WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository

1980

Edging Toward Extinction: The Status of Wildlife in Latin America

Douglas R. Shane

The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems

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Recommended Citation Shane, Douglas R. and The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems, "Edging Toward Extinction: The Status of Wildlife in Latin America" (1980). ISAP SPECIAL REPORTS. 3. https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/isap_sprpts/3

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EXT I I

e Status of Ainenca(]j)

By DOUGL,AS Re SHANE Research Consultant Sponsored By The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems Washington, DoCo I"-J 0 1\T H UNITED STATES '

.~ A M E R l

La protecci6n a los animales forma parte esencial de Ia moral y Ia cultura de los pueblos civilizados.

- Benito Juarez -

Destroyed buildings can be rebuilt; destroyed works of art may possibly be replaced by new creations; but every animal and every flower which becomes extinct is lost forever in the most absolute of all deaths.

- Joseph Wood Krutch -

L Copyroght. American Map Co., Inc., r•lew York, No. 18468 ------TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I - THE STATUS OF WILDLIFE IN LATIN AMERICA

A) Dimensions of the Problem B) On a Country-by-Country Basis

SECTION II - INTERNATIONAL AND UNITED STATES ACTIVITIES AND LAWS CONCERNING LATIN AMERICAN WILDLIFE A) International Activities and Laws B) United States Activities and Laws

SECTION Ill - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Edging Toward Extinction: A Report on the Status of Wildlife in Latin America SECTION IV - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERTINENT REFERENCES

Published by: SECTION V - APPENDICES The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems (A Division of The Humane Society of the United States) Appendix A - Relevant Institutions and Contact 2100 L Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20037, U.S.A. Individuals Concerned with Animal Issues in Latin America

The opinions expressed in this report are those of the Appendix B - Bibliography of Legislation of Latin author and are not necessarily endorsed by either the American Nations, the United States of America, Institute for the Study of Animal Problems or The and International Treaties and Conventions Humane Society of the United States. Pertaining to Latin American Wildlife and Domestic Animals Appendix C - List of Endangered Animal Species in Copyright 1980. Latin America The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems. All rights reserved. Appendix D - Project Questionnaire Form, English and Spanish

Appendix E - A Discussion of the Status of Printed in the United States of America. Domestic Animals in Latin America and Recommendations to The Humane Society of the United States INTRODUCTION

Edging Toward Extinction: A Report on the Status of Wildlife in Latin America, is the result of a three month research project undertaken on behalf of The Insti­ tute for the Study of Animal Problems (ISAP), a division of The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). The project was a preliminary study with the follow­ ing objectives. First, it provides ISAP and HSUS with a broader base of informa­ tion on international matters pertaining to man's relationship with animals. Second, the report includes recommendations concerning the role which HSUS could perform within the growing international conservation movement. Third, the report mav. serve as a basis for a more detailed study if considered desirable. It is the author's premise that the efforts of any U.S. or international agency - be it governmental or private - in the less developed nations can only be as ef­ fective as the contact organizations and individuals in each country. This is true whether the proposed activity is the creation of a national park to protect a na­ tion's threatened fauna and flora, or a development project aimed at enhancing the socio-economic quality of human life. This notion is further discussed in Sec­ tion Ill. One of the first objectives of the project was the designation of and approach to organizations and individuals in Latin America and other countries who share HSUS's concern about wildlife and animal welfare issues in Central and South America. To this end a total of 156 questionnaires (see Appendix D) were sent to the twenty-one nations of Latin America, three to European-based organizations, and two to authorities in the United States. Additional questionnaires were enclosed in each mailing together with a request that they be forwarded to other appropriate authorities. By the end of the project period, only a limited number of completed questionnaires had been received from Latin America and Europe. Further responses are anticipated because the majority of the correspondents are known by the author to be concerned with and responsive to the issues with which the study deals. Concurrent with other research activities, twenty-two in­ terviews were conducted in the Washington, D.C. area with officials of U.S. government agencies involved with domestic and international legislation and ac­ tivities pertaining to Latin American wildlife; with representatives of private con­ servation organizations, some of whom operate in Latin America; with spokesmen for the pet industry;· and with officials of the Organization of American States. The questionnaire included a section on legislation and activities concerning domestic animals in Latin America. However, due to time constraints and the slow response to the questionnaire from Latin American animal welfare agencies, it was not possible to include a detailed analysis of this type in the report. Nonetheless, because of the importance of the domestic animal welfare issue in Latin America, an addenda concerning this area has been included as Appendix E. SECTION I - maintain subsistence lifestyles also contribute significantly to the problem. Large-scale colonization projects, promoted by governments and private THE STATUS OF WILDLIFE IN LATIN AMERICA cooperatives, may cause the resettlement of thousands of people within a few miles of one another while the spontaneous movement of additional thousands A. Dimensions of the Problem of individuals seeking new homesleads places further pressure on ecosystems. As the colonists forage into areas adjacent to their new homes in search of meat, The wild I ife of Latin America is as rich and diverse as the lands which com­ animal populations are further depleted. It is not unusual for hunters to seek prise the 21 nations of Central and South America. Ranging from the dark beauty meat for several days before encountering wildlife. With few exceptions - of the condor soaring above Andean peaks and the swift-running rhea of the notably members of the cat family and tree sloths - virtually all mammals, rep­ Argentinian pampas to the resplendent quetzal of Central America's cloud tiles and birds are hunted and trapped for their food value. forests and the magnificent spotted cats that stalk the lowland tropical rain Although each of the nations of Latin America have enacted some form of leg­ forests, each species has adapted marvelously to its particular environment. islation covering which animals can be hunted, when they can be hunted, and by Within each ecosystem, a succession of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, in­ what means, problems persist. While most provide penalties for violations, en­ sects and plants interact to sustain one another in Nature's timeless plan. forcement is at best minimal. The reasons are both obvious and real. Agencies However, the increasing encroachment of man and his activities now threatens charged with wildlife protection, which are usually under departments of the future existence of virtually all wildlife throughout Latin America. renewable natural resources within federal ministries of agriculture, operate on Historically, aboriginal peoples survived by engaging in such varied activities restricted budgets and too few personnel. Well-trained enforcement officers are, as hunting, fishing, small-scale shifting cultivation and the harvesting of wild for the most part, an unattainable luxury. Also, wildlife protection programs must fruits and nuts directly from the forests and other areas in which they lived. often yield to the development schemes of the larger agricultural departments. Since habitat destruction by man was minimal and the animals were not usually Another problem deals with the reality of the subsistence lifestyle of the hunted excessively, wildlife populations remained fairly stable. "violators" - the peasants compelled by hunger to hunt any edible animal In the years following the European arrival in the New World, habitats were regardless of legally defined seasons. In many instances, the hunters are unaware burned and cleared by the colonists as a wide variety of domesticated plants and of the existence of hunting laws. Even if they knew the laws, it is extremely animals were introduced to the Americas. By the late nineteenth century, doubtful that they would obey legislation that would keep food from their large-scale forest exploitation for timber, tannin, resins and dye wood for local tables. In countries not generally known for the compassion of their officials, and international markets led to a conspicuous alteration of Hispanic America's Latin America's wildlife protection officers are aware of the realities of the situa­ environment. Profitable markets in North America and Europe, encouraged the tion. Even modest enforcement of game laws would produce volatile social and conversion of still more virgin lands were converted to the production of cash political situations with which governments would rather not have to deal. crops such as bananas, coffee, sugar cane and cotton. Perhaps most tragic for both humanity and wildlife, the concept of "sustained In the second half of this century, the ever-increasing pressure of man's ac­ yield" means little to the hunter dependent on wildlife as a food source; he can­ tivities is destroying the stability of wildlife populations in wilderness areas and not conserve for his grandchildren tomorrow what his children need today. regions underexploited by aboriginal peoples. The forces that bring man into con­ 1n addition to habitat destruction and overhunting, another problem closely flict with wilderness and wildlife must be recognized before we can begin to deal associated with the depletion of wildlife populations is the collecting of live ani­ with the issues of conservation and preservation in Latin America. The problems mals and their products for commerce. No one is certain how many thousands of include explosive birthrates of 3.5 +%, high unemployment, inflation, sluggish in­ live animals - birds, mammals, reptiles and tons upon tons of tropical fish - dustrial growth, ownership of the most productive lands by a minority for the are exported legally and illegally-from Latin America each year. These animals cultivation of crops for export, demands for land reform by the rural and urban are purchased by private individuals as exotic pets, by both the legitimate and poor, and pressure from small, but powerful ruling classes to resist change. roadside zoos, and by biomedical research institutions. Similarly, the sale of Under these circumstances, the majority of Latin America's governments view animal products - the skins, hides, feathers, teeth and paws - is a multimillion the settlement of wilderness areas as an expedient solution to national problems. dollar business. Most of the previously uninhabited or sparsely populated lands are unsuitable Despite the ratification by 51 nations of the Convention on International Trade for intensive settlement and agricultural endeavors. Therefore, the unfortunate in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), instituted in 1973 to con­ results of settling wilderness areas are that, not only are colonization and most trol the export and import of rare and endangered animals and plants, enforce­ agricultural schemes ineffective, but the wild fauna and flora are being ment officials and conservationists say that the volume of trafficking in animals destroyed at ever-accelerating rates. Other development projects, such as the and animal products, regardless of their legal status, continues to rise annually. construction of highways and hydroelectric dams or intensive logging and mining According to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service statistics, legal imports into the operations, offer advantageous financial gains at the expense of habitat destruc­ United States of wildlife products from around the world, such as fur coats, tion and loss of wildlife. leather goods, carvings and jewelry, rose from 1.7 million items in 1972 to 91 While loss of habitat due to intensive settlement and development is the million in 1976. Skins and hide imports increased from 900,000 in 1973 to 32.5 primary factor causing diminishing wildlife populations, hunting and trapping to million in 1976. These figures represent only legal U.S. imports. How many live

