ...... 9 Plants with spines ...... 10 Plants with an ocrea ...... 10 Plants with square stems ...... 10 Plants with milky sap ...... 10 Plants with finely dissected leaves ...... 11 Plants covered with hair...... 11 Plants that form dense mats ...... 12 Plants with a basal rosette ...... 12

Guide to herbicides ...... 13 Glossary ...... 22 Index...... 22 Credits and ordering information ...... inside back cover About this guide Using the plant description and photograph can be found. Some plants that have several This guide is intended to serve as taxonomic key distinct features will appear under a practical reference for the identifi- A simple taxonomic key has more than one heading in the key. cation of common weeds present in been developed to assist in identify- For obvious reasons, this guide does no-till production systems. Various ing common winter annual and early not contain all plant species that may winter annual, biennial and peren- spring weeds in no-till fields. Look be encountered in no-till production. nial species are usually present in first for the obvious features of the If you need assistance in identifying sufficient populations in early spring weed, such as square stems, whorled a weed, a sample can be submitted to warrant a burndown herbicide leaves, or the presence of thorns or through your local University treatment before planting a summer spines. Then refer to the diagrams in Outreach and Extension Center to row crop. Proper identification is the taxonomic key to identify the the University Extension Diagnostic critical for selecting herbicides and plant. The key will refer you to the Clinic in Missouri or through similar for determining their appropriate page in this guide where a short programs in other states. application rates. Numerous plant species are typi- cally present in no-till production fields in the early spring before herbicide applications. Many of these species are winter annuals, which complete their life cycles before summer crops are planted and thus will not pose a direct produc- tion problem. However, if they are still actively growing and are not controlled, there will be a rapid increase in the weed seedbank and future populations, which could pose problems with nutrient management and rotation to winter annual or perennial crops. Consultants and extension personnel are routinely requested to identify these species and to provide guidance on manage- ment of these fields. Thus, the purpose of this guide is to provide some direction on identification and whether or not it is normally neces- sary to make a herbicide application for a particular species. The weeds presented in the following pages are organized by taxonomic plant family. The grasses and grasslike plants — Liliacaea and Poaceae — appear first, followed by the broadleaves.To identify a weed, you may follow either of two routes: (1) start with the taxonomic key on pages 9–12 and proceed to the photographs at the page numbers indicated in the key, or (2) start with the photographs and move to the taxonomic key with the help of the thumbnail symbol beside each description. Italicized terms throughout the text are included in the glossary.

