HYPERSONICS 36 Q&A 8 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 26 Predicting bad vibes U.S. Sen. Jerry Moran on FAA, NASA Leaping from automation to autonomy

SPARKING THE SPACE ECONOMY A fl exible glass produced in space shows promise as a catalyst for building an economy in space. PAGE 16

JANUARY 2020 | A publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org www.dspace.com

SCALEXIO® – Fitting your needs

SCALEXIO, the dSPACE real-time simulation technology for developing and testing embedded systems, is easily scalable to perfectly match the demands of your project – whatever your aims might be:

Developing new control algorithms Testing single control units Control test rigs for actuators Integration tests of large, networked systems

SCALEXIO always fits your needs – what are you aiming for? FEATURES | January 2020 MORE AT aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org

An artist’s rendering of a potential moon base that would be constructed through 3D printing, which is considered an important technique for building an economy in space. European Space Agency

12 26 40 16 Dream Chaser’s Planes vs. cars Defending Earth new champion from asteroids Manufacturing While autonomous Janet Kavandi, a aircraft appear to A partnership between in space former astronaut be building on the governments and the and former director advances of nascent commercial A fi ber optic material called ZBLAN of NASA’s Glenn self-driving cars, space industry could be the product that jump-starts Research Center, operating in more would guarantee the dimensions carries the space economy. takes charge of Sierra reliability and rapid Nevada Corp.’s Space special challenges. response necessary, By Debra Werner Systems division. says a former NASA By Adam Hadhazy mission planner. By Amanda Miller By Don Nelson

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 1 AEROSPACE SPOTLIGHT

Wednesday, 20 May 2020

Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center Washington, D.C.

Please celebrate with esteemed guests and colleagues in Washington, D.C., when AIAA recognizes individuals and teams for outstanding contributions that make the world safer, more connected, and more prosperous.

aiaa.org/Gala-2020 IN THIS ISSUE AEROSPACE★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ AMERICA JANUARY 2020, VOL. 58, NO. 1

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Christine Fisher Ben Iannotta Christine writes about technology, space and science. Her work can also be [email protected] found on Engadget.com. ASSOCIATE EDITOR PAGE 11 Karen Small [email protected]

STAFF REPORTER Cat Hofacker [email protected] Adam Hadhazy EDITOR, AIAA BULLETIN Christine Williams Adam reports on astrophysics and technology. His work has appeared in Discover and New Scientist magazines. [email protected] PAGE 26 EDITOR EMERITUS Jerry Grey

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Christine Fisher, Adam Hadhazy, Robert van der Linden, Amanda Miller, Amanda Miller Debra Werner, Frank H. Winter Amanda is a freelance reporter and editor based near Denver with 20 years

John Langford AIAA PRESIDENT of experience at weekly and daily publications. Daniel L. Dumbacher PUBLISHER PAGE 12

ADVERTISING [email protected]

ART DIRECTION AND DESIGN THOR Design Studio | thor.design Debra Werner A frequent contributor to Aerospace America, Debra is also a West Coast MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION correspondent for Space News. Association Vision | associationvision.com PAGES 16, 64

LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE Ben Iannotta, [email protected]

DEPARTMENTS

4 Editor’s Notebook 5 8 7 Flight Path AeroPuzzler Q&A Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published monthly Can you answer our cosmic U.S. Sen. Jerry Moran on except in August by the American Institute of Aeronautics question? NASA’s budget and Astronautics, Inc., at 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 45 AIAA Bulletin 200 Reston, VA 20191-5807 [703-264-7500]. Subscription rate is 50% of dues for AIAA members (and is not deductible therefrom). Nonmember subscription price: U.S., $200; 59 Career Opportunities 11 36 foreign, $220. Single copies $20 each. Postmaster: Send address changes and subscription orders to Aerospace R&D Case Study America, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 62 Looking Back at 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA, 20191-5807, Vortex generators that Predicting turbulent spots on Attn: A.I.A.A. Customer Service. Periodical postage sometimes lie fl at hypersonic vehicles paid at Reston, Virginia, and at additional mailing offi ces. Copyright 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA 62 64 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offi ce. Looking Back Trajectories Verifying the importance of Daniel Alvarez, space studying asteroids mission program manager at Millennium Space Systems

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 3 EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK ECONOMICS The burgeoning space economy he fresh determination by NASA and a host of startups to build products in space could require rethinking our standard nomenclature about matters of space. Consider the term “space economy.” In the traditional sense, the U.S. and other space-faring nations have nurtured a vibrant economy for decades. Governments commission construction of satellites and hire companies to launch them. The “new space” companies, which aren’t so Tnew anymore, build satellites and rockets to their liking, and governments can choose to become custom- ers or not. There are bustling markets for a host of products and services, including communications bandwidth through orbit; weather forecast- ing data; banking and mapping software and apps derived from the timing and navigation signals of GPS and similar constellations; and images from privately owned imaging constellations. All this government spending and private-sector revenue added up to $360 billion globally in 2018, according to Bryce Space and Technology, a Virginia-based analysis and engineering fi rm. To give you a gauge, that’s about half of the annual U.S. defense budget. That’s a lot of money, but there’s room for growth, and the meaning of the term “space economy” needs to expand to match. For a small band of entrepreneurs, the term now refers to a whole set of aspirations ranging from the bold to the fantastic. Bold would be making a product in space and returning it to Earth in high enough volume that revenues from sales exceed the sizable costs of getting materials to space, making a product and delivering it to custom- This machine dubbed ers on Earth. Our cover story takes a deep look at one promising possibility, a fi ber optic product that can’t the “Refabricator” on be made in high quality on Earth due to gravity but whose zero-gravity version should outperform con- the International Space ventional fi bers. Station prints plastic parts and recycles old On the fantastic front is the idea of gathering natural resources in space and making products out of parts into new ones. them for customers away from Earth. The best of those who are working toward such fantastic goals are NASA and manufacturer careful not to overstate matters. The sizable technical challenges ahead need to be embraced and con- Tethers Unlimited of quered. As Justin Kugler of the Silicon Valley company Made In Space puts it: The space economy will Washington say reusing “eventually include building satellites and vehicles in space that never touch the ground, but we’re a ways waste could cut costs of future space missions. yet from that!” NASA The route to the fantastic must run through the bold. All this brings to mind another term: space exploration. Without a doubt, there’s still plenty of exploration to be done by humans and by robotic probes in space, but humanity seems to be pushing to make the tran- sition from pure exploration (call it the Lewis and Clark phase) to exploration plus economy building. ★

Ben Iannotta, editor-in-chief, [email protected]

4 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org Do you have a puzzler to suggest? Email us at [email protected]

FROM THE DECEMBER ISSUE

FLIGHT-TEST FEED- C o s m i c mystery BACK: We asked you what devices had been Q: I am leftover from the beginning of time. removed from a proto- type jet that led the test Without me and my spots, galaxies could not pilot to say the aircraft have formed. I’m everywhere in the cosmos, was diffi cult to control in certain confi gurations and wanted to stall sooner than it should. He assessed but not uniformly. My wavelengths were small, “a Cooper-Harper of 7 to 8” at times. but you sense them as stretched. A spacecraft WINNER: The engineer was referring to wing was launched decades ago to take my tem- vortex generators. These devices on the upper surface of a wing are used to control flow perature and look for my spots. What am I, and separation along the aft portion of the wing. If how did this spacecraft f nd me? they are removed, the flow will separate at a lower angle of attack, and the plane would stall sooner. It would be desirable to not have vortex generators because they produce drag. Draft a response of no more than 250 words and email it by midnight Jan. 12 to [email protected] for a chance David G. Hull AIAA associate fellow and member emeritus to have it published in the February issue. Austin, Texas [email protected]

For a head start ... f nd the AeroPuzzler online on the f rst of each month at https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/ and on Twitter @AeroAmMag .

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 5 AIAA CONGRESSIONAL WEDNESDAY, 18 MARCH 2020 VISITS DAY Advocate for Aerospace on Capitol Hill Every year, AIAA members—engineers, scientists, researchers, students, educators, and technology executives—travel to Washington, DC, for a day of advocacy and awareness with national decision makers. Spend a day meeting with new and established congressional members and their staf. Your participation, enthusiasm, and passion remind our lawmakers that aerospace is a key component of an economically strong and secure nation. If you are interested in the future of your profession, the advancement of technology, the furthering of scientific research, and the strengthening of our nation’s security, this event is for you! Travel subsidies are available

Participating in CVD was like getting a bird’s-eye view of a grand and magnificent “ national aerospace project. I knew that my contribution might be small, but being a voice of the aerospace community filled my heart with immense pride and humility at the same time.

RUCHIR GOSWAMI PhD Candidate Iowa State University ”

REGISTER NOW aiaa.org/CVD2020 FLIGHT PATH

Work with Us to Raise the Profile of the Aerospace Community

s Chair of the AIAA Public Policy Committee (PPC), panel of senior Senate staffers. The new initiative is designed to con- I'm excited to highlight our policy-related successes nect our members and nonmembers with government stakeholders from this past year and also take the opportunity to and other thought leaders. The breakfast series also provides a great make members aware of how you can participate in opportunity for participants to network with key representatives AIAA's public policy activities. across government, industry, and academia. Our second event will ALast February, at the beginning of the 116th Congress, AIAA cover another issue of relevance and will take place later this winter. sponsored an educational briefi ng covering the importance of I am very proud of the PPC’s work this past year, but I would be government investment in aerospace and its potential to affect remiss if I didn’t stress the importance of the broader membership’s the industry and the nation’s economy. The “Aerospace 101” involvement in our policy-related activities to achieve our goals. session was attended by roughly 90 House and Senate staffers. There are three primary avenues for AIAA members to contribute: Then in March, we held the 21st annual Congressional Visits key issue suggestions, policy papers, and CVD. Day (CVD) program. It was our largest and most successful Each year, the PPC establishes key issues that become the focal CVD to date with approximately 175 members, representing 36 points of the Institute's engagement with congressional decision states and 37 sections, attending and visiting about 275 offi ces makers, the administration, and state and local offi cials. The key on Capitol Hill. More impressive was that over 60 percent of the issues provide the supporting pillars of the CVD program, drive participants were students. panel sessions at our annual forums, underpin our state-level The objective of our CVD program is to increase awareness of advocacy efforts, and form the basis of smaller focused events and the long-term importance of science, engineering, and aerospace activities. These issues are intended to raise the profi le of the broad technology to the nation through face-to-face meetings with aerospace community and generally align with one of our current members of Congress, congressional staff, key administration policy pillars: R&D and Innovation, Funding Stability and Com- officials, and other decision makers. I believe that objective petitiveness, and Workforce Development and Enhancement. The was especially met in 2019 given the positive legislative devel- PPC collects key issue input year-round. Consider submitting key opments that transpired from our advocacy efforts and strong issue suggestions through the AIAA website or your local section. relationships. The fi rst of those developments was the passage The second way for members to contribute is by authoring or of the Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medal Act, which contributing to a policy paper. AIAA policy papers are prepared to appropriately recognizes the notable women who contributed convey educational and informational material and may express to NASA’s success during the Space Race and highlights their opinions of and recommendations for action by the government broader impact on society. AIAA endorsed the legislation from to address issues of interest or concern to our members. They are the outset and leveraged the membership to call on lawmakers a mechanism by which AIAA members contribute to crafting or to support it. The second development was the overwhelming infl uencing government solutions to problems. There are four types interest in our congressional activities leading up to the Inter- of policy papers: Information Papers, Opinion Papers, Institute national Astronautical Congress (IAC 2019). Over the course of Position Papers, and White Papers. the summer, the Institute hosted three different issue briefi ngs Lastly, members can contribute by attending the aforementioned and two receptions designed to generate interest in the IAC and CVD program. This year’s event will be held on 18 March. Registration support for the nation’s space programs. The third development is currently open and I encourage you to sign up. There is no fee to was the introduction of the NASA Authorization Act of 2019—a key attend, and headquarters is offering limited subsidies to help defray issue covered during CVD. The bill provides policy direction for the cost of travel expenses. Members and AIAA sections are also NASA and its various programs and missions. During the drafting encouraged to promote our key issues by visiting their members of of this important legislation, congressional committees sought Congress during district work periods, which offers a better chance inputs from AIAA, and the PPC was able to provide feedback on of meeting the lawmaker face-to-face. behalf of the Institute. These activities demonstrate how AIAA is In closing, the PPC welcomes all member involvement in viewed as a valuable resource to lawmakers in the development AIAA's public policy activities, and we need member engagement of aerospace policy. to continue to grow our impact. For more information on these Related to the NASA authorization bill, AIAA held its initial activities and how you as a member can contribute, please visit policy breakfast in late November and it was a rousing success. the Advocacy section of the AIAA website: aiaa.org/advocacy. ★ More than 50 aerospace community members attended the off- the-record event and learned more about the legislation from a Tim Dominick, AIAA Public Policy Chair

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 7 Q & A U.S. SEN. JERRY MORAN

Sen. Jerry Moran questions NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine at a budget review hearing.

NASA

Q&A JERRY MORAN

POSITIONS: Since 2018, chair of the Commerce, Justice, Budget maker Science and Related Agencies subcommittee of Senate Appropriations that drafts funding legislation for NASA and .S. Sen. Jerry Moran grew up two hours NOAA; co-chair of the Senate Aerospace Caucus since 2014; from Wichita, Kansas, the self-styled U.S. senator from Kansas since 2011; member of U.S. House “A i r Capital of the World” and home of from Kansas, 1997-2011; Kansas state senator 1989-1996. manufacturing giants Textron and Spirit AeroSystems. As a Senate appropriator, he NOTABLE: Introduced the Aviation Funding Stability Act that would fund FAA programs in the event of a government More online Uis now one of the legislators who decide how to spend shutdown; co-sponsored with Sen. Mark Warner, D-Va., the aerospace U.S. taxpayer dollars on aerospace, including those Aeronautics Innovation Act, which would increase NASA america. that go to the FAA and also, via the subcommittee he aeronautics funding over the next fi ve years and establish aiaa.org leads, to NASA and NOAA. With power comes hard research initiatives including additional X-planes. decisions, including whether Congress should fund AGE: 65 NASA’s Artemis lunar landing program and require an overhaul of the FAA aircraft certifi cation process RESIDENCE: Manhattan, Kansas after the Boeing 737 MAX crashes. I discussed these priorities and more with Moran by phone from his EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science in economics and a law offi ce in Washington, D.C. degree, both from the University of Kansas — Cat Hofacker FAVORITE QUOTE: The Kansas state motto, “Ad Astra per Aspera,” which translates to “to the stars through diffi culties.”

8 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org IN HIS WORDS “So part of Balancing (and passing) budgets A continuing resolution is damaging to everybody, all the federal [Artemis is about] agencies and investments that are made. A continuing resolution whereby Congress cannot get its act together to reach a conclusion science and about next year’s funding is especially damaging to science, to exploration of space, to things that are long-term projects. So moving forward one of the things that is always important in the appropriations process is there has to be give and take between various members in the world of of our committee, members of the United States Senate, the House technology, and and the White House. There has to be working together to get a result because in the absence of a result, we fall back to either a part of it to me is government shutdown or we fall back to a continuing resolution that freezes spending from one year to the next. The people who are an opportunity to on the Appropriations Committee are generally very interested in cooperation, looking for an end result — not just a statement. We’ve bring the country tried to put ourselves in positions that are advantageous to working with others in the Senate, in the Congress, to reach a result. together.”

2024: “A great goal for this country” My experience is with the Apollo Program and what it meant to me at Republicans, Democrats, House and Senate — to have an idea of a much younger age than today: a fascination not just with space, what the administration’s cost estimates are for Artemis. There’s but with science. I’ve seen time and time again with people who a lot of uncertainty. I mean, there’s a reason that they’re hard to were young and are now involved in science or space or aeronautics. come by, but it would be useful to have, both as a practical matter The lunar landing had a consequence on their lives; it captured their of how we look at what’s next, but also just provide some certainty attention. That is part of the reason that I’m interested in space to someone like me that’s a supporter of Artemis to know what it is exploration, accelerating the date for a lunar landing. At a time in that’s expected in the future. I am continuing to encourage those which our country is so divided, it’s hard to fi nd consensus on things; numbers to be made available as quickly as possible, and it is a we have tremendous challenges with other countries in the world in regard to technology and our national security. A lunar landing matter of educating not just myself, but all of my colleagues and in this time frame would help bring the country together. It would then analyze those numbers and see if they make sense. advance science for our national security purposes and demonstrate to the world that, again, the United States is a leader in space Standing by Artemis exploration. I would never attribute motives to others, but this is I would not withdraw my support for the concept of a lunar something that I hope does not become partisan. It’s not about the landing [should the estimated cost be higher than hoped]. The fact that the president, the vice president are promoting it. This is question is at what time frame does that lunar landing occur? If either a good idea or not. And while I applaud the administration for we aren’t allocated suffi cient resources within our appropriations championing an early arrival on the moon, I wouldn’t want anybody subcommittee, or if the costs are signifi cantly more than what was to take away from that that this is a political statement. Certainly expected or what’s been talked about, then that creates a problem not a political statement by me; don’t think it’s necessarily a with the time frame in which that landing could occur. Every political statement by the administration. It’s trying to urge us to go appropriations process involves establishing priorities. I think it’s places that we need to go, and we need to get there sooner because important for me and my colleagues to hear from a wide array of we have such competition and the challenges are so great. So part of those involved in space, in aeronautics, in STEM education. There’s it is science and moving forward in the world of technology, and part a signifi cant number of components, of money, that is spent within of it to me is an opportunity to bring the country together. the NASA budget. The Senate Appropriations Committee knows it’s a priority to have funding for STEM education, for example, or Wanted: cost estimate for Artemis lunar program aeronautics. Those are components that we don’t want to walk I’ve encouraged the administration, I’ve asked NASA Administrator away from, and we will have to work hard to fi nd the right balance. Bridenstine, I’ve asked the Offi ce of Management and Budget, That will take information, testimony, hearings from Administrator have visited with others at the White House, saying, “We need to Bridenstine, but also from others outside NASA and within NASA. see those numbers.” I wish we had a fi ve-year plan now; I think it would be valuable to us as appropriators. I’m not interested in Partnering with industry investing in something that I don’t have a sense for what the next So many of the things that the private sector will learn and accomplish amount of money, what the next investment requirement is. I wish in aeronautics are things that translate well into NASA. The transfer we had something that we don’t have, which is numbers today. As of information, the understanding of the science involved is valuable we negotiate with the House over this issue, it’s fair to all of us — to both the public and private sector. We know that we can do more,