2 3 animals and their products are imported illegally into the United States or to viewed as important elements in the proper management of forestry, agriculture, other countries is strictly a matter of conjecture. water and soil resources - not as obstacles to be overcome in pursuit of irra­ The people of the developed nations are the leading consumers of the world's tional economic development. wildlife. They are, therefore, the major supporters of the illicit smuggling trade. But in their desire to adorn themselves with furs, leathers and trinkets or the urge B. On a Country-by-Country Basis to satisfy a whim for an exotic pet, these people fail to comprehend the conse­ The following information deals with the status of Latin American wildlife on a quences of their actions. For the Latin American peasant living a marginal life, cour.try-by-country basis. The material which is presented was gathered from the opportunity to shoot and snare birds, mammals and reptiles represents available resource materials, responses to the project questionnaire, and the sorely-needed income. But the hunter cares little whether the animals he seeks author's own experiences in 13 Latin American nations. Each section details the are pregnant females, nurslings that will die without special care, or members of particular country's pertinent legislation, activities of government and private species that are rare or endangered. Techniques of live capture and the ability to agencies, national parks programs, the status of important animal species and the keep animals alive and healthy are largely unknown to the market hunter. known extent of trade in live animals and animal products. Brutality during the procurement process is a horror about which most people re­ For additional information a listing of relevant institutions and contact person­ main ignorant. The wild animals that survive the burning of their habitat, the nel concerned with animal issues in Latin America is given in Appendix A. A traps and the gunfire that are employed to capture them are often either beaten bibliography of all the legislation pertaining to Latin America's wildlife (and unconscious, bound with wire, nailed to trees or crammed into cages and boxes domestic animals) which has been gathered to date may be found in Appendix B. to restrain them until they are collected by the local buyer. Feedings are A list of endangered animal species in Latin America, compiled from a variety of sporadic and meager and the animals are transported by any means available. authoritative souces, makes up Appendix C. Once the animals are in transit to their respective destinations, the standard of accommodations varies considerably. If the shipment is legal, the animals are Argentina generally caged and crated according to packing guidelines based on Interna­ Argentina's wildlife-related legislation includes game laws regulating the tional Air Transport Association (I AT A) regulations. While numerous authorities seasons in which fauna may be hunted, a ban dating back to 1949 prohibiting the maintain that these shipping procedures are grossly inadequate, the conditions hunting of otters throughout the country, agreements with Peru and Bolivia under which illegally transported animals are moved are far worse. Traffickers at­ regarding conservation of vicuna, and limits on the number of red deer and Euro­ tempt to conceal their illegal shipments in a variety of ways which include stuff­ pean wild boar which may be hunted by sportsmen. Several other laws cover the ing smaller animals behind false panels in shipping crates and vehicles, burying establishment and security of national parks and preserves, which are essential to them under legally transported articles, falsifying documents so that protected the preservation of wildlife. species appear as something else, and, when possible, by bribing officials at ports Argentina has signed the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life of exit and entry. Many animals perish and it has been estimated that as many as Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, but has not ratified the Convention on 75% of all animals captured die before arriving at their final destinations, and International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. that for every animal which reaches its destination, ten others have died in both The Department of Investigation and Protection of the National Office of capture and transport. Wildlife, Subsecretary of Renewable Natural Resources and Ecology, is the As with the enforcement of game laws, official protection of wildlife against il­ federal agency charged with wildlife management and protection in Argentina. legal trafficking activities is minimal throughout Latin America. Inadequate There are some seven private organizations concerned with animal welfare, operating budgets, lack of trained personnel and allegations of corruption at all although their main interests seem to center on domestic animal issues. levels are factors which, when linked with the ingenuity of the smugglers, make All of the country's wildlife may be considered threatened due to increasing the animal trafficking situation appear hopeless. encroachment on wilderness areas by man. With so much money at stake, it may appear naive to present moral and even Among the wildlife products which Argentina exports in large quantities are ecological arguments on behalf of wildlife conservation. Can we expect the the skins of otters, boa constrictors and tegu lizards. Argentina also exports live underprivileged and deprived to entertain metaphysical arguments on the com­ animals, including birds such as the endangered Red-capped parrot and reptiles, monality of life and the concept of man as a responsible steward of this planet's although precise figures are not available. natural resources? At the very least, the planners and policy makers responsible for the future of their nations must be made to understand the consequences of Belize unassessed development projects that will further disturb the already precarious The game laws of Belize date back to 1944 when the tiny Central American na- balance between man and his environment. Man must realize that the preserva­ tion was known as British Honduras. The wildlife protection ordinance specified tion of the essential interdependencies of all life promotes his own well-being as which animals may be hunted with and without hunting licenses, established well as that of other life forms. We already know that the extinction of a given seasons on game animals, and made provisions on the law's enforcement. Inde-­ species may well result in the collapse of a particular ecosystem and that there pendent since 1973, Belize is planning to implement a national parks program. can be dangerous consequences to man, such as the rise of disease vector An estimated 65% of the country's territory consists of tropical forests and is populations. The preservation and conservation of natural life forms must be habitat for a rich array of wildlife.