Field pennycress Liliaceae Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 2 back inlatespringtoearlysummer. also a with aprominentwhite leaves aregrooved anddarkgreen teristic odorofonionandgarlic. The Bethlehem doesnothave thecharac- life cycle isa leaves areflattenedandnothollow. Its a strongodor. Leaves arehollow, lack hairandhave spring anddiesback inlatespring. bulbous perennial perennial. emerges intheearly bulbous perennial Wild garlicisa garlic exceptthatthe in appearance towild Wild onionissimilar Wild onion wild garlic,star-of- to wildonionand Similar inappearance Star-of-Bethlehem Wild garlic (Allium (Ornithogalum (Allium vineale) (Allium canadense) umbellatum) midrib that dies . Itis that Poaceae 3 panicle . It tends to similar to that of has spike panicle has than downy brome as it than downy is a short membrane about is a short membrane normally 2 to 3 mm long, is 1 to 2 mm long and membra- is 1 to 2 mm long winter annual ligule winter annual, carolinianus) (Poa annua) (Bromus tectorum)and cheat (Bromus secalinus) (Alopecurus Annual bluegrass Annual This clump-type This winter annual “boat- characteristic are leaf blades The shaped” leaf tips. both surfaces and flat and smooth on The a light green coloration. have ligule seed head is a small, open, The nous. greenish white areas and does not inhabit cool, moist heat. tolerate Downy brome Carolina foxtail This (2–3.5 twisted leaves mm wide) covered with dense, soft hairs on both surfaces. The 1 seed head is a droop- The mm long. ing green or reddish purple April to early June. and appears from Cheat, a closely related species, is especially in similar in appearance, the seedling stage, but becomes less pubescent sheath of both species is The matures. closed to near the top of the collar. A Carolina foxtail is found primarily in fields. It has moist areas of fallow erect stems and flat leaf blades that A membranous are 1 to 5 mm wide. ligule, The tapers to a pointed or rounded tip. April and appears in seed head, which is a single May, timothy. MU Extension Asteraceae Poaceae Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 4 flowering. the foliageturnsreddishpurple after the upperleaves lack petioles.Often, hair. Lower leaves have and deeplycuttothe appearance. The leaves areirregularly the leaf stems. At timestheremay behairin annual poorly drained siteswithhighpH. barley tendstobemostabundantin “squirrel-tail” appearance. Foxtail contains long mm long. The cylindrical seedhead short truncatemembrane lessthan1 are 2to5mmwide. The perennial seed headisalong but thelower bladeissmooth. The hair varies ontheupperbladesurface; mm inlength. The presenceofleaf is membranous andshort,lessthan1 that clasparoundthestem. The width. The plantpossesses usually ranging from3to6mmin system. The leafbladesarethin, with smoothandhollow axils, species withflatbladesthat giving ita“cobwebby” awns, ance. Itisashort-lived bluish greenappear- Foxtail barleyhasa Foxtail barley wet areas.Itisan commonly foundin Butterweed ismost Butterweed extensive nial Quackgrass isa Quackgrass (Hordeum (Hordeum (Senecio (Senecio (Elytrigia repens) (Elytrigia jubatum) glabellus) spike. that producesan giving ita midrib petioles ligule rhizome auricles and lack is a ligule peren- while Asteraceae 5 All parts winter Flowers have Flowers lobes. of that .) winter rosette bolting. biennials. taproot. rosette spp or while others behave like others behave while perennial . It appears to be covered with . It appears to be covered officinale) (Erigeron (Taraxacum (Centaurea cyanus) Fleabanes Several species of flea- Several bane are common to These the Midwest. form a basal leaves before leaves in are variable They Some are their life cycles. annuals perennials “daisy” appearance. the characteristic Dandelion Dandelion is a cool- season forms a large Like wild lettuce, it forms a basal leaf The of leaves. toothed or irregular, margins are very with their deep wavy The sap. of the plant contain a milky and the yellow, is large and flower mature seed head has a “puffball” appearance. Cornflower Also called bachelor’s Also called button, cornflower like a behaves annual it a giving hair loose, white