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Assessment of Impact of Flood/Landslide on Riparian Vegetation in Pambayar, Periyar, Chalakudiyar and Bharathapuzha

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Assessment of Impact of Flood/Landslide on Riparian Vegetation in Pambayar, Periyar, Chalakudiyar and Bharathapuzha Meridian Vol. 8 (2). 1-7. June 2019 ISSN: 2278-750x Assessment of Impact of Flood/Landslide on Riparian Vegetation in Pambayar, Periyar, Chalakudiyar And Bharathapuzha Dr. Sabu T1, Dr. Sunil C N2, Dr. Jomy Augustine3, Dr. Amitha Bachan K.H4, Dr.Maya C Naryar5 and Dr. Joby Paul6 1Program Director (NREM), Centre for Environment and Development, Thiruvananthapuram 2Prof. & Head, Dept. of Botany (Rtd.), SNM College, Malliankara, Paravur 3Prof. & Head, Research & Postgraduate Dept. of Botany, St. Thomas College Pala 4Asst. Professor, MES Asmabi College, Kodungallur 5Asst. Professor, St. Thomas College, Thrissur 6Asst. Professor, Govt. Victoria College, Palakkad Abstract have shown that the riparian regions of the Kerala experienced many small and major rivers in Kerala are one of the areas large flood and landslide events. From which are highly affected by the flood and 15th to 18th August 2018 the worst flood landslide. The high intensity flow of water event ever since 1924 was occurred. This through the rivers along with river bank study was to understand the impact on slumping and continuous water inundation Riparian vegetation in the Pamba, Periyar, caused major changes to the riparian flora. Chalakkudi and Bharathapuzha rivers. A In many places the entire vegetation is lost rapid assessment method was used. This either due to bank slumping or due to paper provides the executive summary of inundation. Considering the importance of ten detailed research report supported by the area there is a need to conduct a detailed Kerala State Biodiversity Board. analysis on the impact of current rain Introduction ravage on the riparian flora of the rivers The changing climatic dynamics which has affected most severely and areas and peculiar physiographic condition where we have some background data on amplifying with the climate change the riparian vegetation is attempted here as impacts, especially the extreme weather experimental cases for a critical conditions predicted by various studies assessment. The present study was a part of make the State of Kerala as one of the most the detailed scientific analysis of the impact vulnerable States in India with respect to of flood on biodiversity, initiated by Kerala the natural disasters. Flooding and State Biodiversity Board (KSBB) to landslide/landslips are the two most severe formulate recommendations for restoration natural disasters we are expecting in the and follow up activities. The study was near future. During the months from June to undertaken by Centre for Environment and August 2018, Kerala experienced many Development (CED, 2019) small and large flood and landslide events. From 15th to 18th August 2018 the worst Materials and Methods flood event ever since 1924 was occurred. Study Area When we consider the ecological impact of The study covered 128 Km stretch the flood, the preliminary observations of Pampayar, 208 Km of Periyar, 82 km of 1 Meridian Vol. 8 (2). 1-7. June 2019 ISSN: 2278-750x Chalakudiyar and 136 km of the three major the riparian areas and the prioritised areas tributaries of Bharathapuzha on both banks for intervention. and prepared the riparian area land use map, physical impact maps and prioritised area Major Findings maps in GIS platform. It has also Mapping of Riparian Land Use and enumerated the riparian flora, identified the Enumeration of Flora species with conservation importance, The major vegetation types on the analysed the impact of flood/landslide on banks are mixed tree crops, natural riparian ecosystem and species, identified vegetation, barren land, species useful for river bank afforestation rubber/tea/coffee/oil palm plantations, programs and suggested integrated Teak plantation by forest department, management plan for river rejuvenation. vegetable cultivation and paddy Approach and Methods cultivation. In order to assess the previous Enumeration of Floristic Biodiversity condition of the study area and local The study enlisted a total number knowledge on the utilization of the flora, of1243 species of flowering plants the study followed a participatory approach belonging to 150 families from the by involving BMCs representatives and riparian areas four rivers under study. local people. The highest number of species is The study made use of the service of recorded from Periyar (799) followed the scientist who has explored the riparian by Pampa (549), Chalakudy (470) and areas of the rivers for its riparian floristic 3 tributaries of Bharathappuzha diversity and its ecological significance in together have 421 species. Majority of recent years for conducting the impact the species are herbs (47%), followed assessment of the area using the previous by trees (25%), shrubs (15%) and the data. The major studies/reports referred climbers (13%). for identification and comparison of the The plant other than the cultivated floristic components and other details