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FLORIDA STA TE UNIVERSITY
A STUDY OF THE BOLLINGhN PRIZ! IN POSTIIY
By '·lEf< NE IIIUS
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I A Paper Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida Stat. Uniyeratty 1n part1al fulflllcent of the r.qu1re~.nt. for ~h. degrde of Muter of Arts.
Approyed: ~~ Direct~·iifi·r~ aper
Nona ••aor
• Augu.t, 1958
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TABLE or CON TEITS Pal. INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Ch .. pter I. THE [STABLISHlIEST AIIll DEV&LOPMENT OF THE nOLLIRGEII PRIZS IN POETRY • • • • 3 II. BOLLINGEft PRIZE BlCIPIEIITS • • • • • • • 14 III. BOLLINOEII PRIZE WINNING BOO~S • • • • • 36 IV. BOLLINGEN PRIZE WINNING POETS • • • • • 50 V. SUMMARY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 BlBLIOORAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65
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INTRODUCTION
A reputable litorary award ie an invaluable aid io book ••lection. for auch an award a1gn1!1 •• approval by experte. Thi. recognition i •••pecially .ignificant
I n a field such as poetry, whero ""Dy of the publica tions are 1saued by Yanity presael, receive little pub licity, and few If any review.. For the librarian who ha. not had speCiAl training in thi. p. rtlcular are. and de .. not han time to read widely enougb to develop ....- tery in all areAa, literary prise. render a •• lstance in .electing works which will best .erve the noode of a par ticular library. The award .elected for this paper was tho 80111n&on Prise in Poetry, one of the major literary award. and on. of the few to be offered by a univereity. Tho purpoeo of this study is to preslnt a briof history of tho aWArd it .olf and to give. critical eVAluation of tho work. of the recipient •• The procedure followed wae firat to a ecure inforaa tion concerning the history of tho Boll1n&en Pris. in
Poetry. The next etep WB. to collect fro~ the baeic bio
graphical sources Info~ation on the authors who rece1T8d the award. Third, the apecific booka which received the 1 2 award ..ere e.,.luated throllllh • at.wly ot the react10"a ot critica aa found ill t.he revia.. e l1st.ed ill Tba Book ReTi,. Dig.,t. The tourth atep waa to liye a IB"eral crlt1cal over-v1 .. ot tbe worka ot tho.e authora who recalved tbe award for the body ot their work .. it ..a •• cured fro.. tha books liated in the Essay A"d General Liter ture Index. The re.ulta of thia atudy ..111 be preaent.d ill tlve chaptera: • dlacueaio" ot the Bolli",en Prl.a 1"
Poetry, biolraphlcal lnto~tlo" on the Bolll",e" recipi e"ta, all evaluat!o" ot t.he Bo1l1",... Pri ....w1nni'" booka, an evaluatl.o" ot tbe Bo1l1",." Priae-winnillg poete who received the a ..ard tor th. body ot their work, and • tinal a_ry......
ClIAPmR 1
TIll! ESTABLISRIWIT AND DEVlI:LOPlllEln' or THE BOLLI5GEI PRIZI! 1ft POETRY
Th. Bolling" Pris. in Po.try he. com. to b...... prded. as ona of thia nation'. olltsundin, lit..rary award., but 1t. hi.tory in the .arly y.ars wa. a t ..p ••- tUO\l8 on.. Th. purpo •• of this chept.r i. to gi•• a g.n.ral account ot the ••tabliehaent .nd d.velopa.nt ot the .ward and a listing of it. r.cipients.
Th. beginning. of the ~.. toward ths ••tabli.h ment of the Bolling.n Pri •• w...... d. in 1936. when thro~ privata ,anero.ity, a Cheir of Poetry .ae founded at the Librarr of Conar.... Six y.ar. l at.r in 1942. the incumb.nt 1n the eheir of Po.try va. Allen Tate; the Librar1en ot COn,r... was Arch1bald Ma cL.lah. Doth m.n. poet. th•••• l •••• w.re ••C.r to s ••• d.v.l op... t ot increas.d interest in Amer1 can lit.rature. Wh.n Tat. IUCC.Sted. the e.tabliahaent ot • &rOIlP to b. known •• the 'ello•• in Americln Lat.t.r. of t.he Library of COngre •• , IIacL.1ah h ..rtily approved.. h later de .crib.d by Malcolm Cowl.y. the purpo •• ot this group .a. to attord a sed.ium throug)t which to .chi... "a 11T1n& re- 3 4 lationahip between the Library and the artiste and writer. of our t1JM.·l III 1944, MacL.t.b appointed the fir.t ot these groups and ampowered the .amber. to "adyI.. the LIbrarian conc.rn1n& tbe .treng\ban1nc of Library of Con ere •• collect lone , pro.otlon of bibllo~.phlcal project. in Aaerlcan literary qatari.l, and to ady!.e tbe Librar lan of Concra.. on tbe cboice of the annual incumbent for the Chair of tngliah.·2 From thls group of Fellowe in Aaarican Letter. eame tt>e Id.. of e.tabl1ahing annual award. for the an courege~nt of AaaricaD poeta and, after careful inyestl gation, the augge.tlon to approach the Bolllncen Founda tion for fUnd. with whlch to .poneor BUch a prl.e. Eatabl1ahed b,. Paul MeUon, the ..ealth,. philan thropi.t aon of Andrew Mallon, the Boll1ngaD Foundation ia a beneYOleDt educational organiaation which also pub- 11ahes book. of a .cleatiflc and cultural nature on a non-profit ba.l•• ) ~lthough l.ter dlaclaialnc an,. con nectlon with the actual averdin, ot the Bol11n,en Priae, the roundatlon granted the Library of Congre •• a fund of teD thousand doll.rs wlth the .tlpuletlon that tbe award
lMaleo18 Cowl.,., "the Battle OYer Eara Pound,~ Rew Republic, October ), 1949, p. 20. 20' Letter from tbe Librarian of Conere••• The Saturday Rni... of Literature, Jul,. 2, 1949, p. 26. - )'Pound, 1. Mental CliniC, Win. Pri.e for Poetry Penned 1n Traaao. CeU,· the lIew York Tilles, February 20, 1949, p. 1. s would conaiet of one thousand dollars per year for ten year. to "the author of that book of .aree, published dur1nc the pr..,ious calendar year which, in the judgment of the fellow. in A•• rlean Lettere, rapre.. nted the h1&/l ..t .cb1en",ent ot American poetry dur1nc the y.ar.·l The rellowe were accorded th. prlY1lece of refusing to
!18k. the -...:I in 8 year when no poetry worthy of it had appeared. The one restriction rel.ti•• to rec1plent. is that the prise st be ..de to • poat who either 1. or
was foreerly 8 eitla.n of the Unlted State •• Th. name, Boll1ncen, accordlnc to Robert Hlllyer, 1. that of the SWi •• lakes1de retreat near Zurich where Dr. and Mr •• Carl Jung ha.e frequently entertained .ueh notahle. as Paul Mellon and where it i. reported that Mellon'. first wlCe was once a petient.2
In 1949, an eminent commlttee of judIe. co~po.ed of Conrad Aiken, W. H. Auden, Loul.e 8o,an, latherine Ann Porter, latherina Garrison Chapin, T. S. Ellot, Paul Green, Robert Lowell, Earl Shapiro, Allen Tate, Willard Thorpe, and f~b.rt Penn Warren awarded the 8011incen Priae.3 The firat recipient was Esra Looai. Pound, who wa •••en then
lRobert Hl11yer, "Treason'. Stranc. fruit, the ea •• of Ears Pound and the Boll1ncen Award,' The SeturdAl' R..,l ... ot LiterAture, Jun. 11, 1949, p. 10. 2Ibid• 3·pound , in Mental Clinlc, Wins Pri.e for Poetry Penned in Treaeon Cell,' The N... York Tia.s, February 20, 1949, p. 1. •
6 1D • mental cllnlc. At tb. t1ae of the .w.rd tbe jndee. i ••ned tb. followlng .tat.. ent' Tb. F.llow..... aw .... that obj.otion... y b. IIIIde to .w.rdin& • prise to • .... .1 tuated .. 1. Nr. Pound. In thelr Yiaw. how.Yer, tb. po •• ibillty of ancb obj.ction d1d not alter tbe ....pon.ibllity a ••u,ed by tbe jury of ••lection. Thia .na to IIIIk. a choioe for the award among the .lillbl. book., proYlded .ny on. merited aucb ...cognitlon, according to the .tated t.rm. of th. 801linlen Pri ••• To permit other con.id.rations than th~t of a poetiC achl.y... nt to ..ay the d.ci.ion wonld deatroy the .igniflcance of the ow.rd and would 1n prinoiple deny the Yalldlty of that abject lYe pero.ption of Yalu. on whlch any clY11i ••d &Oclety .o.t ....tl l The croup found it n.o.... ry to leau. thia at.ta cent becan.e of Pound'. wart1••• ctlYltl.. . At tb. out br.ak of World War II, he had b•• n llylng ln Italy for ny y •• r., and haYin& denounced the Un1t.d State. for 1t. uaury oyer a lonl period, b. found h1.selt 1n sym pathy with the Fa.ciat.. He =ad. broadcast. for th.. can.oring and repudiating bie homaland throUlhout the ••r, and because of the.e actlY1tlee, h. waa indicted for trea .on 1n 1942 . He waa brought back to tb. Unlt.d State. for trial at th. and of the .ar, but doctor. said h. wa. not san. and could not be tried. At tbe t1•• h. r.c.1yad the 80111D1en Pris., be waa undercoini p.ychi.tric t ....tm.nt in St. &liaab.th'a Ho.pital, Waabington, D. C. Iaaediataly after tb. announe ...nt, loud eri •• aro .. fro," all aid... The If", York T1mes l.d ott by giY- 7 ine the .ward rront-pa,e cOTera,. witb a bold-f.ced cap tion wbich read "Pound. in Mental Clinic. Win. Pri •• for Po.t..,. P8Nled in Treaeon Cell.· l Tb. rray w.. be,lnnin, to elack... wben th. Saturdax !telft ot Li tnatve 11l tbe par.oll ot Robert RlllT8r took Iq> ...... U. t ...... ed Pound'. po ... "ubicl•• of colltelllPt tor heric•• r ••ci .... ant1-
• • ruthl... mocke..,. or our Chri.tian w.r d.ad. · 2 ibout tbe PieAn CAnto. be wrot•• In ,.Ileral they are .erely the landslide from tb. kitcben middan ot a beert lone d ••d. brok ... mam ori•• l ja"ed bit. ot spit••• plinter. ot • di.t4rt- 1nI ~ e .s whereln tbe world 1...... o. it i. not. a boaga-pod,. or priTAt•• ymbol., •••..,. eplcram•• • n.cdot••• r.sent.ents. cbuckles, and the polyglot • aalaprop1ams that paa. tor erud1tion .~onl the ellte.~ Finally b. attacked Eliot •• an .xpatriate and t1rely .toted that tbou,b nothing could he dOlla to .radicat. the d18Vac8 of tbe awerd. it could b. alinlated by drop pin, Eliot fro~ the Board. The crit1c Malcola Cowlay qu ••tioned Hillyer'. aotlT•• in co~n& out eo TOoiC.rou.ly .~11l.t Pound and BU"aated that parhep. Hillyer might b•• tt .... pUne to discredit two ot Pound's support.re. Aud ....nd &liot. whoa h. con.idered hi. own poetic riyals." it tb. b.ight of tb. battle early in 1950, DSTid Damps.y characterised
lIbid. 2111l1yer. ~. 9it. )Ibld.- "Cowley. ~. 9it.
, the three point. ot Hill,.er'. attack .. I "(1) Pound " .. a bad man; (2) Pound waD a bad po.t; ()) the Fellow. were toi.ting on the public a cult of unlntell1&1bllit,..·1 In D.. p ••,.'. opinion, H11lyer had tleteated hi. own purpo.e, poetry was .11 the aore ali.... tor it.. b.t.t.er1n&, and I ....