flowers The appearance. “cobwebby” in color. are usually blue-purple MU Extension Asteraceae Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 6 short stems. greenish yellow andareborneon rosettes. The conelikeflowers are fragrance. Immatureplantsformbasal tend tobelongandnarrow. dense hairs.Leaves lack stems andleaves arecovered with erect, columnarappearance. The seedling. Later, theplantassumesan It formsasmallbasal early-emerging or exude amilky sap.May bea plant matures. When broken,stems winter annual Prickly lettuce summer annual the planthasasweet When cutorbruised, lent, hairlessleaves. with finelycut,succu- growing annualweed inconspicuous, low- leaf surfaceasthe spines onthelower develops arow of nent feature isthepromi- most characteristic plant’smargins. The prickles along the leaves withvery fine rosette produces abasal Prickly lettuce Pineapple-weed isan a known asmarestail,is Horseweed, also Pineapple-weed Horseweed (Lactuca serriola) (Lactuca or a (Matricaria (Matricaria (Conyza winter annual matricarioides) canadensis) midrib, rosette biennial. of bluishgreen petioles which while a summer plant. or an and Asteraceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae 7 with . are lobes taproot while others while ray flowers ray leaves of bushy leaves bien- or rosette Leaves on the flowering Leaves biennial winter and are hairy on both terminal lobe, is very incon- is very margins, lack with an erect entire. arvense) repandum) dubius) (Lithospermum (Erysimum (Tragopogon Corn gromwell Corn gromwell is a winter annual nial habit. Leaves growth are alternate, have entire petioles maturity the highly Toward surfaces. plant has a dense appear- branched are small and white. ance. Flowers Early in its growth stage, this annual of the mustards. spicuous, like many young The wallflower are variable; some are are variable; wallflower toothed into 3 to 4 pairs of a larger are stalk are more linear with irregular The small teeth along the margins. plant can become dense at maturity, flowers, it produces its yellow when four petals. also have which Bushy wallflower Western salsify Western Also known as yellow Also known goatsbeard, western salsify is a fleshy plant with a deep, Leaves are light green and grasslike are light green Leaves that surrounds with a clasping base erect and branch- the stem. Stems are contain a milky All plant parts ing. sap. Large, yellow produced in early summer and produced in early large “puffball” seed into develop 3 times larger than heads that are 2 to those of dandelion. MU Extension Brassicaceae Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 8 tion ofthis they claspthestem.Crushedvegeta- They have lobesattheirbaseswhere with asmallnotch atitstip. four petals. The fruitisflatandround odor. The smallwhite flowers have winter annual. are triangular. Shepherd’s-purse isa of theplantisseedpods,which petals. The mostcharacteristic feature Flowers aresmallandwhite withfour along thestemarearrow-shaped. cut, similartodandelion.Later, leaves leaflets. the appearance of3to6pairs and white withfourpetals. that arerounded.Flowers aresmall Leaves have winter annual lack hairand of fieldpennycress Leaves alongthestem Field pennycress deeply cut,giving it this The basalleaves of Smallflowered deeply orirregularly stage, leaves are While inthe Shepherd’s-purse (Thlaspi arvense) (Thlaspi (Cardamine bittercress, (Capsella (Capsella parviflora) bursa-pastoris) winter annual terminal leaflets has afoul rosette petioles. are Brassicaceae 4Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 14 seedpods. Flixweed, closelyrelated,haslarger or seedpodsarelinearandnarrow. yellow-green, sometimeswhite. Fruit like appearance. Flowers areusually dissected leaves give theplantafern- fine teeth.Lateintheseason,finely behaves asa clusters withfourpetals.It usually Flowers areproducedinbrightyellow smaller andlack and leaves have irregularly rough-textured andvariable. Lower ing structuresalsooccurintheregion. pepperweed specieswithsimilarfruit- has apepperlikeflavor. Several related contains asmallnotch atthetip;it narrow. The fruitisflatandround plant lack produced intheupperportionof ing, while in the petioles; the