U-2, U-2 Incident, and 1960 Paris Summit
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Allen W. Dulles and the CIA
THE GILDED AGE Allen W. Dulles and the CIA Allen W. Dulles spent his tenure as the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) entrenched in secret power struggles that would ensure his ultimate power over the foreign and domestic aff airs for the United States. Th roughout his childhood, Dulles learned to use political power in order to get ahead, and to use secrecy to make unilateral deci- sions. Aft er analyzing examples of his treatment of various foreign aff airs disasters, as well as his manipulation of American media and politicians, Dulles is exposed as a man whose legacy lives in the CIA, as a legendary fi gure who is in fact much more of a craft ed legend than a man of truth. By Sada O. Stewart ‘16 Princeton University of the CIA’s own making, the product of the publicity and the political propaganda Allen Dulles manufactured in the 1950s.”4 How, though, did Dulles craft a fl awless, genius im- age for the CIA? What methods did Dulles use to manipulate the press, the public, and even the other branches of govern- ment to bring forth an agency with “a great reputation and a terrible record?”5 Dulles made the CIA seem like an elite agency full of top agents resulting in high risk, high reward missions—how is this reconciled with the reality of the CIA under Dulles’ reign? INTELLIGENCE IN YOUTH To begin, it is vital to identify the signifi cance of developing and running an intelligence agency in an open democratic system.6 Sun Tzu, author of Th e Art of War, insists the best A Bas-relief of Allen Dulles at the Original Headquarters of (only) way to fi ght a war is to know the enemy. -
1 a Review of the Record-Breaking Snow and Persistent Cold Of
A Review of the Record-Breaking Snow and Persistent Cold of February and March 1960 Laurence G. Lee NOAA/National Weather Service Greer, SC 1. Introduction February and March 2010 marked the 50th anniversary of one of the most severe periods of winter weather on record in the western Carolinas and extreme northeast Georgia. Beginning in February 1960 a series of winter storms and a prolonged period of below normal temperatures disrupted commerce, schools, and life in general across the region. The severe winter weather was not confined to the southern Appalachians and nearby areas. The entire eastern United States was affected. According to narratives at the time (Ludlum 1960a,b), the month of March 1960 had more records for snow and cold in the eastern states than any previous March. March 1960 is still the coldest March on record at Asheville, Charlotte, and Greenville-Spartanburg. Figure 1 displays the departure of March 1960 average temperature from normal1. The total March 1960 snowfall distribution is in Fig. 2. The general nature of the snowfall map does not depict details and extremes in the southern Appalachians. Fig. 1. Departure of average temperature from normal for March 1960. (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1960d) 1 Normals in this document refer to the 30-year period from 1921 to 1950. 1 Fig 2. Monthly snowfall (top) percentage of mean monthly snowfall (bottom) for March 1960. (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1960d) Following December 1959 and January 1960 with near or slightly above normal temperatures in the Southeast, the flow pattern across North America changed abruptly to a configuration that favored cold weather for the eastern United States. -
Gary Powers Slide
95th ERAU Prescott Aviation History Presentation THE U-2 INCIDENT: A SON'S SEARCH FOR THE Spy Pilot TRUTH Francis Gary Powers Jr. is the son of Francis Gary and Claudia “Sue” Powers. Gary holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Philosophy from California State University, Los Angeles, and a Master’s Degree in Public Administration / Certification in Non-profit Management from George Mason University (GMU), Fairfax, Virginia. He will graduate this year with his Master’s Degree in U.S. History from Adams State University, Alamosa, CO. Gary is the Founder and Chairman Emeritus of The Cold War Museum, a 501(c) (3) charity located at Vint Hill, VA 45 minutes west of