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 9 we can better protect taxpayer dollars and we could remaining competitive. It is a question of how do we The fi rst of four RS-25 advance science and technology in the United States move forward rapidly but never jeopardizing safety. engines is mounted on the core stage of a NASA by that public-private partnership. This is a concept I’m anxious for this MAX issue to be resolved, for Space Launch System that makes sense today, particularly as the expense of us to know what all of the experts have concluded rocket at the Michoud aspects of aeronautics just continue to increase. We so that we can fi nd that correct balance in safety Assembly Facility in face a world in which other countries are much more and advancing technology. Depending upon what Louisiana. NASA is devel- robust in their support for science and technology, and the result of this investigation shows, the private oping SLS with industry partners Boeing and we do so at a risk to our innovation economy, and we do sector has a role to play. The private sector has a Aerojet Rocketdyne to so at a risk to our national security. lot of stake. In determining what role the FAA and power the fi rst Artemis the private sector play, I think it takes both of them: mission to the moon. Hypersonics strong oversight but a continued presence by the NASA Our global competitors are advancing rapidly in their private sector in the process. development of these technologies. It is important not only for the speed, but for the application of what The return of the MAX we learned in the process of getting that speed, what When it’s certifi ed, its safety has improved, I don’t that means elsewhere to development of innovative think I have any qualms about fl ying in a 737 MAX. My ideas and modes of transportation in this country. My expectation is that the traveling public, the consumer, impression is that we face signifi cant challenges in will be generally satisfi ed once the FAA and other the amount of resources that China and others are international regulators reach the conclusion that the putting into this arena, and it is important for us, as fi x, whatever that is, has occurred and the problem best we can, to keep up. We also have a robust private has been solved. There is still a signifi cant amount of sector that is advantageous, so you cannot compare credibility from consumers in that regulatory process. one country to another because our private sector is All eyes are on the FAA. If there was disagreement fully engaged, and together we can accomplish these between regulators, the FAA and others internationally, things. But we are challenged to stay at the forefront, I don’t think that solves the problem, the consumer due to the resources that other countries are putting issue, the sense of security and safety. There can’t into their programs. be a debate. This issue has to be resolved in a way in which there is no longer debate about “Has it been fi xed 737 MAX fallout correctly? Is the plane now safe?” ★ I think it’s premature for me to reach a conclusion of what went wrong. I’m still looking for more answers. I recognize that the ODA [Organization Designation Authorization] process is critical to the industry

10 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org R&D MATERIALS

Testing vortex generators that get out of the way BY CHRISTINE FISHER | christine@cfi sherwrites.com

ortex generators, or VGs, the tabs often caused the Smart VGs to lie fl at on the wing. As the Three Smart Vortex fi xed to the leading edge of aircraft wings, ecoDemonstrator descended into warmer tempera- Generators deployed play a critical role during takeoff and land- tures, above 0 degrees Celsius and around 15,000 on the wing of NASA’s ecoDemonstrator. A rod ing, improving control and reducing stall feet, the SMART VGs began to deploy and stand made of shape memory speeds. But at cruise, they do little more back up. alloy on the bottom of a Vthan add drag. “There’s no application of heat, there’s no batter- vortex generator (inset) NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Ohio and Boeing ies, there’s no power supply to the vortex generators,” acts as a hinge when may have a solution: VGs that lie fl at during cruise says Othmane Benafan, Glenn’s lead engineer on the cooled, forcing the Smart VG to lie fl at at cruise. and stand vertically for takeoff and landing. The key project. “The environment is doing the trick, and it’s Boeing is a unique SMA, short for shape memory alloy, de- doing it by cooling them.” veloped at Glenn that doubles as a sensor and an The Smart VGs could reduce drag on commercial actuator. aircraft by 0.2 to 0.5 percent, Boeing and NASA predict. Typically, SMAs change shape when heated. This “Over years, over the fl eet, that translates to a huge SMA, a blend of nickel, titanium, hafnium and number,” says Benafan. zirconium, does the exact opposite; it changes shape If the Smart VGs were used on 100 Boeing 777s, when cooled. The SMA is formed into a rod about over the course of a year, they could save 3 million .25 centimeter in diameter, and placed along the gallons (11.4 million liters) of fuel, the equivalent of base of the VG, where it acts like a hinge. removing 3,800 cars from the road for one year, Boe- As an aircraft climbs toward its cruising altitude, ing estimates. the air temperature drops and the SMA twists, causing “We’re preparing this technology so it could po- the VG to rotate and lie fl ush with the wing. As the tentially be used for new airplanes and it could be aircraft descends, the air temperature increases. That retrofi ttable for older airplanes,” says F. Tad Calkins, causes the SMA to twist back, and the VG rotates to a Boeing associate technical fellow. its vertical position. For now, this is purely a research effort. Boeing In November, NASA and Boeing conducted the will use data from the ecoDemonstrator test fl ights, fi rst fl ight tests of what they’re calling Shape Memory which wrapped up in late December, to chronicle Alloy Reconfi gurable Technology Vortex Generators, how the Smart VGs react to different fl ight conditions or Smart VGs. They swapped three standard VGs on a and determine if they meet design requirements. wing of Boeing’s 777-200 ecoDemonstrator aircraft Boeing says it is still too diffi cult to predict when with Smart VGs. these might arrive on any of its aircraft. By the time the ecoDemonstrator reached cruise “These do show promise, so I think NASA and at about 40,000 feet, the atmospheric temperature Boeing would be optimistic that perhaps one day they had cooled enough, between minus 20 degrees will find their way onto an airplane,” says Boeing Celsius and minus 60, to activate the SMA, which spokesman Paul McElroy. ★

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 11 TITLE

Astronaut Kavandi’s new mission Janet Kavandi arrived at the Space Systems headquarters of Sierra Nevada Corp. in September to lead its space work as senior vice president of programs. Space Systems is in the midst of an ambitious growth plan as it prepares to launch cargo to the International Space Station and is vying for roles in human spacefl ight, including NASA’s proposed Artemis lunar missions. In an interview at the unit’s headquarters in Colorado, Amanda Miller asked Kavandi about these initiatives, how she became an astronaut and about milestones for women in aerospace.

BY AMANDA MILLER | [email protected]

12 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org hen they went searching for and Landing Facility in Florida. That’s the same a new linchpin of their com- shuttle landing facility where Kavandi landed three pany’s Space Systems busi- times. ness area, Eren Ozmen and “I always admired this design and think that is her husband Fatih chose Janet something I’d really like to be a part of — to see that Kavandi, a three-time space launch and land successfully. Part of the fi rst year Wshuttle astronaut and one of the foremost U.S. will be dedicated toward making that happen,” spacefl ight safety experts. Kavandi says. Dream Chaser is “a good candidate to Kavandi’s fl ying days are over, but here at Sierra get us into space reliably and not from the govern- Nevada Corp.’s Space Systems headquarters in ment — the government will contract it; they won’t Louisville, Colorado, she tells me, “I’m here because own it. I just think it’s a very elegant solution to I still think about flying in space.” She says she’s getting back and forth from space. And I think it determined “to enable humanity to do more things could be a safer option of transporting cargo and in the exploration of space.” potentially humans.” As senior vice president for programs, Kavandi NASA rejected the crewed Dream Chaser design reports to Fatih Ozmen, the acting executive vice for the Commercial Crew program in 2014 in favor president of Space Systems . Kavandi’s passion for of the SpaceX Crew Dragon and the Boeing CST-100 spaceflight and arrival in Louisville are perhaps Starliner. Neither of those craft have yet carried a most notable for this reason: SNC is on a tight crew. Meanwhile, SNC hasn’t given up the dream of deadline of less than two years to launch Dream someday doing so with Dream Chaser. Chaser, a cargo craft that looks like a mini-version Safety of the crew would, of course, be paramount of the shuttle orbiters that Kavandi fl ew aboard and for NASA, and this is an area where Kavandi has which lands on a runway like the shuttle orbiters. personal experience. “Should we ever have a contract Her mission, in part, will be to fulfi ll a NASA contract to provide a crewed option, then, of course, that to resupply the International Space Station six times would be foremost in my mind, since that was my with one or perhaps both of the Dream Chaser history,” Kavandi says. vehicles NASA is helping to fund. She oversees SNC’s When the orbiter Columbia disintegrated over spacecraft and space technology manufacturing Texas in 2003 on its way back to Florida, Kavandi programs, including the descent brake landing was the lead casualty assistance calls offi cer in charge mechanism for the Mars 2020 rover scheduled for of 25 astronauts who notifi ed the families of those Janet Kavandi, launch in July. The rover project and other efforts who had died in the catastrophe. The “CACOs” helped in front of the primary have swelled the Space Systems business area to the families arrange memorial services and manage structure for Sierra facilities in fi ve states. publicity after the accident. Nevada Corp.’s fi rst Even with such risks, Kavandi remains enamored Dream Chaser cargo vehicle in October. Next line of business by spacefl ight. “I spent a lot of time in the govern- Sierra Nevada Corp. Kavandi speaks with the thoughtful demeanor that ment [on spacefl ight], and in the time that I have one would expect of an astronaut with a doctorate left in my useful life as a working citizen, I would in analytical chemistry, whose dissertation discussed like to contribute on the outside in that same way.” p r e s s u r e - i n d i c a t i n g paints for wind tunnel tests and She thinks the Artemis astronaut missions to who operated the robotics to put together parts of the moon, proposed by NASA, will open up new the International Space Station. opportunities in the astronaut career fi eld, espe- She was cautious during our discussion, one cially because NASA wants to go in a “sustainable of her fi rst in-depth interviews since arriving in way,” rather than collecting samples and then September from NASA’s Glenn Research Center in abandoning human exploration for another 50 years. Ohio, where she was director for three years. U.S. The undertaking would be complex, but Kavandi law forbids her for a year after leaving federal states the goal simply: “Figure out how to survive,” employment from saying anything to infl uence she says. “It would be to go and learn how to live on NASA. “I’m basically just trying to educate myself another planetary surface that has a very dusty on the company as quickly as I can — learning the environment. It’s got no atmosphere. It’s got intense business, learning the objectives of what the own- radiation from the sun. You have to learn how to ers want for their business,” Kavandi says, referring make your own water, grow your own food in some to the Ozmens, naturalized U.S. citizens from sort of shelter, use the — ISRU, they call it — in- Turkey. situ resource utilization on the surface of the moon, Several months ago SNC began assembling the maybe fi nd the water that’s in ice form at the poles fi rst of its Dream Chaser orbital spacecraft that will and use that to make oxygen or melt it for consum- fly to the ISS autonomously and glide back for a able water.” runway landing at Kennedy Space Center’s Launch All that will require trustworthy equipment, the

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 13 its design for a habitat module that could one day expand the moon-orbiting Gateway where astronauts would stay before venturing to the lunar surface. In November, NASA announced that SNC is also one of the companies that will get to bid on Commercial Lunar Payload Services contracts to robotically deliver cargo to the surface of the moon.

Leading in the private sector Kavandi worked at NASA from the time of her se- lection as an astronaut in 1994 until shortly before moving to Colorado from Ohio, where she was di- rector of Glenn, a center known especially for its space propulsion research and development. At SNC, part of her oversight role will include the Proplusion and Environmental Systems unit that builds SNC’s Vortex engines for the Dream Chaser spacecraft. SNC also is developing a version of the SNC HISTORY Vortex engines with the U.S. Air Force as an upper Sierra Nevada Corp. set up the headquarters of its Space stage for launch vehicles. Systems business area in Louisville, Colorado, near the After so many years in government, I wondered aerospace hub of Boulder, after acquiring two small if she was feeling culture shock by now working for space companies in 2008, one of which, SpaceDev, a NASA and Defense Department contractor. “It’s already had a facility there. The SpaceDev acquisition not quite as foreign as I thought it might be because “added tremendous space heritage with products that my last role was running a NASA center, which is had f own on more than 300 spacecraft over 20 years,” essentially running a business. You don’t have to according to SNC’s company timeline. SNC’s owners make a profi t, per se, but you do have to run it as if Eren and Fatih Ozmen are married Turkish immigrants you were running a business. You can’t have a defi - who bought the company in 1994, then just a small cit. You have to manage your people. You have to manage your budget. You have to make good stra- defense f rm in Nevada. They’ve since acquired 14 more tegic decisions on where you invest and what you companies in the aviation, space and technology sectors, want your future to look like.” not counting those companies’ subsidiaries. Reaching space Asked about her determination to become an astro- naut, Kavandi conjures a memory. “I attribute it to long-term target being not the moon but a red speck some time I spent with my father. We lived in the in the sky visible from the lunar surface. “The trick country. We could see the stars at night. We could will be: OK, so these things broke. We’ll bring them look up and wonder what it would be like to be in back, we’ll redesign them, we’ll put them back on space. And there were satellites going over, and there the surface. When they don’t break anymore, then were the fi rst people fl ying in space at the time, and we’re ready to push things to Mars.” I think we talked about what it would be like to be The red planet brings out the futurist in Kavan- up there and looking back at the Earth and what we di: “If we want to ensure the survivability of might see.” the species in the long run, in case there is this She knew that NASA — at the time the only comet or meteorite or something out there that option for an American who wanted to go to space we can’t avoid, and it smacks us like what happened — had two kinds of astronauts: military test pilots to the dinosaurs — most of life was extinguished or scientists with doctorates. “I had to think about on the planet — so if we want to make sure that it from a Ph.D. scientist or engineer perspective, but the human species might survive something like not a test pilot, because there were no female test that, we could be on two planets, then we have a pilots” at the time in the U.S. “So I knew I had to better chance that way. But it won’t be fast, and it have a Ph.D.” She went and got it from the Univer- won’t be in 10 years. It would be in a long period of sity of Washington in 1990. She started applying to time that we hopefully colonize, to a small extent, be a NASA astronaut while she earned her doctorate Mars.” and was selected in 1994. But first, the Ozmens want a role in Artemis. Kavandi’s career might have played out differ- Space Systems has delivered a mockup to NASA of ently were it not for a high school teacher. “The

14 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org reason I chose chemistry was because of a particu- A mockup of Sierra Women’s fi rsts lar instructor that I had who I just really enjoyed. Nevada Corp.’s design for This year NASA conducted humanity’s fi rst two-wom- a human habitat module She was a female, for one thing, and she was very an spacewalk, or extravehicular activity. “Eventual- of the proposed lunar strong-willed and strong-minded, and she was very Gateway. ly,” Kavandi says, such milestones “will not be a big blunt and very intelligent, and I just really liked her. Amanda Miller deal. That’s where we have to get to, is a state where I wanted to study under her, and so I chose chem- it’s not a big deal.” She sees progress. “Like I men- istry in part because of her.” tioned, when I was fi rst thinking about being an Now that she has been to space, this has affect- astronaut, I had to think about it from a Ph.D. sci- ed her view of Earth. As determined as she is to entist or engineer perspective.” There were no propel humanity into space, “another passion is women test pilots, “but now there are,” she notes. helping to preserve the natural habitats that we have “When I chaired the Astronaut Selection Board, I left on the planet,” she says. She is loving Colorado, selected two female test pilots because they were and so is the Kavandi family. “My daughter is actu- available, and they were outstanding candidates. ally an environmental biologist, and she’s looking And so, whereas before it was not an option, there to come out here, too, because she sees a lot of are so many options now that women have, that we potential use for a biologist here with that background. don’t even think about it.” And also my son is already getting a job and moving Women remain pioneers: “People who go into out this way too.” Her husband, an airline pilot, “can those fi elds help make it better for the people who live anywhere,” she adds. follow them.” ★

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 15 COVER STORY

SP ARKING THE SPACE ECON O

16 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.org Those who want to expand society into space have long dreamed of a space-made product that will prove to be uniquely lucrative. A stunning return on investment, the thinking goes, would induce others to fl ock to orbit with their own dreams, just as Americans headed west in the 19th century. This year, a fi ber optic material called ZBLAN is receiving its moment in the limelight for its potential to ignite the space economy. Debra Werner tells the story. O M Y BY DEBRA WERNER | [email protected]

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 17 At Made In Space in Silicon Valley, CEO Andrew Rush handed NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine a palm-sized spool of clear fi ber made of ZBLAN, short for zirconium barium lanthanum aluminum sodium fl uoride.

ZBLAN is among a group of glasses discovered by accident in 1974 by French scientists Marcel and Michel Poulain at the University of Rennes. In the years since, manufacturing challenges have relegat- ed ZBLAN to specialty optical applications such as laser-generating mediums and optical fibers for medical endoscopy and scientifi c spectroscopy. Enter Made In Space and its two rivals in the ZBLAN fi eld, FOMS, short for Fiber Optics Manu- facturing in Space, of San Diego and Physical Optics Corp. of Torrance, California. The three are racing to be fi rst to commercialize ZBLAN fi bers by making them in orbit, as each company has so far done only in small batches aboard the Inter- national Space Station. True believers think that space-made ZBLAN fibers could gradually replace silica fibers as the product of choice for modernizing or expanding the millions of kilometers of fi ber optic cables back on Earth. This would require mastering production of long fi bers in space facilities sized for commercial production. Such an outcome would mark an unusual twist in the long search for a product that will spark cre- ation of an economy in space. Such visions often center on additive manufacturing or 3D printing. Rockets, space habitats and other equipment could, as a prelude to the fi rm's campaign to produce fi ber in theory, be made this way instead of launching aboard the ISS through a process known as pulling. them assembled from Earth. Material ranging from The end of a glass rod is melted, and as it melts, a human tissue to composites would be laid down a drop breaks away, pulling behind it a fi ber about the layer at a time with techniques tailored to take ad- width of a human hair that is wound around a spool vantage of microgravity. as it solidifi es. The ZBLAN in Bridenstine’s hand last August was not made that way. A machine crafted by Made In Beating silica Space produced this particular batch on the ground Fiber optic engineers have long been intrigued by

18 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org ZBLAN because, in theory, fibers made of the repeaters might only be needed after thousands Concept image of material should be clearer over a wider range of of kilometers instead of hundreds of kilometers Lockheed Martin’s refurbished multi- frequencies than today’s silica fi bers. The improved with silica, says Dmitry Starodubov, chief scientist purpose logistics module frequency range comes from the fact ZBLAN in- at FOMS. prototype. corporates lightweight elements and heavy ele- All told, ZBLAN fi ber could transmit signals up Lockheed Martin ments rather than just silica. Being clearer, the to 100 times more effi ciently than silica optical laser-encoded bits and bytes of our television fibers, says Michael Roberts, the interim chief programming, web pages and phone calls would scientist for the ISS U.S. National Laboratory, a travel much farther with less signal loss. Laser nonprofi t organization formerly known as CASIS,

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 19 short for the Center for the Advancement of Science station this year. Made In Space isn’t saying how Bigelow Aerospace’s in Space. His organization helped the three com- much ZBLAN it produced in orbit. The company is B330 (white module) petitors send their manufacturing equipment to still trying to prove the on-orbit manufacturing would be a prototype infl atable space habitat the space station. technology works before gradually scaling it up to to provide laboratory Theoretical superiority is one thing. ZBLAN, it produce longer ZBLAN fi bers. “I would love to have space for private turns out, can’t be produced in high volumes on a 1,000-kilometer-class ZBLAN manufacturing plant companies in low Earth Earth, because gravity makes it hard to combine in orbit in two years, but there’s a lot of steps between orbit. ZBLAN’s elements into a uniform material. The here and there,” says Rush. Bigelow Aerospace heavier elements settle, the lighter elements rise to Starodubov of FOMS announced at an optical the top and crystals form as the material solidifi es. fi bers conference in November that the company Humidity also causes defects and crystals that reduce produced its fi rst strands of high-quality ZBLAN A NASA astronaut clarity and make the fi bers brittle. aboard ISS in its suitcase-size machine. Astronauts installs the fi rst So far, none of the competitors have managed inside the station installed the machine in the U.S. 3D printer in the to consistently produce long strands of high-quali- Destiny Lab by hooking up cables and screwing in Microgravity Science ty ZBLAN. “If the companies can produce ZBLAN bolts. FOMS controlled the equipment remotely Glovebox on the International Space in space repeatedly, there is a ready and growing from NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama. Station. market for the higher-quality fibers,” says Lynn The company says it produced tens of meters of NASA Harper, integrative studies lead for NASA’s Emerging ZBLAN close to the desired uniformity. “If we can Commercial Space Offi ce. Harper, who is based at make it just a little bit better, the current market NASA’s Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, price of the specialty fi ber would be $200 per meter co-authored a series of NASA studies about prom- or about $6 million for 30 kilometers or 1 kilogram,” ising microgravity research. Starodubov says. “Then we can grow our orbital The companies plan to achieve the desired manufacturing for years to come.” consistency by tweaking their machine designs and trying again in an iterative approach. Rush of Made Commercial space stations In Space compares the strategy to developing a new At some point, the ZBLAN pioneers will need an version of the iPhone, but with some key distinctions: alternative to the space station’s diminutive Destiny “We don’t have the capital Apple has, our hardware module, which at 8.4 meters long and 4.2 meters is orbiting Earth and you can only go up there a wide is about the volume of a small apartment. Also, couple of times a year.” it’s not clear how long ISS will be available for re- So far, Made In Space has sent a microwave- search. The Trump administration called in 2018 for oven-size ZBLAN device to ISS four times. The com- ending funding for its portion of the station after pany plans to send an upgraded version to the 2024 but has backed off that stance. Legislation

20 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org ZBLAN fi ber is “pulled” — a method of manufacturing — in a ground experiment. The blue light is the illuminated preform cone .

