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QUARTERLY RADIO NOISE DATA
DECEMBER, JANUARY, FEBRUARY I960 - 1961 I
BY W.Q. CRICHLOW, R.T. DISNEY, AND M.A. JENKINS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
Functions and Activities
The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards: the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services tP government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in- vention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research. development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.
Publications
The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or pub- lished papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau it6elf publishes three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. Information on the Bureau's publications can be found in NBS Circular 160, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($1.50), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS technical ^lote
No. 18-9
April 18, 1961
QUARTERLY RADIO NOISE DATA DECEMBER, JANUARY, FEBRUARY 1960-1961
BY W. Q. Crichlow, R. T. Disney, and M. A. Jenkins
NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bu- reau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be listed or referred to in the open literature. They are for sale by the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.
DISTRIBUTED BY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
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53 NOMOGRAM FOR TRANSFORMING EFFECTIVE ANTENNA NOISE FIGURE TO NOISE FIELD STRENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY
'Mc En (Megacycles) Fa (db above I /iv/meter) (db above ktb) -x—50 90 It -20 il-70 60 -ir •50 -40-- 40 -p 0-- -\rW ---30 20--
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E + 20log f -65.5 n =Fa 10 Mc = = Fa Effective Antenna Noise Figure External Noise Power Available from an Equivalent Short, Lossless,
Vertical Antenna in db Above ktb.
= Equivalent Vertically Polarized Noise En Ground Wave R.M.S.
Field Strength in db Above 1/u.v/meter for a I kc Bandwidth.
= fMc Frequency in Megacycles. Radio Noise Data for the Season December, January, February 1960-1961
Radio noise measurements are being made at sixteen stations in a world-wide network supervised by the National Bureau of Standards (see map). The results of these measurements for the period December, January, February 1960-1961 are presented in the attached tables. These are based on three parameters of the noise: (1) the mean power, (2) the mean envelope voltage, and (3) the mean logarithm of the envelope voltage. The mean power averaged over a period of several minutes is the basic parameter and is expressed as an effective antenna noise figure, Fa . F a is defined as the noise power available from an equivalent lossless antenna in db above ktb (the thermal noise power available from a passive resistance) where
k = Boltzman ! s constant (1. 38 x 10 joules per degree Kelvin) t = Absolute room temperature (taken as 288° K) b = Bandwidth in cycles per second.
The mean voltage and mean logarithm are expressed as deviations, V^ and L^, respectively, in db below the mean power.
Measurements of these parameters were made with the National Bureau of Standards Radio Noise Recorder, Model ARN-2, which has an effective noise bandwidth of about 200 c/s and uses a standard 21. 75 1 vertical antenna. A fifteen -minute recording is made on each of eight frequencies two at a time during each hour, and these fifteen- minute samples are taken as representing the noise conditions for the full hour. The month -hour medians, Fam , V^j^, and L^m are determined from these hourly values for each of the corresponding parameters. Normally from twenty -five to thirty observations of the mean power are obtained monthly for each hour of the day, and from ten to fifteen observations of the voltage and logarithm deviations. When there are fewer than fifteen observations of the mean power, or seven observations of the voltage and logarithm deviations, the tabulated values are identified by an asterisk. The upper and lower decile values of Fa are also reported in the following tabulation to give an indication of the extent of the variation of the noise power from day to day at a given time of day. These are expressed in db above and below the month-hour median*
Fam , and designated by Du and Bg, respectively.
Time-block median values of noise are tabulated on a seasonal basis, and are obtained by averaging all month-hour medians for the season within a particular four -hour period of the day. The time- block values conform to the seasonal-time-block values used in C.C.I. R. Report No. 65 (see attached references).
F in db is related to the rms field strength at the antenna by the following equation:
E = F +20 log^f., - 65.5 n a °10 Mc where E = the equivalent vertically polarized ground wave rms noise field strength in db above 1 uv/meter for a 1 kc bandwidth,
f. . = the frequency in megacycles/second.
The nomogram given may be used for this conversion.