basalleaves drop.Leaves petioles rosette winter annual. upper leaves aremuch are divided intosmall, glands. Rosette stem aretippedwith variation, hairsonthe annual. erect-growing Tansymustard isan Tansymustard Midwest. Leaves are throughout the Wild mustardisfound Wild mustard with long deeply This Virginia flixweed (Descurainia sophia) (Descurainia (Descurainia lobes (Brassica kaber) (Brassica (Lepidium pepperweed pinnata) virginicum) and arelong stage. After winter annual lobed and lobed In acommon petioles or petioles. margins leaves winter leaves bolt- has Brassicaceae Campanulaceae Caryophyllacaea 15 The . petioles . Like many petioles. in terminal lobe lateral lobes lateral winter biennial is most often or with a large perfoliata) (Triodanis chickweed (Stellaria media) (Barbarea vulgaris) Venuslookingglass, an Venuslookingglass, annual, found on nutrient- soil. deficient, sandy Stems contain milky are sap; leaves alternately arranged along the stem and lack plant is short in stature with an erect five have habit. Flowers growth from pale to deep petals and range purple. Venuslookingglass Yellow rocket may rocket Yellow occur as a annual portion lower in the Missouri. Leaves arranged oppositely of the plant have lobes in the upper stem are smaller Leaves with less and alternately arranged conspicuous rocket yellow of the other mustards, four with flowers has bright yellow petals. Common while others lack hair. Leaves of the Leaves hair. others lack while no petioles. Leaves upper stem have a light- are smooth and usually have flowers white The green appearance. petals are similar to notched with five but are those of mouseear chickweed of life cycle The more deeply cut. is similar to that common chickweed ofchickweed. mouseear Common chickweed forms mats and can varia- appear as several hairy tions. Some plants have Yellow rocket Yellow MU Extension Geraniaceae Chenopodiaceae Caryophyllacaea 6Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 16 from palepinktopurple. hairs. Flower colorisvariable, ranging leaves andstemsarecovered with a “spokelike”arrangement. Both pinkish brown rounded leaves areattached tolong like a is anearly-germinating densely both variations lack loosely spreadingbranches. Leaves on that arebroaderandhairier, with toward maturity. Another hasleaves leaves thatturnadeeppurplishred behave likea cool, moistclimates,thisspeciescan white andhave five notched petals.In are denselyhairy. The flowers are winter annual pubescent perennial. petioles Kochia variation haslinear state. The “firebush” variations existin the appearance. Several branched, shrublike Kochia hasahighly and generally behaves produces a Carolina geranium Carolina geranium Carolina Mouseear plant lack petiolesand The smallleaves ofthe to rootatthe because ofitsnature forms densemats Mouseear chickweed (Kochia scoparia) (Kochia (Geranium (Cerastium chickweed carolinianum) vulgatum) as seedlings.Kochia petioles . Its summer annual. that appearas palmately cut taproot and are nodes. , Lamiaceae Onagraceae 17 pubes- petio- winter The stems The winter blades, wavy ) rosette. The bien- spp. simple to that flower in the early spring. that flower In the spring the plant often with square stems, the upper with square stems, perennial. (in the lower ortion of the plant), ortion (in the lower annual to purpureum) amplexicaule) (Oenothera (Lamium (Lamium Eveningprimrose Different varieties of Different varieties have eveningprimrose that range life cycles from nial are typically leaves alternate with degrees of margins and varying cence. appears as a basal are later erect, highly branched and are later erect, highly branched the stem a red often giving hairy, to can be white Flowers appearance. reddish yellow. Purple deadnettle Purple deadnettle is a of henbit and relative closely resembles it. Both are square-stemmed annuals difference between purple dead- The nettle and henbit is that deadnettle are more densely hairy, leaves lated more triangular in shape, and more tightly compacted in the upper stems. in color. are light purple Flowers Henbit Henbit Henbit is responsible Henbit is fields for painting many with a pinkish purple It is a