4 5 The Department of Lands and Forests, under the Ministry of Agriculture, is istered by the Fundacao Nacional de Indio (FUNAI), the government agency reponsible for wildlife matters in Belize. charged with protection of Brazil's aboriginal peoples. Unfortunately, the fate of To date, Belize has not ratified the Convention of Nature Protection and Wild both the park areas and the Indians themselves is in question as development ac­ Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, but has ratified the Convention on tivities continue to claim Indian lands. International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Among the numerous government agencies involved with the management and A handful of private organizations are working to improve attitudes and protection of wildlife in Brazil are the Special Secretariat of the Environment, legislation relevant to animals. under the Ministry of the Interior; a section of the National Council for Scientific Although development projects are less expensive in Belize than in most other and Technological Development; the Division for the Protection of Nature, under Latin American countries, wildlife and their habitat should be considered the Brazilian Institute of Forestry Development, and several other government­ threatened until comprehensive protective legislation, national parks programs, sponsored research organizations. and ratification of the two Conventions mentioned above are promulgated. There are many private organizations concerned with animal welfare, but most The export of live animals and animal products is subject to the 1ssuance of are apparently involved with domestic animal matters. One, the Fundacao licenses by the Customs and Forestry departments. Traditionally, animal products Brasileira para a Conservacao da Natureza, is involved with wildlife issues. - mostly skins of jaguar and caiman - from Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras Brazil has ratified both the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life have passed through Belize for onward shipment. Preservation in the Western Hemisphere and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Bolivia According to the Special Secretariat of the Environment, no live animals may Bolivia has made numerous legislative efforts over the last 16 years to protect be legally exported from Brazil. Similarly, commerce in skins and other animal its wildlife and natural resources from overexploitation. Laws banning the hunt­ products.is prohibited except for those derived from animals bred in captivity. ing of certain animals, establishing seasons on others, and the implementation of Authorities say they cannot verify that animals and products for export were taxes and regulations governing the use of other animal resources have all been bred i~ captivity. Illegally exported items include caiman species, monkeys, largely ineffective. Bolivia's unstable political situation has not helped and jaguar, giant otter, and a wide variety of bird species. Illegally exported products government enforcement of wildlife protection measures has been ineffective. are said to be received by Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay and French Guiana Laws prohibiting the hunting and trading of vicuna and members of the cat fami­ whence they are usually forwarded to markets in North America and Europe. ly are generally disregarded. The Department of Wildlife, under National Parks, Hunting and Fishing, within Chile the Center for Forestry Development, is charged with enforcement of Bolivian Chile's wildlife legislation includes laws prohibiting the hunting of vicuna and legislation regarding wild fauna. birds during nesting season, the establishment of hunting seasons for wild game, Although a member nation of the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild and enforcement regulations. Hunting seasons generally extend from April to Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, Bolivia has not ratified the Conven­ August, although seasons vary among species. Rabbits, hares and beavers are tion on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. among the mammals which may be legally trapped. The use of steel or leg-hold Private sector activities relating to animal issues were unknown when this traps is prohibited. report was compiled. Chile has ratified both the Convention of Nature Protection and Wild Life Both legal and illegal exports of animals and animal products from Bolivia in­ Preservation in the Western Hemisphere and the Convention on International clude all monkey and marmoset species found within the country, crocodillians, Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The wildlife section of the lizards, birds and cats. Many authorities consider Bolivia to be one of the largest National Forestry Corporation is charged with protection of the country's fauna. exporters of wild fauna in Latin America. Chile has one of the oldest national parks programs in Latin America, having designated its first area in 1925. Brazil There are at least eight private organizations which deal with the welfare of Although Brazil has enacted several wildlife protection laws, including several both wild and domestic animals. agreements with neighboring countries, the intensive development occurring in Animals and animal products legally exported from Chile include rabbits, the Amazon Basin and other parts of the country make adherence and enforce­ hares, foxes, nutrias and seals, most of which pass through West Germany. Ille­ ment impossible. Hunting seasons on certain species, established by the lnstituto gally exported items include chinchillas, sea otters and fresh water otters which, Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento (IBDF), vary among Brazil's states. Trapping, according to some sources, exit via Argentina. Most exports, both legal and il­ although prohibited by law, is done illegally. legal, are destined for European markets. Brazil has some 18 national parks and six biological preserves administered by the I BDF officials, an agency primarily concerned with forestry development Colombia IBDF officials admit that the allotted park areas will continue to be reduced in Although currently undergoing a full revision, Colombia's wildlife regulations size as development activities encroach on their perimeters. include the protection of all fauna subject to hunting, trapping and commercial A second system of national parks and preserves exists in Brazil and is admin- expioitation. In an effort to commit the nation to the rational utilization of its