Pound had beco... the most 1'.. <1 poet. of the ,.ear. On December 17, 1949, an artiole app...-e4 in the !Atton stating t.hat the Saturdar al,ie! of Llt!raty[! had not printe • 9 , j.ct to the "1aplied contentIon of the ob.curantl.t .chool that 1£ the public could read it. it. probabl,. .Ran·t poetry. , 1 The,. ••••rt.d that, .hat the,. w.r. oppoa1n& ••• coter1. crItIc1am. poet. wr1t1nc for each other 1n the "public-be-damned" att1tude.2 and the,. concluded th.t 'tbe main que.tion •••••••e 1t. i. wbether • pr1y.t. &roup of po.t. can uti11.e the pre.tic. of the A•• r1can goyern ••nt to .dv.nce it. own school.·) laong the others who cam. out f1rml,. ac.in.t the Pound award were two who repre.ent.d d1ffering pointe of yi.... Th. writer for the Catholic World. thouch he qu.s- tioned th. l1ter.ry .erit. of th. P1t8!\ Cantos. _de hb • ..in 11n. ot attack the author's treaaon 1ndictaent,4 Willi• • Barr.tt in the P.rti!!n R.view took the po.ition that though Pound va. pathologically insane. h. was not tb.reby excusacl for the Vicious hatred in the Pi",!! Cantos. Thouch the book ••• good t.chn1cal1y. he ..id. the jude•• should haYe taken the .ubJoct sattar into conaid.ration,S MeanwhU. tbe contro..... ,. had r.acbed the floor of 111o.-n Cousin. and Harr1eon Saitb. ·'SRL: \hItair to L1teratur.,'· The Saturday Revie. ot Lit.rature. De c.. ber )1. 1949. p. 22. 2Ib1d• lIbld. 401. 8. Sheerin! "The Pound Aftair." Th, Catholic World. CLIlX (August. 949). 323. SwillI.. Barrett, "A Pri.e tor lara Pound.' Partisan R.. 1 .... XVI (AprU. 1949). 344. 10 Con~e •• , the fir.t literary battle to enter that polit icnl arena ainca the diaputed sponsorahip of the Federal Writer'. Project, Though a.pre•• ntati.e Jacob Jayit. of Jew York called for aD lny•• tiiatioD of th. Pound .ward, hearing. neyar w..... cheduled. lYentually, howevar, the Library of Congre .. waa ordered to disaasociate it.eU !'rOti an,. AW.rd . ThoUlh the incumbent Librarian of Concraa., ~ther Iv ns, had opposed Pound'. receiying th. award , hi. atate .ant va. not available publicly until the appearaDce of hi. annual report in March of 1950. He had i ..ued the followiDI warning to th. unyieldinl .._bor. of th. Collt- ..Ut .. , Reaction vould be, for the .ost part, ...tionel rather thaD intellectual; public cODacienc. would be outraced; the pro~e .. of poetry would be arreated for a generation; international relatione, pArtleu. larly with ltalYt would bo ..barraeaed; confidence iD the Library oC Congress which had ,iyen th.. cor porate entity would b. iapaired, their facultle. would ba auap.cted, their motiye. would be "'jected, their principles would be deplored, Concraas would ineyitably interYene.l Tale Univeralty proposed what haa proved to be • I.ut effectiya solution to the probl... faced by tha Library of Conlreaa, when in February, 1950, it announced that it would take oyer the adra1niatratlon of the award. Dr. CharI.. SeJIIQur, at that tiaa Pre.ldent of Yale, COIIt .ended the judpent of the dietinpiahed ,"_bara of the leouina and Salith, .!9s.. cit. 11 Co3m1ttee end inYited thea to nominate a .econd recipi ent.l The Bollingen Foundation continued to 8upply the funds. The only .ieniflcant chance in procedure ... that inlt.ad of the Board'. acting aa a conaitte. of the whole, an executiva committ .. of flYe was to .elect the winner fro.. the nODlln.tions .ubllitted by the Board. At the pre.ent time the judge. cont1nue to b. Fellow. in A.erican Lettera of the Library of Congre.s, diatinguiehed writers whose awarda, 1ft recent yeara, have excited no contro•• rsy and little comment. Only a few echoes of the old di.cu•• lon were re viYed when 1n March, 1950, Wallace Steyens was announced the reCipient "in conaideration of the poat'. entire WOl'k."2 1ccordill& 1;0 the lIew York Time., "Crttic. noted today that the award to Mr. Stevena repre.ented recog nitlon of poetry quite unlike that of Pound' ••••• Mr. SteYen.' Yera. i. widely read by all who like .edem Ter.e."') The following year John Crowe Ran.o. received the award for his "contribution to !aerican po.try,,4 which lOt chard H. Parke. "Yale to Take OYer the Bollin ,en Awarda . " Tha New York T1ll!es, February 14, 1950, p. 27. 2·Bollingen Award to Part-ltae Poet,· The New York Time" March 211, 1950, p. 29. ).ill.!!.. 4'Bollingen Award to John Crowe Raneo.," The New York Tt...a, January 23, 1951, p. 29. 12 .'!l!!!. de1'lned •• hh "refuul t.o join the cult of ob.cu rit.y .db.red to by eo .... ny lIOd.rn pO.t. and for he1pl11& oth.r f....,U8 pupils of hi., Robert P.nn Warren , Robert to... ll, I!4ndaU Jarrell, and All_n Tate. · 1 Vben h..... notlfied of the award, I!4n.om characteri.tical1y r._ marked, "I am .urprised. Th.r. 1. nothill& recent of _in. for the committe. to haye con.ldered .nd my old work 1a emal1 in yolu~•• "2 In 1952, the jud,•• elected Kariann. Moore for b.r Collected Poess, a d.cl.ion wblch .at wlth cenaral concurrenc.. Th. fol10wlnt y.ar for the flr.t tia. thay spllt the award w'tb Archibald MacLal.h for hl. Col lected Po. a, 1917-1952 and WilU.. carlo. Wllli••• for the body of hi ...ork ....inner •• In 1954, ..hen W. H. Auden, th. En&llah expatriat., ••• a ..arded the Prlle, Ja••• T, Babb, Llbrarlan of Yale Uni ••ralty, mad. the followina atatem.nt, "' touch thinker, Auden ls a Ban who .xpr••••• ht..alf acutely, and wlth pO.tlc .1.acity. In hi. Identity aa an laer1can, b. haa b.co._ a permanent part of American pOetry. The co~it te. 1. delighted to honor bt..·3 l·Contribution to Poetry,· ~, '.bruary 12, 1951, p. 94. 2·Bollill&eJl Award to John Crow. Ranao .. ,· Th .... York Tl~es, January 23, 1951, p. 29. 3"Auden Wins Bolling... Prl"l Hie Lif.tim•• ork ae a Po.t 1. Cited," The Rew Yor5 T1 ••• , January 11, 1954, p. 16. 13 In 1955, tba Pri•• ~ae acain divided, tOie tiae bet".en two WO,8Q poata, Loui.e Bogan for Cpllected I'q!l!". l222-1953 and Leollie Ada .. tor Po"''' A Selection. Both of the leat twe willllan of the Bollin,en • Priae in Poetry han b.en QAth.. ot the South. In co.... • • ending Co~ rad Alkall, the ne1pient in 1956 for bie A Letter fMm Li Po '!ld Other I'oema, the Award. Collllitt.. atated: "Thts volu",e atanda u an iaportant .ch1..,...... t in a lite d..,ot.d to po.try, letters, and the Journey of the apirit.·l In 1957, th. ju •• cited Allan Tat. for the "acbiev•• ent ot hie po.tic work both collected and currant, Rnd hie liretlae davotloll to tha hl&h d.r.... e of art • • 2 l'Conrad Aiken Winner ot "',000 Po.try Pria.,· The Raw York Time., January 9, 1956, p. 17. 2°Boll1n6an Poetry Pri •• Awarded to Allen T.te," Th. Jaw lork Tim •• , January 14, 1957, p. 21. CHAPTER II 8OLLIKOKN PRIZK RlCIPI&RTS Prior to a con.lderatlon of the work for wblch the Bollingen Prise ha. been swarded, brier bloaraphloal .ketcbe. of the recipients are pre.ented ln order to portray better those euthor. in relation to their wrltin,. L1ated in the order in wh1ch the award. haYO heen _de are Pound, the obstreperous experlaenulist of IIOdern poetry; SteTene, long-time Tice-preeldent of one of AIlerica's larg•• t lnlurance cOIIpanlee and w1nner of the Pul1t.er Pr1se In Poetry; Ranooa, poet-crit1c-teacher extraord1naire of Gubier, Ohlo, )!&ranne Moore, the Tersatlle, chsralQ& firat lady of ~erlcan modern poetry; M&cLelah, the poet-politician; Wl11iua, the pedlatric1an poet friend of Pound, Auden, the Engl1shman who becue an American citi•• n; Lou1.e Bo&an, quiet and praferr1D& ano nyatty; Laoni. Ada •• , aetopbysloal and intense; Conrad Alken, the profe•• ional poet; and Tate, on. of the leaders in the A&rUlan IIOT ..ent. l (New York, Amarlcana .na~ thia lIOyount ae "Ti.... d witb undiagu1aecl alara the tendency to accept for the Soutb a .tereotyped reproductlon of the industrlal ciTilleatlon Of the North 14 15 Eva Loomi! Pt>1!Il!\ Eara Looaia Pound W88 born in Hailay, Idaho, in laSS. Educated in local achoole, h ••pent his firat two college ye. ra at the Univeraity of Pennsylvanla. After this, be traneferred to ~ilton College, wh ore he re celved hb Ph . B. degree in 1905. In that aaIIIe yaar, he beo4Re a Fellow In Homanics and an instructor et the Univeraity of Penn.ylvanla, where h. remai ned until 1907. Durlng thla tlm., ha recelved his ~ . A. at Penneylvania. Ke than became an instructor at Wabash College, but aftar tour montha, Pound. the non-conformiet, was aaked to l.a.e because h. was "too European. ~ Following this incidant, Pound began hi. Europaan- • ication in earneat with extended travel. over the contl- nent. During hl. Engll.h sojourn, ha .at and aarr1ed hia vife, Dorothy Shakeapear. Fro.. 1917 to 1919, h. was the London editor of the Little n.vi.... In 1924, he and hia vif••• ttled in Italy whe ... he .....ained until World War II. Th ••a yea .....ere taken up with work on s.varal volume. of poetry and writing for various ..g •• ines . He plunged into the .elee of World War II with Fasclat propapnda broadcaata fro.. Italy to the United State. force.. When tbe Americans landed in Itsly near tbe end ot the war, be and East: kUd, while Dot advocating a literal .. s-estab li.haent ot the older agrarian civilis.tion, they urged Southerne... to .01ve their currant probl.. a in the l1&ht of their total tradition." .. , . 16 aurrendered to th. 'IOluntarll,. and att.r apendinl __ tim. tn an .~ prieon camp, h. waa r.t~.d to the Unlted State. tn 1945, declared tnun. tn 1946, and co .... mittad to St. lUisabeth'. lIoapltel, wh.re h. ep.nt hb tim. r.ading wld.l,. . nd •••1111 man,. Tlal tor. and wh.r. h. waa .tl11 hoepitalia.d when h. rec.iv.d the Bolling.. Prha in 1949. In F.bruary of thi. ,. ..1' he wae r.l.... d. and the pand1n& tr... on 1ncIictal.nta dropped b.caue. of hla ph,.al ..1 conclltion. Pound'. worka, wblch are ob.cur. In tha ••n •• tbat tha)' ar. dltficult and inCorporat. compl.x id ... in tn'lOl.... '" .attinla. heve b .... publl.bad over the yean dnc. 1909. Amons bia ..rl,. boob are: Per!9na., !!lll.. ;,t1ona. ProYence, canzonl, Rlpo.t •• , Lu.tra and Oth!r Po ", Umbra, the Canto aerie •• Ho. c. to Sextu. Prop.r ttuf, ancl a nlab.r of pro •• worka, the bulk of wbicb are Pa.ciat propacanda. stnc. 19~, wb.n h. c.... out with hi. Bollinge.. Prise winner. tb. Pl,... Cant99. b. baa complet.d S.lected Po,." Patr!a Mia, L.tter., and a.T.ral tr.nslatlonl of Contuclu•• Pound'a unuaual peraonal appearanc. ia indlcatlT. ot a .trong, indlTlduall.tlc t ..p.ram.nt. H. baa racldiab bail' and a aueta.h. wblch h. baa allowad to grow wl1dl,.. Alva,.. tbe center of a controTera,., thl • .aD baa b.... a ..jor pace-••tter in .od.rn l.tt.r.. Of hUR hl. frl ...d T. S. 1U1ot wrot.: 'Pound dld n"t cr.. t. the po.ta: but 17 he cr.. ted a sltuation in whicb, for tbe flrst tae, tbere .a. II ..,dll.... 1IO... ent in polltry ln whlcb In&llab and Amer1can poet. collaborated, knew each otber'. work., and influenced each othar.-l WWace St...... n. Born in R6ad1ns, Pllnnayl.an1a, on Octob.~ 2, 1679, Wallace St•• one was educated 1n local achoola, vadueted fl'Olll Harvard IhllYeralty, and .ent On to II ... York UnlYor.ity Law School. Unllh lIOat ot the prloe wlnnill& poets, ha noyar taucl!t in an instit.ution, but waa • bu"lne.eaan ,,11 hi. 11fe except. tor the ..rly yoar. when he practiced law. Adaitted to the United Stat•• Bar 1n 1904, he was an attorney until h. beeaae aaeoclated with the Harttord Accident and Indemnit.y Compony in 1916. He bec.... e 'l'ice-pr.aldent of tho tira in 1934, and up until his death in 1955, be st.ill listed 1nauranc. a. hia OCcupatlon.2 Ste.ona' writinss conoistad aalnly ot poetry. Ual]!!Onin.. , bh !irat book of nree to appear, wu pub l1ebed in 192). Ide.. of Order, Owla CloYer, The Man with the Blue Gultar, Part, ot a World, IIot." Toward a Supr... Pietton, Thr.e APRdomiC Pl.cel, Tranoeert to Su.eer, lli!r Itl•• 11ke An Orb, Aureras of Autumn, and Collac~ed PO!!, 1Stanley •• (nnita (edd';;)~h~~~ thor'l Pirst Suppl.~t (II ... ~ 19551. p . 789. 