cast in the early spring. annual the appear to encircle of which leaves A related species, purple entire stem. that is more dead nettle, has foliage compact in its red in color and more the stems. Both along arrangement greater than 12 species are rarely in height. inches MU Extension Polygonaceae Plantaginaceae 8Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 18 seed head. species formashorter“cone-shaped” tail” seedhead,while thenarrow-leaf the broadleafspeciesproducea“rat- vein patternintheirleaves. Mostof Missouri have awell-definedparallel will vary. Mostspecies ofplantainsin the species,amountofleafhair broad-leaved plantains.Dependingon groups ofplantains:narrow- and tures takeon a “rust”color. At maturity, flowers andfruitingstruc- ocrea, with amembranous sheath, calledan family, curlydock producesleaves Like othermembersofthis plant rity, takeonareddishpurplecolor. margins anduponapproaching matu- broadleaf dock isa is alsopresent.Likecurlydock, the reddish veins, andthe petiole where theyjointhemainstem. are heart-shaped. An commonly occurring there aretwo Generally speaking, Plantains Curly dock a large taproot perennial ates fromalarge, Curly dock regener- leaves have wavy Broadleaf dock Broadleaf slightly wavy with The basalleaves are common curlydock. than themore much widerleaves Broadleaf dock has (Plantago (Plantago (Rumex crispus) (Rumex (Rumex obtusifolius) perennial. lobes rosette. and produces woody spp. that join Rosette ocrea ) Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae 19 lobes summer life cycle. In life cycle. ; however, ) is present where Stems and petioles is a spp. perennial ocrea is evident at the base of the is evident at the base winter annuals petioles. because it germinates in cool because it germinates ocrea convolvulus) aviculare) (Ranunculus (Polygonum (Polygonum About 20 species of collec- plants known as buttercups tively of these Many occur in the Midwest. occur as a have several this group of plants has general, produced leaves “crow-foot”-shaped on long one With hair. not have or may may exception, all species of buttercups yellow that are shiny produce flowers petals. to seven with five Buttercups Wild buckwheat annual in weed thrives This temperatures. forms dense mats. compacted areas and An Although a member of Although the the same family as knot- prostrate docks, be mistaken weed may weed for a grassy are because the leaves emerges. It linear as the seedling to early spring emerges in late winter an early but is classified as they join the stems. where small leaves Prostrate knotweed, directed backward. The flower is flower The directed backward. sometimes purple- greenish white, spotted. An leaf petioles join the stem. Seeds are triangular. Wild buckwheat, a buckwheat, Wild summer annual, member of the same it can However, family as the docks. be mistaken for a morningglory because of its heart-shaped or arrow- char- and twining growth head leaves are alternate, leaves The acteristics. with pointed tips and basal MU Extension Scrophulariaceae Rubiaceae Ranunculaceae 0Early Spring Weeds ofNo-Till Crop Production 20 areas withrich soil. commonly occursinmoist,shady the leaf small white flowers areproducedin in leaves arenarrow andhairyoccur weak-stemmed a “mouse-tail”appearance. linear, uprightandrounded,giving it flower/fruiting structuresarealso misidentified asagrassy weed. The from acentral crown, makingiteasily distinctly linearandappeartoemerge moist areasoffields.Leaves are spikes. yellow andoccur onlong its secondyear ofgrowth arebright appearance. Flowers producedduring dense hairgives theplanta grayish hairy, giving itafuzzytexture. The whorls axils. around thestem.Extremely This weedmost usually occursin winter annual Mousetail isasmall Mousetail Catchweed weed bedstraw isa square stems,catch- like spinesonits the many short,hook- cleavers becauseof Also known as winter annual. leaves aredensely year ofgrowth. The rosette producing alarge biennial Common mulleinisa Common mullein (Myosurus (Galium aparine) (Galium bedstraw (Verbascum (Verbascum minimus) thapsus) during itsfirst plant, terminal that The Corn speedwell Scrophulariaceae (Veronica arvensis)