6 7 renewable natural resources, the government established INbERENA, the In­ A nongovernment institution, the Tropical Agronomy Center for Research and stitute for the Development of Renewable Natural Resources, in 1968. A super­ Teaching (CATIE), located in Turrialba, Costa Rica, includes a Wildlands Manage­ agency charged with the management of the nation's forests, fisheries, national ment Unit within the organization's Forestry Department. The Wildlands Manage­ parks programs, flora, fauna, soils and waters, INDERENA has come under attack ment Unit offers technical assistance to many Latin American countries on from some conservationists and scientists for failing adequately to protect Col­ wildlife management and national parks planning and management. Several ombia's forests and wildlife. INDERENA admittedly views the country's forests as other private agencies deal with animal welfare issues in Costa Rica, including an a "cash crop" to be exploited and many are fearful that, without intensive Audubon Society chapter in the nation's capital, San jose. reforestation efforts, the forests and their inhabitants will soon disappear. Costa Rica has ratified both the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Colombia has ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Pres­ Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere and the Convention on International ervation in the Western Hemisphere and, according to INDERENA offcials, the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. country plans to ratify the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Before a vigorous government crackdown around 1975, smuggling of wildlife Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. and animal products was a serious problem in Cost Rica. Today, according to There are 24 national parks and preserves, all of which have been created in government officials and conservationists, virtually no animals or products are this decade. exported from the country. Those caiman and cat skins which do leave Costa Some four private agencies dealing with the welfare of domestic animals are Rica are said to exit to Nicaragua. located in Colombia's major urban centers. Before the government ban on the exportation of live animals and animal Ecuador products in 1974, Leticia, a city of some 14,000 residents situated on the Amazon Ecuador's Forestry and Agricultural Development Law includes regulations on River in southern Colombia, was one of Latin America's main trading centers. hunting and game animals. In 1969, the country first prohibited the export of Five years later it remains one of the region's most important conduits for illegal wild animals. The Wildlife Protection Law, implemented in 1970, establishes trafficking. Although there is an INDERENA office in Leticia, blackmarket activ­ guidelines for commerce in wild species, while the national parks and preserves ities in the animal trade persist. According to authoritative sources in Leticia, act was enacted in 1971. The Wildlife Section of the General Office of Forestry average skin prices paid by dealers from North America and Europe are $65 for Development, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cattle Ranching, is charged ocelot, $100 for jaguar, and $50 for margay. Live animals are less expensive than with protecting Ecuador's fauna. skins due to curing costs. Prices for live primates are $43- $90 for an immature Ecuador currently has six national parks, including the Galapagos Islands Na­ Capuchin monkey, $90 for a wooly monkey, $30- $45 for a squirrel monkey, and tional Park and three areas in the country's Amazon Basin region. $30 - $60 for a marmoset. Live tropical birds range from $150 - $300 for a Despite having ratified both the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild macaw, $60- $150 for an Amazonian green parrot (more if tamed), and $75 for a Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere and the Convention on International toucan. Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Ecuador, like that of other In addition to the lucrative sale of skins, hides, tropical fish and live animals Amazon Basin countries, faces a threat to its wildlife through development ac­ for the pet and zoo trades, more than one million primates were exported from tivities. Leticia between 1953 and 197 4 to laboratories in North America and Europe for Several private organizations concerned with animal issues operate in the cancer and other biomedical research activities. country, including a national branch of the World Wildlife Fund. Barranquilla, on Colombia's northern coast, is another town through which il­ In 1977, the government issued regulations governing the export of wild legal animal trafficking is said to flourish. Countries receiving illegally exported animals and their products. Based on current information, it can only be deter­ wildlife and animal products from Colombia include Panama, the Netherlands, mined that sea turtles are illegally exported from Ecuador. Legally exported japan, West Germany, Spain, Italy and the United States. animals include birds and mammals which are shipped to the United States, West Germany and the Netherlands. Costa Rica Although Costa Rica has one of the most progressive wildlife protection and El Salvador parks programs in Latin America:authorities say that the high rate of develop­ The only law on wildlife or conservation shown in the Index to Latin American ment in tropical forest areas accounts for the country's rapidly declining wildlife Legislation for El Salvador is one enacted in 1977 prohibiting the utilization in populations. Passed in 1970, the Conservation of Wildlife Law establishes hunting any way of turtles and their eggs. (Laws are listed daily in the country's Diario seasons for the country's game animals, confers upon the Ministry of Agriculture Oficia/.) and Cattle Ranching the responsibility for the management and protection of El Salvador, with less than 3% of its densely populated territory forested, has Costa Rica's wildlife, and establishes the national parks and preserves program. an extensive list of threatened endangered, and extinct species. The Parks and The nation's wildlife regulations are currently being revised. Wildlife Department is charged with the protection of the nation's fauna and In addition to the National Parks Service, there is a Wildlife Division which habitats. Although it has ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild also deals with wildlife matters. Both agencies are under the mandate of the Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, El Salvador has not ratified the Ministry of Agriculture and Cattle Ranching. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

8 9 Among the animal products exported from El Salvador are live iguanas and the ty of Natural Sciences of the University of Guyana. No information was available skins of boa constrictors. It is unclear from the information available whether on private sector activities. these exports originated in El Salvador or were forwarded, legally or illegally, Guyana has not ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life from another country. Preservation in the Western Hemisphere but has signed the Convention on Inter­ national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The government French Guiana banned primate exports in 1976. A department of the Republic of France, French Guiana is subject to the laws No information was available to aid in distinguishing which species and animal of the motherland, according to the Embassy of France. Specific regulations products are exported either legally or illegally. Several Latin American countries governing hunting and other wildlife matters were unavailable at the time of and conservationists have alleged that Guyana serves as a conduit for illegal writing. It is presumed that the Departmental Office of Agriculture manages animal trafficking. Statistics published by the Wildlife Permit Office of the U.S. wildlife affairs in French Guiana, but to date no responses to inquiries have been Fish and Wildlife Service list Guyana and Surinam as t~e countries of origin for received. three shipments of caiman skins in 1977 totalling 6,643 specimens. France has not ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, but did ratify the Convention on Inter­ Honduras national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora with the reserva­ The six-year old Department of Renewable Natural Resources, under the tion that it may import as many crocodile and turtle products as it wishes. Ministry of Natural Resources, includes units concerned with wildlife, ecology It is known that French Guiana exports the skins of crocodiles and caimans. In and fisheries. Members of the Wildlife Unit work on the formulation of protec­ 1978, the United States imported more than 11,500 caiman and crocodile skins tive legislation for wildlife and their habitat. Marine turtles are protected by law, from French Guiana. Other export information was unavailable at the time of although enforcement is so poor that large numbers of turtles and their eggs are writing. taken annually.ln 1977, the legal sale of live cats and their skins was banned. The Wildlife Unit has recently conducted an inventory of 14 prospective na­ Guatemala tional park sites. Honduras' first national park may soon be created on 7,000 hec­ Guatemala's hunting laws were enacted in 1971 to protect 16 endangered spe­ tares of cloud forest at La Tigre near Tegucigalpa, the nation's capital. A cies of mammals and birds. The widespread destruction of habitat and inade­ long-range plan exists for the creation of a wildlife refuge in the Rio Platano quate reforestation efforts have greatly diminished the range of forest dwelling region of Colon and Gracias a Dios departments. species in Guatemala. Despite their protected status, the majority of the No information regarding organizations concerned with animal issues was country's wild I ife are nonetheless subject to hunting pressures. The only pro­ available at the time of writing. tected species not hunted is the quetzal bird, but widespread clearing of its Honduras has not ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life forest habitat contributes to the dwindling population trend. Preservation in the Western Hemisphere or the Convention on International Guatemala's National Parks Service maintains protected areas and manages Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. the country's wildlife populations. While the export of live animals and their products is believed to be minimal, Several private organizations and the University of San Carlos i-n Guatemala some smuggling is said to occur from the Mosquitia, a wilderness area in north­ City are involved in welfare issues concerning the country's wildlife and domestic eastern Honduras rich in caiman, boa constrictors, jaguar, ocelot and bird animals. species. In 1977, Honduras legally exported 618 live iguanas and 68 live boa con­ Although Guatemala is a member of the Convention on Nature Protection and strictors to the United States. Export figures to other countries are unavailable. Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, it has not ratified the Conven­ tion on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Mexico Among the species legally and illegally exported by Guatemala, both alive and Although Mexico's federal hunting and game laws are among the oldest and for their products, are boa constrictors and a variety of other snakes, iguanas, most thorough in Latin America, enforcement is a serious problem. With one of jaguar, ocelots, margay and numerous species of birds. Puerto Barrios, on the the highest birthrates in the world, Mexico's people continue to move into the Carribbean coast of Guatemala, is said to be an important conduit for illegal ani­ nation's wild areas in search of land and food. Animals, such as the tapir, which mal trafficking from Guatemala and other neighboring Latin American countries. are protected year round, are nonetheless hunted for their meat. Foreign sports­ men continue to seek trophies in Mexico with the result that jaguar and other en­ Guyana dangered species are still hunted, both within the legal seasons established by Legislation found to date on Guyana's wildlife dates back to the period prior the government and illegally. Mexico is said to be redrafting its wildlife laws. The to the nation's independenc~ from Great Britain. Some sauces say that Guyana is 1936 Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals be­ formulating. new laws to deal with wildlife and national parks, but at the time of tween Mexico and the United States, supplemented by the addition of 32 writing, no information has been received from correspondents in Guyana. phylogenetic families in 1972, remains in effect. Government agencies known to deal with wildlife matters in Guyana are the The Ministry of Agriculture's Subsecretary of Forestry and Fauna is charged Ministry of Agriculture, the Guyana Museum and Zoological Park, and the Facul- with managing and protecting the nation's wildlife. Other government agencies