FOMS

pending in Congress would extend station funding until 2030. Bridenstine’s NASA is trying to lay out a clear path between ISS and commercial space stations through a program called NextSTEP, short for Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships. Among other things, NextSTEP invites companies to match at least 20% of the money they win from NASA to design and develop free-fl ying commercial space stations and a commercial space station that would be attached to the ISS Harmony module. NASA plans to spend about $561 million on these programs over the next four years. NASA intends to

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 21 pick one company to link its space station with ISS “ If the companies can by 2024. It’s not clear how many companies NASA will select to build the free-fl ying space stations. produce ZBLAN in Among the contenders, Bigelow Aerospace in September showed off a prototype station built in part with NextSTEP dollars. The Bigelow B330, space repeatedly, there named for its 330-cubic-meter volume, would be a larger version of the Bigelow Expandable Activ- is a ready and growing ity Module that docked with ISS in 2016 and which astronauts continue to float in and out of. The market for the higher- station’s walls would be made of a proprietary flexible material that expands to shape when quality fi bers.” pressurized. Bigelow wants to dock the B330 with ISS and later fl y it on its own. Nanoracks of Texas in 2017 signed a NASA of NASA’s Emerging Commercial Space Of ce — Lynn Harper NextSTEP contract to study the concept of turning

22 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org ZBLAN fi bers pulled in Earth’s gravity (right) have surface defects that would degrade an optical signal. Smoother fi bers on the left came from zero-gravity experiments aboard NASA’s KC-135 low-gravity aircraft.

NASA

a spent upper stage into a space station called the what Mangiuca calls “a whole-of-nation” approach Nanoracks Outpost. The initial NextSTEP contracts to creating a low Earth orbit economy. are small, but they put companies in the running for follow-on contracts to develop and eventually Vying with additive manufacturing build commercial space stations geared for dif- As hopeful as ZBLAN’s fans are, they like to em- ferent audiences. One space station might be set phasize that building a space economy does not rest up for astronauts or tourists while another is entirely on any single product. “When you remove optimized for manufacturing equipment to pull gravity from the equation, you unlock a different ZBLAN fi ber or 3D-print satellite antennas. The universe of physics,” says Ioana Cozmuta, CEO and manufacturing facility in orbit could be crew-tend- co-founder of G-Space, a Silicon Valley startup de- ed, meaning equipment would be controlled re- veloping software to quantify gravity’s effect on motely and people would visit to perform repairs materials. “I compare it to the time when the semi- This FOMS printer or maintenance. conductor industry was transformed because peo- produced the company’s For any of these space stations to succeed in ple recognized the benefi t of ultra-low temperatures. fi rst strands of ZBLAN aboard the ISS. creating a new orbital infrastructure, the U.S. gov- It unlocked a new universe of physics.”

NASA ernment must provide signifi cant funding like it did Companies plan to produce several classes of for the U.S. Interstate Highway System in the 1950s optical fi bers in orbit, and NASA managers remain and ’60s, says Adrian Mangiuca, commerce director bullish about the potential for additive manufactur- at Nanoracks. “A bunch of transcontinental truckers ing to act as a springboard for the nascent space didn’t get together and say, ‘Let’s self-fund the economy for one simple reason. They’ve seen the American highway system because we want to get impact of 3D printing in factories on the ground. fruit from California to New York in three days,’” “It’s one of the most disruptive technologies I’ve says Mangiuca. Instead, the U.S. government paid seen in my 30-plus years of aerospace,” says John for the infrastructure. Creating an infrastructure in Vickers, NASA principal technologist for advanced space will be similar, but this time Nanoracks and materials and manufacturing. others will own the infrastructure in exchange for As an example, he notes that Rocket Lab, the helping to fund and extend it. The U.S. government Huntington Beach, California, startup, says it can and industry will have to work together, through print the combustion chamber, injectors, pumps

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 23 These ceramic parts were 3D-printed with simulated lunar regolith as part of an experiment led by the European Space Agency into how 3D printing could fi gure into building a lunar base. Austrian company Lithoz worked with ESA on the project.

ESA

and main propellant valves for one of its Rutherford In-space manufacturing and assembly means engines in 24 hours. Vickers estimates that 10 years you can design satellites for their intended role in ago, a Rutherford engine would have taken months orbit rather than building them specifi cally to “fold or even years to manufacture. up origami-style inside a launch fairing and survive Made In Space sent the first 3D printer to the intense forces and vibrations,” says Justin Kugler, space station in 2014. The microwave-oven-size Made In Space vice president for advanced programs printer churns out spare parts and tools for as- and concepts. tronauts. Made In Space also makes money op- In addition to creating structures in orbit, NASA erating a second printer on ISS, the Additive expects future planetary habitats to be additively Manufacturing Facility. NASA and other custom- manufactured. To demonstrate the potential, NASA ers pay Made In Space to print objects in the awarded $701,000 last May to two teams that relied latest microwave-size machine. on additively constructed shelters out of materials Beyond spare parts and tools, NASA sees additive like the soil and rocks found on the moon and Mars. manufacturing as a path to constructing space It was the second round of the 3D-Printed Habitat telescopes and communications antennas too large Challenge, where competitors robotically built one- to fi t in rocket fairings. third-scale semi-permanent shelters. Archinaut One is a good example. Made In Space Additive manufacturing technology is progressing is preparing to launch the refrigerator-size satellite so quickly, it should have its own Moore’s Law, Vickers in 2022 with an on-board 3D printer and robotic says. A few years ago, 3D printers were known for arm. Once in low Earth orbit, Archinaut One will manufacturing small plastic parts. Those early print- attempt to additively manufacture a solar array ers have given way to larger machines employing new stretching 20 meters from tip to tip and plug the techniques for printing metals and composites. array into a Northrop Grumman instrument. Whether the catalyst turns out to be additive Northrop Grumman and Made In Space won’t manufacturing or ZBLAN, or a mix of both, true elaborate on the job of the Northrop Grumman believers are sure the space economy is coming. instrument except to say it will be tested in space Rush of Made In Space predicts it will “blossom from for the fi rst time. a factory to an industrial park to cities in space.” ★

24 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org Your best chance yet to influence space and time. CALL FOR CONTENT Your contributions have played a crucial role in making humankind’s presence in space possible. During ASCEND, the space community’s first-ever event to convene the entire international space ecosystem, your contributions could play an equally important role in guiding humanity’s next giant leap toward an off-world future.

AIAA is now accepting abstracts and proposals for technical papers, case studies, and session topics. Submit your ideas by 17 March to help shape the future of space exploration as we know it.

Visit ascend.events/cfc Achieving autonomy

26 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org Following in the tire tracks of autonomous cars, the development of self-fl ying aircraft continues. As similar as the challenges are in some regards, Adam Hadhazy discovered that aircraft engineers must largely forge their own solutions.

BY ADAM HADHAZY | [email protected]

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 27 ack during World War I, starting up a fi ghter plane with hand-propping meant someone pushing downward as hard as he could on the propeller and jump- ing back in fear for his life. Today, a pilot starts an F-35 by simply pushing buttons. The fi rst pilots had to navigate through sight alone, relying on the positions of celestial objects to maintain a heading. Nowadays, GPS-connected navigation systems Bautomatically guide a plane from here to there. Over the last decade-plus, this technological trend from the laboriously and precariously man- ual to the conveniently automatic has begun reaching into the eyebrow-raising realm of auton- omy in the world of automobiles and aircraft. With autonomy, decision-making and execution become no longer the sole or even partial purview of human operators; vehicles must think and act for them- selves, keeping occupants safe while ensuring the safety of bystanders. Self-driving cars are the most obvious manifes- tation of this “Nightrider”-ish trend toward smart vehicles. Heavily researched and pursued by big tech companies like Google and Uber, pioneering car manufacturers like Tesla, along with established industry titans including Toyota and Ford, autono- mous cars have already logged tens of millions of kilometers in cities around the world. Most of that kilometerage has been for training purposes, but the vehicles have also ferried some intrepid, early-adopt- er passengers, while Tesla owners routinely let their vehicles run in “autopilot,” a semi-autonomous mode that handles street driving with ease. Far behind this curve and with far less fanfare, autonomous aircraft are also in the works. Aviation industry leaders — including the three biggest man- ufacturers Boeing, Airbus and Embraer — all recog- nize the promise and arguably requirement for this revolution in air travel. Most ongoing efforts focus on urban air mobility, small, personal air taxis for when and if autonomous vehicles take to the skies urban environments, with an eye toward full-fl edged in appreciable numbers — before, alongside or after autonomy for conventional long-haul commercial their self-driving counterparts come to dominate fl ight. streetscapes as many expect. In some respects, self-fl ying aircraft are building The pressure is on for self-fl ying to become via- on the advances already achieved by ground vehicle ble sooner rather than later. A prime motivator: developers, says Arne Stoschek, who himself worked looming pilot shortages, given the widely expected on autonomous cars prior to becoming project ex- doubling in the number of commercial airliners over ecutive for Wayfi nder, an autonomous fl ight software the next couple decades. Mark Cousin, A3’s CEO, and hardware initiative at Airbus’ A3 innovation estimates that 600,000 pilots will need to be trained center in Silicon Valley. “We step on the shoulders in the next 20 years, although “we’ve only trained of giants,” Stoschek says, thanks to “the huge invest- 200,000 pilots since the start of commercial aviation.” ment that the car industry did.” Raising the stakes further is that the consequenc- But as he and others point out, in key respects, es of failure are terribly severe for aircraft compared aircraft will have to make their own way dealing with to cars. challenges unique to their aerial operational envi- “There is no such thing as a fender-bender be- ronment. Navigating these challenges will determine tween aircraft,” says Jack Langelaan, who studies

28 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org autonomous flight as an associate professor of airplanes’ approximately 900-kph cruise speeds to Human drivers benefi t aerospace engineering at Penn State. “You can have cars’ 100-plus-kph highway speeds. Air taxis and from visual cues from a minor collision between two automobiles — nobody delivery drones with their rotor-based propulsion pedestrians and other drivers, something gets hurt, no nothing. But if two aircraft collide in and low-altitude, short-haul trips, would operate at that developers of the sky, they’re coming down somewhere, and po- speeds more akin to cars. autonomous vehicles, tentially on top of passersby that are completely Finally, unlike cars, airliners would not have an like this Ford from uninvolved in the whole situation.” option of slamming on the brakes or even signifi - Pennsylvania-based Argo cantly slowing in case of obstacles; collision (read: AI, must account for. Self-driving or self-fl ying? disaster) avoidance comes down to evasive maneu- Argo AI Asked which will prove ultimately harder, develop- vers that must still preserve airworthiness. ing self-driving cars or self-fl ying aircraft, research- “To sum it up,” says Stoschek, “the big difference ers demur, pointing to the apples-and-oranges is it’s a 3D problem, it’s basically 10 times faster than nature of the question. cars, and you cannot stop if things go wrong.” In laying out the obvious, cars operate in a two- dimensional environment, essentially, while aircraft Seeing the road, seeing the sky operate in three dimensions. Speed is another key Although operational environments profoundly difference, at least when considering conventional differ, both kinds of autonomous vehicles, ground-

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 29 “ The big difference is it’s a 3D problem, [flying is] basically ten times faster than cars, and you cannot stop if things go wrong.” — Arne Stoschek, A3 by Airbus

craft and aircraft, will still rely on conceptually the objects will not have any ability to communicate same sorts of sensors — cameras, radar and lidar with or coordinate their movements with self-driv- — to perceive surroundings in real time. Both ing cars. “They don’t talk to you,” Peng says, mean- vehicle types will feed that data into artifi cial in- ing cars must be keenly reactive and flexible in telligence systems that, having been trained navigating their object-addled arenas. through so-called machine learning, will identify, characterize and evaluate external phenomena. Making sense of the world The vehicles’ AI will then rapidly decide on and In terms of seeing and sensing environments, sen- execute any changes in speed, heading and so forth sors are already highly advanced, says Langelaan; necessary to navigate safely and effi ciently from matching or exceeding human visual capabilities, point A to point B. for instance with pixel density, is not a problem. So far, so similar. But again, the disparate worlds Instead, the biggest challenge is on the artificial the transportation vessels operate in will require intelligence side of the equation with regard to tailored solutions. analyzing, interpreting and ultimately making sense Where aircraft have it easy compared to cars is of the deluge of data in order to snappily decide and that, except for when in proximity to landing and aviate safely. takeoff zones, the sky is a relatively big, open space. “You can have a 4K camera with a gazillion pix- Other fl ying objects of signifi cant speed and heft to els on it,” says Langelaan. “But you need to process pose signifi cant collision concern are — freak bird every single one of those pixels to fi gure out what strikes aside — other aerial vehicles. Such vehicles the camera is telling you. It’s this problem of taking can communicate with each other directly to help sensor data and turning it into useful information.” maintain safe distances. Aircraft are also monitored The diffi culties inherent to data processing are and coordinated by air traffi c control, which itself amplifi ed considerably in off-nominal situations, will have to eventually become largely autonomous where objects on a roadway or in the sky do not to accommodate projections for the high volumes behave as expected — often due to the whims and of air taxis and drones in cities, notes Parimal Ko- peculiarities of human operator behavior. For exam- pardekar, an expert in autonomy and air space ple, a car could be rolling forward out of a McDonald’s management, principal investigator of the Un- parking lot into a roadway entrance. Is the driver manned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management merely trying to see out into the road better before project, director of NASA’s Aeronautics Research attempting to enter? Or is the driver in fact already Institute at Ames Research Center in California. pulling onto the road, wolfi ng down fries, complete- Cars, on the other hand, must deal with orders ly unaware of the other vehicle already in the roadway? of magnitude more complexity on roads. This is A human driver could notice if the other driver was especially evident in congested urban quarters, eating or had his head down, likely looking at a phone, where multiple nearby vehicles interweave with and assume that this other driver is in fact danger- myriad pedestrians, bicyclists, skateboarders, con- ously not paying attention. Self-driving systems struction signs, temporary barriers, litter, blithely struggle making these sorts of everyday inferences. jaywalking pigeons — you name it. “For a robot to know what human intent is has been Huei Peng, a professor of mechanical engineer- really tricky to fi gure out,” says Langelaan. ing at the University of Michigan and director of In the sky, a partial solution for gauging intent Mcity, the university’s automated vehicle research would be to train artifi cial intelligence to identify center, points out that aside from other cars, these types of aircraft as well as their orientations, which

30 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org together prescribe a range of possible physical be- haviors. (Algorithms in self-driving cars can do this to an extent, for instance, by differentiating between a pedestrian and a bicycle, and churning out pre- dictions about the paths and velocities each is likely to take compared to the other in terms of presenting a possible collision hazard.) For instance, if a particular kind of fi xed-wing aircraft — whether human-piloted or autonomous — has a certain tilt, then it must be turning. An entirely different set of such inferences would apply for quadrotor-powered drones and air taxis, given their radically different aerodynamics, notes Langelaan. “That would be a really cool thing if [autonomous aircraft] could do it,” says Langelaan. “Humans do it all the time if we’re playing with a baseball versus a frisbee. You know the thing behaves very differently, and we can account for that when we go to catch it.”

The human advantage In that last point, Langelaan hits on a critical defi - ciency of all autonomous systems: the fact that all they do is drive or fl y. They lack the sort of rich life experience of a human pilot, who has seen and in- teracted with countless objects and phenomena outside of the typical aviation environment. That broad world sense enables a person to usually and quickly diagnose what an anomaly is, however unexpected or bizarre, and take appropriate action. Consider landings. “If everything is hunky-dory,” says NASA’s Kopardekar, “it’s not an issue” for au- tonomous systems. But what if there’s an object on the runway? Humans can gauge the threat level innately, drawing on their vast knowledge outside of aviation. “It’s very easy for humans to fi gure out that’s just a dry leaf, not a big rock,” says Kopardekar. Of course, in most cases, landings are routine affairs — enough so that already today, they are

A driverless shuttle carries passengers at the University of Michigan’s research campus. The project examined how passengers, drivers of other vehicles and pedestrians interacted with the shuttle. The lidar sensor on the driverless shuttle maps the vehicle’s surrounding environment.