Washington, DC. He founded the museum in 1996 to honor Cold War veterans, preserve Cold War history, and educate future generations about this time period. As Chairman of the Presidential Advisory Committee for the Cold War Theme Study he works with the National Park Service and leading Cold War experts to identify historic Cold War sites for commemorating, interpreting, and preservation. Recently, he consulted for a JOIN US AS WE HEAR FRANCIS GARY Steven Spielberg Cold War thriller, Bridge of Spies, about James Donovan who brokered the 1962 spy exchange POWERS, JR. DISCUSS SPIELBERG’S MOVIE between KGB spy Rudolph Abel and CIA U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers, Sr. BRIDGE OF SPIES, THE CONTROVERSERY THAT SURROUNDED THE U-2 INCIDENT, AND WHAT IT WAS LIKE TO BE HELD IN SOVIET Gary is the author of Letters from a Soviet Prison (2017) and Spy Pilot (2019) CAPTIVITY DURING THE COLD WAR NOV. -
Interpreting JFK's Inaugural Address
Interpreting JFK’s Inaugural Address Topic: President Kennedy’s Inaugural Speech Grade Level: 9 - 12 Subject Area: US History Time required: 1 class period Goals/ Rationale President Kennedy’s inaugural speech addressed not only the American people, but also people throughout the world—including newly independent nations, old allies, and the Soviet Union. In this lesson plan, students are challenged to consider how the speech might have resonated with some of these audiences. Essential Question: How can a speech or public statement resonate differently with various audiences, depending upon their point of view? Objectives Students will: discuss the significance of events leading up to Kennedy’s inauguration. analyze the inaugural address from three perspectives—a young civil rights activist, a Soviet diplomat, and a Cuban exile. evaluate the speech from one of these perspectives. Connections to Curriculum (Standards) National History Standards U.S. History: Postwar United States (1945 to early 1970s), Era 9: 2A: The student understands the international origins and domestic consequences of the Cold War. 3B: The student understands the “New Frontier” and the “Great Society.” Massachusetts History and Social Science Framework USII.T5.1 - Using primary sources such as campaign literature and debates, news articles/analyses, editorials, and television coverage, analyze the important policies and events that took place during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard M. Nixon. Prior Knowledge and Skills Students should have a working knowledge of the Cold War, civil rights movement, and the major events following World War II. Students should also know how to analyze a piece of text, and draw their own conclusions. -
Loudon County (Page 1 of 17) Office: Chancery Court
Loudon County (Page 1 of 17) Office: Chancery Court Type of Record Vol Dates Roll Format Notes Enrollments Jul 1870 - Jul 1876 17 35mm Minutes 1-2 Nov 1870 - Nov 1889 18 35mm Minutes 3-4 Nov 1889 - May 1907 19 35mm Minutes 5-6 May 1907 - Nov 1921 20 35mm Minutes 7-8 Nov 1921 - May 1930 21 35mm Minutes 9-10 May 1930 - Nov 1940 22 35mm Minutes 11-12 Nov 1940 - May 1945 23 35mm Minutes 13-14 May 1945 - May 1952 24 35mm Minutes 15-16 May 1952 - Jul 1957 25 35mm Minutes 17-18 Jul 1957 - Dec 1962 26 35mm Minutes 19 Dec 1962 - Nov 1965 27 35mm Minutes 20-21 Nov 1965 - Jul 1971 A-8035 35mm Minutes 22-25 Jul 1971 - May 1977 A-8036 16mm Minutes 26-28 May 1977 - Nov 1982 A-8037 16mm Minutes 29-31 Nov 1982 - Jan 1987 A-8038 16mm Minutes, Final Decree Appeals 1 May 1936 - Mar 1968 28 35mm Loudon County (Page 2 of 17) Office: Circuit Court Type of Record Vol Dates Roll Format Notes Minutes, Civil and Criminal 1-2 Sep 1870 - Apr 1882 2 35mm Minutes, Civil and Criminal 3-4 Apr 1882 - Aug 1894 3 35mm Minutes, Civil and Criminal 5-6 Dec 1894 - Feb 1908 4 35mm Minutes, Civil and Criminal 7-8 Jun 1908 - Jul 1916 5 35mm Minutes, Civil and Criminal 9-10 Oct 1916 - Feb 1923 6 35mm Minutes, Civil and Criminal 11 Feb 1923 - Feb 1927 7 35mm Minutes, Civil 12 Feb 1927 - Nov 1931 7 35mm Minutes, Civil 13-14 Feb 1932 - Aug 1950 8 35mm Minutes, Civil 15-16 Sep 1950 - Jun 1962 9 35mm Minutes, Civil 17-18 Jun 1962 - Apr 1967 10 35mm Minutes, Civil 19-20 Apr 1967 - Jul 1968 11 35mm Minutes, Civil 21-26 Dec 1968 - Jun 1973 A-8039 16mm Minutes, Civil 27-31 Jul 1973 - Mar -