10 11 and institutions, such as the Natural History Museum of Mexico City and various livestock - are not protected. At the public market in Panama City, jaguar skins universities, conduct research on wildlife problems. There are 47 national parks sell for about $50 dollars each. and preserves in the country. The country's first national park was created in late 1978 in an effort to pro­ Mexico has ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preser­ tect the main watershed around the Panama Canal's Gatun Lake from deforesta­ vation in the Western Hemisphere and is said to be near to ratifying the Conven­ tion by peasants seeking new homesteads. Plans are also underway to establish tion on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wiid Fauna and Flora. Frontier National Park in Darien Province adjacent to the Colombian border. In More than a dozen private animal welfare organizations operate through Mex­ the Canal Zone there are two biological preserves, Barra Colorado Island in ico, but their activities appear to be concerned mainly with domestic animal Gatun Lake, administered by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and issues. Madden Forest Reserve near Panama City. In addition to the hunting of jaguar, both legally and illegally, Mexico exports In addition to the work of RENARE, the Museum of Natural Sciences conducts raw skins, hides and manufactured animal products such as watchbands, shoes, research projects relating to Panama's wildlife and their habitats. handbags and belts fashioned from crocodillians, iguanas and other lizards. Sea Private organizations involved with wildlife issues include the Panama turtles and parrots are among the many other animals that are exported, legally Audubon Society and the Sociedad Amigos de Ia Naturaleza. and illegally, from Mexico. Panama has ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild life Preser­ vation in the Western Hemisphere and, in October of 1978, ratified the Conven­ Nicaragua tion on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Nicaragua's hunting legislation, enacted in 1956, was updated in 1972 to (CITES). establish seasons on most wildlife and prohibit indefinitely the hunting of those Despite its ratification of CITES, Panama is still reputed to be one of Latin species which are most endangered (however, members of the cat family remain America's major stopovers for illegally exported live animals and animal prod­ on the seasons list). In early 1977, legislation was passed prohibiting the hunting ucts. When asked which species of animals are illegally exported from Panama, and capture of certain animal species for commercial purposes. Exploitation of one official simply replied, "You name it." Parrots and other birds, all species of other species is still permitted on a seasonal basis. The same law prohibited the monkeys, a wide variety of crocodillians, iguanas and other reptiles, turtle prod­ exportation of turtle eggs for a ten year period. Despite the 1977 legislation, ucts and virtually any mammal that can be caught, skinned and transported are many rare animal species can still be hunted and trapped legally. Nicaragua lists smuggled out of Panama to markets in the United States, Japan and Europe. In 14 mammals and 17 birds as being in danger of extinction as development of the 1977, part of Panama's legal exports to the United States included more than 245 country's eastern tropical forests continues to destroy wildlife habitat. live baby caimans, 371 live baby boa constrictors, 3500 live baby iguanas and The Wildlife Department of the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the 350 watchbands made from caiman hides. management and protection of Nicaragua's wildlife. However, with three distinct government agencies responsible for the utilization of natural resources, and vir­ Paraguay tually no coordination among them, wildlife is often the loser to forestry, water, With no response to the project questionnaire received at the time of writing, cattle ranching and agrocolonization projects. the only hunting or conservation law located for Paraguay in the Index to Latin A National Parks Service, under the natural resources agency CAT ASTRO, has American Legislation (1950- 1979) was a decree regulating the hunting of certain species of wild fowl. designated an area in the tropical forest region of north~astern Nicaragua as a protected area which may become a national park. Existing parks in the country It is known that a National Parks and Wildlife division exists within the Depart­ focus on Nicaragua's numerous volcanos, some of which include cloud forests. ment of Forestry Management. Nicaragua has ratified both the convention on Nature Protection and Wild life To date there is no information on private sector agencies dealing with wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere and the Convention on International or domestic animal matters. Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Paraguay has ratified the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Pres­ ervation in the Western Hemisphere as well as the Convention on International Although no records of Nicaragua's exporting of live animals or their products Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. was available at the time of writing, both neighboring Honduras and Costa Rica U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service records show that in 1978, 9000 iguana skins maintain that animals from their respective countries are exported illegally were imported into the United States from Paraguay. It is also known that snake through Nicaragua. skins are exported. Panama Panama's 1967 game laws, which provide for the protection of 17 species of Peru animals, are currently being updated by officials of RENARE, the Department of Peru's forestry and wildlife law,"enacted in 1975, prohibits the hunting of a Renewable Natural Resources, under the mandate of the Ministry of Agriculture. variety of endangered species, including jaguar and tapir, and establishes hunting Most edible birds, mammals and reptiles are theoretically protected by law, seasons on other species such as capybara, white-lipped and white-collared pec­ however, hunting pressures are high and enforcement is said to be nonexistent. caries and brockett deer. (As in most other Latin American nations, the more Members of the cat family - viewed by farmers and ranchers as a threat to their than 50 aboriginal Indian tribes of Peru's Amazon basin are not required to abide