University of Michigan

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 31 “ There is no such thing as a fender-bender between aircraft.” — Jack Langelaan, Penn State

becoming increasingly automated. Autopilot pro- grams can approach land and start taxiing when an airport has a so-called CAT III ILS (Instrument Landing System). In this system, instruments at the airport and aboard the aircraft communicate with each other. The airport transmits information from runway radar arrays for aircraft position guidance, with localizer radio antennae continually serving up data on the aircraft’s lateral deviations from the desired centerline. Another instrument, the glide slope antenna, measures the aircraft’s vertical dis- tance from the ground so the aircraft maintains the right descent angle (usually 3 degrees above the horizon) for reaching the intended runway touch- down point. Yet fewer than a hundred airports worldwide — typically with low-visibility issues — have plumped for the expense of a CAT III ILS, according to Harvest Zhang, head of software for A3’s Wayfi nder. Stoschek, Zhang and colleagues are looking to “teach” aircraft to perform landings without these sorts of automated landing systems. One such effort involves the Airbus ATTOL (Autonomous Taxi, Take- Off and Landing) project, which has outfi tted an A320 test aircraft with the kinds of sensors, actuators and computers an actual autonomous aircraft would use. The effort is a collaboration with the aforemen- ing up those elements into concepts of increasing- tioned Wayfi nder program, whose goal is to develop ly greater complexity. For runways, that means fi rst a common, certifi able set of software and hardware recognizing basic line edges and colors, then com- that will scale for autonomous fl iers, from air taxis piling that information to discriminate the tarmac to jumbo jets. from surrounding terrain, for instance. The examples The Wayfi nder computer system consists of an presented to such a computer system include not artifi cial neural network that uses so-called deep only true runways, but thousands upon thousands learning to understand and perform programmed of images of simulated runways. So far, the neural tasks. In plain English, that means a computer network can robustly identify runways in real-life system that learns in a manner akin to humans by images at distances of several kilometers and with poring over examples, at first discerning basic, encouraging accuracy, given the still-early nature common elements in the examples and then build- of the research and development.

32 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org The CityAirbus To an extent, those are baby steps still for the signifi cant chasm that both cars and aircraft will demonstrator is designed landing portion of autonomous fl ight, but Stoschek have to bridge, and into which both vehicle types to fl y autonomously and others point to how rapidly autonomous car are in some ways alarmingly descending. In short, in cities, but Airbus says a human will pilot development has proceeded. “Fifteen years ago, we partial autonomy — where human operators might the aircraft until it is would say autonomous cars was pretty nuts,” says be suddenly forced to intervene, should the highly certifi ed and the public Stoschek. “Now it’s a reality. Every day that I drive to automated or autonomous system not know how is comfortable with work to Airbus in Silicon Valley, I see several auton- to react — is dangerous. Peng describes this as “you autonomous aircraft. omous cars driving around me.” want the human to come in and save the world when Airbus something goes wrong.” The leap to full autonomy Trouble is, the human operators have likely had Before the switchover to full autonomy can occur, little to do, perhaps for hours, beyond blandly mon- Peng of the University of Michigan warns about a itoring vehicle operations. A person will lack the

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 33 pilot use results in fewer crashes than human drivers per miles driven. In the latest dataset (Q2 of 2019), Tesla reported one accident per every 3.27 million miles (5.26 million kilometers) driven with Autopilot engaged. For Tesla vehicles without Au- topilot or other active safety features engaged, that rate rose to one accident per every 1.41 million miles (2.27 million kilometers) driven. Both methods were signifi cantly safer than the National Highway Traf- fi c Safety Administration’s data indicating one car crash per every 498,000 miles (801,500 kilometers) driven in the United States. Where things could trend in the wrong direction is in Level 3 conditional autonomy, Peng says. Level 3 cars handle all driving aspects themselves in certain operating conditions but expect a driv- er to remain alert and fully engaged during oper- ation (just in case). Aircraft have already entered the equivalent of Level 3, Peng says, with the Boeing 737 MAX 8, the fourth generation of the 737 introduced in 2017. Two fatal crashes — Lion Air Flight 610 in 2018 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 in 2019 — were linked to erroneous activation of the anti-stall system MCAS, short for Maneu- vering Characteristics Augmentation System. The software autonomously lowers the aircraft’s nose if the aircraft appears at risk of stalling, according to speed, altitude and angle-of-attack sensors. Pilots did not know how to disengage MCAS after it had seized control and continued pointing the nose down until the aircraft crashed. The MAX fl eet remains grounded as software fi xes are sought and better training procedures established. “The Level 3 option is just not a good idea,” says Peng. He thinks car companies — as well as aircraft manufacturers — have to fully develop Level 4 au- tonomy, with no human intervention called for over an entire journey, before autonomy comes to rule the roads and skies. “Companies should offer Level necessary situational awareness, not to mention The Vahana 1, Level 2, then boom, Level 4,” Peng adds. adequate time to take action, if thrust into an anom- demonstrator, which All the technological development will not took its last fl ight in alous, emergency scenario. matter, of course, if human operators’ trust cannot November, had three Breaking the problem down further, Peng says types of sensors: be earned. Humans will have to have faith in the there are fi ve levels of autonomy widely recognized cameras, lidar and radar. machine in order to let go of the steering wheel for cars. Everything operated manually is Level 0, A3 by Airbus and stick; come Level 5, the top level of autonomy, including basic cruise control that a human opera- those human interfacing control elements won’t tor switches on and off (not unlike air conditioning, even exist anymore, and vehicles will look more say). Level 1 involves minimal driver-assistance like mobile lounges. technologies, like adaptive cruise control and lane How will the developers of autonomous vehicles keeping. In Level 2, the options of accelerating, ever know what they have made is in fact safe braking and steering can be turned over to the ve- “enough”? Stoschek offers a guiding principle. hicle, enabling it to, for instance, slam the brakes to “Early on in my career, I asked one very experi- avoid an imminent collision. enced engineer who was actually in charge of the This Level 2 of semi-autonomy is the vanguard designing of safety systems, ‘How do you know when today, for example with Tesla Autopilot. Two fatal a system is safe’? And the answer was, ‘When I would accidents have infamously highlighted safety laps- put my kids and my family’ on it,” Stoschek says. “I es, though statistical data does bear out that Auto- really, really kept that in my mind.” ★

34 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org 23rd AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference 10-12 MARCH 2020 | MONTRÉAL, QUÉBEC, CANADA

NEW EARLIER DATE!

Hosted by the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute (CASI), the 23rd AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference provides a forum for discussion and exchange of information for attendees from across the globe about leading-edge research and development activities associated with space planes and hypersonic atmospheric flight vehicles and the technologies underpinning these capabilities. Presentations will be provided on national programs from North America, South America, Australia, Europe, and Asia and multiple opportunities for international collaboration will be discussed.

Technical sessions will include the following topic areas:

› Missions and Vehicles › Guidance and Control Systems

› Operational Systems Aspects › Materials and Structures for Vehicles

› Thermal Management Systems for and All Subsystems Vehicles and All Subsystems › Test and Evaluation

› Propulsion Systems › Computational Methods

› Propulsion Components › Hypersonic Fundamentals and History

ORGANIZED AND SUPPORTED BY: aiaa.org/Hypersonics2020 CASE STUDY HYPERSONICS

B A D VIBRA TIONS Designers of hypersonic vehicles need to be confi dent that unsteady fl ows around their vehicles won’t produce vibrations that will damage the vehicles or their payloads. Accurately predicting the pressure generated by these unsteady fl ows and modeling how hard this pressure shakes a vehicle could give U.S. engineers that confi dence. Katya Casper of Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico describes her research toward making this a reality.

36 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org hen a vehicle reaches hy- personic speeds of Mach 5 or greater, pressure fl uc- tuations in the air fl ow can zip across the surface with- in the otherwise smooth laminarW fl ow. These turbulent spots can grow and conglomerate into an unsteady turbulent layer that vibrates the vehicle. If the structural loads from these vibrations are strong enough, they can damage the vehicle and any sensitive electronics or payloads inside it. With U.S. development of hypersonic systems now a top defense priority, and private companies determined to one day create hypersonic passenger aircraft, the need to understand exactly how much vibration is imparted by these turbulent spots has become even more pressing. Engineers must be able to predict where turbulent spots will form and anticipate the intensity of the resulting vibrations and loading. T h e origins of turbulent spots and the resulting structural response have been understood in low- speed fl ows for many years. But they are known to be driven by differing physics in hypersonic fl ows. This was the void my colleagues and I continue to pursue fi lling under a research initiative begun in 2007. The experiments began at Purdue University during my graduate studies and then moved to the Hypersonic Wind Tunnel at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico. A t Purdue, we started out mapping the pressure fi eld beneath a single hypersonic spot to contrast its behavior with the pressure fi eld of a low-speed turbulent spot. We did this by installing arrays of pressure instrumentation on the wind tunnel wall in order to study the development of a large spot over several meters. A traditional wind tunnel model would not have been the right choice at this point in the project. The models are typically only a half meter long, so the spots that form on those models are too small to map the pressure fl uctuations be- neath them with high spatial resolution. With the pressure measurements from the tunnel TIONS wall obtained at a rate of hundreds of kilohertz, we A typical wind tunnel model is shown in the characterized how a single spot formed from hyper- 18-inch-diameter test sonic instabilities in the boundary layer. For the fi rst section of the Hypersonic time, the shape and magnitude of a hypersonic spot Wind Tunnel at Sandia pressure fi eld was mapped. This mapping showed National Laboratories. that the hypersonic instabilities were an integral The tunnel has interchangeable nozzles part of the spot at these high speeds, and these so it can operate at Mach instabilities persisted at the edges of the growing 5, 8 or 14. disturbances. Sandia National Laboratories/ Randy Montoya W e then needed to study the physics of how these instabilities break down during transition from laminar flow to form turbulent spots and understand how those physics differ between low

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 37 Structural components, whether on a flight vehicle or a wind tunnel model, possess certain inherent frequencies of structural response. When these structural frequencies correspond to those frequencies induced by the passage of turbulent spots, the flight component can be strongly excited.

and hypersonic speeds. This transitional breakdown the Purdue and Sandia tunnels in a collaborative Hypersonic turbulent can be a prime contributor to unsteady loading research effort. We also visualized the density gra- spots were measured and vehicle vibration. We needed to measure spot dients in the fl ow over the model with high-speed passing over the nose of a sounding rocket designed growth and propagation on a relevant geometry, cameras using a technique called schlieren imaging. and launched by Sandia specifi cally a cone-shaped wind tunnel model that With both the pressure measurements and flow National Laboratories is representative of many hypersonic vehicles. W e visualization, we detected turbulent spots passing from a Hawaii test site in installed dense arrays of high-frequency pressure over the models in milliseconds and captured the April 2019. instrumentation on a model that traveled between spot evolution as it developed from the breakdown Sandia National Laboratories

38 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org The pressure footprint of one hypersonic turbulent spot at Mach 6. As turbulent air fl ows over a vehicle, thousands of such spots occur every second causing severe vibration. Sandia National Laboratories/ Katya Casper

of hypersonic instabilities. the panel can be correlated to the rate of turbulent U l t i m a t e l y , for our fl ight predictions, we need spot passage in the transitional boundary layer. to know the statistics and distribution of how these To date, we have mapped out the turbulent spots spots form as the boundary layer transitions from and the vibrations they cause on this simple cone smooth laminar fl ow to unsteady turbulence. The geometry, and we have modeled the results with spot formation rates and distributions were measured our computational code. Next, we want to map this over a range of conditions between Mach 5 and effect on geometries representing more realistic Mach 14. With this data and the pressure mapping fl ight confi gurations. beneath a single spot, Sandia was able to develop W i n d tunnels ultimately are a simulation of computational models of the pressure loading on a fl ight conditions. To test out our models of structural hypersonic vehicle during transitional fl ow. response to turbulent spot passage, there was no W i t h a physical basis established for the be- substitute for actually fl ying. In April and August havior of hypersonic turbulent spots, we began 2019, we conducted analogous experiments by in- to contemplate how a structure on a fl ight vehicle strumenting the nose shroud of a rocket in Sandia’s might respond to their passage. We decided to start High Operational Tempo Sounding Rocket Program, with a very simple geometry. A 1-millimeter-thick or HOT SHOT. carbon composite panel was embedded into HOT SHOT launches inexpensive sounding the surface of a conical wind tunnel model. The rockets carrying scientifi c experiments and proto- thin panel was designed to vibrate from the fl ow types of fl ight technology. The data help researchers passing over it so the interaction of the boundary improve technologies, validate that they are ready for Katya Casper is an layer with the panel response could be studied in use and deploy them faster than with conventional aerospace engineer at Sandia detail. The incoming fl ow was characterized with validation techniques. National Laboratories in New Mexico. She is principal high-speed imaging and pressure sensors, and the In fl ight, we measured hypersonic turbulent spots investigator for a variety of panel response was measured with accelerometers passing over the nose of one of the rockets and the high-speed experimentation on the interior. resulting structural response. The turbulent spots projects and a member of the S t r u c t u r a l components, whether on a flight looked very similar to the spots that were measured Aerosciences Group tasked vehicle or a wind tunnel model, possess certain in the wind tunnel — however, the data is more with predicting the thermal and aerodynamic environment inherent frequencies of structural response. When sparsely sampled because of telemetry limitations a vehicle will see in fl ight. these structural frequencies correspond to those that cap how much data can be collected in fl ight. She received a Bachelor of frequencies induced by the passage of turbulent By comparing the fl ight measurements to our da- Science degree in aerospace spots, the fl ight component can be strongly excited. tabase of wind tunnel measurements, we have a engineering from North T o investigate this worst-case scenario, spots good understanding of what our fl ight data would Carolina State University in 2007; a Master of Science in were periodically generated at frequencies that look like if we had additional bandwidth in fl ight. aeronautics and astronautics either matched or were offset from a structural The fl ight experiment also measured the structural from Purdue University in natural frequency. When the spots passed at a rate response of the nose and internal payloads to the 2009; and a doctorate in that coincided with the natural structural vibration turbulent spot passage. That data are now being aeronautics and astronautics of the panel, the amplitude of the vibrations of the used to test fl ight codes to see if the response of from Purdue in 2012. Casper received AIAA’s 2019 Lawrence test article soared to levels 200 times greater than the structure to the unsteady fl ow above it can be Sperry Award for the research when the frequencies were not aligned. correctly estimated in a real fl ight environment. described in this article. I n reality, a broad range of forcing frequencies If our work continues to progress as hoped will be generated by a transitional boundary layer in over the next few years, we will have developed which thousands of spots pass by within a second. an important new tool for predicting the vibration The frequency of the excited structural vibrations of environments of future hypersonic vehicles. ★

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 39 OPINION

More than government work

Defending Earth from “city killer” asteroids will require a partnership between governments and the burgeoning commercial space industry. Retired NASA mission planner Don A. Nelson makes the case.

40 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org mericans would rather stop asteroids from hitting Earth than go to the moon or Mars, according to a poll published last June by the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research at the AUniversity of Chicago. The potential for a cata- clysmic asteroid impact on our home planet is so credible that NASA established a Planetary Defense Coordination Offi ce in 2016 to coordinate efforts of U.S. agencies, international counterparts, and professional and amateur astronomers around the world. The European Space Agency also established a Near-Earth Object Coordination Centre that con- ducts searches for near-Earth asteroids. To date, approximately 20,000 near-Earth aster- oids have been discovered, of which 800 have been classifi ed by NASA as possible impact risks, because they are greater than 500 feet (152 meters) in size and their orbits bring them within 4.7 million miles (7.6 million kilometers) of Earth’s orbit. The trouble is, size alone doesn’t determine de- structive power. The density and the angle of entry into the atmosphere determine how much kinetic energy is generated. It is these small asteroids that are the most concerning. They impact Earth at a greater frequency and far too often are not discovered until a few days before their impact. The small undetected asteroid that broke up over Chelyabinsk, Russia, on Feb. 15, 2013, created a shock wave that shattered glass and injured about 1,200 people. It would have been far worse if it had been an iron core asteroid with a high entry angle into the atmosphere. Or consider Asteroid 2008TC3, estimated to be 4 meters and discovered the day before it broke up on Oct. 7, 2008, and scattered at least 600 extremely hot fragments over the Nubian Desert. Had this occurred over a dry forest region, the outcome would have been far different. Or last March, BBC News reported that a “space rock” exploded in the atmosphere the previous De- cember but that the event went largely unnoticed because the explosion was over the Bering Sea. Last July, our planet reportedly had a near miss with a city-killer asteroid. And yet, on its Planetary Defense webpage, The European Space Agency NASA says, “No known asteroid poses a signifi - wants to create a network of cant risk of impact with Earth over the next 100 automated telescopes to detect asteroids. The fi rst one, nicknamed years.” The statement is true, but the key word is Flyeye and seen in this illustration, is “known.” Surprises from smaller asteroids happen being built on a mountain in Sicily. fairly regularly. Don Nelson writes that private Consider these questions: Is there a credible companies and governments asteroid threat that requires the immediate devel- should collaborate on solutions to protect the Earth from potentially opment of a planetary defense system? Can the catastrophic asteroid hits. requirements for the system be defi ned? Can this European Space Agency system be built and operated without signifi cant government funding? This old retired NASA engineer believes the answer to each of these questions is yes.