2wbo,. Who in)A~.riCR,_1954-55 (lew York: A••• lllarqub coaPIhY, 1'154 , )S. 25°u. 1$ co,"pri ... the bulk ot hta ...rk. A book ot ....7 •• ~ Neglected, AMel. appured, in 1951. Haying anj07.d, pr.atl,e ..on, hi. tellow poat. tor _. t1ae. St...... 1ft>n ....ral pri... near the clo•• ot hl. life .....ldance ot the public recocn1tlon of his work. H. Waa .l.ctad, to the Katlonal ACAd.mr ot Art. and Lett.ra in 1946. r.c.. lyad, tb. Bolllngen Pri •• In Po.try in 1950. the Rational Book Award In both 1950 and 1955. and aleo in 1955. the Pul1t.er Prl•• In Po.try. SteTen. va. a tall, heaTJ-••t, crew-cut New &&lander. and • &COd bu .. in..... n . H. _lntainad, that b. wrot. b ...t on the .. cr.p. ot papar he carrled, with h1:a in his pocket. and that t.h. Id.... for hta po .... oftan occurred to h1a .a h. atroll.d about. John Crow. Ranop," John Crowe Ran""", was born on April JO. 1$1111. in Puluki. T.nn...... lIa .ttended n.1&hborhood Ichoola and then Vanderbllt, trom which h. rec.iYad hil Bach.lor of Art. d.er•• in 1909. Froa there h. went on to Cbri.t Church Coll.g•• OXford. wh.re he r.c.iyed hi. B. A. in Littar•• Humaniore, in 191). Ran ..om'. loYa of litaratura led natural17 to t.aching. his onl7 prot.... lon. Atter graduation from OXford. ha joined th. Eng111h OepartalDt at Vand.rbilt. wh.re be ...... ined until 1917. when he nnt into World. War I la a Firlt Li.utenant in Fi.ld Artill.ry. Atter 19 the war, ha ..-ined 1n Franca tea chine at tho French ail1tory 0.boo1 at Saumur until 1919, when he returned to Vandarbilt to ...... in tbere this t1ae until 19)7. .ext • h. beC3lla Profe.sor of Poetry at [anyon Colle,e, whe ... he 1. at pre.ent, and where for aany yoar. he baa edited tho [enron ••Yi .... 1 Perhap. becau.e of hi • • lerity ot Ity1., Ran ...... to be one of the ...,.t poPlllar ..onS IIOde", "eriean poetl. 111. flr.t aportant \fork, publiohed in 1919, wa. entitled Poem. about Ood. Thi. wae followed by Ch111! and 'e.er and Ora •• 8fter Moat in 1924, Two Oentl ...s 1n Bond. in 1926, Dod witbout Th\!!lder in 19)0, and a text book, Topi •• tor Fre.bass Writ1ng in 19)5. Since he be san hie tea.hing at 'anyon, h. bas bad .ayora1 textbook. and cr1tic~1 work. pub11shed, but only One book of Yerse, Selactad POeNS, wbicb appeared in 1945. Ransom h.ld a Gugganhea 'allowship in 19)1 and 19)2 and baa won seyeral award.. In 19S1, ba ro.ai.ad tha au ..ell Loina. Award in Literature fro .. the National Acad8!117 of ~rt. and Lette.... In 1951 al .. , he recehed the Bo111ngen Pri.e in Poetry for hl. ·contribution to Aaer1can poetry. ft 2 lRob1e Macauley bas ju.t b.en appointed .d1tor of the ltenYO~ReYi"", bllt ie on lean of abe..,.e until September," 59, dur1ng which per10d Ran.. w111 continu. ee .ct1ne ed1tor. 2'Boll1ngen Award to John Growa lian ...., The N_ York Tl... s, January 2), 1951, p. 29. 20 RanlOm'. influence on ~.rlean literature baa b .... tran ..1tted tbro~h .,arlous ....U.. Dur1llS hie yaar• • t Vand.rbilt a •••tudeot, he v•• on. of the lead.r. ot • voup ot artiste vho c.... to ba known •• tb. lu&1U., ••l and who ba.,. sre.tly influenced American literatur.. Hi. edt tor.bip at the Kenyon HeY!"v place. hill in a po.Uion whicb enlerc•• this influence. Ti~e de.cribed h1a •• "on. ot the .a.t powertul pr••• nc •• in mod.rn po.try"2 and .tated that hi. ea1nence •• • po.t ie e".n surmounted by hil Worth .. a critic and t.acher. S1IIce so1nC to Kenyon Coll.Ce, h. baa ..d. Gaab1er, Ohio, the .ite at th. coll.ge, a literary center. Ransom haa all th. char.ct.ri.tic. ot • Southern santl..an of the old school. Son of • Prote.tant aini.ter, he 18 perllOnaUy conaernU"e and _.y going. Donald Stauffer has deacribed hill a. ".ua.,., whitehaired, w.ll contain.d· ) and in another a~icle Ransom ba. b.en re terred to .s -.l1&bt, courtly • .4 lThe lU&iti"e. were • group of stud.nt. and t.ach era at Vanderbilt UniYeraity bonded together in a "def1n1te .nd ....in&1y detera1ned attempt to join traditional mat& ph,.ical poetry with 1ndicenou8 accent.. • •• Th.ir .,er.e wa. alternataly haa1llp; and tortuou.; the .,ory r!chne.s of their allus!.,. aaterial ..d. it difficult.· Enc~19PRedla B~tenn1C" (Chice",' Encyclopa.dia Britannioa, c., F61, tvIlI, 114. 2T1me • Janu ry 7. 1957, p. )4. )Donald A. Stautter "Portrait of the Critio .. Kquilibr1st," The Sewannee h• .,1ew, LVI (July, 1946), 426. 21 KAr!Ann! Moore Born in St. Loula, Miseouri in 111117, Kariann. Moore attended Met ...r In.titut. at Carli.l., Penn.yl .anis, received her B. A. deer•• at Bryn Mawr and v.nt on to Carli.le Co.. ercial Colle,.. Sha hold. an L. H. D. traM Saith Coll.ge and Litt. D.'. tra. Wilson Colleg., Mount Holyok. Colleca, the Uniyeraity of Rocheater, Dickeneon Colle,e, and Buteer•• In the years fro. 1911 to 1925, llariann. Moor. held yarled po.itton., none of vhich pointeci very atrone ly toward a literary car.er. Sh. taught stenography at the Indian School in Carlisle for four year., was an ..- .iatent at the Rev Tork Public Library for another four year., and for thr•• years wa. editor of ~. Although aha hal written 8oa. critical ••eay", h.r work hn been mainly po.try including Poeme pub li.hed in 1921, ObeerYat~on" in 1924, Selected Poem.! in 19)5, The Pangolin and Oth.r Ver,. in 19)6, What are TeAr. in 1941, and lIennhele., in 1944. Since 19,0, aha hal written three booke, Collected Po ., for which ahe rec.lYeeI th. BollInaen PrU., Th. 'able. of La Fgn tatne, and on. book of critical e,,"ay_, Predilection., publi.hed 1n 1955. Since aha recelyed the Dial Award in 1925, prl••• in recognitlon of he .. work han co,," rapidly. Aaong th.. are the H.len lIaire L.. inoon Pri •• in Po.try, Ernoat 22 Hartsock Manorial Pri•• , Contemporary Poetry's P_tron.' Prize, Bollingen Prise in Poetry, National Book Award, Pulitser Pri.e tor Poetry and the Gold Medal tor Poetry from the National Institute ot Art. and Lettora. She held e Guggenheim Fellowship in creatIve wrIt1na 1n 1945, and wa. elected to the Rational In.titute at Art. and Letters in 1947. About her.elf, Marianne Moore has written, "1 All a Presbyter1an ond ... brought up in the home at "y grandfather, the Reverend John R. Warner, who ... tor twenty-saven year. the paator at Kirkwood Presbyterian Church, St. Louie.·l Partially because ot thi. innuence, moat ot the books to which sbe had acc... when 7OUO£ ware .erious, and she developed a love tor the" .hich b, e en dured. Amottg her faVorite authors, ahe Itill list. Chaucer, Spenser, S1r 1'b0lll&. Browne, Samuel John.on, Moliere, and Thoma. Hardy. Her activities reflect her work and intere.t. wh1ch ar e n~roua. Diminutiv. and dark-eyed, ahe 1. versatile and .ctIve; .he playa tennI., take. an intere.t in drawing, dancine, music, theatre, photocrephy, print inc, and aniJaola. Amone her friendl, .he nUllbera such people a. T. S. Sllot, Eare Pound, and Alfred Ireyaborg. Her individuall.tic philosophy ah. hal voiced in thi. lKunits, loe. ~1t., p. 979. 2) .tatement. "I reel that the unaelfiah behavior of in diyidual to individual i. the b_si. for world peace.-l Archlbald HacLei.h On May 7. 1892. Archibald MacLe1ah ..u born 1A Glencoe. nlinoh. the son of Andr.... and Martha Hillard MacLe1eh . .. ho ...... only .. ,eneration a ..ay fro,. Scotland. Sent to Hotchki.e School for hie preparatory education. he rsceived bi. B. A. f ra. Yale in 1915. hi. LL. D. f rom Hanard in 1919. and hta M. A. frOlO Tufts College in 19J2. MacLei.h'. career haa included actlvities ranglng fro.. la" and politics to the IIcadelll1c. After .erving in World War I and attaining the rank of Captain. he taught one year at Ilnnarcl and practiced law in Boaton for thr•• year.. Though eucce ••ful a. a lawyer, he wae personally dloeatl.f1ed and de"ided to take hi. flUllly abroad for a time. After HYing 1n Franca and junketing about the continent for fiYe yeara. he and his falll11y returned to the United State. and .ettled on a fara at farmington, Conn.cticut. There he dId 80me serious ..rltinc. In 1938, be became curetor of the Niemann Collection of Cont.mporary Li teratura .t Hanard and adviser to ~. R1emann Fallow.. In 19J9. he .... appointed Librarian ot COngr •••• an appolntment which vaa hotly conte.ted. 24 Spok ....n for the Aaerican Library Aaeociation, for _ple, contended that the man for thb post ahould ba a train.d librarian and pointed out that MacLaiah hAd at one ti.. b... ch iraan of the Con&reaa of the Leacu. of AMerican Writers, a Leftiet orcaDi.atioD. D•• pit. oppoaition, hia appointment waa confirmed, and he ••rv.d with d1etinction until 1944, when h. b.c..... A.aiatant S.cretary of State. In 1946, he .erved a. A•• r i c.n del'eate to UNESCO. MncLa1eh bec"",e an out.tandiq Ii"," in AMerican literary ....ell .. political circle.. ID 1949, h. w.. a.lected by Harvard aa BoTlatoD Prof••• or of khetoric and Oratory, on. of Allerica' 8 old.at and JOO.t honored profe.lIOrahip.. In 1952 and 1953, he was turther reOOI ni.ed with tha National Book Award, tho Bollinc.n Pri •• , and the Pul1t.er Pris. iD Poetry--all thr•• of which h. von for bi. Coll.oted Poeoa. 1917-1952. MacL.lah'. output includ•• pl. ys, poetry, ••aay., and critioism. Hia firat work, Tower of lyorx, vaa pub li.hed vhen h. was twenty-five, followed by Tha H' PPI I!!rrl Ce, Tha Pot of Earth, ,Streat. in the 1'90n, !l:!!. ~.t of Archlb ld MAcLeioh, New round Land, Consui.tador, Tr•• co •• for Mr, ['Ockereller'. City, Unton Pag1!ic, Pagie, Public Speach, Th. fall of tha Cltl, kand 91 the Tr•• , Air Raid, America vas Prami,as, Th. lrre'ronslbles, !l:!!. American Cau.e, A Time to Spe~k, Prophet. of 000_, and 2S .ext HArYard. Dur1n& tbe y..... when h18 political aC tlY1ty vae at lta belght, he wrote only one collection or PO"', Act 'ly. n~ Other Poe. s, but pro4uced aeyeral volumea of .a.. y'; A !lae to Act. Selected ddr••••• ; A~ert cAn Story: Ten Broadc~at,; PoetE! And Opinion' The Ph.n CAnto' of ' "ra Poggd; and "'e.do 18 the HiGht to Chooae. In 1952, Collected PO.,8, 1917-12S2. the tb... a t1 •• pr1 ••-wlnner. wee publiehed. followed by a ver,e play, Thla Hq.le Crept by Me Upon the Water •• and another collection of poaaa, Sonte (or £ve ln 1954. Hi, late,t work 1. J. ft, MacLabh oncl John Crowe Ran..... r ....bIe .ach other so ewbl t 1n thelr par,onal . ~ keup. ~cLalah. 11ke Ran!O~, 1, quiet, forthright, without pratenalon. Franklln Delano Roo.ayelt called hia a - .choler and , centl e'1lAll. "l Wl11iam Carlo, WilliaS. September 17, 18113, V" the birth date of ~1111.. Carlo. W1111&... He v., born in Rutherford, New Jer,ey. obta ined hi' preparatory .. choolinl in Oeneya, recelved hi' M. D. fro~ tbe Unlyeralty of Pannaylvania, and dld £TOduate work in pediatric! at the Uniyer.ity of LeipaiC. Willl.. a' 11re ae a pediatrician 1, not a lel aurely one, but he haa found tiae to wrlte a number of llunlts, !!!!t. cit •• p. 1186. , 26 volumes, both pro•• and poetry., Poems, The Temp£ers, Al Que Quiere, Kor~ 1n Hell, Sour Grapes, Ser1ng and All, Collected Poe",s,• Ad:l", and. En and th. City, and Co,nelete Collected Po ..e --81l the,e callie out between 1909 and 1941. His prose worko during thi. period were The G~ ••t American Novel, In the Aillerican Gr!in, A Voytge to Pasenx, ~ Knife of the Timo. and Other Stories, An Early IIIlrtrr, White MUle, and Life llong the Passaic River. Since World War II, he has had the follow1ng books publiahed, The Wedge; Pateroon, Clouds. Algeltinger. Russia. &c.; Collected Later Poems; The Desert Music "nd Other Poems; and A Dreem ot l~ve . In tbe same period, the proa. hos b ••n Mak. Lieht ot I~, AutobiOgraphy, The @Uild-Up, and Selected Zs ••%!. This towering volume of work has reaped many prizos and honora. William. received tb. Dlal Award for services to American literature 1n 19~6. th.. Poetry Guarantor'. Prize in 1931, and the Loin •• Award of the National Inatitute of Arts and Letters in 1948. H. wa. aRd •• member of the National Institute ot Arts and Letters 1n 1950 and received the Rational Book Award for Poetry. He holds honorary degrees from the University of Butfalo, Rutgers, Bard College, and the University of Pennsylvania. Though he wos appointed Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress 1n 1952, he did not accept tbe office. • Willie. Carlo. William. doa. not run true ~o tha popular conceptlon of a ·poet. . " Ue i. tall and bonr, with graylna hair,l and hi. busy profe.sional lite b•• not pra•• ntad hiB beinl intere.ted in ..erythina tros art to aoolosy. Cri tics cO'lplain that hla ~ork i. dona bUJTiedly; Willi...... intain. that ba .rita. tor ba.. lt • • ystan Myeh Auden On Februllry 21, 1907, "'y.tan !:ugh lUll ....a. born in Yorle, En&1ond. Ora.balII'l Scbool, Holt, end Cbriat Church Collage, Oxford, pro.idad bie educational prapara tion. Auden, l1ke so &any ot tbe other prlle-winniD& poata, hal bean in the acadeaic .orld tor bi. entira prorel.ional caraer. For R abort time arter graduatlon h • • a. a .choolaaeter. A brief interlude from bie prot••• ion_l c.r.er va. tha year 1937, when b•••• en ..bulance dri.er tor t~a Loyali.ts in Sp.in. For some ti.a prior to tbis, h. hod b.en ••soci.tad with Staphen Spendar and a 0 ..11 group ot Engliob poet. vbo were Coa auni.t. or had Leftlot e,apathies. Hi. wite i. &rile. Mann, daughter or the great GeraRn BOyeli.t, Tho.oo MAnn, and a .ell-known autbor in ber own right. About 1939 .han Audan came to the Unitad State., hie viewpoint ahittad frOID Nard_ to Anglo-Gatbol1c1m. l'Port_tal Poet," ~, October 8, 1951, p. 118. He held po.itions aa '.aoclat. Profe•• or of 2D&lleh at the Unl~.r.ity of Michigan and a. oilll.. Allen B.l18On R•••• rch Profe.sor at Saith Collec.. In 1956, he w.a appointed to fUl the Chair of Po.try at Oxford. 