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Environmental Analysis Report for Kerala

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Environmental Analysis Report for Kerala E-355 VOL. 2 REVISED Environmental Analysis Report Public Disclosure Authorized for Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (KRWSS) Project Public Disclosure Authorized 30 th May, 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared for The World Bank, Washington D.C. and Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency Prepared by Public Disclosure Authorized Dr. R. Paramasivam (Consultant) CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE Executive Summary 1. Introduction 1.1. Background 1.1 1.2. Environmental Analysis Study 1.2 1.3. Methodology 1.2 1.4. Organisation of the Report 1.4 2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework for Environmental Analysis 2.1. EA Requirements for Project Proposed for IDA Funding 2.1 2.2. Ministry of Environment & Forests, GOI Requirements 2.1 2.3. Kerala State Water Policy 2.3 2.4. Water Quality Monitoring 2.6 2.5. State Ground Water legislation 2.11 2.6. Statutory Requirements of State Pollution Control Board 2.12 2.7. Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Plan of Kerala 2.12 3. Project Description 3.1. Project Development Objective 3.1 3.2. Project Scope and Area 3.1 3.3. Project Components 3.2 3.4. Project Cost and Financing Plan 3.4 3.5. Institutional Arrangement 3. 6 X 3.6. Project Implementation Schedule and Scheme Cycle 3.9 3.7. Expected Benefits of the Project 3.9 4. Baseline Environmental Status 4.1. Physical Environment 4.1 Location & Physiography Geology Rainfall Climate 4.2. Water Environment 4.5 Surface Water Resources Surface Water Quality Salinity Intrnsion Hydrogeology Groundwater Potential and Utilisation in Kerala Groundwater Quality Over-exploitation of Groundwater in Certain Hydro-geological Zones Fecal contamination in Ground Water Sources Surface Water Sources of Malappuram district Groundwater Quality Along Malappuram Coast Water Resources of Kozhikode district Coastal Ground Water Quality in Kozhikode District Water Resources of Thrissur district Groundwater Occurrence and Availability Groundwater Extraction Structures and Their Density Groundwater Utilisation Bacteriological Quality of Groundwater Endemic Health Problems Chemical Quality of Groundwater Effect of Fertiliser and Pesticide on Groundwater Quality Water Scenario of Palakkad District Diminishing and Deteriorating Traditional Sources 4.3. Socio-economic Environment 4.48 Population Tribal population ii Living and Habitation Patterns of People Economy Water Supply and Sanitation Water Quality Assessment of Dug Wells in Selected Panchayats of Project District Quality Improvement Programme of Water Supply by KWA Water Quality Monitoring Setup Total Sanitation Programme of Kerala Government 4.4. Summary Observations 4.66 4.5. Public Consultations 4.67 Summary of Main Issues 4.71 5. Impact Identification and Analysis 5.1. Preamble 5.1 5.2. Pre- construction Phase Impacts 5.2 5.3. Construction Phase Impacts 5.5 5.4. Operation Phase Impacts 5.5 5.5. Analysis of Alternatives 5.11 6. Environmental Management Plan 6.1. Preamble 6.1 6.2. Key Environmental Issues 6.1 Water Quantity Water Quality 6.3. Mitigation Strategy 6.3 Water Quantity Aspects Water Quality Aspects 6.4. Environmental Monitoring & Evaluation 6.14 I1. List of References 2. List of Annexures iii LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. TteNo. 2.1 Projects Requiring Enviromental Clearance as per Schedule-I of 2.2 Ministry of Environment & Forests Notification, 1994 3.1 Project Cost Summary 3.5 3.2 KRWSS Project Percentage Implementation Plan of Schemes - 4 3.10 Batches 4.1 Water Potential in the River Basins of Kerala 4.6 4.2 Per Capita Water Resources in litres/head/day 4.7 4.3 Districtwise Utilizable Resources, Drafts and Balance for Kerala 4.10 States as on 31.3.92 4.4 Details of Pollution due to Domestic waste in Chalakudy River 4.12 4.5 Details of Major Townships Contributing Pollution Load in the 4.14 Bharathapuzha River Basin 4.6 Average yearly Consumption of Pesticides in the Project Districts for 4.15 the year 1998 4.7 Details of Major Industries Contributing Pollution in the 4.17 Bharathapuzha River Basin 4.8 Groundwater Resource and Irrigation Potential of Kerala 4.21 4.9 District-wise distribution of Springs in Kerala 4.23 4.10 Meinzer's Classification of Springs 4.24 4.11 Fluoride Concentrations in the Wells of Kerala 4.26 4.12 Details of Microbiologically Contaminated Wells in Midlands of 4.27 Thrissur 4.13 Percentage of samnpledWells contaminated with Fe, pH and Cl in 4.28 various Districts of Kerala 4.14 Water Quality Status of Selected Wells in Palakkad District 4.30 4.14a. Bacteriological Characteristics of Well Water Samples in 4.32 Mannarkkad Taluk, Palakkad District 4.14b. Bacteriological Characteristics of Well Water Sample in 4.33 Ottappalam Taluk, Palakkad District 4.15 4.15a. Statistics of Water-borne Diseases in Palakkad District of 4.34 Kerala 4.15b. Statistics of Waterbome Diseases in Kerala as compared to 4.34 All- India iv 4.16 Water Resources Availability and Utilization in Kozhikode District 4.40 4.17 Present and Future Water Demand for Kozhikode District 4.42 4.18 Ground Water Potential of Thrissur District 4.44 4.19 