Corn speedwell is a winter annual that resembles mouseear chickweed. It also has the small egg-shaped, hairy leaves that grow in mats along the soil surface. It can be distinguished from mouseear chickweed by the presence of notches in its leaves and by alternate leaves on flower stems. Also unlike mouseear chickweed, the flowers are generally blue in color.

Purslane speedwell (Veronica peregrina)

Purslane speedwell is a winter annual like corn speedwell, which it resembles closely. The two can be differentiated by the fact that purslane speedwell lacks hair on its stems and leaves. The smooth variation of this weed has glandular-hairy stems.

Field pansy Violaceae (Viola rafinesquii)

Field pansy, also called Johnny-jump-up, is short in stature with an erect growth habit and a delicate appearance. Flowers are borne on short stalks and may be white with blue veins or entirely bluish to bluish violet. It is a winter annual.

MU Extension 21 Grasses and grasslike plants

Leaves from bulb Leaves from taproot, Leaves from fibrous Leaves from rhizomes has milky sap root system Plants with auricles

Garlic odor No garlic odor

Stems flattened Stems round and solid and hollow Quackgrass page 4 Western salsify page 7

No ligule present Leaves from central point Plant covered with dense, short hair Seedheads long and narrow

Star-of-Bethlehem page 2

Downy brome Wild onion Wild garlic page 3 page 2 page 2 Mousetail page 20 Membranous ligule

Rounded ligule Ligule 2-3 mm long, Very short ligule 1-2 mm long, tapering to a point < 1 mm Prow-shaped leaf tips Tufted annual Tufted perennial

Annual bluegrass Carolina foxtail Foxtail barley page 3 page 3 page 4

9 Plants with finely Plants covered Plants that form Plants with spines Plants with an ocrea Plants with square stems Plants with milky sap dissected leaves with hair dense mats Plants with a basal rosette

Stems with short Stems without prickles Fernlike Long, loose, More or less hairy Hairy, notched leaves Plant has Plant without prickles Pink to purple flowers appearance Leaves deeply Leaves irregularly Leaves not cut Leaves may or Spines on midvein Spines on stems white hair with erect growth opposite on upper an ocrea an ocrea cut or toothed cut or toothed may not be cut habit parts of plant Sweet aroma Bushy wallflower page 7 Field pennycress page 8 Yellow rocket page 15

Prickly lettuce Fleabanes page 6 Tansymustard page 5 page 14 Kochia Catchweed bedstraw Buttercups Purslane speedwell page 16 page 21 page 20 Henbit Pineapple-weed page 19 page 17 Common mullein Catchweed bedstraw page 6 Carolina geranium Shepherd's-purse page 20 page 20 Cornflower page 16 page 8 Purple deadnettle page 5 Corn speedwell page 17 Plantains page 21 Dandelion Wild mustard page 18 page 5 page 14 Venuslookingglass Horseweed Prickly lettuce Curly dock page 15 Hairy, reddish, page 6 page 6 page 18 Spines on midvein NoNo spinesspines highly branched Shepherd's-purse Broadleaf dock stem Corn gromwell Prostrate knotweed page 7 page 19 page 8 page 18 Smallflowered bittercress Eveningprimrose Twining growth Plant forms Plant forms page 8 page 17 a rosette habit dense mats Tansymustard Butterweed page 14 page 4 Dense, short, Virginia pepperweed fuzzy hair Field pansy page 14 page 21 Wild mustard page 14 Prickly lettuce Pineapple-weed page 6 page 6 Dandelion page 5 Western salsify page 7 Eveningprimrose Venuslookingglass page 17 page 15 Leaves have Leaves are wide and Small, opposite Small, opposite Hairy, notched Alternate leaves Prostrate knotweed wavy margin lobed at base pubescent leaves smooth leaves leaves opposite lack petioles page 19 Young seedling Large gray-green Small leaves Leaves clasp Upper leaves on upper Hairy on both sides plants form a leaves form Plant forms around stem lack petioles parts of plant basal rosette a rosette a mat Wild buckwheat Flannel-like feel page 19

Corn speedwell Corn gromwell Curly dock Mouseear chickweed Common chickweed Kochia Common mullein Mouseear chickweed Fleabanes page 15 page 21 page 7 page 18 Broadleaf dock page 16 page 16 page 18 page 20 page 16 page 5

10 12

Guide to herbicides for control of early–spring weeds in no–till fields StarÐofÐBethlehem Tansymustard/Fixweed Venuslookingglass pepperweed Virginia salsify Western Wild buckwheat Wild garlic Wild mustard Wild onion rocket Yellow Cornflower dock Curly Dandelion Deadnettle brome Downey Eveningprimrose Field pansy Field pennycress Fleabanes barley Foxtail Henbit Horseweed/Marestail Kochia Mouseer chickweed Mousetail PineappleÐweed Plantains lettuce Prickly knotweed Prostrate speedwell Purslane Quackgrass Shepherd’sÐpurse bittercress Smallflowered Herbicide Label allows fall application Label allows spring application Rotational interval planting corn before Rotational interval planting soybean before bluegrass Annual dock Broadleaf wallflower Bushy Buttercups Butterweed foxtail Carolina geranium Carolina bedstraw Catchweed Common chickweed Common mullein Corn gromwell Corn speedwell