'the bulk of Auden' e work 18 poetry, but h. haa produced .....y. , antbologl ... , and plays. PO!!!" , h1& fir.t published work CAme out when he w•• twenty-thr.e, then cIUlla The Danca of De.thl Look Stranger; Spain; and L!ttere £l'o1l\ Ice1.ond , wh1ch he d1d with Louis )lacNaic •• The Orators, a comb in" tion of poatry 'nd pro•• , c..... out in 19)2. Two playa, The Dog a.Death the Skin; or h.r. Where 1. Fr'8cie? and The Assent 9f ?6 be wrote wlth Christopher Isherwood, and be edited the Oxford Book o( L1eht Verse in 1938. Wlth th. exceptlon of The Enehated Flood; or The Romantio IconographY of the Sea in 1950, .11 hie publications .inca comin& to the United State. have bean pootry: ror th, Time Being, Collected Poetry, The l,. of Anxiety; A Barogue Eclogue, Collected Short.r Pge~ • • 1930-1944, Konee, and The Shi.ld of Aghill ••• 1I0nor. in both England and tb. United Statee han te.tified to the qualIty of his work. In England, h. rece1yed the 11ng' . Poetry Medal in 1937. After coming to the United Statea, h. v ••• QUilenhe1a Fellow, re celved the Award for Poetry fl"OOl tbo Ataerican Academy 01' Lettera, the Bollingen Pri.e, and the ••tion~l Book Award . Auden , who baa been referred to 101 ...IIY poople, 29 including St.phen Spender .a a geniu., i •• rather large ..n, 1oo ....lenit .ith unruly red hair. He haa been a c10 ••••ecciate of Spender, Cecil Day Lewi., .nd Loui. MacHeice . • l.op8' BoU' On Auguat 11, 1897, Loui.e Bo,an .aa born at LiYel'1llOr8 raU • • Main., of Ir1ah de.cent. Upon graduat ing from Mount St. Mary '. Acade"y, the Boaton Girl.' Latin School , she attended Boa\on UniTeroity for one Married twic., she ba. not b.en particularly BC tlTe In 81ther the acadea1c or literary world. In 1933, and again in 1937, she held a Gu&&enbe1lll '.llowehlp abroad, and elle has don. a reaular reTiew of po.try for tb. Sew Yorker .inc. 1931. H.r only Tentur. into tbe academic world "a•• a T1.it1ng lecturer In poetry at \be UniTer.itl•• of W•• hington .nd Cbicago. Althougb Loui •• Bogan'. literary output hal be.. 81ender, it ba. earned ber a pla.e &moDI tbe firat 10die. of poetry in tbe land. Ia 1923, ber flrat publ1ahed work, I!ody of thi! DMth, appeared. D~rk Sn... r. Tbe 9le.p1M Fury, and Po,.. nd New Poe~8 came in tbey yeare betwe.n 1929 and 1941. Her one book of pro •• , I cr1tl ••1 work, AcbleTeMent in American Poetry. 19OQ=1950, cam. out 1n 1951; ber l ••t book wa. tbo Bollingan Prise winner, ~ locted Poeme , published In 1954. 59 V • < JO .. " • • )0 '!'his _U 1'01..... of work apparently ..k •• up in quality what it lacks 1n quant1ty. In 19)8, Louisa Bo,an r.ce1,..d tha Halen Haire r..,.inaon !'ril.; in 19)0, the John R.ed KeaIorlal Pri.a. "'allow in AIl.ruan Letter. at tha Library or Conva•• in 1944, ahe was ap pointed to the Chair of Poetry there in 1945-46. Sha rece11'8d tha Harriet Monroa Poetry Award in 1943, and th. Bollina:en Priza in 1955. Loui.a Bocan i. d.scribad aa alender, w1th thick dark ha1r, del1cately aquilina reatures and daap-aat broodtna: eye •• l She ha. a sombar etrana:th and a .trona: nature. The editor of 'l'Ifanti.th CagtU!'7 Author. raported that it 1. difricult to .ecure the facta or her lit. alnce ahe pr.fera anonyalty.2 &10111. A,dga Born Dee_bar 9, 1899, in Brooklyn, Jlaw Jork, Leonie Ada •• reeai1'.d her early education there and later attended Barnard Collae•• Like. nusber or the prl ...v1Dnar., .he ba. spant h.r prof•• eional 11t. in a cadee1e e1rcl•• , ba&inn1nc har tea cbin& car.ar at Wuhlna:ton Square CoUap of law Jork On1nra1ty 1n 19)). .In 1935, aha 801'ed to Bennin&t0n Collae. and rro.. thare to Columb1a in 1944, where .h. llunit., !2s. ill., p. 156. 2~ • • • • • atill t.ach••• • Lik. Lolli .. Bogan. to .holl .h. haa oft ... b.... eoapared. L.oni. ~da..' lit.rary output ba. b•• n ..-11 but ••ll-rec.i.ed. Tho •• Not &l!Cy, her fir.t book ••a. published 111 192,. and 111 the p.riod from 1929 to 1933. C8JIItI Hlr;h 'aleon. Thi! M.a,ure. and Th. Lyrics of Franco1P V1110n. which ahe .dit.d and tran.lated. Poem" A Sal.c l!2n. the winner of the Bol11ngen Pri •• , app ..red in 19'4. Th. reception of th... few worka can be judged fro.. the apre.dYe nWllber of awarde and honor•• he ba • • rec.hed. A Gugcenh.a r.llow 1n 1929, her next honor ca.. in 1948, vh ... ah. W'. appointed Con.ultant in Po.try at the Library .t COngr.... Th. Avard for Lyric Po.try fro.. the _.tionAl Inatitute of Art. and Lettera .ent to her in 1949, and ehe became a 'ellow in Aaerican L.tt.r. in the "'0 y.ar. She 1 .....ber of Ph1 Bata lappa and einc. 19,1, ah. b•• b•• n ••• ber of the lational in.ti tute of Arts and Lett.ra. Th. Boll1ng.n Pri •• w.nt jointly to her and to Loui •• Bogan in 19". Leoni. .&daII. baa b.... much aacouraged by b.r friend. and baa aaid tbat if it bad not b .... tor th.... • h. would neYer ba.. hod the courag. to br.ak into print. Dark-hair.d and inten.s. ah. baa been called ••taphyaical and myatical.1 Sb. va. a pr.cociou. ch11d, writing in ..trea when ah. va ••,.en. E.en today .h. di.11k•• aod.rn 32 tr•• y.re. and preferl in.~.ad the tradi~ional YOr •• form.. ' Conrad Potter Aik.p Conrad Potter Aiken wal born on Aucuat 5, 1$89, 1n Slyanoah, Coors1a. Hi. Wal a tragic childhood. When he wa. quit. TOung, hi. tather, a phTsician, killed hi. wlt. and coma1tted luloido. Alken won~ to Middl ••ox School, Concord, and to Henard. H. was I _.ber of tha~ tamous cla•• which included T. S. I llot, Van WTck Brooke, John R.ed, H.TWood Broun, Itobert BencllleT, Alan Se.ger, Itobert ~nd Jone., and Walt.r Lippmann. Whi l. at Hanard h. wrote for the Henard Monthly and ~ha Harvard Advo cate. Aiken i. the onlT poat discu••• d in th1. paper who noyer had anT other prot••• lon than lit.ratur.. H. retua.d to .ene in World War 1 on the ground., that ao • po.t, h. w•• encag.d in an • ••••n~i .l indus~~.·l In the fortT-thr •• y ..re .inc. J.914, Aiken com plated a "",nuacript allllo.t ey.~ year, and in .... nT of the •• Teara h. haa produced ••yarel yolume.. Aaong h1. book. of po.t~ are Eartb Triumphant, Nocturne of Re_ membered Sprin8. Th. Charnel Ros., Priapus and the Pool, John Oeth, Selocted Poe~s. Land.cape West of Eden, !h! Soldier, Th. Kid, Diyine P11etlm, Collected Po.~a, and the 80l110,on fri •• winner, A Letter !ro Ll Po. Hi. 1St.DleT (units and /loward Hareraft (ad•• ), Tw!!\ t1eth Centull Author, (New York. H. W. Wilson Collpany, 1942), p. 1 • • fiction includes Blue Voynge, Costu~e. by Ero8, !!g& Cof£1n, A Heart for the 004. of Mexico, Oreat Circle, IIshant, and • Arculnrl._ There are two work. ot critici.. , Scept!cl. ! and aohenna. That quality a. well a. quantity is characteri.tic of Aiken'. work le ovidenced by hie awards. Ro recoiYed both the Pullt ••r Prize and the Shelley M-.orla1 Award in 1929. lie hold a Ougenhelll r.llowship 111 1934. He occupiod the Library of Con&re •• Chair of Poetry in 1950-51, received the ..tional Book Award in 1953, and the BollinCen Pri.e in 1956. An amiable, 80rt-spoken man, he i. neither Bohemian nor eccerttric. llie one po.. lon 18 tbe ""'vies, though he also lik.e ja... R. has a wry humor, is sbort, stocky, aM unobtrua1ve. lie hos lived away fro. the South for a long tllle; hie ho~e i. Br.w.tar on Cepe Cod , John Orley Allen Tat. Winchester, lentncky, w•• the birthplace of John Or1ey Allen Tate on Jovember 19, 1499. As a boy he was .ent to e privata school 1n LoUisville. In 1922, ho was graduated from Vanderbilt, ~en. cum laude. There, aa on. of the founder. of: the rallous 11ttle "'p81ne, !!!! Fugitive, h. was e l.ader in the group whlch took it. name fro~ this publication.l In 1924, he aarried the noy.list ISoe p. 20. )4 carolina Gordon. Tata, llka Ransom, another of tha PUgitiye Asrarlona, baa aleo co mined hia literary crear "ith taacbins. Wban h. waa firat "sdu ted rroa colle,e, he w.nt into hi' brother'. coal busin•• s, but wbecau •• b. had hi ••ind on po.try inat.. d or coal, JOunc Tate &hipped ao ... anthr.cit.. tb.t ehould hne &On. a bundred 811.a North to the ra~t. W•• t. Th. company loat aayen hundr.d dollar., and h. waa fired. "1 In 1934, ha becaae lecturer in En&lieh Llteratura at Southw ••tern Colle,e at M4aphla. Four yeers later ha "ent to W03Aft'. ColI.,. of the Uniyersity of Borth carol1na .. Prot... or of £nj;l1sh. Sinc. that till., b. haa b.en R.sid.nt 7.110" in Poetry at Princ.ton, Lect.urer at ft .. York Unlv.r.ity, Viaitin, Profa.sor of HUManiti •• at the Univaratty of Chicago, and Senior 'a110" of the Indiana School or L.ttera. Slnce 1951, ha haa baen Pro feasor of English at tbe Univeraity ot Minnesota. h. haa b.en .ditor of the 8 ....nne. R.view, adviaory edItor ot the Kenyon Review , and b. ..ned a a regular a ..ber ot the Columbia Bro'dcastIn, Co~pany'a InVitation to Learnins pro"aa 1n 1940 and 1941. Tata haa writtan biograph1.a, a noval, po.~., and a 1arga n~.r of books of critici... Hia biographi•• in- leurrent BiO~phY! 1940 (.... York: H. W. Wi110n Co~p . ny, 1940), p. ~. clud. Stonewall Jackson; Th. Goodold1.r. Jefferlon Da.ls: HI. Rt •• RAd Fall. and Robert at te., Hi. firat publiabad coll.ct10n of po... v •• , Pope And Other Po •• follov" by Thr e Po. e. POG .• : 1928-31. Th. M.dit!rron.~n nd Oth r Poe~ •• Sele£ted Poe s, Th. Winter s ... and Poom •• 1922-;7, 1118 coll.ction. of ...~ya includ. R.oct1onary E'8~Y. on Poetry an4 Id.... R•• eon 1n dn,"!. On thg Lt.!t. of Poetry. Th. Man of L.tter. ip the Modern World, 'lbe 'orlorn DI'1I9n. and The MeYering FlY' H. h .. writt... one noyel, The rathers, one tranalation, The Vil11 or VenUI. ond has collaborat.d in I8.ltation to Learnlng. A•• ric"n HarYeat. and House of riction, the laat ot which h. did v!th hl. vif•• Caroline Gordon. h. baa don. two antholoe1... Th. L ngyage of Po.try and Princetog V.r•• Between Two Wars. Tate 1. Icholarly ••ophi.tic.ted. ond lntan.ely .am•• t, So~eti ••••11d-~nn.red and al,..t .hy. hl. friend. "7 that h. has .trong conTlction. and _ blt1nc vit when the ocon.ion .ri.... Convort.d to Roman Cathol lcl.. ln 1950. be "remain. unr.conolled to pr.tty tuch I.orytblnc: our literature, our c1.111 ..tlon. our war •• 1 1,. W. Dupee, "Ver •• Chronicle," Nation, April 21, 1945. p. 466. CHAPTKIl III BOLLlJIGtN PRIZE WIDING BOOKS In con.idering the significance of any award, the contribution. and the reputation. of the reclpient. are .ajor tactor.. In thi. study it i. a ••u.ed tbot the reyiew.re' r.actione to the book. which won tor tbeir author. the Bollin,en Pri •• afford an indication ot the reCipients' literary ability. To aecure thia informa tlon, the r.yle•• rs' oplnion. a. located throu&h reter ence. clted in The Book Reyls. Digest ere _umanri.ed in th1s chapt.r. Kar. Pound, the t1rst wrlter to whoa the award wa. presented, rec.1Y8d lt tor the Plean cantoa. Con elsting of t.n of the one hundred CAnto. or1,inally planned, tho Plean cantos brlnge up to eighty-four the n~.b.r whlch he bo_ coapleted. at the.e ten cantol, written while h. w • in an Aaeriaan concentratlon caMp near Plaa in Italy, one reY1ewer co ...nted: The whole dae1gn 18 gradully b•• o",ing plain. Pound'_ apparent int.ntion i. to pre.ent "id... in actlon; the 11ying 1d ... of tbe paat to counteract the d.. d lde•• ot the .adam world 1n which a.