of the species which area having high rivers under study include: Amitha (2010), conservation importance are identified CED (2010), Joby (2012), Sunil et. al based on the parameters like IUCN (unpublished), Jomy et. al (unpublished) threatened status (Critically Maya et. al (unpublished). Endangered, Endangered and The major activities involved in the Vulnerable categories are taken), study are: i) Preparation of base maps field Endemism (Endemic various regions study ii) Key Experts Consultation of India viz. Peninsular India, Western Workshops, iii) Literature Survey and Ghats, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala preparation of an appraisal of the study etc.), Medicinal use of plants in various area, iv) Intensive field surveys along the systems of medicine, other uses like river banks by research fellows and utility for local livelihood, capacity investigators v) Analysis of collected data protect river banks etc. and vi) Preparation of GIS maps of the Out of 1243 species 545 species are riparian landuse before flood/landslide, classified as having high conservation physical impacts of the flood/landslide on value based on IUCN threatened status, 2 Meridian Vol. 8 (2). 1-7. June 2019 ISSN: 2278-750x Endemism, used in various systems of Bharathapuzha under study are medicine, used for local livelihood comparatively the least affected River by activities, habitat of many bank erosion. About 30% of the total animals/fishes and capacity protect distance under study is affected but only river banks. There are 40 threatened 11% are under high erosion category. species as per IUCN Red List Version Periyar is also in first position in 2019-1, 4 critically endangered (CR), sand/mud deposition on the bans and 13 endangered and 23 vulnerable inside the River. About 34% of the species. 198 species are endemic to total distance is affected at various various regions of India, 11 endemic to scales and 31% is under the high Kerala, 92 to Southern Western Ghats deposition category. In Pampayar 74% (SWG), 55 Western Ghats (WG), 32 of the total distance studied is affected Peninsular India (PI) and the rest 8 and17% is under high deposition species India endemic. 334 plants are category. 11% of the total distance seen as used in various systems of studied in Chalakudiyar is affected and medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, 16% of the mud/sand deposition is Unani, Homeopathy, Folk, Tibetan, under high category. In the tributaries Sowa Rigpa, Chinese, Modern of Bharathapuzha about 26 % is medicine and Veterinary medicine. 214 affected but only 5% under high species are having local importance deposition category. Major depositions like raw material for local livelihood are in Thootha and Kalppathi activities, plants very much associated tributaries. with the wild animals and fishes for its Another major impact on the riparian breeding, nesting and also staple food ecosystem due to flood is deposition of and found to be very much useful in non-degradable wastes, mainly plastics checking river bank erosion, stabilizing on the trees and other vegetation banks, and controlling floods etc. causing damage to the species and ecosystem and is found as a major issue Impact on Ecosystem and Species in all Rivers. Physical Impact: The study identified and Species Loss mapped the major physical impact areas The study found that 604 flowering plants of 2018 flood/landslide mainly erosion are affected by flood/landslide in the four and sand/mud deposition. Periyar is the rivers. However, total loss of a species most highly affected by erosion. 15% of from the entire stretch is not found. The the total distance under study is affected only one species which is probably lost is and 63% of the eroded areas are under Lagenandra keralensis Sivad. & Jaleel, high erosion category. This is followed by reported only from its type location at Pampayar where 13% of the total distance Bhoothathankettu is not found there under study is affected and 54% of the because the collection location is now eroded areas are under high erosion almost filled with sand now. About 60% category. In Chalakudyar 87% of the total of the plants f the plants affected are distance studied is affected, only 23% of herbs, followed by shrubs and trees (15%) the eroded areas are under high erosion and climbers (10%). Highest percentage category. The tributaries of of species affected is in Pampa where 51% 3 Meridian Vol. 8 (2). 1-7. June 2019 ISSN: 2278-750x of the total species affected. This is of the 22 medium risk category (B) followed by Periyar (44%), Chalakudy species, 13 out of the 14 low risk (42%) and tributaries of Bharathapuzha category (C) species and another 13 out (40%). of the 26 insignificant category (D) Most of the species damage is occurred species identified from all over Kerala. due to bank erosion and deposition. The tributaries of Bharathapuzha is Plants belongs to 189 species growing having the highest distribution of close to the bank uprooted and washed invasive species (37) followed by out because large trees uprooted in Periyar (34), Pampayar (29) and landslide in the up streams collided Chalakudiyar (25) species.
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