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Simazine y y b m 8 5 8 7 8 8 Ð 9 9 Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 9 8.5 Ð 8 Ð 9 8 Ð 9 9 Ð 8 9 Ð Ð 9 Ð Ð Ð 9 9 Ð 9 9 9 9 Ð Ð 9 7 9 + 2,4-D (F) Valor + 2,4-D yyf j658 7 8 ÐÐ9 4 ÐÐÐÐÐ 7 8 Ð 8 Ð 98Ð 99069 ÐÐ9 ÐÐÐ99Ð 9999ÐÐ9 7 9

Valor + Express y y g e 6 5 8 7 8 Ð Ð 9 9 Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 7 8 Ð 8 Ð 9 8 Ð 9 9 0 9 9 Ð Ð 9 Ð Ð Ð 9 9 Ð 9 9 9 9 Ð Ð 9 7 9 + 2,4-D Notes: c. 9.5 months g. 45Ð60 days depending on Valor rate k. 30Ð45 days/pint depending on rainfall Boldface ratings (8Ð9) indicate good weed control. d. 10 months h. following year l. 30Ð45 days/pint of dicamba depending on a. not in most states; see specific state labels e. 45 days or more i. 15 days rainfall b. 7 days or more f. 30Ð60 days or more depending on Valor rate j. 7 days or more depending on 2,4-D formulation & rate m. 12 months or more Annual: a plant that completes its life cycle Panicle: grass seed heads with a main axis and during a single growing season. subdivided branches; may be compact or Auricle: in grasses, small appendage found where open. the blade meets the sheath. Perennial: plants that generally live for more than Awns: slender bristles. two years. Axil: position between the stem and leaf. Petiole: the stalk between the leaf blade and the Biennial: plant that requires two years to stem. complete its life cycle. Pubescent: with hairs. Bolt: to produce a stem from a basal rosette. Ray: a single strap-shaped unit of a flower.

Glossary Bulbous perennial: plant which regenerates from Rhizome: a creeping underground stem which year to year from a thickened underground vegetatively regenerates new growth. shoot where food is stored. Rosette: a circular cluster of leaves radiating from Collar: the outer side of a grass leaf blade at the the stem of the plant at the ground. juncture of the blade and sheath. Sheath: in grasses, the lower part of a leaf that Entire: a continuous, untoothed margin. encloses the stem and younger leaves. Gland: a structure which secretes. Simple: a leaf blade that is all one unit. Lateral lobe: a projecting segment on the margin Spike: an unbranched seed head. of the leaf that is larger than a tooth. Summer annual: a plant that germinates in the Leaflet: one subunit of a compound leaf. spring or summer and completes its life cycle Ligule: in grasses, a thin membranous appendage during a single growing season. or ring of hairs on the inside of the leaf blade Taproot: an enlarged vertical main root. at the junction of the sheath and blade. Terminal leaflet: a single subunit that occurs at Lobe: a projecting segment that is larger than a the tip of the main compound leaf. tooth. Terminal lobe: a projecting segment that is larger Midrib: the central vein of a leaf. than a tooth occurring at the tip of the leaf. Node: a place on a stem where a leaf is or has Terminal spike: an unbranched seed head occur- been attached. ring at the top of the plant. Ocrea: a papery sheath that encloses the stem at Whorl: three or more leaves per node; in a circle. the nodes. Winter annual: a plant that germinates in the late Palmate: lobed or divided in a handlike fashion. summer to early spring, flowers and produces seeds in mid to late spring, after which it dies.