~ boa trilllOpbad. • • • They ..... a .....t IIIONtc of ld.a. 1n the words of .en who bod tb_1 a deYlca )6 )7 Pound ...... to b.lt.... retain. th.ir actlon.l h the found.r of _ .choGl of poetry, Pound had _ d.finite Influenc. on IUch writer••• Wlllt.. lutler Yeat., T. S. 8110t, and Wl11la. Carlo. W11118 •• , and ha. alw8Y. been a controTer.iol figur. in A.eri ..n l.t tera. Since .oat of the reY1e.a .ere written b7 po.~ •• th. point. of Tiew retl.ct tb. r.v1 •••ra' relpect1T. all.glnnc•• to the Terlouo .chool. ot poetry. Ot the to.n rn1ew. H.ted in Th. Book ReTlew DU•• t, only tb. one written by Louil. Bocen, hera.lf a Iloll1n&" Prio. winner and r.aular poetry reT1ewer tor the new Yorker, waa ..rk.d deflnlt.ly r_Torabl.. In r •• llty OTan ahe had taw word. of praia_ tor the Pie8n C~ntoa. Atter co,..nting on hi. ' co~b1DRt10n of .harp day-to-day ob- ••rTation, erudition, and hu.orou. in.ight,·2 aha warned: Pound' ••treak of charl.tanry, In the c nto ••• e whol., wa. eo intarwoTen wlth Taluable in.ight that it .a. fairly n.,l1c1ble. Wh.t becama really annoying WI. hi. growing t.ndency toward ob ••a .ion. • •• Pound b.for. tbe war loot control of bla ..nial and b..... 1 ••• than prlalt!T•• J None of the remain1D& .eTen r.Tie.a r.c.iTed any .rabol in Thl Book RlTle.. Dlge,t, but upon actual readin" it 1. claar that tour ••rl alanted faTorably, two untaTor able, and one va. noncom.1tal. lLloyd Frankenberg "Ear_ Pound--Ind H1. ~um OPUIL" The New York Tilles 60011: Rnl ... , Augu.t 1, 1948, p. 1 • 2Loulal Bog_n, "Yera.,- K.. Yorker, October )0, 1948, 1'. 108. l8 The sat\l%'day ReYi,. of L1teratl!l"!, ...o.ed ...e.y of obacuranti.. , the tara ita writer. apply to certain IIOdern poetry, publ1ehed an unraYorable rnie. in whicb tbe critic relterated Loui.e Bogan'. opinion on Pound'. sanity' The controlled pitcb that va. once yirile and atron, 18 now flaccid and by.tarical. Ilia once yiCiou.ly .atirlca1 aye and hi. onc. rich .en.lbility have eomcbow d.cenerated. • •• The.an 1. inter aLttently. at l.~.t •••d; ~ •• P91itical opponent, he va. ineff.ctual and pathetic.l Other r!!iewe... found 11ttl. polltica, but "fluid notation and rnary. ·2 RoU. Hl1!IIphri.e. for .XIlJIpl •• praieed the poet'. work: "Th. Pi.an Canto. are b.autiful ly writt.n; their obecuritie •• their .ccantricitie•• no IIOre pronouncad than Pound ....r w I; tha diction fira. lOund, alegant, the ausie and tba l ..,e adeli", up to the danca, tha wbola thln& mDY1n& . · 3 In tha Pi ••n Canto. I!uapbrie. allO found a rene"al of Pound'. fdth 1n the hU1lAD raca. HoI'. of th. rnlew.... _da mor. than a pae.. Ing ...f.ranaa to th. ant1-S.. 1tlc , pro-Faaeiatic. anti Ale ..ioan content which wa. auch • proainent i.aue arta.. the a.arel of tbe Bol11",.n Prile and which ....ulted in lwill1Aa 'an O'Connor, '!What Doe. Mr. Pound Be li!!e?" Saturday Reyiew of L1t~ratu .... Sapteabe.. 4, 194&, p . 15 . 2hobart rit.g.... ld. ~t Thou Loye.t W.ll Remains,· RIV RepubliC. AUIU_t 16, 194'. p. 21. lRo1fa Humpbrie., "Booka and the Arta." pitton, S.ptaab... 25, 194&, p. 349. 39 ~. tran.ter ot the .ponsorebip ot tbe awaN fro.. the Library of Con&r ••• to tal. Univ.r.lty. Thr.e yeare paned b.rore tohe .waN .....",iIl ...d. to an .uthor tor a .pecU.I." book. In 1952, IIari.M. Moore, on& ot the b.at-known WOlDen po.t. wrl ti", today, w•• the recipl.nt for h.r Collepted Po ., which con eiate of po.~. fro. What Ar. tear., ".verth.l•••• Selected Poem., 1932, and eo • hltb.rto unpubllehed v.r.... The reception waa enthu.l•• tlc. Tan of the revl,," lilted in The Book Review Di~eat w.r. fayorable and thr.. indati n.tt.. Critics pr.leed h.r for b.r varied intereota, h.r wide range of le4min" tbe structure of her po~s, her ••n •• ot humour, her re•• rYed manner, end the la.tine quality of her work. Accordln& to r ••lewer., Marianne MOore dra•• many of h.r facti froa n~tural hietory, .u•• usa, and art gall.ri •• and utili... ill the symbolic ••n.. ch 1nforaa t10n fro .. the world of botany and80010gy. Th. re.ult i", variety is on. of ~. factora whtch contribut.s to the ••em111& obscurlty of her work. Th. reacl.r 1. scu time. unAbl. to follow her al sh. .kip. froa on. blt of tnfo.,.tlon to another, snd fr.quontly . It conoult r.f .renc. booka for the ....nl'" of lI&JIy of the allusion. b.fore b. C8n re.cI witb aDy ..ttafBctlon or und.rstanciiDI. D.lcrlblcl •• a ".rllebl" lin., witb hicld.n and un- • 40 accented rhyae."l h.r Yer •• atructure nake. her work difficult tc read aloudnd ao",,,,,hat prosy. Vhen ahe yari •• thie, hoveTer, her poetic expr ••sion ao~.tl ••• ia of the firat ~nk. About her lotricate yar•• , ba.ed on 8imple experience, on. reTle.er wrote: Here • • • are preci810n and wit, a pa•• l0D~t. intereat arut • re.e"eel IIWlnner , 1rony, craft. an elaboration tb t counterpolnta succinctne.s; a muting of muaic and rhyme that .ata off the occa aionally iaperloue tona, the na plul ultra at Alexandrian poetry. 2 Sba recaiyed ao • of ber blebeat praiae fro. a raylewer who applauded her 1n varae, A world of artifice and elegance bali8Yed in inten•• ly enouch diaplacea reality, Mia. Moore, hayinll: no pear eon, f8Ja1nloe cnft.en, d or _en but half a do.an, ha • • cco ~pliahed quietly this airacle. America beco••• articulate once more fro. Brooklyn. Salute to her 'Coll ected Po ... ' · Kay it be read by aU who yalue lotagrity and wit.J The only rey1"" that could be construed a. beine eyen .11ebtly unfayorable deplorad "the 1epoyeriahaent of aubject-JUtter and the onrbearing cOlllpula1on of tact, l"Booka,- ll-!, Dec.-ber 10, 1951, p. 112. 2Rolfa phri •• , 'Veree Chronicle,' Ration, February 2, 1952, p. 11J. JSelden "MlLracle of In'tel~lty and Wit , January 27, • U wblch baa brollght 1t do_ here and tb.r. to nota•• ,,1 1ft 19'3. Archibald "cLalah and Willla. Carlo. W1Ul ....2 ware co-winner. of th. BoUillcen Av.nt. Mac Laiah r.c.i•• d ~b. prise ror Collect.d Poe. e. 1217-19S2. whl1. Wl111 ••• ' aw.nt co ••red tbe body of bi. work. Though MecL.iab'l work waa not reyilw.d 10 enthu.1.e tlcally •• Marl.nna Moor.'., it wa. v.U-r.ceived. or the nine r •• i .... 11sted 1n The Book R•• ie. Digeet. tvo w.r. def1n1tely favorable. two raco~l ••d good and bad pointe. and flYe were ind.finit•• I The cri~lc. prai.ed ..cLelab for hi. technical accompll.haeD~e. knovlad&e. paychological 1n.ieht. and clarity. Of hi. t.chnlcal abl11ty. which v•• praised by aU r ..l ...... Babetu D.lltsch wro~.; Thera ar•• yUabl •• tbAt .tlr aa with a pri.at. Uf. ot th.lr own ~o eYok. a .lIb... craatllr.. the dataile that uke 8 stre.t abine in the ey. and Berea. In the .ar. the e••• t w1nd. and tbe •• It. the 11ghts And shadows .oy1nC o.er landscape or ....cap. to ..y: ~he moment 1. ,01nc. hold 1t, YOIl cannot hold 1t. remtmber 1~. and 1t wlll be d1f t.rent, reme~b.r.d.J Otber.... n~loned the .....t amollftt or r ••••rch h. did for such poems .e ·Conquiatador" and "Aserica v •• Pro31 •••• • lpeter Du.al Smitb."To Pl•••• H.r•• lf " Rew St.. t ...."n "nd I/Ition. D.c_ber 1. 1951. p. 644. - 2s.. p )Babett. D.ut.ch. "Archlbald MacLaiab·. Achl •••- aant: Th. Poet .. Artist altd Cltl..... • II ... York lIerald Tribune Weekly Book Review. Ho.aaber 2). 1952. p. 5. H1s mowledge of word. as well a. ideas cOMbined w1t.h hi. paychological insight haye won hi. the ea1nence he now enjoya. The clarity of hI. yer.e haa been hailad •• a good oaoen and a departure fro .. the oo-c,tll.d ob.curant1st precapt. of the period to which he belongs. Th ...in objection to MacLaish'. work ..... to be hja att.apting to tusa • literary with a politlcal career. which, .om. rev1ewers C•• l, 1. e.ldo~ effectiTely done. Ona reaaon they give for thie fa1lure 1s tha lack of t1ae and the inevitable mixtura of polltlcal and po atical 1daal. Certainly MaeLal.b's polltical career hal rasultad In ~cb aoc1al cone.iouane•• poetry, whicb 1. conoiderad 1n .o~. quarter. 1110101. more than propaganda. G1Yln, ae their reallOn l.h. tact that MocLalob states more than ha aucceate. crltlc. who belong to the Imagist ~oup do not alway. approva of hi. work. Still other crltlc. prai •• h1a for taklng poatry out of tha library and handing it to tha aany rather than the fa•• l The edltor of §oQkli!t reflect a the ganaral at. t i tude to.ard the book a. a whole in tbl. Itat... ent: The stature of the man and tbe value of hi. work are ..de clear in thls larga '10111.... • •• Together, now th.y the po ... gin UI tha hlatory of • poat in our time, and a record of the daep cony1.tiono of a public .erYant wbosa var.a can be read .a counsal lRlcherd Eberhart, "Tha Pattern of MacLeiah·. Po.try,· '!'he New York Tla,. §ook Review, Nonmb.r 23. 19S2, p. 5. 4) and coDecianee.l Loull. Bopn aDd Leoni. Ad ••• "ere co-winner. ot the BolliUCAn lwar4 in 1954; the tormer for ~11.ct.4 Po •• 1922-195l ••Dd tbe letter tor Po ... : • Salaetion. Loui.a Bo,an" ~ok recai.ad ta.or.b1e critic.l co~ent with tour ot tho ••yan r.d.... l1.ted In 'lb. Book .,.1.. Dlt•• t aark.d t,.ar.ble and three ind.finit•• CritiC. pr.ioed Collected reams. 1922-1953. fir.t b.eau.. it ..d. ayail.ble one. more po~,- whlch had b.ac out of print tor eany y ••ro. 'Ibe ••1ectloD from .arl1lr work. wa. judged excellent and tbe n.w additlon. w.re .100 preioed. Th. le.t ••ctlon wblch con.1.ted ..inly of tho now work •• wa. t.raed tbl be.t. RnllWero found tbat muoh of Louie. Bo,I"" craftaman.bip 18Y in her lan,ery. tachnlcal faGility. in.i,ht. and ....trAint. Ben Ray Redaan r.ferred to ber 1aa,ery •• preci ••) whUe othlr. round 11; lO:>br.. In fora. har be.t work. are traditional lyric.. Hot b.lnc an Ixperl.. ntall.t. aha employ. r." t.chnlcal inno.a tion.. or the oTlr.ll Irre.tlTen••• of her po .... on. ro.l ....r dlclared, ·Sh. i. ,110 a mu.1elan. wbo •• nota. 1·Cle•• lf1.d Book •• " Th. Book11at. DI ...b.r 15. 1952. p. l)d. 2a... Ray Redaan. "lIot. ••• " Saturday n.yi..... July ). 1954. p. 19. 'Ibid. 41+ are a. cry.talline as those of Chopin's pr.lud••• •l Loul •• Bogan doe. not s.em to the critic. to be • naturalist, but rathGr a realist, and .he he. ~ an hon ••t, yet piercing a~rena •• of liCa a. fUndamentally tragic.· 2 When har .cod oC trasedy 1. 11fted, it i. not by sal.ty. but by a .ardonie Wit. Her d.ap sincerlty and psychololical knowlad&e contrlbut. to th. full di•• n elon ot har po.tlc tal.nt which i. 80 .~ply dieplayed in this .ol~. Rastraint plays a aajor role In th. alfac tt•• nea. of Loui .. BOlan-s work. According to one crltlc, she "haa prccticed her art gra ••ly and discre.tly wlth controlled pea.lon and .teady de.otlon." Apparently thor. v.r. no outstanding obJectlons to the work included In thia yol..... The only fault. noted by the r ••i ..era were sinor one., auch 8S "Th. reader la at flr.t dlstracted by the trance-llka atata com=Qn to po.te ••e. In th•• arly part of the century. but 800n you find .he aeans what ahe ..y •• _4 In auIa01ng up the Talue of the book, Leonle Ad ..... bar Bolllngen Pri •• co-winner for the year 1954, obseryed: • lXenneth R.xroth, "leong the B.at Wo~en Poets Writ ins How in leerica, • Rev Torlc nmu Herald Tribune Weekly Book Revlew . J~y 4, 19$4. p. S. 2Recl!oan. !!!s. Sll· )Rexroth, !!!s. Sll. 4Leonie Adsma , "All He. Been Translated Into Treasure,· Poetrx, LIXXf (Decembar, 1954), 165. • 45 The i ...ediate ei&n1ficance at tb. book i. two fold. It proTide. in an adairabl. arr!lJlg... nt end with ao~ fine additions, work whoa. excellence had b.en racoDl1sed, but which had been tor e01ll8 years out at print, and it pro.ide. occaelon for cell1D& it to the attention at the wider .udience it de- ••1"1 ••• 1 Leonie Ad ..s' pris.