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Aristokratische Schriftstellerinnen Österreichs Und Deutschlands: Ein “Sonderweg” Der Frauenemanzipation Im 19

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Aristokratische Schriftstellerinnen Österreichs Und Deutschlands: Ein “Sonderweg” Der Frauenemanzipation Im 19 ABSTRACT Title of Document: ARISTOKRATISCHE SCHRIFTSTELLERINNEN ÖSTERREICHS UND DEUTSCHLANDS: EIN “SONDERWEG” DER FRAUENEMANZIPATION IM 19. JAHRHUNDERT? Susanne Nicole Van Leuven, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed By: Professor Elke P. Frederiksen, Department of Germanic Studies This study focuses on a variety of texts by Austrian and German aristocratic women writers who are known for their high social status within their historical and political contexts. They are much less known, however, for their writings. My categories of investigation include social class and gender, with particular emphasis on emancipatory aspects of the life and works of these aristocratic women, as portrayed in a variety of literary and non-literary texts. Selected writings, such as Das poetische Tagebuch by Empress Elisabeth of Austria (1835-1898), Die Waffen nieder! by Baroness Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) and Tropenkoller by Countess Frieda von Bülow (1847-1909) reveal that, despite groundbreaking achievements, these women were not affiliated with – or even interested in – the organized bourgeois women’s movement. They simply led by example, widening the range of their personal space (quite literally as the geographic zone and allegorically as their own creation and development of ‘self’) beyond the limits of “proper” femininity. The methodological paradigms of Cultural Studies and Gender Studies form the basis of my analyses of these women’s texts; additionally I am including theories of Postcolonial Studies in order to investigate the concepts of ‘space’, ‘territory’, ‘oppression’ and ‘conquest’, which defined the white upper-class woman as being colonized by her superiors in her own patriarchal setting. My dissertation is the first to establish a triangular relationship between the concepts of social class, gender and authorship in the lives of female aristocratic pioneers with the goal of contributing to the scholarship on women’s literary history, which, thus far, has ignored the (her- )story of the female aristocrat in her struggle for recognition as a writer and her quest for personal freedom as an individual. ARISTOKRATISCHE SCHRIFTSTELLERINNEN ÖSTERREICHS UND DEUTSCHLANDS: EIN “SONDERWEG” DER FRAUENEMANZIPATION IM 19. JAHRHUNDERT? By Susanne Nicole Van Leuven Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Elke Frederiksen, Chair Professor Peter Beicken Professor Gabriele Strauch Professor Rose-Marie Oster Professor Marsha Rozenblit © Copyright by Susanne Nicole Van Leuven 2013 Danksagung Besonders herzlich bedanken möchte ich mich bei meiner Mentorin Professor Elke Frederiksen für ihre fortwährend anregende Unterstützung und inspirierenden Ideenaustausch. Mein Dank gilt auch meinen Eltern Roland und Rosamunda, sowie meiner Schwester Sabine in Deutschland, die mich vom Anbeginn meines „Bildungsweges“ unermüdlich bestärkt haben. Für die liebevolle Begleitung und die vielen Opfer auf der „Zielgeraden“ danken möchte ich meinem Mann Jeffrey und meinen Motivatoren Alexandra Rose, Sebastian und Lily-Marlena. ii Table of Contents Danksagung ............................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ...................................................................................... iii Einleitung ................................................................................................... 1 Themenstellung und Forschungslage ........................................................ 1 Kapitel 1: Kultur im Fokus: Die Cultural Studies und ihre ..................... 18 Diskurse ................................................................................................... 18 1.1. Cultural Studies und die Evolution der Kulturstudien .................. 18 1.2. Women’s Studies/ Gender Studies ................................................ 21 1.3. New Historicism ............................................................................ 29 1.4. Postkolonialismus und „innerer Kolonialismus“ .......................... 33 Kapitel 2: Die schreibende Frau im 19. Jahrhundert: .............................. 42 ein klassenhistorischer Überblick ............................................................ 42 2.1. Das soziale Gefüge und die sogenannte Frauenfrage ................... 42 2.2. Die Aristokratie am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts: “Vergang´ner Pracht Skelett”? .................................................................................... 54 2.3. Die Sondergruppe einer Sondergruppe: adelige Autorinnen ........ 