District-wise Population Profile of Kerala - 1991 Census 4.50 4.20 Salient Socio-economic Data of Kerala (1991 Census) 4.51 4.21 Coverage and Status of Water Supply in the State of Kerala (Rural) 4.54 4.22 Coverage and Status of Water Supplyin the State of Kerala (Urban) 4.55 4.23 Rural Water Supply Coverage Status under the RGNDWM in Kerala 4.56 State 4.24. Range, Mean and Standard Deviation of various water quality 4.59 Parameters of the pilot Panchayaths 4.25. Physical & Chemical analysis of water samples from selected bore 4.61 wells of the pilot panchayaths 4.26 Bacteriological Contamination in Drinking Water Sources (wells) 4.62 in the Four Pilot Districts 5.1 Kerala Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project - 5.3 Environmental Impact Matrix 6.1 Summary of Potential Adverse Impacts and Mitigatory Measures 6.5 6.2 Performance Indicators 6.15 v ]LIST OF FIGURES Title 3.2 Proposed Institutional set-up for KRWSS Project 3.7 3.3 Organogram for the KRWSS Project Management Unit (PMU) 3.8 LIST OF MAPS Title 3.1. Index Plan showing the Project Districts 4.1 Administrative Divisions of Kerala 4.2. Water level Fluctuation between August 1996 and Mean Water Level for August (1987-96) 4.3. Water level Fluctuation between November 1996 and Mean Water Level for August (1987-96) 4.4. Water level Fluctuation between April 1997 and Mean Water Level for April (1987-96) vi LIST OF ACRONYMS USED AIIH & PH - All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health BC - Beneficiary Committee BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand CGWB - Central Ground Water Board CWC - Central Water Commission CWRDM - Centre for Water Resources Development and Management DPMU - District Project Management Unit DSTE - Department of Science,Technology & Environment (Govt of Kerala) EA - Environmental Analysis EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan GoK - Government of Kerala GP - Gram Panchayat GWD - Ground Water Department (Of Kerala) ID - Irrigation Department IEC - Information, Education and Communication KAP - Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KCIP - Kerala Community Irrigation Project KRWSA - Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency KRWSS - Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (Project) KSPCB - Kerala State Pollution Control Board KWA - Kerala Water Authority lpd - litres per day Ipcd - litres per capita per day vii MCM - Million Cubic Metre MOEF - Ministry of Environment and Forests (Govt of India) MPN - Most Probable Number MSL - Mean Sea Level NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation O&M - Operation and Maintenance PMU - Project Management Unit RWSA - Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency SC - Scheduled Caste SEUF - Socio-Economic Unit Foundation SLC - Scheme Level Committee SO - Support Organisation SPC - Standard Plate Count ST - Scheduled Tribe THSM - Total Health and Sanitation Mission VWSC - Village Water and Sanitation Conmmittee LIST OF ANNEXURES Title Annexure 1 Environmental Analysis' Study for Kerala RWSS Terms of Reference Annexure 2 Public Consultation Annexure 3 Sanitary Survey of Water Supply Sources Annexure 4 Recuperation Test for Yield Estimation of an Open Well Annexure 5 Roof Water Harvesting Systems Annexure 6 Bleach Powder Solution Dosing Equipment for Disinfection of Small Pumped Water Suppliers Annexure 7 Sanitary Protection of Wells through Cement Grouting viii Annexure 8 Safe Sanitation Technologies Annexure 9 Vermi Composting Annexure 10 Draft Bill on Groundwater Regulation ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background The Govt. of Kerala (GoK), encouraged by the people's demand for better quality of life through improved access to safe water supply and sanitation services, and their willingness to participate in all stages of development from planning to implementation including total responsibility for operation and maintenance (O & M) of the systems, proposes to launch, with World Bank assistance, a pilot water supply and sanitation project in four districts of the state, with scope for replication of the model in other parts of the state. The GoK, which has initiated the decentralised planning programme since 1997, will implement the project through its recently established Rural Water and Sanitation Agency (RWSA). The project is in the preparation stage and is aimed at improving the quality of rural water supply and environmental sanitation service delivery to achieve sustainability of investment and generate health and income benefits. This will be realised through (a) phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms and (b) delivery of demand responsive and sustainable water and sanitation services to the beneficiary communities in the pilot districts. The key components of the project include construction of new / augmentation/ rehabilitation of drinking water schemes, drainage schemes, household latrines, solid waste disposal systems, and environmentalmanagement and watershed development schemes. The health, hygiene and sanitation component of the project includes health and hygiene education programs for safe handling of drinking water, disposal of waste water (sullage), personal hygiene, household hygiene and community environmental sanitation.
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