-winning .olu~e, Po,me: A Selection, conaiste at poe=a fro. out-of-print collec tions and a croup of .ora recent lyrics. The !look R.Ti.. Diaeat indicate. a qu1te enthusi.etic reception with six of the ten re.lew. liated ta.orable, thr.e indetinite, and one favorable with ree.rYat1ons. Critic. prailed Leonie Ad ... , work for itl dali cacy, b ..uty, and ...turity. Se.. rd rnl ...ars ewk. of har •••era ~elicacy, wblch, co~bined with tradltionalil~, gi.ee her work a r.~te air. She wa. e.en compared to the pre-Raphaelite wet.. Coneerning b.r anti-modern apirit, one r8Yi ..er remarked: Leonie Ad ... has beauty, a beauty that .eema in hllDllln on the .ubway, and .ha haa pro1'llndity, a pro tlmd1ty that know. not Baudelaire or Sade or liar kegaard, and perhaps it i. well to ha.e at leaet One peraon writins thie way in a nauchty world.2 MUch of the beauty at her Wetry reflect. whet .he .e.. in nature and ..ny of her interpretationl e.ol•• trOll a panthei.tic form of co_unication. Tho..., a dll cipl. of nature, she pu~a the fUll 18pact of peaeionate .abasement into her wrl~i~. With tbe y.ara this pas. ion lRexroth. loS. ~. 2lbid. 46 bas .ellowed somewhat, and har po". di.play increa.ing w1adom and .... turity. Leonie Adams ha. been critiCIsed for beiog too obscure and dlfficult. On. reviewer felt that perhaps her work revealed a lack at huaan experience.l Con cerning her reooteneas tro~ dally life, Louls Doteraeyer commented, "It i. a rarefied atmoaphere which Mi.a Ad88S breathe. and only a height-loving reader C8n venture with her into tbet thin air. · 2 Uotanoeyer 0180 censured her for the IIIOnotony of her tone and the aoporific quality of her lin... John Ciardi ertectively .ummed up th. reactlon at the critic&l world when he stated I 'Her poetry 1a • difficult lAbor. Intena.ly ca.pact, intense. ly intellectuali.ed and rigorously .acetic, it coa•• true, but 1t do.a not co.e eaay.·' In 1956, the Award went to Conrad Aiken for ! ketter frca L1 Po Rnd Other Poem,. Right of the ten r.views recorded in The Book aevlew D1e8.t were favor able and two were lndefinitel whlch would .... to in dicate a .ost fevorable reception for this volu~e. Many critlca, however, found point. on which they felt that Aik.n wa. not at hia be.t. lJohn Ciardi, and a StrollIng Player," lIation, Kay 22, 1954, 2 Redman, loc. ~. )Ciardi, 12£. s!l. Reylew.r. laudad Aiken tor bi. pure poetic lan suase •••t.phY8ical aptitud•• u •• ot ausic and depth. Though there 1a ...... d1eava.. ent. o.... r hie u •• ot the lancuag•• Aiken b•• been de.cribed a. an art.i.t 1n word •• Some critics te.l that h1s melancholy. pure poet1c lnn cuege 1a .... ry .rrectinl and t.hat h. u ... it ..eU u con.tructiDg beAutiful 1aa&... One critic ateted that ac long a. Alken 1. concerned w1th the phy.lcal. h. 1. dull. but that hi. r.al fort.. 1. in tb•• etaphy.Ical. Tbi. preoccupatIon with the reala of tbe aind perhaps account. for ac e of the crit1ci'" regarding hl. lack of emotion. Th. u •• of mueic • • 1.0 noted .dT.r.ely by acm.. i. prai.ad by other rey1 ...ra who t.el that 1ken ut.ilisad alcal phr•••• and beautiful bar8oni •••f tectiT.ly. Tbey .p.ak of bie beautiful au.ical t.ag.ry. bi ••en.itlTene •• to .ound •• and bi. u.e of coaplex rbytba• • 2 John Holme. regarded Aiken'. work ••••peci. i ly Ta11d for deptb becaua. it hae been "on. long aaarcb for hi. acul.·) AccordiDg to on. r.Tie... tbnugb "b. doe. not quit. reacb tb. fun1 heights of po.try •••• hie po... r to epeak ....orably" ela.... hia among tbe b•• t l·Pootry, ~ U. S, Qu!!rt.erlx Book RUi... , n (Dec ..ber, 19551, 41). 2s..uel rr.ncb Mor.e, "In Lon 11 the Beg1nninll,· Th. Jew York Tiae. Book R.Tt_, D.c_ber 4, 1955, p. 44. )John Hola... "A Polt'. Volunt.ry Reswaptlon • • " Satqrdax R.Tl .... March )1, 1956, p. 18. ot tb. t1& •• l AikIn vaa criticlsed adYlrelly for hie .enttaen ~llty, bis .uaical lancuaCl, and bi. endll•• d~11. In apeak1nc ot the .uperabundance of .Intl. entality, Ned Gorman characterised porta of tb. book I I "bathe. tumId in polllbed and su.ical rbetoric.·2 Thia at aolphlre W.I bl1&htened by thl ract that all alyen .e quence. of poem. in ~h. volume were 81e,1.0 1n ton•• ) Of tb. too-ricb au.ical content, onl critio Yoicld thl opinion that ' poI~. loel poetry throUCb a languale tbat lackl tha pr.ciou. indiYidu. l .ound of word., · 4 that the rlader il in danler of blc01ll1q eo enthralled by tb. au.ie of thl .Illction. that bl loel. contact with the meani",. The eDdlI•••• ta l l for which Aiken ie criticised il not ot tbl a&Re quality a. that of .ither lara Pound or Mariann. Moor.. Aiken'. 18 that ot total recall and reault. in luch • surplus of psddinr; that it ie I.aposa1ble to reacb the them •• S Other critlce notod the lock ot • thea. and los. l'Art.18t in Word.,' June 15, 1956, p. )61. 2N• d Gorman, "An U1t1:llat. Und ot Poetry,· ~ monwlal, J~nuary 20, 1956, p. 407. ).Poetry,· u~ S. Quarterly Book n.Yl.w, XI (D.o ..bor, 1955), 47 • 4aora. D, l2.£. cit. 5lliA. 49 ot contact wl~ lit. with tho r ••ult1na 10 •• of y1tality. Thi. lack ot • definite th... w•• pointed out by .eye.... l r.yi...... John Holm ...... rked that · th. po.try 18 • ....suou. catalo,; ••t to sic that c.lebrat•• and la3ent • a. 1t itemise•• •l Randall Jarrell analo,;1sed. · Mo.t ot hi. work 1•• D •••y. approximate r.yery; it i •• planet without cont1nent •• ieland•• ic.cap.--all i •••••• 2 An other re.ult ot Aik.D'S preoccupat1on with rhyme and rhytha i. hi. loeB of contact wi th the 11yin,;. br•• ~1na world. Som. crit1c. conclud.d that this 1.01.t10n ..y brlftg hla t o writ. th1ng. which will amount to no ~r. theft aere j1ftgl•• and that it has .lready producad • lack ot .""tion and a sub.equ.nt boraclo ... Ot Aikan'. wr1tlna. one r8Yiewar concluded: Mr. Gonrad Aiken do •• not quit. reach the tinal hei ,;ht. ot POltry. But.. . only • 1ft po.t. do 1n each century. • •• Aiken has the power to apeak rably. There ia continued d.li,;bt 1n bi. po.try; with bla we .ra 1n tb. hand. of ••o.t .cco.plisbed .rtist in Word.. t.t b.re our 83all doubt a co ~e. • • • To b. .ntranced 1. not tar fro. baing druc&ed and wi th Mr. A1ken We are apt to .uccumb to • dallciou • • •••nt 1n which we are eo pl•••• d by the eound that we b.lin to ba l •• s ..a .... of the ••n ••• J lllolM •• loco ill. 2RaDclall Jarral!J ·C...... DeI ~. Wb1te Godd ....- Part II." tale ni • ~y (llarch. 1956). 479. )'Artiat in Word •• " time. Literary Supple ant. Jun. 15. 1956. p. )61. CHAPTD IV BOLLlRGBI PRIZE-VINXIKO POETS Ot the ele.en recipient. of the Boll~en Priae in Poetry, fl.e were deaicnated on the baai. of the body of their work rather than tor any 8peclfic booka. In each ot the latter ca ... , the Bollin&en CoBaittee .elected a poet who.e contribution. to cont.. porary Aaerican po_ etry were 8icnlficant. In order to eecure • aea.ura of critical reaction to the work. of tho.e particular American poeto, the referance. cited in E.say And General Literature Index ware read and are suaaariaed here. V.llace Sta.en., in 1950, waa the firat poet to who. the Pria. went for the body of his work rAther than for one apacitic bock. Hi. place in th. fleld of "erican lettera has not beon the aubject of .0 ~ch contro.er.y •• that of Pound or Eliot, but hi. influence has ..de itaelf felt, and critic. 41aatr" on hi •••rit •• one point on which mo.t critic. "&rea i. that SteT.ne' .,ocabulary a.nd cOlllllUU\d of rhetor1.c are UUU.lu.a.l. Hi_ use of lancuace hae .bout 1t a fre.hna •• and exubaranca which aucc•• t coaplate ._tory. lie u... word. in Yary~ "a,.. to suggeet often not • picture, but a sound. Babetta SO . ' ,1 D.utsch atated. "H. can d.lill1t ua .qually w1th the ecc.ntric proprioty of hl. actual flora and fauna and that of hia tropea. w1th the .ubtl.ty of hl. verbal pattorns and that ot hla 1Ioal1n1\1&.,·1 Drawn by the probl.. of the lpter-r.lat1onahip of the arts. St.v.n. tak.a much of hi' 1ao,ery from ....lc. paint1ng, and sculptur.. Richard Blacour noted that hl' 1Ioa,•• never convey th. m.aning of a POeD; th.y .erely ••rve to .laborat. It.2 Louls Unt.no.y.r al,e obsarved that St.ven. placed hia ..phuh not on the cont.nt. but on conc.it. and rracmontary phra •••• 3 A. Harri.t Konroe obs.rved. h. wa. "qult. fre. of lit erary allegiance to p.riod or p18C •• -4 Though a part of the Iae,1at movement. his us. of the lmag' ••t hla apart from hl. aont.aporarl... R1a PO'" concern no ••p.c1.1 •• ction of the country; they ar. univ.real. N.ither 1, there ....1ngly any r.lntlon b.twoen poem.; each 1a an entlr.ly a.parat. ontlty. Accordlng to Sl.ter a.rnetta Qulnn, St.vena' lBab.tt. Deutach :.;Po"'.<::t"'o,...... :;lp"-'Our __ T~l"'m"'. (II •• York: Henry Ilolt. 19'2). p. 2,;. 2Richard P. Blacour. in Craft And &lucidation (ftew p. 84: 'Loul. Untanaey.r, Aaarlean Po.tH alp•• 1200 (London: Orant Richards Ltd., 19241, p.4. 4Harrl.t Monro" Po.t. and their Art (New York: Macmlllan, 1932), p. 45. F10RIQA 0' \"T ' "nV:::m:n''i illl 'l'~.1.4 .i... ·~ .::t ..... li: S2 ..In concern 18 ·tir.~ of all with the .tructure of reality; .econdly, with tb. w.y in whicb man know. bi. world; and tinally with tb. tr.n.tisura~ion ot tho~ world •• 1an,inAtlon .ct. upon it.-l St.. en. va. e.- 8anti811y an id•• liat, bis world one in which ha wiahed ~ f ace rea11ty, but not b .. overwhelmed by It. In apita ot this ideali." he waa a sariou. po&t and .poka In sobol' ton.. In criticising Stevan.' philo.ophislng in poatry. Jarrell attinoed. tba hablt of pbUoaophialnc In poatry--or of ••""01 to phUoeophisa, of u.ing e philosophical ton. 1aa&e8 constructions. of havlng qUA8i-phl10- soph l c.l c!ayClrt ....--he. been unfort..... t. for St.vans. Poetry ie a bad sedlum for pbiloaophy.2 Anotber point on which Jarrell judged Stevans ~ be lack iDl i. that of draa, tlc Inotlnct. Jarrell'. f ••lin, 1. that Stevana' lack ot contect wltb llve. of people baa aent bie into tbe ab.tract ~ nd away from tha draeatlcal ly taaglnativ•• In 1951 John Crow. Raneom tollowed Wallaca Stavena a. reclplent of the Award for tbe body ot hi. hi. work. l!lx ..pl11)1nc the Idea of tbe old .cbool Southam centl..... n poat. Rano.,. 18 courteous nnd re atrained, y.t he i. very ~ch alive. He i. the regional lSiater M. B.rn.tte Quinn. rh~ Metamorphic Tra dition ~ Mod.rn "YetH (New Brun.wlc • iI. J., Rutger. Oft!.er. ty Pr.... 95 • p. 59. ill.1. ed~~~~iht::~1fhr;: ::a ~ITWM:at~~ IDt ~urt, Brace, 1953). p. 412. po~ with the univ.raal concern, and tboU&h hI. work .peak. for the South, ita wider rall&e 1. tborouahlr nident. Altho~ be uauallr adhere. to treditional verae rora., he u.ea th.... in unortbodox wara. A ...Quline quality about hia var••• elvea the. etrencth and vitalltr whlch over-ride the occa.lonal lap.a into preoccupetion with the peatel-tinted dar. of tha early South A. a traditlonallet, Han.om belleve. in defending poetry apinat the encroachalanta or .cience. He a1o0 bell..... in the uni tr of the art. and bold. to tbe idea that the principle. of peintinC abould be the prioc1ple. of poetryl that ia, art deal. witb the object in view, not the reeline. ot the artist.l Like Steven., Ransom belonc. to tbe x-aclat IOOv_ant, but be doe. not _plor .bock techniC!u" in either hi. uae at word a or the technical aapocta or poetrr, but ratber in the over.ll meaning. Dr. pratenae at ball.d atyle, he lulla the reader, then euddenly introduce. an id.. which abock. hla out of hi. co~pla cencr. Randall Jarrell cbAraeterl.ed the varled aubject atter or Ranao:a'a poeme ae raqinl fro::JI ".lx-.ged.clon to • d ..d hen.·2 He alao implied Ran_'a Id.. ll ... In tbe lQuinn, loy. ill. 2Randall Jarrell, Poeto I!!\d the AgJ (II... York: Alfred A. Inopf, 195)), p. 91. 54 tollow~ .tat~ent: Ranoos'. arrectlon ~o •• out to that other army . dereated .,.ery day and .lctorlou8 every n1ght. ot ao-l1~tl,.