Annual bluegrass ...... 3 Kochia...... 16 Broadleaf dock ...... 18 Mouseear chickweed ...... 16 Bushy wallflower ...... 7 Mousetail ...... 20 Buttercups ...... 19 Pineapple-weed...... 6 Butterweed ...... 4 Plantains ...... 18 Carolina foxtail ...... 3 Prickly lettuce ...... 6

Index Carolina geranium ...... 16 Prostrate knotweed ...... 19 Catchweed bedstraw ...... 20 Purple deadnettle...... 17 Common chickweed ...... 15 Purslane speedwell ...... 21 Common mullein...... 20 Quackgrass ...... 4 Corn gromwell ...... 7 Shepherd’s-purse ...... 8 Corn speedwell ...... 21 Smallflowered bittercress ...... 8 Cornflower ...... 5 Star-of-Bethlehem ...... 2 Curly dock ...... 18 Tansymustard (or flixweed)...... 14 Dandelion...... 5 Venuslookingglass ...... 15 Downy brome ...... 3 Virginia pepperweed ...... 14 Eveningprimrose ...... 17 Western salsify ...... 7 Field pansy ...... 21 Wild buckwheat ...... 19 Field pennycress ...... 8 Wild garlic ...... 2 Fleabanes ...... 5 Wild mustard...... 14 Foxtail barley...... 4 Wild onion ...... 2 Henbit...... 17 Yellow rocket...... 15 Horseweed ...... 6

22 Early Spring Weeds of No-Till Crop Production Authors This publication was coordinated by IDEA — Information Fred Fishel Development • Expanding Awareness, a collaborative effort Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia initiated by the North Central Cooperative Extension Bill Johnson Services to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue developing, producing, and/or marketing educational University products nationwide. Publications are subject to peer Dallas Peterson review and prepared as a part of Cooperative Extension Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University Activities in cooperation with the Cooperative State Mark Loux Research Education and Extension Services (CSREES)- U.S. Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. The following State University states cooperated in making this publication available. For Christy Sprague additional copies contact the publishing university. For Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at copies of this and other North Central Regional Extension resources contact the distribution office of the university Urbana-Champaign listed below for your state. If your university is not listed, contact the producing university (marked with an asterisk). Production Extension and Agricultural Information *University of Missouri Ohio State University University of Missouri-Columbia Extension Publications Publications Office Garry Brix and Dennis Murphy, illustrators 2800 Maguire 385 Kottman Hall 2021 Coffey Road Dale Langford, editor Columbia, MO 65211-0001 (573) 882-7216 Columbus, OH 43210-1044 Acknowledgments (614) 292-1607 University of Nebraska The authors wish to thank all the external reviewers of this Dept. of Ag. Comm. South Dakota State University publication for their helpful and constructive comments: 105 Ag. Comm. Building Ag. Comm. Center Bill Curran, Pennsylvania State University Lincoln, NE 68583-0918 Box 2231 Jerry Doll, University of Wisconsin (402) 472-3023 Brookings, SD 57007-0892 Bob Hartzler, Iowa State University (605) 688-5628 J.D. Green, University of Kentucky North Dakota State University Aaron Hager, University of Illinois Extension Communications Bill Helvey, Lincoln University Box 5655, Morrill Hall *Publishing university Alex Martin, University of Nebraska Fargo, ND 58106 Marshal McGlamery, University of Illinois (701) 231-7882 Leon Wrage, South Dakota State University Special thanks are extended to Aaron Hager and Marshal McGlamery for also providing additional photographs and Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of critique of the final draft. Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Cooperative Line drawings of cornflower, mousetail, and star-of-Bethlehem Extension Services of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, are reproduced, with permission, from Julian A. Steyermark’s Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Flora of Missouri (1963, Missouri Department of Conservation). Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.

Programs and activities of the Cooperative Extension Service are available to all potential clientele without regard to race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, or disability.

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On the cover Field pennycress in no-till field in early spring, by Garry Brix

Sponsored in part by the Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council and Soybean Farmer Checkoff Dollars.

Published by MU Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia © 2000 University of Missouri North Central Regional Extension Publication No. NCR 614

An Integrated Pest Management publication Published by MU Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia 10/00/17M