12 13 by the hunting laws.) Some Peruvian officials maintain that the nation's wildlife diction of the Forestry Office. In the same year the Office of Legal Control was and its habitat are not currently threatened because of the lack of intensive established within the Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture to implement "man­ development efforts throughout the country. Other authorities, however, main­ agement" plans for the nation's wildlife. tain that Peru is a major source and conduit of illegally exported animals and Two private organizations are involved with animal welfare issues in Uruguay. animal products. Uruguay has ratified both the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life The Conservation Branch of the General Office of Forestry and Fauna in the Preservation in the Western Hemisphere and the Convention on International Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the protection and management of Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Peru's wildlife. While exact numbers on Uruguay's export of wildlife and animal products are A national parks program was instituted in Peru in 1968, although some areas not readily available, one authority has said that the country's wildlife export were designated as protected as early as 1961. Peru currently has five national figures were so large that they could not be enumerated by Uruguayan officials. parks, four national reserve areas and two national sanctuaries. An additional One figure available from the U.S. Department of the Interior shows that in 1978 two parks, two national reserves and three national sanctuaries are planned. the U.S. shoe industry imported 5,158 boa constrictor skins from Uruguay. In addition to bilateral conservation agreements with other countries whose territories contain expanses of the Amazon basin, Peru has ratified both the Con­ Venezuela vention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Wildlife legislation enacted by Venezuela in 1970 established seasons and Hemisphere and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of other restrictions on the hunting and commercial utilization of wildlife by all but Wild Fauna and Flora. the aboriginal peoples living in the Orinoco River basin. Two private agencies work with domestic animal welfare issues, and there is Three government agencies, the National Wildlife Council,' the National Center also a national branch of the World Wildlife Fund in Peru. of Wildlife Investigation (under the Ministry of Agriculture) and the Ministry of As has been noted, Peru is reputed to be an important stopover and source Environment and Renewable Natural Resources, deal with matters concerning the country for a wide variety of smuggled wildlife and animal products. Two nation's wildlife. Due to minimal efforts to develop Venezuela's southern region, Amazon basin towns, lquitor and Pucallpa, are said to be major collection and there are relatively few pressures on wild animal species in that area. distribution points for virtually every animal species found in the region's Venezuela has 24 national parks and natural monuments. In addition to tropical rain forests. While documentation on legally exported animals shows few government agencies, .there are six private organizations which deal.with wildlife exports - e.g., 50 tamarins exported to the United States in 1977 - illegally ex­ and domestic animal issues. ported mammals, reptiles, birds and insects are conservatively said to number in Venezuela has ratified both the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild the tens of thousands. Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Surinam While information relating to the export of wildlife and animal products had No information on Surinam's wildlife legislation was received by the time of not been received at the time of this writing, it is known that Venezuela legally writing. A territory of the Netherlands, Surinam is known to have a Ministry of exports caiman and crocodile hides. Agriculture in which an office of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries operates.· Con­ ceivably, this office is also involved with wildlife matters. A private agency, the Foundation of Nature Preservation in Surinam (STI NASU) is known to operate within the country. The Netherlands, despite its interests in Surinam, has not ratified the Conven­ tion on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere. Neither has the Dutch government ratified the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. While the exact extent of legal and illegal animal exports from Surinam is not presently known, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service statistics show that in 1977, the United States imported more than 6,643 caiman hides shipped jointly from Surinam and Guyana. How much of Surinam's wildlife trafficking is channeled through the Netherlands is unclear at this time.

Uruguay Uruguay's wildlife legislation regulates the hunting, exploitation and sale of all native and migratory species. Over the years, laws have been enacted to protect ostriches, waterfowl, otter, foxes and wolves throughout the country. In 1970, the National Parks and Wildlife Service was created within the juris-

14 15 varying degrees of protection depending upon their appendix listing. Appendix I SECTION II - lists species which face extinction and are, or may be, affected by trade. Appen­ INTERNATIONAL AND UNITED STATES dix II includes species which, although not presently threatened with extinction, may become so if trade were not carefully regulated to prevent their overex­ ACTIVITIES AND LAWS CONCERNING ploitation. This appendix also lists other species which closely resemble those in LATIN AMERICAN WILDLIFE need of protection. Appendix Ill represents a special category in which any party-country can list indigenous animal or plant species that are protected A. International Activities and Laws domestically but which also require international protection. In addition to for­ mal meetings of CITES parties held every few years, there are provisions for sub­ The first people to wonder at the wildlife of Latin America were those who mitting amendments to the document's appendices. Parties can also enter a migrated from Asia through North America and into Central and South America. "reservation" on a species which means that they will be treated as nonparties They marveled at the animals and, in addition to utilizing those that provided regarding trade in that particular species. food, clothing and adornment, they incorporated the most strange and colorful Some 982 species of wild animals and plants have been listed as endangered creatures into their beliefs. Then, almost four centuries ago, a new influx of im­ by the 51 nations which have ratif.ied CITES. migrants began. Searching for wealth and renown, the adventurers - the Spanish Among the problems confronting member-parties of CITES is that, while most and Portuguese followed by the Dutch and the English - told tales not only of exporting nations have regulations, importing nations may have none. Thus, the dazzling treasures and enticing new lands, but of animals unknown to European problems which the source countries have in enforcing laws and monitoring the man. It was not long before the naturalists began their explorations, breathlessly flow of animal exports are aggravated by the worldwide demand for animal pro­ collecting, cataloging and sketching the life of the tropical rain forests, the ducts which encourages smuggling and discourages effective controls. Another savannas, and the Andean highlands. problem is the reservation clause, a diplomatic nicety, which enables a country Centunes later man knows more about Latin America's wildlife. At the same to be both a CITES member as well as a consumer of whatever animal products time we realize how much more there is to learn before man can claim to mean profitable business to special interests. understand the intricate workings among these life forms. One thing we do The Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the understand now is that due tb man's everincreasing encroachment on wildlife Western Hemisphere, implemented in 1940 under the auspices of the Pan habitat and his ceaseless exploitation of the animals themselves, the future of American Union, provides for the conservation of species and genera of flora Latin American fauna is in question. and fauna native to the Americas in their natural habitats. The Convention also In less than four hundred years - a very short span of time from an evolu­ promulgates the creation of national parks and preserves as well as the preserva­ tionary viewpoint - man's question has changed from 'what is it?' to 'how can tion of nature monuments, strict wilderness preserves and migratory birds. The we save it?' The problem of disappearing species is one that is now being con- control of international trade of specially protected species of wildlife is also . sidered on a global scale. In response to this and corresponding questions, inter­ provided for in Article IX by requiring a certificate of lawful exportation from the national organizations and laws have been formed which, ideally, support na­ country of origin. tional and regional efforts to address the problems. The following is a survey of With the majority of Western Hemisphere nations having ratified the Conven­ some major international activities and laws which, in addition to their broader tion, many conservation-minded scientists and planners sought stricter range of considerations, address the problems confronting the wildlife of Latin adherence to the substance of the agreement in recent years. America. The Convention Between the United States of America and The United Mex­ The Convention on lntern