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 41 need for planetary defense must be a participating The three requirements for part of the developing 21st-century commercial space transportation system programs. For cost- the defense system are: rapid effective and reliable commercial space operations, the private-sector transportation system must include deployment, reliability and reusable launchers and space tugs based in orbit. These vehicles will for that reason meet the defense affordability. Such an asteroid system requirements for rapid launch and access to the threat. Future civil, military and commercial defense system must be able to satellites in addition to their primary function could be equipped with sensors to identify asteroid threats. Since there are no new technology requirements detect the threat, provide rapid demanded of the vehicles for planetary defense, they can be developed by the private sector with access to inspect the object and minimum or no government funding. Rapid deployment can be achieved only with categorize the degree of danger reusable launch vehicles. There may not be an inventory of expendable launchers available when and the ability to neutralize it. an asteroid threat is discovered. Also, expendable launchers cannot achieve the required reliability because of undetected manufacturing errors on vehicles whose fi rst fl ight is the only fl ight. Reus- able launchers and space-based vehicles have the The three requirements for the defense system SpaceX’s Starship potential to achieve a failure rate equivalent to are: rapid deployment, reliability and affordability. could launch quickly and commercial aircraft. Such an asteroid defense system must be able to inexpensively enough to Affordability is a function of fl ight rate and launch meet requirements for detect the threat, provide rapid access to inspect operations costs. Where operations cost will be a fi xed commercial operations the object and categorize the degree of danger and and planetary defense. value, fl ight rate will be a function of the economy and the ability to neutralize it. This is a Starship test missions needed. To stay in business there must be It would be cost prohibitive for the U.S. and partner vehicle at SpaceX’s Texas signifi cant fl ight rate to cover operations overhead. governments to develop stand-alone launch vehicles launch site. This may require a business model similar to the and defl ection devices for this purpose. Rather, the SpaceX one considered by Lockheed Martin for its 1990s-era

42 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org VentureStar reusable, commercial launch vehicle proposal. One cost estimate for the fl eet was $8 billion in 2014 dollars. NASA and other U.S. government customers were expected to guarantee a specific number of payloads or launches. Unfortunately the VentureStar had unsolvable development problems. It remains true, however, that reusable launchers must be used to contain operations costs. There are two launcher concepts that can meet the cost and rapid-deploy requirements for commer- cial operations and planetary defense: the SpaceX Starship vehicle (formerly the Big Falcon Rocket) and a space shuttle-inspired freighter concept that I and others have advocated. In my opinion, both concepts should be developed. SpaceX recognizes the importance of reusability. The company’s Starship vehicle will consist of a fi rst stage called the Super Heavy rocket that will return and land on six legs, plus a reusable second stage, the Starship spacecraft. Together they are being sized for service to orbit and deep space missions Space-based tugs, fi rst proposed in the 1990s, The Gaia satellite is to Mars, with the launch pad height approximately would be an essential element for a cost-effective collecting data to make a 3D map of the Milky that of the Saturn V. Super Heavy would be powered 21st-century space transportation system. When Way, but it’s also spotting by 35 Raptor engines powered by subcooled liquid a dangerous asteroid is spotted, a tug could be asteroids, including three methane and liquid oxygen. Starship will provide dispatched to classify its composition and provide previously undetected passenger, cargo and tanker service to orbit and the delivery systems for defl ection or destruction. ones. beyond. SpaceX has an ambitious fi rst launch date NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama European Space Agency of 2020. It will incorporate design components from and the Russian Space Agency had concepts, but the highly successful Falcon launch vehicle program. the lack of an affordable launch vehicle prevented The Commercial Space Shuttle, or CSS, Freighters their development. would be designed to: support near-Earth space There are several options for asteroid-detection transportation requirements, provide the capabil- satellites. NASA in 2015 picked a proposed space ity to deploy payloads for deep space exploration telescope called NEOCam for study. It would sur- and support humanity’s need to obtain deep space vey the sky for potentially hazardous asteroids and resources. Its payload landing capability makes it gather infrared light to characterize their physical unique for this requirement. properties, such as diameters. These freighters would incorporate the many Another option would be to place asteroid-de- existing technologies that can correct the defi ciencies tection sensors on satellites with multifunctions. of the space shuttle fl eet that was decommissioned Consider, for example, Europe’s Gaia satellite which in 2011. The launch cost will be signifi cantly lower is the process of mapping the positions and move- than those of an expendable launch vehicle, primar- ments of the stars to create a 3D map. Gaia also ily because of increased reliability, no continuous watches for asteroids, and it has discovered three manufacturing overhead and lower insurance costs previously unknown ones. This supports the notion Don A. Nelson for the CSS freighters (for more information, see that asteroid detection can be one of many functions retired from NASA in 1999 www.spacetran21.org ). of a satellite mission and would not have to drive after a 36-year career. An aerospace engineer, Each CSS freighter will incorporate the airframe up manufacturing and operating costs. Gaia also he worked on the Gemini, profi le of the shuttle orbiters, but unlike the orbiters, shows that asteroid detection can and must be an Apollo and Skylab projects a CSS will operate autonomously. Passengers will be international project. and was a member of fl own only on missions requiring their presence. For NASA is correct in that there are no known the space shuttle design these missions, they will be provided escape pods city-killer asteroids. However, the alarming increase team. Email [email protected]. He is coordinator for the for launch, on-orbit and entry anomalies. Launch in near-Earth asteroids that whiz dangerously by Commercial Space Shuttle pad assembly of the freighter will reduce operations is a warning sign that asteroid planetary defense Freighter advocacy group, cost and turnaround time. Rapid turnaround is a must not be ignored. The technology exists to www.spacetran21.org. freighter feature that reduces operations’ cost, pro- develop an asteroid planetary defense system vides the capability for timely intercepts of threating supported by the commercial space programs. asteroids and supports U.S. Air Force rapid-deploy The only lacking element for an asteroid planetary mission requirements. system is leadership. ★

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 43 5–7 MAY 2020 LAUREL, MD

COMPETE, DETER, AND WIN: Innovation at the Speed of Relevance

Leaders from government, military, industry, and academia will gather to advance and accelerate aerospace defense modernization, informed by the Ofce of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering’s priorities. This Secret/NOFORN event will use the National Defense Strategy as a framework to discuss the strategic, programmatic, and technical topics and policy issues pertaining to the aerospace and defense community.

Program Highlights › Accelerating Technology Transition › Advanced Technology: Industry Prime Contractors Panel › AI-Enabled Autonomy › Leveraging Innovation to Advance Missile Defense › Technological Overmatch: The Critical Role of DoD Labs and DARPA › USD R&E Enterprise

Trusted Autonomous Systems Course This ITAR-restricted course, to be held after the forum on 8 May, aims to provide a foundation for evaluating trust in autonomous systems. State-of-the-art research, methods, and technologies for achieving trusted autonomous systems will be reviewed with current applications.

REGISTER NOW aiaa.org/defense/registration JANUARY 2020 | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS AIAA Bulletin

DIRECTORY

AIAA Headquarters / 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 200 / Reston, VA 20191-5807 / aiaa.org To join AIAA; to submit address changes, member inquiries, or renewals; to request journal fulfi llment; or to register for an AIAA conference. Customer Service: 800.639.AIAA (U.S. only. International callers should use 703.264.7500).

All AIAA staff can be reached by email. Use the formula fi rst name last [email protected]. Example: [email protected].

Addresses for Technical Committees and Section Chairs can be found on the AIAA website at aiaa.org.

Other Important Numbers: Aerospace America / Karen Small, ext. 7569 • AIAA Bulletin / Christine Williams, ext. 7575 • AIAA Foundation / Merrie Scott, ext. 7530 • Book Sales /

800.682.AIAA or 703.661.1595, Dept. 415 • Communications / Michele McDonald, ext. 7542 • Continuing Education / Jason Cole, ext. 7596 • Corporate Members / Tobey Jackson, ext.

7570 • Editorial, Books and Journals / Heather Brennan, ext. 7568 • Exhibits and Sponsorship / Chris Semon, ext. 7510 • Honors and Awards / Patricia Carr, ext. 7523 • Integration

and Outreach Committees / Emily Springer, ext. 7533 • Journal Subscriptions, Member / 800.639.AIAA • Journal Subscriptions, Institutional / Online Archive Subscriptions / Michele

Dominiak, ext. 7531 • Media Relations / Michele McDonald, ext. 7542 • Public Policy / Steve Sidorek, ext. 7541 • Section Activities / Emily Springer, ext. 7533 • Standards, Domestic /

Hilary Woehrle, ext. 7546 • Standards, International / Nick Tongson, ext. 7515 • Student Programs / Emily Springer, ext. 7533 • Technical Committees / Emily Springer, ext. 7533

We are frequently asked how to submit articles about section events, member awards, and other special interest items in the AIAA Bulletin. Please contact the staff liaison listed above with Section, Committee, Honors and Awards, Event, or Education information. They will review and forward the information to the AIAA Bulletin Editor.

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 45 AIAA BULLETIN | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS Calendar

FEATURED EVENT 5–7 MAY 2020 Laurel, MD This Secret/NOFORN event provides a venue for leaders from government, military, industry, and academia to advance and accelerate modernization, informed by the Of ce of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering’s priorities. AIAA DEFENSE Forum

aiaa.org/defense

ABSTRACT DATE MEETING LOCATION DEADLINE

2020

4–5 Jan 3rd Sonic Boom Workshop Orlando, FL

4–5 Jan Design of Experiments: Improved Experimental Methods in Aerospace Testing Course Orlando, FL

4–5 Jan Design of Electrifi ed Propulsion Aircraft Course Orlando, FL

4–5 Jan Fundamentals of Drones: UAV Concepts, Designs and Technologies Course Orlando, FL

4–5 Jan Integrated CubeSat Engineering Orlando, FL

4–5 Jan Integrating Program Management, Systems Engineering, and Six Sigma Orlando, FL

4–5 Jan Missile Guidance Course Orlando, FL

4–5 Jan Systems Thinking for Modern Aerospace Complexity Orlando, FL

5 Jan 75+ Years of Hypersonics Development: History, Resources, References, and Insights Orlando, FL

5 Jan Additive Manufacturing: Structural and Material Optimization Course Orlando, FL

5 Jan Introduction to Digital Engineering Course Orlando, FL

5 Jan A Unifi ed Approach for Computational Aeroelasticity Course Orlando, FL

6 Jan Class of 2020 AIAA Associate Fellows Induction Ceremony Orlando, FL

6–10 Jan AIAA SciTech Forum Orlando, FL 11 Jun 19

14–16 Jan* 2nd IAA Conference on Space Situational Awareness Washington, DC (icssa2020.com)

San Jose, CA (vtol.org/events/ 21–23 Jan* International Powered Lift Conference (IPLC 2020) 19 Aug 19 2020-transformative-vertical-fl ight)

46 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org For more information on meetings listed below, visit our website at aiaa.org/events or call 800.639.AIAA or 703.264.7500 (outside U.S.).

Bordeaux, France (Contact: 25–28 Jan* Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium (ANERS) 31 July 19 aerospace-europe2020.eu)

27–30 Jan* 66th Annual Reliability & Maintainability Symposium (RAMS®) Palm Springs, CA (www.rams.org)

7–14 Mar* 2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference Big Sky, MT (aeroconf.org)

23rd AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies 10–12 Mar* Montréal, Québec, Canada 22 Aug 19 Conference

18 Mar AIAA Congressional Visits Day Washington, DC

55th 3AF Conference on Applied Aerodynamics — “Turbulent Flows in Poitiers, France (http://3af- 23–25 Mar* 18 Nov 19 Aerodynamic Applications” aerodynamics2020.com)

16–19 Apr AIAA Design/Build/Fly Competition Wichita, KS (aiaa.org/dbf)

5–7 May AIAA DEFENSE Forum Laurel, MD 8 Oct 19

8 May Trusted Autonomous Systems Course Laurel, MD

19 May 2020 AIAA Fellows Dinner Crystal City, VA

20 May 2020 AIAA Aerospace Spotlight Awards Gala Washington, DC

Saint Petersburg, Russia (elektropribor.spb.ru/en/ 25–27 May* 27th Saint Petersburg International Conference on Integrated Navigation Systems conferences/142)

13–14 Jun 1st AIAA CFD Transition Modeling Prediction Workshop Reno, NV

13–14 Jun 6th AIAA Workshop on Benchmark Problems for Air Frame Noise Computations (BANC-VI) Reno, NV

14 Jun 2nd AIAA Workshop for Multifidelity Modeling in Support of Design and Uncertainty Quantification Reno, NV

15–19 Jun AIAA AVIATION Forum Reno, NV 7 Nov 19

23–26 Jun* ICNPAA 2020: Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Aerospace and Sciences Prague, Czech Republic (icnpaa.com)

43rd Scientifi c Assembly of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and 15–22 Aug* Sydney, Australia 14 Feb 20 Associated Events (COSPAR 2020)

24–26 Aug AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum New Orleans, LA 11 Feb 20

14–18 Sep* 32nd Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences Shanghai, China (icas.org) 15 Jul 19

26–27 Sep* CEAS-ASC Workshop 2019 on “Advanced Materials for Aeroacoustics” Rome, Italy

12–16 Oct* 71st International Astronautical Congress Dubai, UAE (mbrsc.ae/iac2020)

29 Oct–1 Nov* 37th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC 2019) Okinawa, Japan (kaconf.org) 15 May 19

16–18 Nov ASCEND Las Vegas, NV (ascend.events) 17 Mar 20

AIAA Continuing Education offerings *Meetings cosponsored by AIAA. Cosponsorship forms can be found at aiaa.org/Co-SponsorshipOpportunities.

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 47 AIAA BULLETIN | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS Footsteps to the Future at Purdue By Geoffrey Andrews, Member, STEM K–12 Outreach Committee

Purdue University Space Day, held 8 booklet to keep them inspired to con- November, celebrated its 24th year by tinue their studies in aerospace. setting new records for attendance The theme of the day was “Foot- and volunteer participation. This free steps to the Future,” a nod to both the one-day space camp has taken place at 50th anniversary of the historic Apollo Purdue University every fall since 1996, 11 moon landing and to NASA’s ambi- teaching engineering and science prin- tious plans to return to the moon by ciples to schoolchildren in grades 3–8 2024. The students were challenged to via fun, hands-on activities centered on complete activities such as designing space exploration. This year 855 children a paraglider wing for a model Gemini from around the Midwest attended the capsule, improvising an emergency program, which was staffed by more air fi lter like the astronauts of Apollo than 400 students and volunteers. Each 13, and building water rockets and participant received an AIAA career balloon buggies.

This year, retired astronaut Jose Hernandez (STS-128) was Purdue Space Day’s guest of honor, talking to the students about his life’s journey to the astronaut corps and participating in var- ious activities throughout the day. Plans are already underway for the 25th annual Purdue Space Day, which will be held in October 2020 – for more information, contact [email protected].

For more information about how you can get involved with AIAA’s educational activities, please contact Merrie Scott, at [email protected].

48 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org AIAA Diversity Scholars Attend IAC

Twenty-fi ve AIAA Diversity Scholars attended the 70th Interna- that may help them succeed in the aerospace industry. This tional Astronautical Congress (IAC 2019) in Washington, DC, program is a collaboration of the AIAA Foundation and The in October. Scholars attended plenary and technical sessions, Boeing Company. Exhibit Hall programs, special sessions geared specifi cally for Diversity scholarships will be offered for select AIAA forums the scholars, as well as trip to the Boeing Long Bridge Facility. throughout the year. The scholarship welcomes applications The AIAA Diversity Scholarship aims to combat under- from students in all disciplines with an interest in aerospace, representation in the industry by providing students from including but not limited to STEM fi elds, communications, underrepresented groups with the opportunity to attend law, industrial design, journalism, and political science. Please AIAA forums and receive additional targeted programming visit aiaa.org/Diversity-and-Inclusion for more information.

From 4 to 5 Decemb er, the AIAA Region VII Stu- AIAA Region VII- dent Paper Conference, collocated with the 11th Asia-Pacifi c International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT), took place at the Gold Coast. Australia Student Fourteen undergraduate AIAA student members, pursuing studies in Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Italy, presented original research on a variety of Conference Took Place topics. Their papers and presentations were evalu- ated by industry peers with many years of experience in December in the aerospace sector. Judges collated their results and announced the winners. Reilly Palmer of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland (Australia) won fi rst place with his paper “Hypersonic Vehicle for Space Access Using Hydrocarbon Fuel”; Lachlan Noller of the University of Southern Queensland in Toowoomba, Queensland (Australia) won second place with his paper “Restart of a 2D Hypersonic Inlet at Mach 6 using Slot Injection”; and Reece Otto of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland (Australia) won third place with his paper “Adjoint- based Grid Adaptation for CFD of High-speed Flows.” The fi rst-place winner is invited to compete in the AIAA International Student Conference, which Group photo of winners with Cees Bil, Region VII Regional Director. takes place at the AIAA SciTech Forum.

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 49 AIAA BULLETIN | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS

LEFT TO RIGHT: Michael Lagana, AIAA University News Programs Coordinator; Cees Bil, AIAA Associate Fellow, RAeS (Aust,), Aerospace Conference Conference Chair; Spans Across the Asia- Michell Gee, Director, Sir Lawrence Wackett Centre, Pacifi c RMIT University & keynote plenary speaker; and Australia hosted the 11th Asia-Pacifi c Michael Spencer, AIAA International Symposium for Aerospace Associate Fellow, session chair for spacecraft Technologies (APISAT 2019), at the Gold presentations. Coast, 4–5 December 2019. The Royal Aeronautical Society Australian Division and Engineers Australia entered into a formal partnership to organize the event, tion, was a session chair for a series of aerospace: this is the 50th anniversary which also included many AIAA members. presentations on spacecraft design. And of the Apollo 11 lunar landing and the "This is the 3rd time that Australia the AIAA Region VII Student Conference centenary anniversary of the fi rst fl ight has proudly hosted APISAT. It provides was incorporated at the event alongside along the 'kangaroo route', hopping a wonderful opportunity for students, the APISAT agenda. Conference speakers from London across Europe and South researchers, and professionals in aero- and attendees came from universities Asia to Australia. The symposium space to meet and share their ideas. The and aerospace research institutes in showed that the interests and applica- conference agenda and poster sessions various countries including Australia, tions for aerospace science and technol- push the boundaries of our understand- China, Japan, Poland, South Korea, and ogy continue to inspire and drive new ing of the science and applications for the United States. research activities and attract follow-on aerospace technology," said Cees Bil, Bil commented, "It is good to see generations of aerospace researchers, conference chair. interests in aerospace science, industry scientists and engineers.” Michael Spencer, a committee and innovation are thriving. 2019 is a Next year’s APISAT will be held in Jeju member from the AIAA Sydney Sec- special anniversary year for celebrating Island, Korea.

YOUR INSTITUTE, YOUR VOTE POLLS OPEN 29 JANUARY

Your vote is critical to shaping the future of AIAA!

TO VOTE ONLINE: Visit aiaa.org/vote. If you have not already logged in, you will be prompted to do so. Follow the on-screen directions to view candidate materials and cast your ballot. Vote by 21 February 2020.

TO REQUEST A PAPER BALLOT: Contact Survey & Ballot Systems at 952.974.2339 or [email protected] (Monday – Friday, 0800 – 1700 hrs CDT). All other questions, contact AIAA Member Services at 703.264.7500, or (toll-free, U.S. only) 800.639.2422.

VOTING CLOSES 21 FEBRUARY 2O20 16-1054_v3 aiaa.org/vote

50 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org 2020 AIAA Sustained Service Award Joseph R. Marshall Winners Announced Jr. BAE Systems AIAA is pleased to announce the winners of the 2020 Sustained Service Awards, which recognize sustained, signifi cant service and contributions to AIAA by For over 25 years members of the Institute. of continuous service to AIAA Nancy F. Andersen L. Michael Freeman through Computer Johns Hopkins University of Systems Technical Committee leadership University Applied Alabama positions with a career focus on Physics Laboratory standardizing electronics for spaceborne For sustained and systems. For sustained and dedicated service diverse leadership to AIAA’s Region II Eric J. Pencil contributions (South East) and NASA Glenn to AIAA through the Ground Testing to the University of Alabama Student Research Center Technical Committee, CASE, the Branch members as faculty advisor. Engineering and Technology In recognition Management Group, the Board of Jeffrey W. Hamstra of sustained Directors, and the Council of Directors. Lockheed Martin contributions to Corporation AIAA at the section, Brett A. Bednarcyk region, and national levels. NASA Glenn For outstanding Research Center and exemplary Denise S. Ponchak leadership of the NASA Glenn For over 25 years of Propulsion and Research Center exceptional service Energy Group and long-standing support to AIAA, the AIAA of technical activities within the Institute. For outstanding SciTech Forum, leadership to the SDM Conference, and the Structures Christopher H. AIAA technical Technical Committee. Jenkins activities, the Montana State development and management of highly Cassondra A. University successful conferences, and the funding Dellinger of scholarships for future aerospace Dellinger For over fi ve decades professionals. Technologies of dedicated service to the Institute Oleg Yakimenko For sustained and through distinguished leadership Naval Postgraduate dedicated service advancing the causes of the Gossamer School to AIAA’s Region II and Spacecraft Structures Technical (South East) and its student members Committees. I n recognition as Deputy Director of Education and of signifi cant Regional Student Conference Chair. Mohammad Javed and sustained Khan contributions to Tuskegee University AIAA at the local, regional, and national levels. For sustained and dedicated service to For more information on this award, the AIAA technical please visit aiaa.org/awards. programs and to the Tuskegee University Student Branch members as faculty advisor.