The Defense Establishment in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968 Jason H
The Defense Establishment in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968 Jason H. Gart Journal of Arizona History, Volume 60, Number 3, Autumn 2019, pp. 301-332 (Article) Published by Arizona Historical Society For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737794 [ This content has been declared free to read by the pubisher during the COVID-19 pandemic. ] The Defense Establishment in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968 By Jason H. Gart n February 16, 1956, Robert J. Everett, a former U.S. Air Force O pilot turned Lockheed Aircraft Corporation employee, ejected over Arizona at approximately thirty thousand feet after a fire started in his cockpit during a routine training flight.1 Ten months later, on December 19, 1956, Bob Ericson, another Lockheed Aircraft pilot, was also forced to jettison over Arizona, this time at twenty-eight thousand feet, when his interior oxygen supply became “prematurely depleted.”2 Although aircraft crashes were a frequent occurrence in Arizona during the 1950s and 1960s, these two events were par- ticularly unique. The aircraft were U-2s, and the pilots were actu- ally working for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The U-2 program, which was authorized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in December 1954, was a clandestine CIA effort charged with high- altitude, deep-penetration reconnaissance overflights of the Soviet Union. The program’s namesake aircraft, intentionally misrepre- sented as a nondescript utility aircraft (i.e., part of the U.S. Air 1 Allen W. Dulles to Andrew J. Goodpaster, September 22, 1960, Intelligence Matters (19), Box 15, Subject Series, Alphabetical Subseries, Office of the Staff Secretary, White House Office, Dwight D. -
Aerial Reconnaissance (Pennsylvania Military Museum, T
PMM BLOG ARCHIVE December 16, 2020 Aerial Reconnaissance (Pennsylvania Military Museum, T. Gum, Site Admin.) Even though the Korean War had come to a standstill a new form of warfare was being lit off between the United States and the USSR. To remain ahead of the curve, the ability to deliver substantial payloads of ordinance and conduct aerial reconnaissance was critical. The history of the B-47 is relatively well known, and on this day in history (17 DEC 1947) it completed its first flight. The related, and subsequent, iterations of this six-engine subsonic long-range flyer are perhaps lesser known by the general public; the “B” standing for bomber/bombing and others based on this platform carrying various lettering respective to design or purpose. DAYTON, Ohio -- Boeing RB-47H at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. (U.S. Air Force photo) The RB-47H being a (r)econnaissance outfitting of the B-47E platform, was a crucial option when dealing with an adversary well accomplished in deception and misinformation. The role played was quite simple – gather intelligence on the size, location, and capability of the Russian air defense and radar networks. From 1955 to the mid 1960s the RB-47H filled this role until being replaced by the RC-135… arguably a more capable option. The RB-47H was capable of long range missions due to it’s base-design, and successfully operated out of countless airfields and bases. The positioning of these airfields of course played a strategic role in staging and coordinating defensive measures when an RB was intercepted. -
Summary of Floods Ir the United States During 1960