17 16 . temperate forests, grazing lands, arid zones, fresh water, mountains, islands, and commerce, and conservation and protection activities by both a vigorous biosphere reserves, pesticides/fertilizer, engineering works, urban ecosystems, private sector and various government-sponsored agencies, the United States is demographic change, perception of environmental quality and pollution. the world's largest importer of wildlife and animal products. U.S. Fish and Certain of these project areas have particular relevance to the status of Wildlife Service statistics show that in 1977 the United States imported 100 wildlife in Latin America. MAS's tropical forest project involves studying and million tropical fish, 500,000 reptiles, 100,000 mammals and many thousands of documenting the ecological effects of increasing human activities on tropical exotic birds. But even the seemingly insatiable demand for live animals is sur­ and subtropical forest ecosystems. The biosphere reserves project promotes the passed by the volume of trade in wildlife products - the coats, shoes, belts, conservation of national areas and the genetic diversity they contain. The ongo­ watchbands, jewelry and other accessories made from the skins, hides, teeth and ing results of the MAB projects, may help alleviate the pressures being exerted other parts of the world's wildlife. on wildlife habitat throughout Latin America. The Lacey Act: At the end of the last century man began to understand that The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources his activities were responsible for the extinction of scores of wild I ife species (IUCN), is an international organization whose activities concern Latin America's around the world. Concerned about the recent extermination of the passenger wildlife and the preservation of its habitat. With headquarters in Morges, pigeon and the depletion of other species due to excessive market hunting, the Switzerland, IUCN is a private organization which studies and monitors changes U.S. Congress passed the Lacey Act in 1900. This was an early effort to prevent in global environment due to human activities. Included among IUCN's many further depletion of wild I ife resources, and hence extinctions. The Lacey Act works are the in-process which seeks to establish World Conservation Strategy, sought to bolster the wildlife conservation laws of the states and to protect priorities for the protection of representative samples of ecosystems and their in­ agriculture and horticulture by banning the importation of certain species of habitants; the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA), wildlife deemed to be detrimental to agriculture. On the conservation side, the which is reviewing the status of protected areas throughout the world; the Trade Lacey Act supplemented state laws for the protection of game and birds, with Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC), which monitors the added dimension of implementing regulations regarding their use in interstate and makes recommendations regarding international trade of wild animals and commerce. The "importation of injurious wildlife" provisions of the Act did not plants; and the maintenance of the which lists those species of Red Data Book, cover "natural history specimens for museums or scientific collections" nor did animals and plants which are considered endangered, rare or vulnerable. the Act consider the destructive effects that the importation of wildlife products The World Wildlife Fund, with international headquarters in Morges, had on wildlife populations. Switzerland, works closely with its national affiliates throughout the world. In ad­ Over the years various amendments to the Lacey Act expanded the provisions dition to the World Wildlife Fund-U.S., which funds numerous research projects of the original legislation to include broader interpretations of both native and relating to wildlife and their habitat in Latin America, there is a national branch, injurious wildlife. But it is only since 1969 that the movement to protect en­ PRODENA-WWF, in Peru. dangered wildlife species, both in the United States and abroad, began to gain The International Society for the Protection of Animals (!SPA), with its main of­ momentum. While the Lacey Act was an important first step, it is limited in both fice in London and field office, in Massachusetts and West Germany, is active in the species of wildlife it protects and the kind of protection it offers. promoting animal welfare activities throughout Latin America. In addition to con­ The Endangered Species Act: The passage of The Endangered Species Act of ducting animal rescue projects where dams have flooded vast areas of jungle, 1973 was the culmination of numerous attempts by private and government ISPA officials consult with representatives of Latin American governments and agencies to have substantial legislation enacted to cover both domestic and private animal welfare agencies on matters concerning both wildlife and foreign species of wildlife. The 1973 Act has two antecedents: The Endangered domestic animals. ISPA is planning to open a field office in Bogota, Colombia, Species Preservation Act of 1966, which authorized the protection of endangered and another in either Buenos Aires, Argentina, or Sao Paulo, Brazil. species habitat within the United States but offered no protection for foreign The World Federation for the Protection of Animals (WFPA), located in Zurich, wildlife, and The Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969, which Switzerland, has council members and regional correspondents from around the strengthened the domestic provisions of the 1966 Act and also authorized the world. Working in cooperation with the International Society for the Protection listing of wildlife "threatened with world wide extinction." Furthermore, the 1969 of Animals, the two organizations undertook a global survey in 1977 on animal Act prohibited the importation into the United States of such threatened species, protection legislation and slaughter, but the response to the project question­ except for certain limited purposes such as zoological, educational and scientific naire was disappointing (only one response was received from Latin America). activities and captive breeding for the preservation of species. The 1969 Act also Nonetheless, WFPA continues to work with numerous private animal welfare amended section 3 of the Lacey Act to expand the scope of the ban on interstate organizations in Latin America as well as with international bodies whose con­ and foreign commerce in unlawfully obtained wild animals and birds to include cerns include Central and South America. reptiles, amphibians, molluscs and crustaceans. The Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 also authorized consulta­ B. United States Activities and laws tions through the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOl), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of State, with foreign countries to determine which species of Despite an exhaustive battery of legislation designed to protect international foreign wildlife were threatened. The intention was to encourage foreign govern­ wildlife, adherence to the major international conventions on wildlife protection ments to provide protection for their native endangered species (and to take