-.rae4 . .0-e.. U,,-.anquiaheel ekirlll1ahere. In their ra&a and ta,a and tr.lli~ cloud •• who run around And around the iron hoplite. pelting the. wi th granl and ro ....ry. ~.ttlng k1l1ed alaerehly and halt the tae. in the pure ple.. ve or ba1~ ror~ett1n& even that they are flr;ht~. and wander- 1D& ofr into tbe flower. at the ed~a of the ter rible £ield.l Ranaoa ba. bean critic1 ••eI for a lack or taotiOR • • xce•• l.e concern with tha past, and tachnlcal ~notOD", • Critic. are of tbe opinion that be lacke the capability to ep.. k directly. that no antauslaas a.er break. throur;b the .hiny .urrace of his work. that hi. belier in tracl1- tion l.ad. ba too far ln the direotlon of reatraint and apartlallty.2 that hie concern with the paat a.kee aucb of hla work e1&&1ae 1n tone. and that bie un of COnnn tional .er•• fora. b.co~e • .anotonoue. Moat critice, however. would acre- with aandall Jarrell that "1t la oaly fair to .~y that Ransom 1. one of tbe beat. aoat orl,inal. and ~at .,.path.tic poet. alinl a.nd It 1 • ..a,. to .ee that hi. poetry will alwa"a be cared tor • • inca be b.. wr1tten po.a that are pertectly realised .nd occ.aionelly almoat perre.t-- po... that tbe hypo tbetlcal ~erat10n. or the future wl11 be r ..dla~ peg. Rubin end l10bert I • , 55 by pal. with Ityatt. c..pion. M..... ll. and IIotb... 000 ••••1 In it•• lf. tb..... lua. of po.try Ranao. baa writ- t ... is elllbt. but tho 1ntluene. h. b .. bad on tho de ••10peel1t ot conteeponry po.try in tho South he. b.en • aiSl'1tloant. Aa. prec.ptor 1ft th. Av.r1an ec._nt and l ..der In IlOcl.Z'1I .rlUci_. h. he•• t tlll•• "cl'l Ueed hi. own c ....tl.,. output lit t .....r of .....lc ... t ..cb- H.. , a el' tor .uch poet. a. Allen rat.. JI.rrl11 ""'ora, and Ro~art Penn Warr.... What 1110t wa. to tha Ilaaaiata. th. '",arian•• .... , . W11U.. C.rb_ Wllll... wa. co-wiDn.r wltb Arch1- . bald MecLelah ot tha Award in 195) and tha th1rcl poat to • r ..al .. It tor tha body ot bl. work. Wl1lles. usad tree ••1' •• aleo.t without .xc.ptlon, which. In thi. c"., Randall Jarr.ll d.tlnad •• tbe .b...... ot ol'pniuUon, _tra. 01' rhpe. H. u.ed Uttle .~pbor I • and ... net concerned with tb. b ..uty of th. eound ot hl. ""I'k. In thia 1.tt.1' r.prd., ona crltic renectad tbat "th• • pltbet th.t a1&ht .oet qulckly cheract.rl •• l1lliaa ~lo. 11111... 1. bappy ebamplon ot the ••raacular.· 2 r.t .notber callad bl. work tha ".t&ecato rb)'the. of Aaerlcan .p•• Cb.-) , 11111... he. b.1II prato.d for hi. ..•• ,. &10- IJarrau. !'p.try and the AU. p. 109. 2 ., p. 269 • • 1W )Lloyd Prankellberl, Pleame DO'1I'! On ltMdlH Pcata, (Boston, )lass. I RcU&hton-~ln,9'9 J. p.46. • quenca ••en.ibility iD the connotation of ~eepon ... or1c1nelity. and knowledce. He liked to tall the 4i8- ....o.ful. pi... cinc "del1ghtfully anS.l troth.·l and he did wlth a eaT.ce .incerity which belied hl. alld exterior. Babette Deut.ch noted that. The tocu. ot hi. poetr-y 18 the proTiDclal lite of the Ea.tern .eaboard. he 18 intere.ted iD tbe _11 towne alonc the Paaea1c. the .uburben boa •• • et in their n.at ...... plota. the te.terlng. ta. cinatinc alum •• tbe road. that corry a aan away from tb.. , tbe terry thAt communic.tes with the other ebore.2 Though ln h1e busy profe.sional lite a. a pediatrlcian h. aosett.a. sa. thinga which tended to ..bitter hla, be l ...""ed auch about hwunity. Then too he read and .tudied wi daly • Lout. Unterasyer TOiced tbe op1D1on of tho.e who hAn criticised Ifilli... ' e"Perlaentatlon. bi. u hlbltlonles. and hi. lack of iaacination a. tollow.: WUli.... is erratic 1n hh fl1&ht. fro. reality; too otten when he t.acinel hia.alf .k1aalng the cloud. Oft hi. expre.sionistlc Pecaau•• he ls serely .lid1ng down the saddle of • wooden aount. • • • Stilted rhymes • • • elbow gropin& .xpar1aant.; peculiaritle. of phrA.1n& are crowded aelde by ra .Dinde" of Brownillll calla and orthodoX al "The Death of Pranco at Colo",e"a. P Willi.. a' beller thAt ...... i08n art .hould be di.tinctin -hal been the ba.l. and touchetone of hi. lir.'s work and lDeutach, 2£. sit •• p. 99. 2Ibtd• JUntermeytr. 22- ~ •• p. 343. 57 18 partlally the reason for hl. .tyle and the cont.nt of his work. In the followin& year, 1954, th. Award .... ap.in liv.n for the body of 0 poet'. work, thie tt.e to Wyoten Huah Audan, whoee place 1n th. literary world 18 10n& otend1n&. For "ny yoare, h. wa. nucleue tor 0 group ot ••ll-known Brltiah poet. w"lcb Included Loul. Ma c- ••ice, Cecil Day Levi., and Stephen Spender. He i, 0 ftatural leader, the typ. of IIIUl .bout whoa .chools of thought evolva.l Tha "most veraatll. of the botween-war. lenera tiona of tn&11ah poat •• •2 Auden'. work ran,a. troa .t.pl. ballade to fUgue. ond choral... H. deale wIth vera. tocllaly. v~rIe. hI •••trical .cb.... and ha. a coaaand of rhytba. Rolfe Scott-Jaau called bie yer.. "e1.ple. dIrect, lUCid, thoUlh often rep.rded o. obecure."' Aolde !'rOIl .k1llful hondlIn& ot .tructura, crItIc. have c.... nted fAvorably upon hi. een •• ot hu mour. hi. perception. 1Ma,1 t10n, and faith 1n the fUture of buunlty. H18 ••ne. of h_ur pe.... at •• hi. work, and lome critice h.v. occlal.ed hI. 1I&ht v.r.o a. 1Marlann• JIoore. Predll"ctlon. (I... Torle: VIk1n& Pre•• , 19551. p. loa. 2Pronlcenb.rc , Jm. ill.• p. )01. )Rolfe A. Scott-Jam•• , Fifty T.or. 0' En,llah Literature; 1909-1950 (n ... Torle: LOncaan •• Cr.an, 19311. p. 219. S8 h18 be.t. He has, on the other han4, be .. lawle4 .. the .o.t perc.ptiye and brilliant poet ot hi. generation. Lloyd Frank.nberg a •••rte4: "One ot hi. ,"at talent. lie. 111. tho ability to recloth. abatraction.; to partic ulri•• the principl.a--or lack at thea--under which .odarn man lives.-1 H18 1.ac1natiyo power. h.y. led h~ to utili •• unusual .ituatlonl and haY ••nable4 hi. to put ht.•• lt ca.pletely in the plac. of .nother creatur., human or uIul. Th. paeaioll' t. nature upr•••• d in. hb work go •• bond in band with hi. hU3anitlri.niem, hi. b.liet in th. ultiut. sood of humanity, and hi. wlll1nsn••• to f'1ght for thi. idea. Conaequontly, h. i. lIuch con cern.d with theology and the plac. of the moral ..... in today'. world. H. i. int.r•• ted in. politic., not ~ . a parth.n but a ••••eker . tt.r the truth of man's rela tion to 118n., and h•• et. forth .o~e of t oday' ••o.t .eriou. probl... in. soclety, p.rsonality, and bellef. Critic1.... of ~ud.n'e work, for the BO.t p.rt, hay. been mut.d, but D. S. SaY.Ce voiced the opinIon that "lud.n r.ache4the It.1t of bi ••cbiey .. ent in bi. ftr.t book .nd thereatter t.ll into rapid and procr••• iv. di.intecration."2 ludell. also hal been t ..en to taak for lFrankonbar,. 22. olt •• p. ) 04. 20• S. Sa.a.. , ftTb. Poet'. Perapact1•• , · dern Britiah W~tInl ' e4. by Dent. Val Baker (N.w York: Vancuara •••• 1947), p. 207. 'ii 59 • • tor occaaionally becoming dopatic 10 hi. .eal tor at. tempting to clarify and understand man'. plac. 10 eociaty. One other critic declared with • c.rta1o amount of ••- penty that the world 1n whlch a creat d.al ot Auden'. poetry DO"e. 1a that of the psychologist'a and doctor'a esa.book.l 'inally. Mariann. ~re h.e .xpr•• eed .ttecti•• ly the te.linga of luden'. contemporaries in thle .t.te~ent; "A •• ebampion of juetice, be will alway. bo"e • champion in the pag.. he has penned; and .. the Orpheua of our .auntalna, lake., and plain., will al"ay. ho". hia anllDals.,,2 Allen Tate, the .oat recent recipient ot the Award, .... the Hcond or the Puc1ti.e group to aehine tbat honor, and like bie predece•• or, John Cro ..e haneoa, ree.lud the prize tor hi. general work • • In Tat.'. work critic • .oat tr.~U ntly noted the etructure of hi. po.try, hi. traditiona11sm, the balanc. between the cl••• lc end roaantic, and hie recognition of the worth ot DOdern III&n. h to atructur., Tat.'. poetry featura. traditional var.. f01'lOe wielded with tha compr.esion of Eliot. Hia 1aag.ry coa •• moat often .a som.thing of an afterthought. Ria diction 18 he.vy, and 2t!o0re, log. ill. 6a h. he. not muoh u.e ror lyrici.. aDd melo4y.l or hi. traditionall~, so rrequently compered with Ranso,'., Charle. Click.berg arfirmed. tradition ia hi. god, and .het h. mean. by tradi tion 1. quit. plain. It 1. the tradition of the arl.tocr.tic South when the ownership pf property carried with it « m.awure of .ociel responsibility, when leisure wa. • ylrtu. and aaonere ~.r. &rAcloua and cultur•• a •• prized though .xclu.lye po ••••- eion of the elite. If our aga i. di.rupted by violence and anarchy, th.. that ••• i. du, to the decay ot .anner., moral., and rellgion.~ Another critic contended, hovaver, that Tate'. tradl tlonall~ hal baco.a • quality, not a modal and declared that h. I. 'a fUgitive from tha FUgltiva•• ~) In ragard to this balance bet•• en the cla.elc encI romantiC, a critic eays that only Tata b •• achi.ved this poatic balance bet..... the aetaphye1ca1 end the Syaboliat.4 1.1ka Ilaneor.>, Tat. ie eet ....lnat the ancroactaent. ot aodern eclanca, holding that tha att... pt to explain aU experience In taraa ot eclenc. do •• not take Into account human axperienc• • F.ult. in the quality of rate'. work are conden ..d 10autacb, 22. qit., p. 195. Zeh.rl•• I. Click.berg ~erlc n Literary Cr~ti ~181I, 19c 0-1950 (llaw York: H.. .ir cki Hou •• , Inc., 19 I). p. 1 0: 411och, l!I!. £11., p. 181. 61 ra~her ••u ln th1. stat.antl I Tate'. ,,1rtIl" .ere .carcel,. tho.e of lyrical per.... lon and .,.ce Qt .o"••• nt, but were tho•• oC masculln. fore. and difficult poetlc ac~l"'" .ant I in read1n& aan,. of hl. po .... on. ",in. the lapre.don of .,.rbal hone.t,. and • poetic lndebt that had been too otten dl.trac~ed b,. tbe prox1a1tT of crltlcal ld.... i • t • • lHorac. Qre&O~nd Mar,.. Zatv.rea.Ica, 1 l1&otory of American Poetry. 1 1949 (Ilew Yorkl /larcov.rt;, Brace, 1946), p. :J)O. • I • • CHAPTER , SUMIURI Although the rat. or the BoUlng.n Pris... ,. hay• ....ad In doubt in 1949 when at tb. yary bec1nning or ita exi.t.nce the rlsht or tha Library or Con&r.sa to .ponsor such an a.ard was Que.tioned. actually the 811- au1nc publicit,. atl.,l.tad a wider and more popular int.reat in IIOdern poetry and the controYus,. unlt1ad the eUort. ol a 8iz able croup Ol talentad poet •• Fro.. the beilnn1ng, tho iII_b.ra or the BoUingen Pris. co~itt ••a, who .erYa by Yirtu. of b.ing F.Uowa in Aaaric3n Letter. of the Library of COngr.... hay. been _inent poet.. The,. haYe eYidencad conelatantl,. that the,. consid.r the .election a aerious 11terary r ••ponsi bl1lt,. and, despite auch inconvenienc., hay. in.ietad upon th. neaing of th. parson beat qualified Cor the award . . With the exception oC Eara Pound, who has not rece!.. ad ...n,. awarda and honon in thh country, the literary recorda or the yarloue reciplents oC the BoU1ncan Prise in Poetry ere in ...ny wa,.. eWlar. Four or the Bollingen winner. ha... Also receiVad the 62 6) Pulltser Prl •• In Po.try; Il••• the latlonal Book Award; .nd two. the Ru •••ll Loln.. A.ard In Lit.rature. fly. baYe b.en f.llow. in Am.rican L.tt.r. ot the Llbrary of COngr •••• and four h8Y. b.an .ppoint.d Coneultant In Po.try at the Library ot COn&re ••••lthouch Vlll1a3 Carlos Villia... <1.elined the latter ottic.. fly& ~ ... e been .....ber. ot the National Acad...,. ot Art. and Latt.era. and .1x hQve hel<1 GUClenh.t. fellowship•• S... rel poeta--Walloc. St... na. Johft Crow. Ran .oa. W1111 .. Carlo. W1111.... W,.stan Iiuch Au<1en . .nd Ulan TAt • • hay. rec.1 ... ed the award on the b•• l. ot the contribu tion. ot their work a •• whol.. rhr•• of th.... -Ran.om. Au<1en. and r.ta--ara teach.r. who hay. b•• n notable tor d .....loping yeung llt.rary talent and tor h.lplD1 to cul tlvat. a beAltbful atmoaphtre conducl.... to artl.t1c cr.ati... lty. On tb. baai. ot tbo ..rioua award. roo.l.. <1 and other for • ot r,colftit10n and on tb. ba'i. oI the a ... all.ble royi.... tb. Bolllng.n Pris. winner. app ..r to b. po.ta who enjoy pr•• tlg. in thle country. It 1. 