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 51 AIAA BULLETIN | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS

Call for Content Issued hospitality, manufacturing, mining, phar- i Space resource utilization for AIAA’s New Space maceuticals, and telecommunications. i Space traffi c management and Conference ASCEND integration Call for Content categories include, i Transformative research and AIAA has issued a Call for Content but are not limited to: technologies (ascend.events/experience/call-for- i Defi ning the space economy content ) for ASCEND, a new outcomes- i Education, outreach and workforce Subject-matter experts may submit to focused, transdisciplinary conference development lead an engagement session, or present AIAA’s #1 Selling Textbook – dedicated to the space economy. i Information systems and software technical papers on their60,000 work Aerospace inEngineers progress, Can’t Be Wrong! ASCEND, happening 16–18 i National science priorities completed research, andABOUT THEcase BOOK studies. Winner of the AIAA Summerfield Book Award and the Aviation/Space Writers Association Award of Excellence, this best-selling textbook presents the entire process of aircraft conceptual design—from requirements definition to initial sizing, configuration layout, analysis, sizing, optimization, and trade November 2020 in Las Vegas, Nevada, i National security space Submissions will be acceptedstudies. Widely used in industry at and ascend. government aircraft design groups, Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach is also the design text at major universities around the world. A virtual encyclopedia of engineering, it is known for its completeness, easy-to-read style, and real-world approach to the process i of design. will focus on three macro themes: Propulsion events/cfc through 17 InMarch this sixth edition Dan Raymer2020 has expanded. and updated his presentation of fast-moving technologies, added lots of new material, and re-written introductory material to make it even more “user-friendly.” Given the ever-growing importance of electric propulsion, he has added a whole new i Accelerating the near-term i Space exploration architectures and chapter entitled “Electric Aircraft.” This presents technologies, design-to guidance, and rules of thumb, and offers electric aircraft performance and sizing equations derived in a format familiar to those designing conventionally-powered airplanes. This encyclopedic book covers every topic necessary to the understanding of aircraft design. Preliminary commercialization of space enabling infrastructures Contact Nathan Boll, [email protected],sizing, aerodynamics, structures, stability and control, propulsion, configuration layout, performance, cost analysis, and much more are all presented starting from first principles and building to a set of tools allowing the reader to actually do a realistic job of aircraft conceptual design. All topics are presented i Enabling the long-term human i Space life sciences and systems for more information fromabout the point of view ofsubmissions. the aircraft designer, not the specialist in any given topic area. After 19 chapters detailing the way to design “normal” aircraft, Raymer concludes with four more chapters describing the design of more-exotic flight vehicles including electric aircraft, helicopters, vertical takeoff jets, hypersonic aircraft, launch vehicles, airships, flying wings, forward-swept wings, exploration and settlement of space i Space policy and law To register, visit ascend.events.asymmetric airplanes, and much more. Enjoy! i “[Raymer] implies that design involves far more than drawing a pretty shape and then shoe-horning people, Exploring the security, policy, engines, and structural members into it. It involves art … The book takes a practical view of the development of a design. It covers not only aerodynamics, stability, and stress analysis but also the interstitial stuff about general arrangement and the interplay of competing design considerations that are really the grout that holds a design and legal ramifi cations of space together.” Issam Mudawar (left), Purdue University, was Peter Garrison, Flying magazine endeavors ABOUT THE AUTHOR the recipient of the 2019 AIAA Space ProcessingAIAA Fellow DAN RAYMER is a world-renowned expert in aerospace vehicle design. President of Conceptual Research Corporation, he received the 2010 AIAA Aircraft Design Award; the AIAA Summerfield Book Award; the Rockwell Engineer of the Award for “Recognizing decades of researchYear award; andand the Purdue University Outstanding Aerospace Engineer Award. Dr. Raymer received B.S. and M.S. engineering degrees in Astronautics and Aeronautics from Purdue, an MBA from the University of Southern California, and a Doctorate of Scientists, engineers, economists, advances in fl uid-based heat transfer in aerospaceEngineering (Ph.D.) from the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).

$114.95 educators, legal professionals, artists, applications, including the Flow Boiling and ISBN 978-1-62410-490-9 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 11495 Condensation Experiment in ISS.” Thewww.aiaa.org award, which investors, and entrepreneurs are among ISBN: 978-1-62410-490-9 honors signifi cant contributions in space processing 9 781624 104909 the wide range of experts invited to submit or in furthering the use of microgravity for space processing, was content. ASCEND will explore emerging presented by Sunil Chintalapati (right), AIAA Microgravity and Space space-related applications and opportuni- Processes Technical Committee Chair, at the American Society for ties across all industries such as aerospace, Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR) Meeting in November. agriculture, construction, entertainment,

selected by the Propulsion Laboratory dual-mode scramjet, dump combustors, Obituaries to attend the Oak Ridge School of swirl combustors, combustor pressure Reactor Technology in 1958 and upon oscillations in ramjet engines and the AIAA Associate Fellow returning to the Propulsion Laboratory successful ramjet powered missile, Stull Died in August was promoted to Group Leader with the ASALM, and fl ight test program. Electro-Jet Nuclear Branch, responsible In 1985 Dr. Stull was detailed to work Dr. Frank D. "Don" Stull, age 87, died on for the development of electric thrust on the DARPA Copper Canyon program 9 August. devices for the Air Force. which eventually led to the National Dr. Stull graduated from Rensselaer After two years with the Atomic Aerospace Plane program (NASP). Addi- Polytechnic Institute in 1953 (where he Energy Commission in Cincinnati, OH, tionally he led the computational fl uid had been in the Air Force ROTC pro- Dr. Stull returned to the Propulsion dynamics effort in analyzing hypersonic gram), and received his commission as a Laboratory in 1962 as Assistant Chief of propulsion systems and was a member 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. the Ramjet Component Branch conduct- of the NASP High Speed IPT Team. Upon He joined Westinghouse Electric as ing analytic studies on scramjet propul- retiring in 1994 after 40 years, he joined an engineer in the Management Training sion for the original Aerospace Plane the Universal Technology Corporation, program before he was called to active program, and went on to obtain his M.S. working as a consultant in the area of duty and assigned to Wright-Patterson Degree in Mechanical Engineering in hypersonic propulsion for an additional Air Force Base (WPAFB) as a test engi- 1959 and his Ph.D. Degree in Mechanical 12 years. neer providing in-house experimental Engineering in 1972, both from Ohio Over the years, Dr. Stull served on support for the General Electric Aircraft State University. During his career he many high-level national and inter- nuclear propulsion program. Upon served as Chief of the Ramjet Technology national panels and committees as a serving his two years of active duty at Branch, Research Specialist for the recognized ramjet/scramjet propulsion WPAFB he stayed on as a civilian project Ramjet Engine Division, and Technical expert. In 1998 he was awarded the engineer in the Propulsion Laboratory, Advisor to the Advanced Propulsion Bondarjuk Medal by the Russian conducting analytic studies for the Division. He made signifi cant contribu- Federation of Aerosport for Dr. Stull's nuclear ramjet (PLUTO) and nuclear tions in the 6.1 and 6.2 ramjet/scramjet signifi cant contribution to ram/scramjets rocket (ROVER) programs. He was fi eld including such projects as the research and international collaboration.

52 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org NEW EDITION AVAILABLE AIAA’s #1 Selling Textbook

This best-selling textbook presents the entire process of aircraft Aircraft Design: conceptual design—from requirements definition to initial sizing, A Conceptual Approach Sixth Edition Daniel P. Raymer configuration layout, analysis, sizing, optimization, and trade

Aircraft Design: studies. Widely used in industry and government aircraft design Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Daniel groups, is also the Sixth Edition A Conceptual P.

Raymer design text at many major universities around the world.

Approach A virtual encyclopedia of engineering, it is known for its completeness, easy-to-read style, and real-world approach to the process of design.

Joseph A. Schetz Editor-In-Chief WHAT’S INCLUDED This encyclopedic book covers every topic necessary to the understanding of aircraft design building from first principles to a set of tools allowing the reader to actually do a realistic job of aircraft conceptual design. Topics include: Aircraft Design: A › Preliminary sizing › Configuration layout Conceptual Approach › Aerodynamics › Performance › Structures › Cost analysis Daniel Raymer › Stability and control › And much more! ISBN: 978-1-62410-490-9 › Propulsion

Member: $84.95 WHAT’S NEW? List: $114.95 › Expanded and updated explanation of the fast-moving technologies in aircraft design. Winner of the Summerfield › Rewritten introductory material to make the textbook even more “user-friendly.” Book Award › New chapter entitled “Electric Aircraft,” presenting technologies, design-to guidance, and rules of thumb, and ofers electric aircraft performance and sizing equations derived in a format familiar to those designing conventionally- powered airplanes.

GET YOURS TODAY! arc.aiaa.org aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 53 AIAA BULLETIN | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS

Additional awards include Co-Winner Digital Communications by Satellite, fi rst of the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) of the First AFADL S.D. Heron Award in published in 1977, has seen 10 printings. Space Radiation Analysis Group. His radi- 1964, Co-Inventor of the "Dual Mode In 2001, Spilker joined Parkinson at ation research supported the NASA JSC Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Engine" Stanford as a consulting professor of Medical Sciences, Space & Life Sciences, in 1972, Outstanding Professional aeronautics and astronautics. In 2005, and Engineering Directorate; NASA Jet Achievement Award by the Engineering & he co-founded the Stanford University Propulsion Laboratory; NASA Langley Sciences Foundation of Dayton in 1976, Center for Position, Navigation and Research Center; and the European Space the NASA Group Achievement Award Time, where he continued to work on Agency (ESA)/German Space Agency. in 1991, and the AIAA Lifelong Member satellite navigation. Atwood authored over 250 technical Service Award for 50 years of sustained Spilker was elected to the National and scientifi c publications, and was a contribution in 2011. Academy of Engineering, the Air Force science advisor/mentor for M.S./Ph.D. GPS Hall of Fame and the Silicon Valley students at the University of Maryland, Former AIAA Member Engineering Hall of Fame, and was a Life the University of Virginia, Colorado Spilker Died in Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the State University, USC, and Texas A&M Institute of Navigation. He also shared University. He was the recipient of the September the Goddard Memorial Trophy with his Astronaut’s Silver Snoopy Award, Tech James Spilker Jr., a central fi gure in the collaborators on GPS. In 2015, he won Fellowship, and numerous NASA, NATO, technical development of the Global the Thomas Edison Award from the AIAA, and SAE/Aerospace awards and Positioning System (GPS) and an adjunct IEEE. In 2019, Spilker was honored along commendations. He was a chair of the professor of aeronautics and astronau- with Parkinson and industry engineers AIAA Life Sciences and Systems Techni- tics at Stanford, died on 24 September. Hugo Fruehauf and Richard Schwartz cal Committee and he received a 2004 He was 86. with the 2019 Queen Elizabeth Prize for Sustained Service Award for “his out- Spilker studied at College of Marin Engineering (QEPrize) for their pioneer- standing contributions and dedications before transferring into Stanford ing work in the development of GPS. to promote AIAA goals at the Houston University’s undergraduate program Section and national level.” in 1953. He earned his B.S., M.S., and AIAA Associate Fellow Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering at Atwell Died in October AIAA Associate Fellow Stanford, where he became an expert in Etherington Died in transistor electronics and communica- William (Bill) Atwell passed away at the tions theory. age of 80 on 11 October. October Spilker’s fi rst job out of college was Atwell received a B.S. in Physics/ Richard (Dick) Etherington, age 89, with Lockheed Research Labs in Palo Math (English minor), and an M.S. passed away 24 October 2019. Alto, where he invented the delay-lock in Physics/Math from Indiana State Etherington earned his B.S. in loop process, an optimal receiver University, and was a Ph.D. candidate in Aeronautical Engineering from the for tracking satellites. Spilker then Nuclear Engineering at the University of University of Kansas in 1952. He began joined Ford Aerospace to help build a Florida. his professional career with Beech Air- multi-satellite communications system Atwell was an internationally recog- craft in Wichita. for the military. From there, he and two nized expert in the fi eld of radiation phys- In 1968, he joined Lear Jet where Ford colleagues co-founded Stanford ics with 40+ years of experience in the he was Director, Technical Design and Telecommunications, Inc., building the areas of space radiation environments, Confi guration Development, design- company from three employees to 1,300 high-energy particle transport through ing business jets until he retired in by 1999. Throughout the 1960s, Spilker materials, active and passive dosimetry, 1995. Etherington loved all things related would author or co-author key papers spacecraft, satellite, and anatomical to airplanes, including owning and fl ying on signal timing technologies that would modeling/shielding analysis, radiation them, designing them, talking about later make possible the precise tracking detection instrumentation, biological and them, reading about them, and build- of satellites necessary for triangulating a physical effects, and related data analy- ing and fl ying models. user’s position on the ground. ses. He was one of the original members In the early 1970s when Brad Parkin- son approached Spilker about collabo- rating on the original GPS architecture. Spilker focused his efforts on improving Register Now for CVD 2020! both the accuracy and the economics of Registration is open for any AIAA member who would like to attend the 2020 GPS to make the technology affordable. Congressional Visits Day program, which will take place on 18 March in Spilker and Parkinson co-authored Washington, DC. AIAA is offering limited subsidies to assist members in their Global Positioning System: Theory and efforts to attend. Details about the event can be found at a i a a . o r g / C V D 2 0 2 0 . Applications in 1996 (AIAA), the standard text for GPS. Spilker’s popular textbook

54 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org AIAA Student Branches, 2019–2020 AIAA has over 230 student branches around the world. Each branch has a chair elected each year, and a faculty advisor who serves long term to support that branch’s activities. Like the professionals, the student branches invite speakers, take fi eld trips, promote career de- velopment, and participate in projects that introduce students to membership with AIAA and their professional futures. The branches, and their offi cers in particular, organize branch activities in addition to their full-time schoolwork, and their advisors clearly care deeply about their students’ futures. Please join us in acknowledging the time and effort that all of them take to make their programs successful.

FA = Faculty Advisor Clarkson University Hofstra University National Institute of Old Dominion University Rowan University SBC: Student Branch Chair (Northeastern New York) (Long Island) Aerospace (Hampton Roads) (Southern New Jersey) FA: Kenneth Visser FA: TBD (Hampton Roads) FA: Colin Britcher FA: John Schmalzel SBC: Colin Branigan SBC: TBD FA: TBD SBC: Forrest Miller SBC: Pietro Sparacio REGION I SBC: TBD Boston University Columbia University Howard University Pennsylvania State University Rutgers University (New England) (Long Island) (National Capital) New Jersey Institute of (Central Pennsylvania) (Northern New Jersey) FA: Sheryl Grace FA: TBD FA: Nadir Yilmaz Technology FA: Robert Melton FA: Javier Diez SBC: Pien van Westendorp SBC: Robert Sasse SBC: Paa Sey (Northern New Jersey) SBC: Nathan Osikowicz SBC: Ruchita Sinha FA: Edward Dreyzin Brown University Cornell University Lehigh University SBC: TBD Princeton University Southern New Hampshire (New England) (Niagara Frontier) (Greater Philadelphia) (Northern New Jersey) University FA: TBD FA: Dmitry Savransky FA: Terry Hart New York Institute of FA: Michael Mueller (New England) SBC: TBD SBC: Christopher Chan SBC: Ethan Imler Technology SBC: Michael Whitmore FA: David Guo (Long Island) SBC: Rasheed Blake Carnegie Mellon University Dartmouth University Manhattan College FA: James Scire Rensselaer Polytechnic (Mid-Atlantic) (New England) (Long Island) SBC: TBD Institute State University of New York FA: TBD FA: TBD FA: John Leylegian (Northeastern New York) – Buffalo SBC: TBD SBC: TBD SBC: Amber Perez NYU Tandon School of FA: Farhan Gandhi (Niagara Frontier) Engineering (formerly SBC: Richard Healy FA: Paul Schifferle Catholic University of America Drexel University Massachusetts Institute of Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn) SBC: Marianne Cites (National Capital) (Greater Philadelphia) Technology (Long Island) Rochester Institute of FA: Diego Turo FA: Ajmal Yousuff (New England) FA: TBD Technology Stevens Institute of SBC: Virginia Boras SBC: Derek Marshall FA: David Darmofal SBC: TBD (Niagara Frontier) Technology SBC: Blake Berk FA: Daniel Kaputa (Northern New Jersey) City College – New York George Washington University Northeastern University FA: Agamemnon Crassidis FA: Siva Thangam (Long Island) (National Capital) (New England) SBC: Allen Snyder SBC: Pablo del Puerto FA: Prathap Ramamurthy FA: David Dolling FA: Andrew Gouldstone SBC: Mazen Alhirsh SBC: Daniel Livshen SBC: Karl Swanson

The Yvonne C. Brill Lectureship in Aerospace Engineering

This premier lecture emphasizes research or engineering issues for space travel and exploration, aerospace education of students and the public, and other aerospace issues such as ensuring a diverse and robust engineering community.

Candidates should have a distinguished career involving significant contributions in aerospace research and/ or engineering and will be selected based on technical experience, originality, and influence on other important aerospace issues such as ensuring a diverse and robust engineering community.

The award includes a $1,000 cash prize and a $1,000 travel stipend.

The lecture will be held at the National Academy of Engineering building in Washington, DC, in October 2020. Yvonne Brill receiving the National Medal of Technology and Innovation from President Obama at the White House in 2011.

