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Space Shuttle - Wikipedia Page 1 of 11 Space Shuttle - Wikipedia Page 1 of 11 Space Shuttle Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. Lo Space Transportation System,[1] in sigla STS, comunemente noto come Space Shuttle,[2] anche abbreviato in Shuttle, è un modello di navetta Space Shuttle spaziale della NASA, l'ente governativo degli Stati Uniti responsabile dei programmi spaziali. Lo Space Shuttle è l'unico modello di veicolo spaziale degli Stati Uniti adibito al trasporto umano attualmente in attività. La sua particolarità è la parziale riutilizzabilità, è stato infatti progettato per effettuare in sicurezza circa un centinaio di voli spaziali sostituendo solo alcune parti ausiliarie. Lo sviluppo e le missioni spaziali dello Space Shuttle sono gestite dal Programma Space Shuttle. Indice 1 Storia 2 Impieghi 3 Descrizione 3.1 Dati tecnici 4 Esemplari costruiti 4.1 Statistiche di volo 5 Profilo di missione 5.1 Lancio 5.2 Rientro e atterraggio 6 Procedure per il lancio 7 Procedure per l'atterraggio Lo Space Shuttle Discovery decolla nella 8 Cancellazione della missione missione STS-120. 8.1 Siti di atterraggio Informazioni 9 Lo Shuttle in retrospettiva Navetta con equipaggio Funzione 10 Il futuro dello Shuttle parzialmente riutilizzabile 11 Note United Space Alliance: 12 Voci correlate Thiokol/Boeing (SRB) 13 Altri progetti Lockheed Martin (Martin Produttore 14 Collegamenti esterni Marietta) - (ET) Rockwell International (Orbiter) Storia Nazione di Stati Uniti d'America origine Per approfondire, vedi la voce Programma Space Shuttle. Dimensioni Altezza 56.1 m Diametro 8.7 m Lo Shuttle viene varato il 5 gennaio 1972 quando il Presidente Richard Massa 2 029 203 kg Nixon annuncia lo sviluppo di una navetta spaziale riutilizzabile e a basso Stadi 2 costo. Capacità Carico utile 24 400 kg Il progetto è ridimensionato per problemi di bilancio e ciò nonostante viene verso LEO sviluppato rapidamente e nel corso di alcuni anni sono pronti i prototipi. Carico utile verso 3 810 kg Tra questi il primo orbiter completo, inizialmente chiamato Constitution, poi GTO diventato Enterprise in seguito a pressanti richieste dei fan del telefilm Star Cronologia dei Lanci Trek, che scrissero in massa alla Casa Bianca. L'Enterprise è pronto il 17 Stato Attivo settembre 1976 e viene usato per una serie di test di atterraggio che hanno LC-39, Kennedy Space Center successo e dimostrano la bontà del progetto. Basi di Lancio SLC-6, Vandenberg AFB (non utilizzata) La prima navetta Shuttle messa in opera e costruita a Palmdale, California, è Lanci Totali 132 il Columbia, consegnato al Kennedy Space Center il 25 marzo 1979 e Successi 131 lanciato per la prima volta il 12 aprile 1981 con un equipaggio di due 1 (incidente fatale durante il Fallimenti uomini. Il Challenger viene consegnato nel luglio del 1982, il Discovery nel lancio) novembre del 1983, e l'Atlantis nell'aprile del 1985. Il Challenger è vittima 1 (incidente fatale durante il Altro di un drammatico incidente in fase di lancio nel gennaio 1986, che provoca rientro) Volo la morte dei sette astronauti a bordo. Viene sostituito dall'Endeavour 12 aprile 1981 costruito con parti di ricambio delle altre navette, è pronto e consegnato nel Inaugurale maggio del 1991. Il Columbia si disintegra durante il rientro nell'atmosfera Boosters (Stadio 0) - Solid Rocket Boosters o 2 il 1 febbraio 2003. Nell'incidente perde la vita l'intero equipaggio, composto N booster Propulsori 1 a combustibile solido da sette astronauti. Lo Space Shuttle oramai è in pensione e verrà sostituito Spinta 12.5 MN, a livello del mare http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle 02/03/2011 Space Shuttle - Wikipedia Page 2 of 11 da un nuovo missile con Capsula ovvero il progetto Constellation della Nasa Composto dall' Ares 1, L' Ares 4 e dall' Ares 5 con cui si prevede di arrivare dapprima in orbita terrestre, poi sulla luna e infine si pensa di poter arrivare specifico Tempo di sul pianeta rosso. 124 s Accensione Propellente solido Impieghi Primo Stadio - Serbatoio esterno (nessuno) Propulsori Lo Space Shuttle è impiegato per il trasporto di grandi carichi verso diverse (3 propulsori sull'Orbiter) orbite, per il trasferimento dell'equipaggio della Stazione Spaziale Spinta 5.25 MN Impulso Internazionale e per effettuare missioni di manutenzione come quelle sul 455 s specifico telescopio spaziale Hubble. Una sua potenzialità prevista originariamente e Tempo di 480 s non ancora sfruttata è quella di riportare a terra satelliti artificiali. Accensione Propellente O2/H2 liquidi Nel dettaglio: Secondo Stadio - Orbiter Propulsori 2 OME trasferire equipaggio da e sulla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale (ISS) 53.4 kN spinta totale Spinta missioni umane di manutenzione, specialmente sull'Hubble combinata nel vuoto esperimenti umani