70 2.3.1. Wegbereiterinnen: Annette von Droste-Hülshoff und Bettina von Arnim ......................................................................................... 72 2.3.1.1. Annette Freiin von Droste-Hülshoff (1797-1848) ............... 73 2.3.1.2. Bettina Brentano von Arnim (1785-1859) .......................... 79 2.3.2. Wegbegleiterinnen Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach und .......... 84 Königin Elisabeth von Rumänien ..................................................... 84 2.3.2.1. Marie Freifrau von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830-1916) ........... 87 2.3.2.2. Carmen Sylva alias Königin Elisabeth von Rumänien (1843- 1916) ................................................................................................. 94 iii Kapitel 3: Elisabeth, Kaiserin von Österreich und Königin von Ungarn (1837-1898) ........................................................................................... 104 3.1. Die geistige (R-)Evolution einer Kindfrau - „O überschwenglich süße Lust, die geist´gen Schwingen zu entfalten!“ ............................ 112 3.2. „Frei sollen die Frauen sein; sie sind oft würdiger, es zu sein, als die Männer.“ - Emanzipierung von der „Kerkerburg“ ....................... 121 3.3. „Wie bitter weh´ du mir gethan, einst sagen´s meine Lieder...“ . 131 Die Ehe des Kaiserpaares ................................................................... 131 3.4. Privatperson oder Politikum? ...................................................... 144 3.5. Schönheitskult und sportliche Ekstase ........................................ 154 3.6. „Schließlich, was ist wohl Verrücktheit?“: am Rande des Wahnsinns .......................................................................................... 168 3.6.1. Mythos und Wahnsinn .......................................................... 177 3.7. Das Poetische Tagebuch - Titanias „Abendgangerinnerungen“ . 186 3.7.1. Psycho-Hygiene: Dichten für die Zukunftsseelen ................ 196 3.7.2. Romantische Abenteuer unter dem Pseudonym der Feenkönigin „Titania“ .................................................................... 201 3.7.3. Meister und männliche Muse: Heinrich Heine ..................... 207 3.8. Der Denkmalstreit ....................................................................... 221 3.9. Die fliehende Möwe: Reisen um des Reisens Willen ................. 229 3.10. „Ich aber breite [...] aus die weiten weissen Schwingen, und kehr´ ins Feenreich nach Haus – nichts soll mich wieder bringen“ – der Tod der Kaiserin ........................................................................................ 241 3.11. „Nie lässt sich in den Käfig zwingen, und wär er golden auch, was frei...“ – Elisabeths emanzipatorischer Sonderweg .................... 244 Kapitel 4: Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914), eine gesellschaftlich hybride Freidenkerin ........................................................................................... 249 4.1. Ein Frauenleben in der Polarisierung von Geschlecht und Klasse ............................................................................................................ 252 4.1.1. Komtesse Kinsky, eine „Zigeunerin des Luxus“ ................. 253 4.1.2.Matriarchin im Orient und Okzident ..................................... 268 4.2. Doppelte Emanzipation statt Geschlechterkrieg: Der „Edelmensch“ ..................................................................................... 280 iv 4.2.1. Gegen die Doppelmoral: Das Maschinenzeitalter. Zukunftsvorlesungen über unsere Zeit von „Jemand“ (1888) ....... 281 4.3. Die Schriftstellerin Bertha von Suttner ....................................... 296 4.3.1. Zwischen Friedensmission und Auftragsschreiben .............. 298 4.3.2. Die „Friedensbertha“ und ihre Mission ................................ 309 4.3.2.1. Frauen gegen Krieg und die extraponierte Position der „Friedensbertha“ ............................................................................. 322 4.3.2.2. Die Waffen nieder! Eine Lebensgeschichte (1889) ........... 325 Kapitel 5: Frieda von Bülow (1857-1909) ........................................... 336 5.1. Biographisches und soziopolitische Mission .............................. 338 5.2. Schriftstellerische Pionierarbeit .................................................. 347 5.2.1. Imperialistische Propaganda und Frauenemanzipation ........ 352 5.3. Sendungsbewußtsein der weißen Frau auf dem schwarzen Kontinent ............................................................................................ 354 5.4. Autobiographie im Nukleus: ein neues Genre entsteht............... 362 5.4.1. Adelige Botschafterinnen ..................................................... 368 5.4.2. Koloniale Fantasien spiegelverkehrt: der Kolonialheld als Frauenfantasie ................................................................................. 381 5.5. Frieda
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