NOMINATION DEADLINE: 1 FEBRUARY 2020 For more details and nomination form, please visit aiaa.org/brill

Sponsored by AIAA with the participation and support of the National Academy of Engineering

20-0025 - half page AD- Brill Lecture - Dec19 and Jan20 AA.indd 1 aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 202011/12/19 | 9:37 55AM AIAA BULLETIN | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS

AIAA SECTIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

Stony Brook University University of Maryland – Wentworth Institute of Duke University Kennesaw State University University of Alabama at (Long Island) College Park Technology (Carolina) (Atlanta) Tuscaloosa FA: Sotirios Mamalis (National Capital) (New England) FA: Kenneth Hall FA: Adeel Khalid (Greater Huntsville) SBC: Le Si Qu FA: Norman Wereley FA: Haifa El-Sadi SBC: Miles Burnette SBC: Cindy Vo FA: Weihua Su SBC: Quinn Kupec SBC: Kylee Julia SBC: Peyton Strickland Syracuse University East Carolina University Louisiana State University (Northeastern New York) University of Massachusetts West Virginia University (Carolina) (Greater New Orleans) University of Central Florida FA: John Dannenhoffer – Lowell (Mid-Atlantic) FA: Tarek Abdel-Salam FA: Keith Gonthier (Central Florida) SBC: Charles Keppler (New England) FA: Christopher Griffi n SBC: Jacob Rose SBC: Marie Allain FA: Seetha Raghavan FA: Marianna Maiaru SBC: Matthew Andrews SBC: Mikaela Black United States Military SBC: Jake Wilson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Mississippi State University Academy/West Point Worcester Polytechnic University – Daytona Beach, FL (Greater Huntsville) University of Florida (Mid-Atlantic) University of Vermont University (Central Florida) FA: Robert Wolz (Central Florida) FA: David Fobar (New England) (New England) FA: Habib Eslami SBC: Savannah Metz FA: Richard Lind SBC: TBD FA: TBD FA: John Blandino SBC: Thomas Van Veldhuisen SBC: Max Chern SBC: TBD SBC: Jarod Romankiw North Carolina A&T State United States Naval Academy Florida A&M University University University of Memphis (Mid-Atlantic) University of Virginia Yale University (Northwest Florida) (Carolina) (Tennessee) FA: Jeffrey King (National Capital) (Connecticut) FA: Chiang Shih FA: Michael Atkinson FA: Jeff Marchetta SBC: Ian Hardy FA: Christopher Goyne FA: Mitchell Smooke SBC: TBD SBC: Donovan McGruder SBC: William Bowen SBC: Rikia Freeman SBC: Rowan Palmer University of Connecticut Florida Institute of Technology Polytechnic University of University of Miami (Connecticut) Vaughn College of (Cape Canaveral) Puerto Rico (Palm Beach) FA: Chih-Jen Sung Aeronautics and Technology REGION II FA: David Fleming (Palm Beach) FA: Ryan Karkkainen SBC: Cody Corey (Long Island) Alabama A&M University SBC: Archit Srivastava FA: Jose Pertierra SBC: Lei Wang FA: Amir Elzawawy (Greater Huntsville) SBC: Hector Marini University of Delaware SBC: Syed Misbahuddin FA: TBD Florida International University of Mississippi (Delaware) SBC: TBD University Tuskegee University (Greater Huntsville) FA: TBD Villanova University (Palm Beach) (Greater Huntsville) FA: Erik Hurlen SBC: TBD (Greater Philadelphia) Athens State University FA: George Dulikravich FA: Mohammad Khan SBC: Annie Richardson FA: Sergey Nersesov (Greater Huntsville) SBC: Matthew Barreto SBC: Maya York University of Maine SBC: John Harding FA: J Wayne McCain University of Puerto Rico (New England) SBC: Katherine Brewer Florida State University University of Alabama at (Palm Beach) FA: Alexander Friess Virginia Polytechnic Institute (Northwest Florida) Birmingham FA: Guillermo Aray SBC: TBD and State University Auburn University FA: Chiang Shih (Greater Huntsville) SBC: Harrison Rivera (Hampton Roads) (Greater Huntsville) SBC: Austin Robertson FA: Roy Koomullil University of Maryland – FA: Mayuresh Patil FA: Norman Speakman SBC: Jordan Whitson University of South Alabama Baltimore County SBC: Abby Caslin SBC: Tristan Macke Georgia Institute of (Greater Huntsville) (Mid-Atlantic) Technology University of Alabama at FA: Carlos Montalvo FA: Charles Eggleton (Atlanta) Huntsville SBC: Andrew Givens SBC: Micah Nissly FA: Dimitri Mavris (Greater Huntsville) SBC: Savas Mavridis FA: Brian Landrum SBC: Jacob Clark

56 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org University of South Carolina Cleveland State University Ohio Northern University University of Dayton University of Wisconsin at University of Arkansas- (Carolina) (Northern Ohio) (Dayton/Cincinnati) (Dayton/Cincinnati) Milwaukee Fayetteville FA: Michael Van Tooren FA: Nicole Strah FA: Jed Marquart FA: Sidaard Gunasekaran (Wisconsin) (Oklahoma) SBC: TBD SBC: Dan Londrico SBC: Zane Myers SBC: Austin Abel FA: Ryoichi Amano FA: Po-Hao Huang SBC: Abdel Rahman Salem SBC: TBD University of South Florida Illinois Institute of Technology Ohio State University University of Illinois-Chicago (Central Florida) (Illinois) (Dayton/Cincinnati) (Illinois) Western Michigan University University of Houston FA: TBD FA: Boris Pervan FA: Ali Jhemi FA: Kenneth Brezinsky (Michigan) (Houston) SBC: TBD SBC: Zoey Krevitz SBC: Austin Karr SBC: Kathleen Mae Galicia FA: Peter Gustafson FA: Edgar Bering SBC: Avery Maurer SBC: Daniel Kolodziejcyk University of Tennessee Indiana University-Purdue Ohio University University of Illinois at (Tennessee) University Indianapolis (IUPUI) (Dayton/Cincinnati) Urbana-Champaign Wright State University University of New Mexico FA: James Coder (Indiana) FA: Dennis Irwin (Illinois) (Dayton/Cincinnati) (Albuquerque) SBC: Christopher Busic FA: Hamid Dalir SBC: Alex Polacek FA: Laura Villafane-Roca FA: Rory Roberts FA: Svetlana Poroseva SBC: William Conover SBC: Ari Jain SBC: Hunter Gilliland SBC: Patrick Arite University of Tennessee Space Purdue University Institute Kettering University (Indiana) University of Kentucky Youngstown State University University of Oklahoma (Tennessee) (Michigan) FA: Li Qiao (Dayton/Cincinnati) (Northern Ohio) (Oklahoma) FA: Trevor Moeller FA: TBD SBC: Neal Ottinger FA: Alexandre Martin FA: Kevin Disotell FA: Thomas Hays SBC: Katherine Stamper SBC: TBD SBC: Christopher Sanders SBC: David Irwin SBC: Alexandria Caudill Rose-Hulman Institute of Vanderbilt University Lawrence Technological Technology University of Kentucky- University of Texas at (Tennessee) University (Indiana) Paducah REGION IV Arlington FA: Amrutur Anilkumar (Michigan) FA: Calvin Lui (Dayton/Cincinnati) New Mexico State University (North Texas) SBC: Alexander Barnett FA: Andrew Gerhart SBC: Samantha McCuaig FA: Sergiy Markutsya (White Sands/Space Harbor) FA: Zhen-Xue Han SBC: Brent Bartone SBC: Lexi Parks FA: Andreas Gross SBC: Chelsi Nelson Trine University SBC: Noah Kohler REGION III Miami University (Indiana) University of Michigan at University of Texas at Austin Air Force Institute of (Dayton/Cincinnati) FA: James Canino Ann Arbor Oklahoma State University (Southwest Texas) Technology FA: Ryan Clark SBC: Caroline Hipskind (Michigan) (Oklahoma) FA: Renato Zanetti (Dayton/Cincinnati) SBC: Dylan Shumway FA: Ella Atkins FA: Andrew Arena SBC: TBD FA: Marc Polanka University of Akron SBC: James Stieber SBC: Timothy Runnels SBC: Matthew Fuqua Michigan State University (Northern Ohio) University of Texas at Dallas (Michigan) FA: Alexander Povitsky University of Notre Dame Rice University (North Texas) Case Western Reserve FA: Patton Allison SBC: Rishabh Gadi (Indiana) (Houston) FA: Arif Malik University SBC: Jonathan Swavely FA: Thomas Juliano FA: Andrew Meade SBC: TBD (Northern Ohio) University of Cincinnati SBC: Michael Rogers SBC: Wyatt Crider FA: Paul Barnhart Milwaukee School of (Dayton/Cincinnati) University of Texas at El Paso SBC: Genevieve Timmermann Engineering FA: George Black University of Wisconsin at Texas A&M University – (White Sands/Space Harbor) (Wisconsin) SBC: Matthew Ha Madison College Station FA: Jack Chessa FA: William Farrow (Wisconsin) (Houston) SBC: TBD SBC: Zachary Runte FA: Matthew Allen FA: Gregory Chamitoff SBC: Andrew Marek SBC: Jared Blunt

NOMINATIONS NOW BEING ACCEPTED

The Daniel Guggenheim Medal is awarded for notable achievements in the advancement of aeronautics. The medal is regarded by many as the greatest honor that can be presented for a lifetime of work in the aeronautical field.

This medal is jointly sponsored by AIAA, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, SAE International, and the Vertical Flight Society. The award is generally presented at the AIAA Aerospace Spotlight Awards Gala in Washington, DC.

Past Recipients Include: Orville Wright William Durand Igor Sikorsky William Boeing Donald Douglas Charles Stark Draper

Nomination Deadline: 1 February 2020

For more information and for nomination forms, please visit guggenheimmedal.org

20-2022 - half page Guggenheim Medal ad - Dec2019 and Jan2020 AA.indd 1 11/8/19 9:47 AM aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 57 AIAA BULLETIN | AIAA NEWS AND EVENTS

University of Texas at San University of North Dakota Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University of Idaho Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute Ryerson Polytechnic Antonio (Twin Cities) University, Prescott (Pacifi c Northwest) of Engineering Sciences and University (Southwest Texas) FA: TBD (Phoenix) FA: TBD Technology (GIKI) FA: Sayed Hashimi FA: Christopher Combs SBC: TBD FA: David Lanning SBC: TBD FA: TBD SBC: TBD SBC: Austin Rendon SBC: Elizabeth Mitchell SBC: TBD University of Wyoming University of Nevada, Las Sapienza Universita di Roma (Rocky Mountain) Northern Arizona University Vegas Hindustan University FA: Giuliano Coppotelli REGION V FA: TBD (Phoenix) (Los Angeles/Las Vegas) FA: TBD SBC: Filippo Russomando Colorado School of Mines SBC: TBD FA: TBD FA: William Culbreth SBC: TBD (Rocky Mountain) SBC: TBD SBC: Sophia Leon Technion Institute of FA: Angel Abbud-Madrid Washington University in Hong Kong University of Technology SBC: Brianne Treffner St. Louis Oregon State University University of Nevada, Reno Science and Technology FA: TBD (St. Louis) (Pacifi c Northwest) (Sacramento) FA: Larry Li SBC: TBD Colorado State University-Fort FA: Swami Karunamoorthy FA: Roberto Albertani FA: Jeffrey LaCombe FA: Wei Shyy Collins SBC: Jonathan Richter FA: Nancy Squires SBC: Barry Jones SBC: Marco Clark United Arab Emirates (Rocky Mountain) SBC: Amy Caldwell University FA: Xinfeng Gao Wichita State University University of Southern Indian Institute of Technology, FA: Emad Elnajjar SBC: Brennan O’Connor (Wichita) Portland State University California Kanpur (IIT) SBC: TBD FA: Scott Miller (Pacifi c Northwest) (Los Angeles/Las Vegas) FA: Ajoy Ghosh Iowa State University SBC: Colton Wagner FA: Andrew Greenberg FA: Geoffrey Spedding SBC: TBD Universidad Autonoma de (Iowa) SBC: Kathleen Joslyn SBC: Randi Arteaga Baja California FA: Anupam Sharma Institute of Space Technology, FA: Juan Antonio Paz SBC: Megan Runyan REGION VI San Diego State University University of Utah Pakistan SBC: Christian Sanchez Arizona State University (San Diego) (Utah) FA: Shuja Rehman Kansas State University (Phoenix) FA: Allen Plotkin FA: TBD SBC: Abdul Munem Khan Universidad Autonoma de (Wichita) FA: Timothy Takahashi SBC: Diego Chavez SBC: TBD Chihuahua FA: TBD SBC: Omar Alavi Istanbul Technical University FA: Eloy Normando Marquez SBC: TBD San Jose State University University of Washington at FA: Gokhan Inalhan Gonzalez Boise State University (San Francisco) Seattle SBC: TBD SBC: Fernando Fernandez Metropolitan State University (Pacifi c Northwest) FA: Periklis Papadopoulos (Pacifi c Northwest) of Denver FA: TBD SBC: Fernando Ferreira- FA: Behcet Acikmese Khalifa University of Science, Universidad de San (Rocky Mountain) SBC: TBD Velaquez SBC: TBD Technology, and Research Buenaventura FA: Jose Lopez FA: Ashraf Al-khateeb FA: Ruben Salazar SBC: Randy Owen Brigham Young University Santa Clara University Utah State University SBC: Nouf Al Suwaidi SBC: TBD (Utah) (San Francisco) (Utah) Missouri University of Science FA: Andrew Ning FA: Christopher Kitts FA: Stephen Whitmore Korea Advanced Institute of Universidad Pontifi cia and Technology SBC: Jon Rice SBC: Karla Raigoza SBC: Daniel Falslev Science and Technology Bolivariana (St. Louis) FA: Jiyun Lee FA: TBD FA: Kakkattukuzhy Isaac California Institute of Stanford University Washington State University SBC: Yujoo Kang SBC: TBD SBC: Annika Highley Technology (San Francisco) (Pacifi c Northwest) (San Gabriel Valley) FA: Stephen Rock FA: Jacob Leachman McGill University Universita degli Studi di North Dakota State University FA: TBD SBC: Harsh Patel SBC: Bryson Jaipean FA: TBD Napoli Federico II (Twin Cities) SBC: Luis Pabon Madrid SBC: TBD FA: Francesco Marulo FA: Yildirim Suzen University of Alaska, Weber State University SBC: TBD SBC: TBD California Polytechnic State Fairbanks (Utah) Middle East Technical University, Pomona (Pacifi c Northwest) FA: TBD University Universität Stuttgart Saint Louis University (San Gabriel Valley) FA: Michael Hatfi eld SBC: TBD FA: TBD Engage FA: TBD (St. Louis) FA: Subodh Bhandari SBC: Michael Radotich SBC: TBDAIAA Engage allowsSBC: TBD you to connect with all FA: Michael Swartwout SBC: Andres Hernandez SBC: Rebecca Loiacono University of Arizona REGION VII MLR Instituteof your of Technology AIAA colleaguesUniversity of Adelaide online. California Polytechnic State (Tucson) (All student b ranches outside of FA: TBD FA: Rey Chin United States Air Force University, San Luis Obispo FA: Jekan Thangavelautham the United States) SBC: TBD SBC: Natalie Hayman Academy (Vandenberg) SBC: Amanda Fordyce Local Section Events (Rocky Mountain) FA: Aaron Drake Beihang University Monash University University of New South Wales FA: Barrett McCann SBC: TBD University of California, FA: Zhiqiang Wan FA: DanielMeet Edgington-Mitchell colleagues(Sydney) and network with engineers SBC: TBD Berkeley SBC: Jing Pu SBC: Swetaand Balakrishna aerospace professionalsFA: Danielle Moreau near you. California State University, (San Francisco) SBC: Arfi n Trisakti University of Colorado at Fresno FA: George Anwar British University in Egypt Moscow Aviation Institute Boulder (Antelope Valley) SBC: Parker Trautwein FA: Talat Refai FA: TBD Participation University of Palermo (Rocky Mountain) FA: Deify Law SBC: TBD SBC: TBD FA: TBD FA: Donna Gerren SBC: Kyle Sweeney University of California, Davis Help advance ourSBC: industry TBD and develop leadership SBC: James Guthrie (Sacramento) Cairo University Nagoya University California State University, FA: Ronald Hess FA: TBD FA: TBD skills by involvingUniversity yourself of Queensland in AIAA leadership, University of Colorado at Fullerton FA: Case Van Dam SBC: TBD SBC: TBDcommittees, andFA: events. TBD Colorado Springs (Orange County) SBC: Andrew Arends SBC: TBD (Rocky Mountain) FA: Salvador Mayoral Carleton University Nanjing University of FA: Lynnane George SBC: TBD University of California, Irvine FA: Steve Ulrich Aeronautics and Astronautics University of Sydney SBC: Ryan Kight (Orange County) SBC: Carmen Huang FA: TBD FA: Gareth Vio California State University, FA: Haitham Taha SBC: TBD SBC: Cole Scott-Curwood University of Iowa Long Beach SBC: Grant Tsuji Chulalongkorn University (Iowa) (Los Angeles-Las Vegas) FA: Joshua Staubs Northwest Polytechnical University of Toronto FA: Kamran Samani FA: Eric Besnard University of California, Los SBC: Supakorn Suttiruang University FA: TBD SBC: Joseph Jalowiec SBC: Ian Clavio Angeles FA: TBD SBC: TBD (Los Angeles/Las Vegas) Concordia University SBC: TBD University of Kansas California State University, FA: Jeff Eldredge FA: Hoi Dick Ng Von Karman Institute of Fluid (Wichita) Northridge SBC: Oliver Lam SBC: TBD Queen’s University Dynamics FA: Ronald Barrett-Gonzalez (San Fernando Pacifi c) FA: TBD FA: TBD SBC: Joe Ruis FA: Peter Bishay University of California, Ecole Polytechnique de SBC: TBD SBC: TBD SBC: Mathan Vasu Merced Montreal University of Minnesota (Sacramento) FA: TBD Royal Melbourne Institute of (Twin Cities) California State University, FA: YangQuan Chen SBC: TBD Technology FA: Yohannes Ketema Sacramento SBC: Tomny Hang FA: Cees Bil SBC: Robert Halverson (Sacramento) Emirates Aviation College SBC: Thang Nguyen FA: Ilhan Tuzcu University of California, San FA: TBD University of Missouri at SBC: TBD Diego SBC: TBD Royal Military College of Columbia (San Diego) Canada (St. Louis) FA: Mark Anderson FA: Ruben Perez FA: Craig Kluever SBC: Laura Morejon Ramirez SBC: TBD SBC: James Fritsch

58 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org Multiple Open Rank Tenure-Track Faculty Positions