in orbita terrestre bassa (Low Earth Orbit, LEO) Impulso 316 s trasporto in LEO di: specifico grossi satelliti - includendo anche l'HST Tempo di 1250 s componenti per la costruzione della ISS Accensione rifornimenti Propellente MMH/N2O4 trasporto di satelliti con il Payload Assist Module, per spedire il satellite in: un'orbita terrestre alta; tra cui: il Chandra X-ray Observatory molti satelliti TDRS due DSCS-III (Sistema di Comunicazione Satelliti di Difesa) un satellite del Programma Di Supporto alla Difesa un'orbita interplanetaria; tra cui: la Sonda Magellano la Sonda Galileo la Sonda Ulisse Descrizione Lo Space Shuttle è composto da quattro parti principali: l'Orbiter Vehicle (in sigla OV): un orbiter con spazio per l'equipaggio, vano di trasporto per il carico, tre motori principali che utilizzano il combustibile presente nei serbatoi esterni, e un sistema di manovra orbitale con due motori più piccoli (OMS); due Solid Rocket Booster (in sigla SRB): razzi riutilizzabili a propellente solido, il perclorato d'ammonio (NH4ClO4) e l'alluminio, che si staccano due minuti dopo il lancio a una altezza di 66 km e vengono recuperati nell'oceano grazie al fatto che la velocità di caduta viene notevolmente ridotta da alcuni paracadute; il Serbatoio Esterno (in sigla ET): un grande serbatoio esterno di combustibile contenente ossigeno liquido (in cima) e idrogeno anch'esso liquido (nella parte bassa) che servono ad alimentare i tre motori principali dell'OV. Si stacca dopo circa 8 minuti e mezzo a una altitudine di 109 km, esplode in atmosfera e ricade in mare senza che venga poi recuperato. I progetti iniziali prevedevano serbatoi supplementari sull'orbiter e altre attrezzature che però non furono mai costruite. Lo Shuttle ha una grande stiva per il carico utile che si estende per buona parte della sua lunghezza. I portelloni della stiva sono provvisti di radiatori montati sulla superficie interna, e vengono tenuti aperti mentre lo Shuttle è in orbita per favorire il controllo termico, che viene mantenuto anche regolando l'orientamento dell'intero Shuttle rispetto alla Terra e al Sole. All'interno della stiva per il carico utile si trova il Sistema di Manipolazione Remota, detto anche Canadarm, un braccio robotizzato impiegato per recuperare e mettere in orbita il carico utile. Sino all'incidente del Columbia, il Canadarm veniva incluso soltanto nelle missioni in cui il suo impiego era richiesto dalla natura della missione stessa. Poiché il braccio è una parte cruciale della procedura di Ispezione della Protezione Termica che è attualmente richiesta per i voli dello Shuttle, in futuro probabilmente verrà incluso in tutti i voli. Lo Space Shuttle ha subito numerosi miglioramenti nel corso degli anni. L'orbiter ha cambiato il suo sistema di protezione termico diverse volte per ridurre il peso e il carico di lavoro. Le piastrelle di ceramica devono essere controllate dopo ogni volo per trovare eventuali piastrelle rotte; inoltre assorbono umidità e quindi devono essere protette dalla pioggia. Questo inconveniente è stato dapprima risolto spruzzando sulle tegole il prodotto Scotchgard; in seguito è stata sviluppata una soluzione ad hoc. In un secondo tempo molte tegole della sezione dello Shuttle che diventa meno calda sono state sostituite da grandi pannelli di un materiale isolante avente la consistenza del feltro; ciò ha comportato il vantaggio di non dover ispezionare in modo particolarmente accurato zone molto grandi del rivestimento (in particolare la zona del carico). http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle 02/03/2011 Space Shuttle - Wikipedia Page 3 of 11 Internamente lo Shuttle è rimasto in gran parte simile al progetto originale, con l'eccezione dei sistemi di avionica che vengono migliorati continuamente. I sistemi originali erano dei computer IBM modello 360 basati su processori Intel 8086, con sottosistemi di controllo video basati su microcontrollori RCA 1802, collegati a monitor analogici posti nella cabina di pilotaggio, similmente agli attuali aerei di linea modello DC-10. Oggi la cabina di pilotaggio è basata su cinque computer APA-101S ridondanti basati su processori 80386, ed è dotata di sistemi a tutto display. I cinque calcolatori di bordo usano complessivamente circa 2 MB di memoria RAM a nuclei magnetici che, diversamente dalla normale RAM integrata a transistor, è completamente immune alle radiazioni. I computer impiegano il linguaggio di programmazione HAL/S. Come nella tradizione del Progetto Apollo-Sojuz, anche delle calcolatrici programmabili vengono portate a bordo (originariamente si usava il modello Hewlett-Packard 41C). Oltre alla cabina di pilotaggio a tutto display, svariati miglioramenti sono stati adottati per ragioni di sicurezza a seguito della esplosione del Challenger, fra cui una via di fuga per l'equipaggio
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