81& nlflcant that all el.yen are included In ...arlous w.11- known anthologl.a. In this. th. tlnal year Ior which the Bollingen foundation originally pledged tinencial support tor th. Pris •• it i. ~t1tylDi to l.arn that th. foundatlon 64 consi~.ra the award of 8Ufflcient merit to continue Ita support indefinitely.l • • • • llAtter from Do ...ld C. Gallup Curator of the Collection of A~erlcan Literature, I.ie Un1yeralty Library, June )0, 1956. • , • • BlBLIOGIUPHT Ptr19dl£!1 ArtlCAtl1 s.rr.tt, WUl1.... 'A Prh. for B.... Pound," Parthan R•• lew. IYI (April •• 1949). '44-)47. '8011111&'" Award." !he Stturd!x Re.' .. of lit.rature. ,.bruary 3. 19SI; p:-!8. "80111ncen Po.try Prl ••• • Pnbl1.hers· W,.k11. January 19. 1952, p . 233. "8011111&.n Po.try Pri.e. 1950," Pnb11§her,' W,.kll, Aprl1 15, 1950, p. 1756. "8oll1na.n Po.try Prls. to TWo Wom.n.· k1bratl ioM£ft&l. May 1, 1955. p. 1086. ·Booka, " ~. May 9. 1934. p. 67. Carruth, 1laY "Co"l",... n S.ek Inquiry into 8011111&"" Award!." ~- 1ish.rs' W•• k11. August 20, 1949, p. 7 2. 'Contribution to Po.try." .I!!l.!. F.bruary 12. 1951. p. 94. Cou.ins, Nor.an end So1th, HarrleoD. "D.,tructlon of Art tor Art l , !lak., .. !h. Saturdax ReYl." or. Llt.ratur" April 18, 1950. pp. 22-23. • 'SRL: Unf.lr to Literature.' The ll!!turday ---""\Revl_ of Literatur'. D.c_ber 31, 1949, p. 22. Cowley, MA1colll. "Th. Battle oYer ar. Pound." New R.pub l!s.. October ), 1949, pp. 17-20. Dep.. y. D•• ld . "In and t at Book •• " !h• .... lark T~., 80qk R,.1... January 1, 1950, p. S• • 1Artic1•• 1i.ted vere ueed in the preparation of Chapt.r. I and II. 6S 66 l'Y.:ma j Ubrarian ot COnp-e .. ,· ~L!!ni~...2&:...!:jb1!~:!!!:l!, July 2, 1949, H111yar, Robert. "Treaaon'. Str"n.ca Fruit, tha Cua ot I.... POUlld and tha Boll1olan Award • The &!~al !'fiew or Litarature, JUIle 11, 1949, pp.~ "Laura1a," Tl~a, April 10, 1950, p. )6. "Ubrarian of Conare.. Dani •• Bo111R1en Prlla 18p11ca tlon.," Publish.re' Wesk1y, JUIla 25, 1949, p. 2531. "Lit.rary 4wards or the tear,' Pub~~.ra' WaeklY , Jan\l4ry 24, 19~, PI'. )05- • "Literary Award. of tha tear," Pub,lah,rs' WaeklY. January 22. 1949. PI'. 273- 8. ~lann. Moore W10a Bollin&.n Prl ••• • Librarr Josrna1, February 15, 1952, p. 233. ·Portrait or the Critic Poat a. Equilibri.t, : ~ 9!!!!,!!!!s, n t "", LVI (July. 1948l .....6. "Th. Qu.stion ot th. Pound Avard." Partie n nia•• IYI (May. 1949l. 512-22. Shearin. J. B. "Th. PoUDc1 Artair,' Th, Cfthollc World. CLII (August. 1949l, 322-23. Harri8On. ·Ind or the ControYer.y; 110 Mol" Cul tural .lward. in the N.... or th. Ubrary or Con &ra ••• • Ths Saturda! aeview or Lit.rature. S.p t ..ber 3, 1949. p. 3. Tat. • • All.n. "Further R... rks on the PoUDc1 .lward," Partisan R"'iew. XVI (June. 1949l. 666-68. Saith. lIarrl8On. ·Lock. stock and Barrel; Tale Uninr .1ty 'ake. OYer t.he Adaini.t.r,tion ot t.he Bo1- 1ingen Awards." The Sat.~ Reytew ot Litera ture, Karch 4, 1950. p. • Viereck. Peter. "Pure Poetry. Impure Politic •• and Sara Pound. the Bo111R1en Pri" Cont.roYer.y a..,ia1t.ed." CO. !!Itarr. Xl (1.1'1'11, 1951l. 340-46. Wi18On. idaUlld. "Destruction of Art ror Art'. Bak •• " Nation. June 24. 1950. p. 6)2. "Yale UniYerait" to Sponsor Bollll1l'ten Poetry Pri~~~" .f!!.!!. llsher, Week!!, '.bruary 25 . 1950. p. 1~. ~- 67 The New lork Time. Article, "Auden Wln. the Bollingan Pri.a, Hi. Litetiee Work •• a Poet Is Cited," January 11, 1954, p. 16. "Dollingen .....rd to John C. a.nsOll, · January 23, 1951, p. 29. "Dollingen Award to ... lork Poat.," January 10, 1955, p. 16. "Do11insen Award to Part-ti.e Poet," March 28, 1950, p. 29. "Bollingen Prise in Poetry Awarded to Allen rate, ' Janu ary 14, 1957, p. 21. "Do111nsen Prise in Poetry Awarded to Marianne Moore," January 12, 1952, p. 16. "Do11ingen Pri.e in Poetry Awarded to Pound," Fabruary 20, 1949, p. 1. "catbol1c Poetry Society to Probe Award to Pound,' Octo ber 1), 1949, p. 21. ·Congr••• Will Not InTe.tieata Pound Award," August 21, 1949, p. 13. "Conrad Aiken Winner ot .1,000 Poetry Priae,' January 9, 1956, p. 17. "ControTeray o.. r '49 Award to Sara Pound Revived," Jaa uary 1, 1950, p. 8. , °Javita Aak. Congr ••• Inquire into Eara Pound Award," July 22, 1949, p. 10. "Joiat Comaitt.e to Study Pound Award," Auguat 8, 1949. p. 1J. "Library Explains Do11ine.n Award," March 2J, 1950, p. 27. ·Pound, in Mental CliniC, Wina Pri •• tor Poetry Peaned in Tre•• on Call, 'ebruary 20, 1949, p. 1. "Yale to Take O.ar Dol1iae.o Award," 'ebruary 14, 1950, p. 27. • 'ound, Sara Loomis. The Pi8 n C ntol. IIortolk, Co"". I Rew Dlrectlonl,:1941. Bogan! Louie.. "'era.," New Yorker, October )0, 1)148, p. 107. Deutlch, Bab.tt.. "Poetry '.roul Politico," ~ York H.ra1d Tribgne W.ek1y Book Re.iew, 'UCUlt 22;1948, p. .,. Fttapnld Robert. "Whet no.. Lo.eat Well ae main.,l New Kepyblic, AUCUat 15, 1948, p. 19. JrankenberCL Lloyd. "lara Pound--and hi. Magn_ Cpu'l " Tne Rew York T1!e. Book Rn&ew, l\lg11llt 1, 1'148, p. 14. 1Iu: pbrle., Rolte. "Bookend the Art.," "_tion, Septeober 25, 1948, p. )49. Marta, Louie L. "Recent Poetrr," Yale Rniew, IIXVIII (AutUMD, 1948), 144-51. O'Connor, 11111111111 Ven. "Whet. Do.. • Pound Be- 118.8?" The Setu:rday pe.iew or Lit.erature, September 4, 1948, pp. 1$-16. Whitt....,re. li.eed. "Pound on Pound.' Poetry. LUlU (Ko.e,.ber, 1948). 108-110. Moore, M!lrianne. Collected Po e. New York: MaCJll111an. 1951. Bosen. 1.oube. "Booke. · New Yorker, AUCUat 2. 1952. pp. 65-66. "Book_." Ti e. D.cember 10, 1951, p. 112. Clarka. Auetin. ~Llt.rature in '.r •• '· Spectatop. Roveaber 23. 1951. p. 714. ftu8phri ••• Rolfe. ·'era. Chronicle." Rev Repqbl1s. April 7. 1952. p. 11). "A Liberator ot Po .... • RtlYlew. F.bruary ). lYlt1e. li.ted tora the b•• i. ot Chapt.r Ill. "Poetry " U. s~ 2¥rter1Y Book ReY1 .... March. 1952, p. j • Rodun. SeId... "Mir.cle of Inte 1ty and Wlt," ... York Herald Tr1b II. R.y! .... 8nuary , ,p.. Ilb.entbal 1(. L. ",Jubel. Jabal. end Moore.' !!!t R,pubi ic. Apr!l 7. 1952. p . 2l. Salomon. 1. L. 'Poetry .ot••• • The sat~.y ReYiew of Literature. D.cember 29, ~r; p. 12. Sm1th. Peter Duyal. "To Ple•• e Her.elt.· New St-t,eMan ~nd NtloD, December 1. 19S1~. 644. New MacLetah.!.York. A~~'h~::~~iong "Cla ••ified Booke,' Tbe Bookllat, Decaeber 15, 1952, p. 1)8 Deutecb, Babetta. "Areh1bald MacLe1eb'e Aohiey. BaDt. the Poet ae Artist And e1ti.en," lew lork H.ra~c1 Trlbune Weekly Book ReYlev,-.oYea er 2), 1 52. p. $. Eberhart. Richard. "The Pattern of MacLa1ah' e Poetry,· Th. II ... York Till • Book lIenew. NoY ..ber 2), 1952, p. 5. Priar, (Loon. "The Po.t of Action,' N!Wft!publ1C, Dec ..ber~5, 1952, PI'. 19-20. MacDcnAlcl, aerelcl D. 'Poetryl" Llb;:.rx JO!!l"!)al, December 15, 1952, p. 217,. 'Other New Bookel " C,thol1c World, CLlll'I (Janu ary, 195), )18. salomon 1. L. ". Peace ter,· The Saturday ft.-lev, December 27 , 1952, PI'. 1S:19. Lou18e. Collected Po .... 1923-1953. N_ York: NOOnday Pr ••• , 1954. Ada •• , Leonie. "11 Has Been Tranalatacl into Tre.. ure,· Poetry, LXIV (Decuber, 1954). 165. 70 Ciardi. John. "Two lluna .nel • StroUt". PlaTer.· ~Ition. Mal' 22. 1954. pp. 445-46. Eberhart. Rich.rd. ·Co""""n Cb ...... rroe D.. p Sourcea.· The !I_ Igrk Ti.e, Book /lert... , Mal' 30, 1954. p. 6. Recl!anJ B.n Ray. "lIot... • 'fhe Saturday RUi-. July 3. 1954. p. 19. Rexrotb, lennetb. "&mons tbe Be.t Wo.en Poeta Wri... 1I1, IIov 111 Aaerica . · .ev Tori< Hudel Irtbwe Weekly Book Rut". J\ily 4. 1954. p. 5. AeI ..... Laoni.. po.~!: A Solegtion. lIev York I Funk and Wqnall.. 19'" Bo,an1 Louiee. "Iooka." II ... Yorker. Septa.bar 4. 1~54, pp. 75-76. Ciardi. John. "'1'110 .una onel I Stro111". P1Iyer." Katlon. May 22, 1954. pp. 445-46. Dautacb. Babatte. "Tho.o Int1aate .nd ",... 01e1 Grier•• " The 11ft Ygrk 1'1 ••, Book R... i .... Mal' 30. 1954. p. 7>. revl1e. W!ll.ce. "Tbe Poetry or Leonie AdaII •• • Co""""9",,!l. lIov_ber 26. 1954. pp. 224-26. • Marts. Loul. L . • .... Po.try 1n thl Putora! Hoela.· Yal. R.rt.... ILlV (Dec_b.r. 1954), )05. RadlIIaD1 Ban Ray. "lIot. ••• • 'fhe SAturdu Rri .... JulY 3. 1954, p. 26. Rexroth. Kennetb. "Aaong the B•• t Wo~n POlts Wr1t111& 1I0w in Alaerica." II .. Igrlt Baf.l~ Tribune W.,kly Book Rav!,v.o J\ily 4. ~54, p. 5. Aiken. Conrael. K... fOliclC "Artht 1n Worda." Tle;~L1teraq !!vee1 ent. Juno 15. 1950. p. 1. Go .....n. lied. "An Ult1aat. linel or Poetry.· C1!>J!I!onvta.!:. January 20, 1956. p. 2. 71 Holme., John. "A Poet'. Voluntary aesuapt1on.," Tbe saturday Review , March 31, 19~6, p. 18. Jarrell, RaDdell. "Grav •• and the Wblte Godde.a- Part II," Yale Review , XLV (lIarob, 1956), 479-480. MacDouald, Gerald D. "Poetry, " Libr.ry Journal, LXIXI (April, 1956), 8)8. Mora!, Samuel Prench. "In Lon 1. the Bel1tm1nc,· Tne Rew York T1a., Book Rev1ew , Daceabar 4, 1955, p. 44. "Poetry," u. s. ~rterlY BQ9k Rev1ew, XI (Decem· ber, 19551, ·74. Bookel A1ken, Conrad Potter. Scept1c1 at BoteR on ~et.. pOrftry I'l!etry. lew York: urrea . Illop?; r • Baker, Denis Val. Modom Britisb r1t1!\1. Rew York: Van£ll'lrd Pr"., 194r. Bl.ckeur, Rich~a~r1d~p~.~~~~~ • lIew Loube. New York. Noonday Pr•••• Brett, , New York: World Deutach, Babette. P08t9J in Pl!!': T1me. Mew tork; Henry Holt and Co., 1 2. rrankenberll, Lloyd. Ple,sl!£! Do •• : On "d1~r.odem Poetry. Boaton: Houabton RIllIln, 1 9. OliCk.b.~!J~Charl •• I. ~. Raw York. IT1tle. were tek.n fro. Ba.ey nd General L1tera. ture Index and uaed aa tbe beet. for dI.cuedon Iii clUip ter tV. 72 Gr.to!')', Horae., and Zat.urenw= Marya. of ...... rican Poetry. 199O=1't40. • ... fork:AH1'Wr rcourt., Brae., 1946. Hack.t.t, Francia. On JVd,in~ Book. 19 aeneral And 19 P"rtiC1ul~r. a... or I Johil bay COOlpan" 194 • Jarrell, Randall. PO!try And the As •• J ... York: Alfred A. Inopf, 1~5 • M1et~ud, R.gia. Th rlcan Royel Today. Doaton' Litt.la, Brown , 1921. Monroe , Harrl.t. Poat.a and Their Art. New York. Mac- 81118n, 19j2. MDora, lIIerlanne. Predi~.ct.1ona. J ... Tork: V1klJl& Pr.. a, 1955. Munson, Corha. B. D. inati Lite at.ur. inca • • Phillips, Vlllia~ , and BabY! Philip P.rtlaan he der, 1~5-19S1. Brae., 1953. Pound, Sara 100mb. Ltt..... 'r or Bu. Pound. Norfolk, Conn.:lA ... lr.ct'''r ona, 1954. Powell, Dil,... TDij.tacf.."'n...,t...... tro="'. -'P...,."'rn=A"'a"'."'u..... R... York I IIac- .1118n, 1934. Quinn, Slat.er II. Bernet.ta. TIl, !l!t..IIIO~iC Traditlon in Modern Po.t~ ..... Bruno"let, • J.: hut.cera Onlyera!t.y .a" 1955. Rahy , Philip. I • nd Idea Yo .an S sa • on tara n.es. Net-ione,. Ranlo:a, John Crow. (ed.). Th, ~~~ CritlCet Studft.a In Modern Literature from t. anIOn he eM'. ev York: world PUbltSlilJl& COmpany, 1951. , 1 • I nubtn, Rebe~ scott-".. ;oo.. Rolfe 1 1250. Sout~~h, " .... O. More ~ern A~.rl~.n PRet •• OUord: Ba.il BlackW.l1, 1~ Spectator. Spectator Honest. Lond~n: Huiah llaallton, • 1952. » St.phen. Tate, All;i·n~(~e~d~·~)~·ai1~So[JU~t~h~.rn~~v~·1n~~rd~rTh~.~J~hnrr.t.P~~1.ho Memor B 0 ame. _ or: rent ce-.. ~~.~ , • London; Unt ...... y.r, Crant ,ul:h''':~~~~~R Viva., Ell.ee. Cr.&tlon ond D18COVeryl !!SaV8 19 Critlcl~ ~nd le.thetIcs. jew York. Roonda)' Pre .., 1955. • Well., UenrJ W. Th. A.eric.n Way of Po,try' lie.. lork: Colu.bla Unlverait)' Prese, 194). • West, ReT B. Essa&s In M§dern Llter~93 CritlCl!!. II.. , lork: Filii. art an CO .. pany, 1 2. Winter., Yvor. In Oefen8e of It.aeon. Dern'.r: University of Denver, 1947. Zabel, Morton Dauwan ( • • , , 74 Ret.rene. Source. II.., York. R. It. II.. York. H. It. "11.on Company, ..,..~') .. Danford, Ardath Ann.. "'l1\•• n B.lt Sellar. of 19)5- 1945. an Analy.i8 and Appral ..1." Unpubll.had Ma.ter'. Study, Florlda Stat. Unl.er.l~y, 1952. llaina., I. Ll.ln. wah Books I the Art of B9~k 2a:1d. New Tork. Columbia Un .ar8ity "units, Stanl.y J., and Colby, Vlneta (eda.). Twentletb oant~ Authorl' Firat suSpla ent. Maw Io?k. R. w. Ii.on COmpany. 195 • , kunits, Stanl.y J., and haycraft, lioward (ad •• ). !l!!.!l. : I ti,th Centua Autbora. New York. H. W. WITeon ec;'Apany, 19 • . Lit.n Market lAce the ausln.. Dtracto ot A.. erican • • .ker, 9 Padden, Alic. Muriel. 'The Tala Serl•• of Younger Poatl • Award •• an Incantl•• to Further Writing. UR- · publi.had Malter'. Study, 'lorida Stat. Onl ••r8ity, ~ 195). Schaap, Chic'lO' t. II. Marqul.