The values presented in the tables reflect the actual measured radio noise; in some instances the atmospheric noise level may be contaminated by man-made noise or station interference. The para- meter that will first reflect any such contamination will be the logarithmic parameter, Lj. This contamination generally will cause the value of L^ to be less than it would have been, had the recorded value been only atmospheric noise. In determining the amplitude- probability distribution from the three measured moments [ 10], contaminated values of L.^ may be found that will not give a solution of the amplitude -probability distribution. When this occurs, it is suggested that the measured value of JL^ be ignored and the most probable value of L^ from the curve on the graph of L.$ vs. V^ be used c The most probable value has been determined as the best fit for the integrated moments from over sixty measured amplitude -probability- distributions of uncontaminated atmospheric radio noise. The second curve on the graph indicates the minimum value of L^ that will give an amplitude -probability distribution by the method in reference 10* and can therefore be used to determine whether the measured value or the most probable value of L Station clocks are set to a local standard time (LST) which is taken from the time zone in which the station is located and is always an integral number of hours different than universal or Greenwich time {see table on page 5). These preliminary data values are presented in order to expedite dissemination of the data. Additional analyses, in which an attempt is made to eliminate contaminated data, are presented in other publications. Stations in the recording network were operated by the following agencies: NBS - Bill, Wyoming; Boulder, Colorado; Byrd Station; Front Royal, Virginia; Kekaha, Hawaii Signal Corps, U. S. Army - Balboa, C. Z. ; Thule, Greenland Postmaster General's Department (Australia) - Cook Board of Telecommunications (Sweden) - Enkoping DSIR (Great Britain) and University College Department of Physics (Nigeria) - Ibadan Ministry of Communications, Wireless Planning and Co-ordination Organisation - New Delhi Radio Research Laboratories (Japan) - Ohira Telecommunications Research Laboratory (South Africa) - Pretoria Institut Scientifique Che'rifien (Morocco) - Rabat Institute Tecnologico de Aeronautica (Brazil) - Sao Jose* dos Campos Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain) - Singapore, Malaya The assistance of the station operators and other personnel of these agencies in obtaining the data contained in this report is grate- fully acknowledged o The following publications contain additional information on radio noise: 1. W. Q. Crichlow, D. F. Smith, R. N. Morton, and W. R. Corliss, "Worldwide Radio Noise Levels Expected in the Frequency Band 10 Kilocycles to 100 Megacycles," NBS Circular 557, August 25, 1955. 2. "Report on Revision of Atmospheric Radio Noise Data," C. C. I. R. Report No. 65, VHIth Plenary Assembly, Warsaw, 1956 (International Radio Consultative Committee, Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland). 3. A. D. Watt and E. L. Maxwell, "Measured Statistical Characteristics of VLF Atmospheric Radio Noise," Proc. IRE, 45, 1, 55 (1957). 4. W. Q. Crichlow, "Noise Investigation at VLF by the National Bureau of Standards," Proc. IRE, 45,6 , 778 (1957). 5. A. D. Watt and E. L. Maxwell, "Characteristics of Atmospheric Noise from 1 to 100 kc," Proc. IRE, 45,6 , 787 (1957). 6. F. F. Fulton, Jr., "The Effect of Receiver Bandwidth on Amplitude Distribution of V. L. F. Atmospheric Noise, " National Bureau of Standards, VLF Symposium Paper 37, Boulder, Colorado, 1957. 7. H. E. Dinger, "Report on URSI Commission IV - Radio Noise of Terrestrial Origin," Proc. IRE, 46,7, 1366 (1958). 8. A. D. Watt, R. M. Coon, E. L. Maxwell, and R. W. Plush, "Performance of Some Radio Systems in the Presence of Thermal and Atmospheric Noise," Proc. IRE, 46, 12 , 1914 (1958). 9. W. L. Taylor and A. G. Jean, "Very-Low-Frequency Radiation Spectra of Lightning Discharges," NBS J. of Research-D. Radio Propagation, 63D,2, 199 (1959). 10. W. Q. Crichlow, C. J. Roubique, A. D. Spaulding, and W. M. Beery, "Determination of the Amplitude -Probability- Distribution of Atmospheric Radio Noise from Statistical Moments," NBS J. Research-D. Radio Propagation, 64D,1 , 49 (I960). 