Summary of Floods ir the United States During 1960 By J. O. ROSTVEDT FLOODS OF 1960 IN THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1790-B Prepared in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies CNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE DTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.G. 20402 - Price 45 cents (pap^r cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract___-_--_____-__-____---_--__-______-___-___.____________ Bl Introduction._____________________________________________________ 1 Determination of flood stages and discharges_________________________ 6 Explanation of data_________________-__-___________________-_____- 11 Summary of floods of 1960_____________________________________ 13 Floods of: February 8-10 in northern California._______________________ 13 March 7-9 in southern Idaho.______,____-__-__-_-_____-____ 18 March 17-April 5 in central Florida.________________________ 20 March-April in the Skunk River and lower Iowa River basins, Iowa_ _________________________________________________ 24 March 29-April 6 in southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois.----.-.-_____________________________-. 27 March-April in eastern Nebraska and adjacent areas._________ 30 March 30-April 6 in New York___-_-_____---_-__-_-_--__-__ 47 April 15^19 in west-central Missouri.________________________ 51 April and May in northern Wisconsin and Michigan Upper Peninsula. ___ ___________-_-______-__-_-_--___-_-_-_-_-__ 53 May 4-6 in northwestern Arkansas and east-central Oklahoma. _ 58 May 5-9 in southern Mississippi.___________________________ 60 May 6 in south-central Missouri.- __________________________ 64 May 19-22 in southwestern Arkansas and southeastern Okla homa. -
157 at the 855Th Meeting on 1 April 1960, the Repre
Part II 157 At the 855th meeting on 1 April 1960, the repre- COMPLAINT BY THE USSR (U-2 INCIDENT) sentative of the Union of South Africa,* who had taken INTIAL PROC EEDIKGS By cablew dated 18 May 1960, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the USSRrequested an urgent meet- also stated that the Union Government would regard ing of the Security Council to consider the question of in a serious light any resolution adopted by the aggressive acts by the United States Air Force Council in connexion with the local disturbances that against the Soviet Union, which created a threat to uni- had taken place in South Africa. Should any further versal peace. The need for immediate examination of bloodshed in South Mrica result from a decision of this question arose from the fact that United States the Council, the latter would have to accept its full military aircraft had repeatedly encroached upon the share of responsibility.jS” airspace of the USSR and the United States Government At the 856th meeting on 1 April 1960, the Security had declared these actions to be its policy, Under the Council adopted=’ the Ecuadorean draft resolution United Xations Charter the Security Council bore the by 9 votes in favour, none against, with 2 abstentions. main responsibility for the maintenance of inter- The resolution60/ read as follows: national peace and security; consequently, the USSR Government expected that it would take the necessary The Security Council, measures to halt the provocative actions which “Having considered the complaint of twenty-nine threatened the peace. Member States contained in document S/4279 and In an explanatory memorandum6A’ dated 19 May 1960, Add.1 concerning ‘the situation arising out of the the USSR Government gave the dates of the alleged large-scale killings of unarmed and peaceful demon- incursions, the kinds of aircraft used, the distance strators ag.Cnst raci.d discrimin&ion and segrcga- they penetra. -
International Trips and Meetings Series
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS WHITE HOUSE OFFICE, OFFICE OF THE STAFF SECRETARY: Records of Paul T. Carroll, Andrew J. Goodpaster, L. Arthur Minnich and Christopher H. Russell, 1952-61 International Trips And Meetings Series CONTAINER LIST Box No. Contents 1 Four Power Conference Arrangements (1)-(4) [July 1955] Geneva [Conference of the Heads of Government] Arrangements (1)(2) [July 1955] Geneva - Schedule, Events, Activities [July 1955] Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government, Chronology, July 16-17, 1955 Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government, Chronology, July 18, 1955 (1)(2) Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government, Chronology, July 19, 1955 (1)(2) Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government, Chronology, July 20, 1955 (1)-(3) Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government, Chronology, July 21, 1955 (1)(2) 2 Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government, Chronology, July 22, 1955 (1)-(3) U.S. Record of Meetings in Geneva, July 23, 1955 Memoranda of President’s Conversations - Geneva 1955 U.S. Delegation Record of Plenary Meetings and Meetings of the Foreign Ministers at the Geneva Conference, July 18-23, 1955 Geneva - Notes and Observations (1955) Bermuda Arrangements (1957) Bermuda Meeting (March 1957) Bermuda 1957 - Chronology, Wednesday March 20, 1957 Bermuda 1957 - Chronology, Thursday March 21, 1957 (1)(2) Bermuda 1957 - Chronology, Friday March 22, 1957 (1)(2) Bermuda 1957 - Chronology, Saturday March 23, 1957 (1)-(3) Bermuda 1957 - Chronology, Sunday March 24, 1957 3 Bermuda - Substantive Questions (1)(2) NATO File No. 1 (1)-(4) [November 1954-April 1956] [NATO appointments; atomic information; public opinion and NATO; DDE’s actions and views on NATO; nuclear strategy] NATO File No. -
WP Mileposts May 1960
ileposts Volume XI , No. 10 MAY, 1960 ' Milepost No . 130 Department of Public Relations WESTERN PACIFIC RAILROAD SACRAME NTO NORTHERN RY. TIDEWATER SOUTHER N RY . 526 Mission Street San Francisco 5, California Lee " Flash" Sherwood, Editor A. L. Lloyd , Associate Editor The Zephyrettes were incurring big, losses when they mode this running meet at Merlin January WP asks to 15, 1959, after two milli.on miles of service. ' Milepost No. 130: On a special run, a discontinue probability most of the decline in pat Zephyrelte stops for ronage has been due to the increased photo by A. L. Lloyd, Jr. Trains 1 and 2 use of private automobiles by the traveling public. With the general im N April 22 Western Pacific filed provement in the interstate road sys FEATURES Page O application with the Interstate tem that trend will undoubtedly con Spring Foliage Frames California Zephyr Engine Near Belden........ Front Cover Commerce Commission asking for per tinue. In addition, the loss has grown steadily to alarming proportions WP Asks For Abandonment of Trains 1 and 2........................ ............................... 3 mission to discontinue operation of local Trains 1 and 2 effective June 1, because of increased costs of operation Holiday Rail Tour............................................................................................................ 4 1960. each year, due primarily to increased How We're Doing.............................................................................................................. 5 The railroad's -
The Kennedy Era…At Auction Treasured, Historic Items from the Late President and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy to Be Sold October 7
UPDATED 9/15/17 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Lori Rosen 212.255.8910 [email protected] The Kennedy Era…at Auction Treasured, historic items from the late President and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy to be sold October 7. Also featured: The Francis Gary Powers Espionage Collection and other significant items from the 1960's political scene In this, the one hundredth anniversary of John F. Kennedy's birth, Guernsey's is excited to announce that on October 6/7, the auction house will be conducting its third event focusing on the late President. *Following a preview exhibition, the Auction will be held live at 680 Park Avenue. Those unable to attend can bid via various online bidding platforms. (*Guernsey's 1998 and 2005 John F. Kennedy auctions are still widely spoken of to this day.) At the core of the sale will be the Lt. Henry Hirschy Collection. Lt. Hirschy was stationed in the White House throughout the JFK presidency and indeed, it was the Lieutenant's Naval sword that was chosen to be displayed for thirty days in the East Room of the White House honoring the late President as a sorrowful nation mourned. Importantly, the auction will also include the second, matching Naval sword chosen for the momentous occasion. Among other treasures within the Hirschy Collection is one of the late President’s leather “bomber” jackets and rare transcripts of Mr. Kennedy’s most noteworthy speeches including his address to the Nation during the Cuban Missile Crisis and his "Ich bin ein Berliner” speech. Complementing the Hirschy Collection will be the Jacqueline Kennedy-related property of Mary Gallagher, former personal secretary to Mrs.