GET THE MOST The Department of Aerospace Engineering at Auburn University invites applications for multiple open rank tenure-track faculty positions (Assistant, OUT OF YOUR Associate or Full Professor). Applications are invited in all areas related to MEMBERSHIP aerospace engineering. Candidates are strongly encouraged to apply with expertise in: dynamics and controls; fight dynamics; space systems and hardware; and As an AIAA member you aerospace structures, materials and manufacturing. Candidates will be expected have access to a global to fully contribute to the department’s mission through (i) the development of a network of fellow engineers strong, nationally recognized, funded research program, (ii) teaching aerospace and scientists, practical and engineering related courses at both the undergraduate and graduate level, and (iii) compelling content at your professional service. Successful candidates will have a demonstrated track record of scholarship, a creative vision for research, an active interest in engineering fingertips, and unmatched education, and strong communication skills. For applications at the rank of benefits to assist your Associate or Full Professor, an emphasis will be placed on the strength and caliber development. of the candidate’s existing research program and the candidate’s ability and desire to provide mentorship and leadership to a young, enthusiastic, and rapidly growing department. Candidates must have an earned Ph.D. in aerospace, mechanical or 1 materials engineering, or a closely related feld at the time of employment. The Department of Aerospace Engineering at Auburn University is in the midst Join the AIAA Engage of unprecedented growth with undergraduate enrollment increasing by 50% community to in last fve years to nearly 500 students. This growth has been complemented connect with your by aggressive faculty hiring with the department now consisting of four full colleagues online. professors, ten assistant professors and three lecturers. Our current focus is on the development of world-class research programs and growth of the graduate student body from its current size of 70 students to a goal number of over 100 graduate 2 students within the next fve years. The department is part of the Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, which has a total enrollment of over 6,000 students and Read the Daily Launch is home to several nationally recognized research centers, which among others to stay informed would include National Center for Additive Manufacturing Excellence (NCAME), on the latest Center for Polymer, Advanced Composites (CPAC), Center for Advanced Vehicle industry reports. and Extreme Environment Electronics (CAVE3), Auburn University Small Satellite Program and Cyber Research Center. Auburn University’s proximity to the aerospace, defense, and government enterprises located from Huntsville, AL 3 down to the Florida Space Coast presents a unique opportunity for the department to emerge from this growth phase as one of the premier aerospace engineering Attend local section departments in the country. Additional information about the department may be events to network with found at: www.eng.auburn.edu/aero. professionals in your area. Auburn University (www.auburn.edu) is one of the nation’s premier public land-grant institutions. In 2019, the college of engineering was ranked 29th among public universities by U.S. News and World Report. Auburn maintains high levels of 4 research activity and high standards for teaching excellence, offering Bachelor’s, Experience Master’s, Educational Specialist, and Doctor’s degrees in engineering and agriculture, Help advance our industry and develop leadership AIAA forums at a the professions, and the arts and sciences. Its 2019 enrollment of 30,460 students discounted rate. includes 24,594 undergraduates and 5,866 graduate and professional students. Organized into twelve academic colleges and schools, Auburn’s 1,450 faculty members offer more than 200 educational programs. The University is nationally recognized for its commitment to academic excellence, its positive work 5 environment, its student engagement, and its beautiful campus. Auburn Volunteer for AIAA (www.auburnalabama.org) residents enjoy a thriving community, recognized as committees to help one of the “best small towns in America,” with moderate climate and easy access advance the industry. to major cities or to beach and mountain recreational facilities. Situated along the rapidly developing I-85 corridor between Atlanta, Georgia, and Montgomery, Alabama, the combined Auburn-Opelika-Columbus statistical area has a population 6 of over 500,000, with excellent public school systems and regional medical centers. Candidates should log in and submit a cover letter, CV, research vision, teaching Save on books, technical philosophy, and three references at: http://aufacultypositions.peopleadmin.com/ papers, journals, postings/3927. Cover letters may be addressed to: Dr. Brian Thurow, Search and continuing Committee Chair, 211 Davis Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849. To ensure full education oferings. consideration, candidates are encouraged to apply before January 1, 2020 although applications will be accepted until the positions are flled. The successful candidate must meet eligibility requirements to work in the U.S. at the time the appointment begins and continue working legally for the proposed term of employment. aiaa.org Auburn University is an EEO/Vet/Disability Employer

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 59 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

VISIT US ONLINE AT aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org

60 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY AIAA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Journals are (#19-57DFAN) now all The Department of Aeronautical Engineering anticipates hiring an Assistant Professor beginning June 22, 2020. The initial appointment will be for three years. online-only! Reappointments are possible. Applications are invited from candidates who can contribute to the United States Air Force Academy mission by interacting with Check out the cadets, both in and out of the classroom. Successful candidates will demonstrate the potential for teaching excellence, academic service, and sustained intellectual easy-to-access articles contributions in one or more of the following: airbreathing propulsion, fuid today! dynamics, fight mechanics, aircraft structures, and aircraft design. Duties will include instruction ranging from introductory to advanced undergraduate engineering courses, research, academic advising, mentoring cadets, and fulflling department duties and other service to the institution. An earned doctorate (completed no later than June 22, 2020) in Aeronautical, Aerospace, Mechanical AEROSPACE RESEARCH CENTRAL or a related engineering feld is required. To Apply: Go to www.usajobs.gov. Type in “Professor” in the “Keywords” box and “USAF Academy” in the Location box and click “Search.” Scroll down until you locate this position. Applications must arc.aiaa.org be received by February 16, 2020. U. S. citizenship required.

19-0236-Journals Ad for AA-OneSixth.indd 1 2/12/19 10:48 AM

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 61 LOOKING BACK | 100, 75, 50, 25 YEARS AGO IN JANUARY 1920 1945 1970

Jan. 21 The British Jan. 3 Fifty-seven Boeing B-29s attack the Japanese Jan. 1 The Apollo 11 lunar landing is considered the Royal Air Force sends a city of Nagoya with incendiary bombs. It is the fi rst biggest news story of 1969, in an Associated Press squadron of de Havilland of three raids to test the ef ectiveness of incendiar- poll, while astronaut Neil Armstrong is voted the top D.H. 9 light bombers to ies against Japanese cities, which have mostly wood newsmaker. Washington Star, Jan. 1, 1970, p. A3. quell a revolt in British structures. While the results of this raid are inconclu- Somaliland. The British sive, subsequent fi re bombings prove devastating, es- quickly expel Mohammed pecially against Tokyo. David Baker, Flight and Flying: bin Abdullah Hassan, the A Chronology, p. 300. Jan. 3 Photos of a falling founder of the Dervish meteorite are taken by movement who led a automatic cameras at 20-year war against Eu- Hominy, Oklahoma, and ropean colonialism. David Jan. 9 Boeing test pilot Elliott Merrill breaks the U.S. Pleasanton, Kansas, fi eld Baker, Flight and Flying: coast-to-coast record when he fl ies a prototype Boe- stations of the Prairie A Chronology, p. 131; ing C-97 Stratofreighter 3,739 kilometers (2,323 miles) Network operated for Derek O’Connor Hunt from Seattle to Washington, D.C., in six hours, three NASA by the Smithsonian for the Mad Mullah, minutes, at an average speed of 616 kph (383 mph). Astrophysical Observato- Historynet.com. The aircraft carries a total payload of 9,000 kilograms. ry. The meteorite entered The Aeroplane, Jan. 19, 1945, p. 79; The Aeroplane, Earth’s atmosphere at Feb. 16, 1945, p. 192. 56,300 kph, creating a trail that is visible for nine seconds. Boston Globe, Jan. 20, 1970.

Jan. 20 Aerodynamicist Robert T. Jones of the National Jan. 4 The Lunar Science Institute in Houston is Advisory Committee for dedicated by NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine Aeronautics, forerunner of and other NASA of cials. The institute, whose name Jan. 24 Five Breguet 16 NASA, formulates the swept- will be changed to the Lunar and Planetary Institute aircraft leave Paris for back wing confi guration to in 1978, is open to all scientists, including those from Dakar, Senegal, under the overcome shock-wave ef ects at Iron Curtain countries, and geologist William Rubey of command of French Maj. critical Mach numbers. By March the University of California is named the fi rst director. Joseph Vuillemin. Only he verifi es the concept in wind Houston Post, Jan. 5, 1970. three aircraft make it as tunnel experiments at Langley Memorial Aeronautical far as Algeria. Of these, Laboratory in Virginia; he is unaware of parallel work in only Vuillemin’s com- wartime Germany. E.M. Emme, ed., Aeronautics and Jan. 5-9 The Apollo pletes the fl ight across Astronautics, 1915-60, p. 49. 11 Lunar Science the Sahara with a stop Conference is held at in Timbuktu, arriving in the Marshall Space Dakar on March 31. David Jan. 24 Germany test-launch- Flight Center in Baker, Flight and Flying: es an A-4b rocket, a V-2 with Alabama during A Chronology, p. 131. wings to make it glide an which the results are estimated 160 kilometers presented of the fi rst farther than the wingless V-2. systematic studies of Jan. 24 Flying the fi rst The A-4b climbs to an altitude lunar samples from the mission. The studies have been Vickers Vimy, G-EAAV, of 250,000 feet at 4,345 kph, made by 500 scientists from nine countries. NASA, Capt. F.C.G. Broome then glides down before Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1970, pp.4-6. and Capt. S. Cockerell crashing. No more tests are of the British Royal Air done. Frank H. Winter, Rockets Force seek to win the Into Space, p. 50. Jan. 8 Col. Douglas Frost of the U.S. Air Force sets a Daily Mail’s prize for the fl ight endurance record of 10 hours for the Ling- fi rst fl ight from Cairo to Temco-Vought A-7A Corsair subsonic light attack Capetown. They leave Jan. 26 Powered by two Westinghouse 19 XB-2B tur- aircraft. Frost piloted two round-trip fl ights from Brooklands, England, and bo jet engines of 5,182 newtons (1,165 pounds) thrust Edwards Air Force Base, California, to New Mexico, proceed south before each, the fi rst McDonnell XFD-1 Phantom jet fi ghter covering a total fl ight distance of 8,047 kilometers. making a crash landing completes its initial fl ight. The Phantom is built for car- NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1970, p. 7. in Tanganyika one month rier operations with the U.S. Navy and has a top speed later. David Baker, Flight of 783 kph. Rene J. Francillon, McDonnell Douglas and Flying: A Chronolo- Aircraft Since 1920, pp. 380-383. gy, p. 131.

62 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org COMPILED BY FRANK H. WINTER and ROBERT VAN DER LINDEN 1995

Jan. 8 The U.S. and Australia are to jointly begin the construction of a top-secret communications station at Australia’s Woomera rocket range, the Associated Press reports. The station is to be used for space and defense programs. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronau- tics, 1970, p, 7.

Jan. 6 The 36-inch telescope on NASA’s Jan. 9 The importance of studying asteroids is cited Kuiper Airborne Observa- in the Jan. 9 issue of the journal Science by Hannes O. tory, while fl ying over Alfven of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stock- Recife, Brazil, collects holm and the University of California and Gustaf O.S. data that leads scientists Arrhenius of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. Jan. 15 The Boeing 747, the fi rst wide-body airplane to determine the comet Among some of the reasons given is that the asteroid and the fi rst plane dubbed a “jumbo jet,” is christened Chiron is between 160 belt “represents an intermediate stage in the formation by fi rst lady Pat Nixon. On Jan. 22, the aircraft begins and 300 kilometers wide. of the planets.” Therefore, “in order to understand how passenger service on Pan-Am’s New York-London The comet orbits the the solar system originated it may be essential to ex- route. New York Times, Jan. 14, 1970, p. A-6. sun once every 50 years. plore the asteroids.” Science, Jan. 9, 1970, pp. 139-141. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1991-1995, p. 620. Jan. 15 William Thomas Piper Sr., the president and Jan. 9 Astronaut Neil Armstrong receives an honorary director of Piper Aircraft Corp. since 1929 and known Doctor of Engineering degree from Purdue University as “the Henry Ford of aviation” since he built more in Indiana, one of many such honorary degrees con- aircraft than anyone else in the world, dies at Lock Ha- ferred upon the fi rst man on the moon. Washington ven, Pennsylvania, at age 89. Originally an oil producer, Post, Jan. 10, 1970. Piper became interested in the development of light aircraft and purchased the Taylor Aircraft Co. After this company was destroyed by fi re, he established the Piper Aircraft Corp. in an abandoned silk mill at Lock Jan. 10 Soviet cosmonaut Pavel Ivanovich Belyayev, Haven. During World War II, some 5,000 Piper aircraft who commanded the historic Voskhod 2 mission that were fl own for reconnaissance, liaison and ambulance included the fi rst spacewalk in 1965, dies in Moscow. duties. Piper fl ew his own aircraft until the late 1950s. The spacewalk was conducted by his crewman, Alexei Flight International, Jan. 22, 1970, p. 107. Arkhipovich Leonov. Belyayev also served as the fi rst commander of the cosmonaut corps. Washington Star, Jan. 11, 1970, p. D6. Jan. 9 Soviet Cosmonaut Jan. 23 NASA launches the Oscar 5, short for Orbiting Valery Polyakov sets a Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, as a piggyback on space endurance record the second stage of a Thor Delta from Vandenberg after spending his 367th Air Force Base, California. The amateur radio satellite day in orbit on the Mir was built by students of the University of Melbourne in space station. NASA, Australia. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1970, Astronautics and p. 23. Aeronautics, 1991-1995, p. 622.

Jan. 24 The world’s largest fi shing boat, insulated with polyurethane foam that was developed as insulation Jan. 24 The Faisat in the Saturn V second stage fuel tank, is launched at commercial communica- San Diego. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1970, tions satellite operated p. 27. by Final Analysis Inc. is launched into orbit by a Soviet booster. Blanche Scott, who was possibly the fi rst Jan. 12 NASA, Astronautics and American woman aviator, dies in Rochester, New York, Aeronautics, 1991-1995, at age 84. Scott made a solo fl ight in Hammondsport, p. 628. New York, on Sept. 6, 1910, in a Curtiss Pusher aircraft and became the fi rst woman to ride in a jet in 1948, a Lockheed TF-80C piloted by Chuck Yeager. Washing- ton Post, Jan. 14, 1970, p. C-6.

aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JANUARY 2020 | 63 TRAJECTORIES CAREER TURNING POINTS AND FUTURE VISIONS

DANIEL ALVAREZ, 31 Space mission program manager at Millennium Space Systems, a Boeing company

Daniel Alvarez created entire cities with Legos, K’nex and Tinker Toys when he was a child. He built a 1-megavolt Tesla coil in eighth grade and a Stirling engine while earning bachelor’s degrees in mechanical engineering and business economics management at the California Institute of Technology. From college, Alvarez went directly to Boeing’s Satellite Development Center in El Segundo, California, to work as a mechanical design engineer. Now, Alvarez leads a multidisciplinary team building satellites for Boeing’s Millennium Space Systems company, which specializes in small satellites for national security.

Landing a job When I graduated college, I was excited by the opportuni- ty to work at Boeing’s Satellite Development Center based mostly on the com- pany’s reputation as a premier engineering fi rm. The more I learned about satellites, however, the more enthralled I became by the fact that something could be engineered to withstand the mechanical stress of a rocket launch, the extreme temperature conditions of space, the threat of micrometeoroids, a harsh radiation environment, and yet still perform a multitude of missions that make our lives better. Whether using Legos or aerospace-grade aluminum, to me there are few things more fulfi lling than tackling a problem and creating a solution of value. This is the passion that drove me to be an engineer and con- tinues to drive me to this day.

Communications, fi rst and foremost About 90% of my job as a program manager involves communication. I communicate with my team to ensure alignment on objectives and priority, balancing technical performance, cost, schedule and risk. I strongly believe continual communication across every facet of the team is a key enabler for healthy programmatic execution, building trust and identifying risks early. This also applies to other program stakeholders, like customers and executive management. Communication builds trust that the program is being properly managed with customer interests in mind, while meeting the business objectives of the company. Although the details of my specifi c work are restricted, I take pride in knowing that it ultimately helps keep America safe. I believe the world is a better place when the United States is in a position of strength. I am grateful to play a small role in that.

Space in 2050 I think that space-based innovation will continue to make the world a much better place. Very soon, many of the megaconstellations of satellites that are being conceived today will be operational, providing low-cost communication and internet to help developing nations all over the world. Lasers will drastically improve the speed and bandwidth of space-based com- munication and the United States will maintain the space-based technological advantage it has had since the space race. I believe the U.S. space program will still be the envy of the world and will offer a strategic advantage. I think we will have reusable rockets and spaceships capable of interplanetary travel. I don’t know if we’ll have a Martian colony by 2050, but certainly there will be a fl ag in the Martian atmosphere, and I think that fl ag will be an American fl ag. ★

BY DEBRA WERNER | [email protected]

64 | JANUARY 2020 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org INVEST IN THE NEXT GENERATION OF AEROSPACE LEADERS When you donate to the AIAA Foundation, you help support innovative educational and recognition programs that inspire educators and our industry’s future workforce.

FUNDED MORE THAN 1,350 K–12 CLASSROOM GRANTS Impacting over 155,000 students

AWARDED MORE THAN 1,300 AEROSPACE SCHOLARSHIPS

The AIAA Foundation made an impact on the Diversity Scholars by helping them attend AIAA SciTech Forum so they could learn SUPPORTED about their future workforce! MORE THAN 13,000 STUDENTS AT VARIOUS STUDENT CONFERENCES Tis opportunity has solidifed my choice ENGAGED MORE THAN “of career, and gives me hope that I can 11,000 STUDENTS graduate and go on to do things that people WITH HANDS-ON AND PRACTICAL TECHNICAL DESIGN COMPETITIONS told me I could not do. It has also shown me that EVERYONE has a place in space.” INSPIRED MORE THAN – AIAA Diversity Scholar 140,000 & 9,000 STUDENTS EDUCATORS THROUGH HANDS-ON PROGRAMMING

AIAA will match individual and corporate Learn more and make an impact today. donations up to $4 million (of unrestricted funds) — doubling your impact. aiaa.org/foundation 24–26 AUGUST 2020 NEW ORLEANS, LA

CALL FOR PAPERS The AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum is the world’s only event that showcases both aeronautics and space propulsion as well as energy technologies at a single venue.

AIAA IS SOLICITING PAPERS FOR THE 2020 FORUM IN THE FOLLOWING TECHNICAL DISCIPLINES: › Additive Manufacturing for Propulsion Systems › Hybrid Rockets

› Advanced Integrated Intelligent Propulsion › Inlets, Nozzles, and Propulsion Systems Controls Integration

› Advanced Mechanical Components › Liquid Propulsion

› Advanced Propulsion Concepts › Nuclear and Future Flight Propulsion

› Advanced Vehicle Systems › Pressure Gain Combustion

› Aerospace Power Systems › Propellants and Combustion

› Electric Propulsion (Spacecraft) › Propulsion Education

› Energetic Components and Systems › Small Satellites

› Energy Conversion Technology › Solid Rockets

› Energy-Efcient and Renewable Energy › Thermal Management Technology Technologies › Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Propulsion, Energy, › Fuel and Power Generation Technology and Applications

› Gas Turbine Engines › AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (26–28 August) › High-Speed Air-Breathing Propulsion

SUBMIT AN ABSTRACT BY 11 FEBRUARY 2020 aiaa.org/propulsionenergy/cfp