11. Tatsuzo Obayashi, "Measured Frequency Spectra of Very-Low- Frequency Atmospherics," NBS J. of Research-D. Radio Propagation, 64D,1, 41 (I960). Data included in this report and the standard time for each station are as follows: Time To Convert Station Data Zone LST to GMT (hours) Balboa Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 75 W +05 Boulder Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 105 W + 07 Byrd Station Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 120 W + 08 Cook Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 135 E -09 Enkoping Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 15 E -01 Front Royal Jan. Feb. 1961 75 W +05 Ibadan June, July, August I960 GMT Kekaha Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 150 W + 10 New Delhi Nov. Dec. Jan. 1960-61 75 E -05 Ohira Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 135 E -09 Pretoria Oct. Nov. I960 30 E -02 Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 Rabat Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 GMT Sao Jose'dos Campos Dec. Jan. 1960-61 45 W +03 Singapore Dec. Jan. Feb. 1960-61 105 E -07 Previous data from the NBS Wo rid -"Wide Network have been published in the following Technical Note 18 series: 18-1 July 1, 1957 - December 31, 1958 18-2 March, April, May 1959 18-3 June, July, August 1951 18-4 September, October, November 1959 18-5 December, January, February 1959-60 18-6 March, April, May I960 18-7 June, July, August I960 18-8 June, July, August I960 MOST PROBABLE AND MINIMUM VALUES OF L d VERSUS Vd FOR ATMOSPHERIC RADIO NOISE 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 MOST PROBABLE VALUE OF L rf ^^ 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 -MINIMUM VALUES OF Ld m rii\/F APn dfthf pyprrTFn form j II 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I (i I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 V IN F d db BELOW Q < Q E o Cs v Q ^ Q Q A '-6 o S "3 ^ ^ s > t > •Xs' E O v A 'A Q /s •3. ^5 "3 > i Is ") + -VJ •} - * t t o ^T ^ i ^ 'i -4 -i "J o T 1 i 4 ^ a > > 1 ^ -i, u 3 •3- -S - ^ ^( 4, ^ "* a ""l ns > > > t > V^ ^ ^ a E >- V > -s ^3- V -4 o •^ ^ IS •^ o Is \ i 1i 1 ^ -ts a « q cs E Q 1^ Q a 'A Q C< ^ ^ cs ^ W NS Vn\ _) § 4*i E Q cs 'n •0 ^ Va q Q Q ^ •^ V V-4 ^1! ^ * V V V >• >- 3- -o> Q "l >- ^5 ^> < <% >- a- 'i > > ^ > > 1*1 > > •3- o ^ 'V 3 3- 3~ "3 'I is Q V V s s *o >J >s c 0^ tio •>» e^j ~s- C ^ ^ > t > E 00 Q «» -0 a > 4 >- N. 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Q > P- o-~ --S V ^ ^ 1 Q o 3 o Q > ^ ^O (J^ ^s > j^ V u> _ E vS ~~- T^- vfi I* > ^ U *- LL. h ^ ^ ^ 'A nl UJ to E to o to Q ^ ^ r- > lo t I o l _J ^S r< «^ V o >- r- ^ Q o C? ^ -, < rsi f> CO b q ri -S «^o O •*\ ^s W !\ "*} u° "i "3 t 00 ^ q S a m q E to to ^S to to JN T3 ISv. o _l 3 ^Q 3 ^C ^ O 2 CD ^ to. o E u o 'a Vrt So U t"0 "^M UJ o > tj ^ 3r ^i ^ ^ ^ CO c CVJ o ro >io -0 \ LU T 5 ^s ttv. ^ ^ Z> 3 O -^ r\ -~a > •-J nj _l o 00 < E Q^- v~> ^ > > ^) ^o IONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Dirtetor THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in /technical work. Tn general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C. Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimelry. Reftactomelry. Photographic Research; Length. Engineering Metrology.- Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry. Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics. Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics. Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rhcology. Combustion Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research. Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics' Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties. Constitution and Microstructure. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials, Codes and Safely Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Applications Engineering. Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiomelry. Solid Slate Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry. Molecular Structure and Radiation Chemistry. • Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO. ( ryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction. Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tiopospheric Measurements. I ropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Almospheie Physics. Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter- Wave Research. Mictowave Circuit Standards. Kadio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Reseaich. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications. Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere bi alter. Airglow and Aurora. 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