18 19 tation of foreign species of wildlife and animal products and serves as a manage­ steps to prevent additional species from becoming endangered), to provide ment authority on U.S. laws and the importation of foreign species; and d) the technical assistance to other countries for the development and implementation Endangered Species Scientific Authority (ESSA), an autonomous authority created of protection programs, and to promulgate bilateral and multilateral treaties for in 1977 whose duties include advising the Federal Wildlife Permit Office on mat­ the protection of endangered wildlife. To this end, the 1969 Act directed the ters concerning the import and utilization of endangered species of animals and departments of the Interior and State to promote an international ministerial plants. meeting for the purpose of implementing "a binding international convention on Enforcement of wildlife legislation is done by agents and inspectors of the the conservation of endangered species." The agreement which this meeting pro­ Division of Law Enforcement with assistance from Customs and other federal duced was the basis of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered agencies. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has designated eight ports of entry Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which is discussed earlier in this section. for the importation of wildlife and animal products: Mi.ami, New York, Chicago, The Endangered Species Act of 1973, which repealed the Endangered Species San Francisco, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Seattle and Honolulu, with most of the legally imported Latin American wildlife and animal products entering the United Conservation Act of 1969 and amended the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, also implemented CITES. In addition to implementing CITES, the 1973 States at Miami. While designation of the eight ports of entry was made because Act directs the President to implement the 1940 Convention on Nature Protection of the small number of agents and inspectors, customs officials halt those and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere. The 1973 Act also directs unauthorized shipments of wildlife which they catch at other ports. There are the DOl to encourage foreign nations to implement their own endangered only six wildlife law enforcement agents at New York, and fewer in Miami. species protection programs and authorizes the granting of U.S. financial and Although import and export forms are collected and kept at the ports of entry, wildlife personnel assistance to achieve these ends. Under the Act, the DOl is they have not been monitored and totalled on a national scale since also authorized to conduct law enforcement investigations and research in con­ 1972,according to an official of the ESSA. ESSA is presently undertaking the im­ sort with foreign countries. plementation of a computerized monitoring system. While it is recognized that U.S. control over activities injurious to wildlife car­ During the period of October 1,1976, to September 30, 1977, 1 ,205 cases in­ ried out by foreign countries is limited, the 1973 Act not only prohibits the im­ volving wildlife importation violations (from all countries) were compiled by the portation of endangered and threatened wildlife species through U.S. adherence Division of Law Enforcement. Agents seized some 21,110 specimens which the to CITES, it also stipulated that the actions of the U.S. government may not im­ importers conservatively estimated at a value of $209,571. Despite enforcement peril the continued existence of endangered or threatened species in foreign efforts, it is widely known - if not accepted - that a considerable amount of countries. wildlife traffic enters the United States illegally. The lack of funding for addi­ A few years later, taking this facet of the 1973 Act at face value, several tional enforcement personnel is considered to be the major stumbling block to private U.S. conservation groups brought suit against the U.S. government over curtailing illegal entries. One government official, pessimistic about the future of the financial assistance which it was providing to Panama for the construction of world wildlife, maintained that as long as there is a large market for wild animals the Pan American Highway through the rain forests of the country's Darien Pro­ and their products, traffic will continue to "move freely." There is also a feeling vince. The effects of the highway, the groups argued, would not only be injurious among government officials that environmentalists in the private sector expect to Panama's wildlife, but could permit the spread of foot-and-mouth disease to dramatic results from· federal agencies charged with stemming the flow of illegal Central and North America through the transport of infected livestock. imports. Noting their inability to "perform miracles," government authorities say that the private agencies criticize the government for not having the information As a result of this and other actions, an amendment was added to the Foreign which they themselves do not have. Although the government finds itself ac­ Assistance Act in 1977 which required that any development projects funded and cused of being both ineffectual and too strident by disparate wildlife interests, it administered by the U.S. government must provide environmental impact state­ is trying, nonetheless, to improve its monitoring and enforcement capacities. ments showing that the planned activities will not be ecologically damaging to the nations involved. Even broadly interpreted, this provision could include The U.S. Department of State has several activities which concern Latin adverse affects upon endangered wildlife species and their habitat. America's wildlife. These include the operations of the Bureau of Oceans and In­ By 1978 the World Bank, funded in part by the United States, had also includ­ ternational Environmental and Scientific Affairs; the Man and the Biosphere Pro­ ed provisions for environmental impact analyses in its mandate. gram office, which liases with UNESCO's international program; and the en­ vironmental review activities of potential projects before the Bureau of Latin U.S. Department of the Interior (DOl): Both the National Park Service and the American and Caribbean Affairs. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are agencies of the DOl which work with Latin American governments. The National Park Service funds the Division of Interna­ Other Organizations: Among U.S. government-funded activities which involve tional Park Affairs which provides consultation to foreign governments concern­ the status of wildlife in Latin America are the Smithsonian Institution's Office of ing national parks and preserves and other critical habitats of wildlife. The DOl's Biological Conservation in Washington, D.C., and the Smithsonian Tropical Fish and Wildlife Service funds: a) the Office of International Affairs, which con­ Research Institute in Panama, which conducts a wide variety of research projects sults with foreign nations on matters pertaining to wildlife protection and man­ relating to the wildlife of the humid tropics. agement; b) the Division of Law Enforcement, whose agents enforce federal laws The Peace Corps continues to provide personnel who work with officials of regarding hunting and the importation of foreign animals and animal products; c) departments of renewable natural resources and national parks programs the Federal Wildlife Permit Office, which issues or denies permits for the impor-

21 20 throughout Latin America, although the highly acclaimed technical assistance preservation of species. Conservation, say the pet interests, involves the managed program operated in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution was terminated harvesting, captive breeding, and translocation of displaced animals while preser­ in 1978. vation dictates that animals incur no disruptions whatsoever. Despite the desire and effort to provide effective assistance on matters regard­ While the importance of captive breeding programs are generally supported by ing the problems of wildlife in Latin America, the personnel of relevant U.S. pet trade advocates, most acknowledge that the current demand for exotic pets government agencies are generally frustrated by the magnitude of the problems cannot be met by such activities. Managed harvesting of live specimens, they and a lack of both adequate funding and staffing. As the number and complexity say, will prevent increasing deaths due to habitat destruction and provide money of federal and international laws grow, additional monies and manpower are re­ for both primary co(lectors and indigenous conservation efforts. quired for full compliance. However, the monitoring and enforcement of legisla­ In a statement issued to the delegates attending a meeting of CITES held in tion suffer from a serious shortage of both. San jose, Costa Rica, in March of 1979, a spokesman for the PIJAC, which Non-Government Organizations (NGO): The majority of the numerous private represents 18 member associations and some 1,000 institutional members, said: sector conservation and animal welfare organizations in the United States limit their activities to domestic concerns. Essentially, the reasons for this restriction ... the useless killing of many species in the wild, especially those have to do with inadequate funding, the attention required by problems within which transgress to agricultural areas, rather than their managed tak­ the United States, and what one U.S.-based conservationist terms "the enormity ing and export is unwarranted and contrary to the spirit of conserva­ and seemingly hopeless plight of wildlife in the less developed countries." tion and this Convention; it is also inhumane... while the pet trade to Of those NCO's that do operate outside the United States, their international some may be luxury, it is a natural resource for many countries - a programs are for the most part narrow extensions of the organization's domestic natural resource which can and should be properly managed. Certain activities. This is not to say that their activities are either token or ineffectual. In­ species have also been determined to provide sociological and ternational conservation activities, such as the funding and legal assistance made thereapeutic benefits to man. available for the creation of national parks in other countries by such organiza­ The pet industry is ready, willing and able to work with any manage­ tions as the World Wildlife Fund-U.S. and The Nature Conservancy not only ment authority to assist in encouraging and establishing captive result in tangible results, but are important indeveloping the credibility and breeding programs and managed harvesting programs for export recognition by government and private wildlife agencies located in the host similar to those established in the United States and other countries. countries. Because the destruction of habitat is the major threat to wildlife in Latin According to Marshall Meyers, General Counsel for PIJAC, captive breeding is America, NCO assistance with land acquisitions for national parks and preserves not necessary for all species of animals since some, like fish and certain birds, is of primary importance. However, as discussed earlier, neither a national park reproduce prolifically in the wild. nor a federal statute is assurance that wildlife can be protected. Among the im­ CITES is impossibe to administer because of all of its regulations, says Meyers. portant activities which require increased support from the NCO's are public All nonhuman primates were placed on the list regardless of their status. In many education programs, such as those promoted by the Rare Animal Relief Effort of the countries where they occur, nonhuman primates are shot as pests because (RARE) in Surinam and other countries. of their numbers. Another crucial endeavor to which the NCO's can contribute is the increased Referring to the pet trade, Meyers says that individual situations should deter­ production of educational films and literature concerning the plight of wildlife in mine whether a person should be permitted to keep an exotic animal as a pet. the less developed countries and the ways in which the United States, through its Permits should be issued according to an individual's knowledge and the private business sector, encourages habitat destruction and trafficking in wildlife facilities available for the animal(s). The pet trade has been blamed for many of and animal products. While several private conservation organizations currently the negative situations found in zoological parks. However, zoos have become produce outstanding materials, such as the National Wildlife Federations' maga­ more sensitive to these problems and are attempting to rectify them. Mindful of zine, International Wildlife, increased efforts are needed to stimulate public existing differences, the pet trade would I ike to improve its relationship with the awareness in the United States and other developed countries. conservation and environmental groups. Consumer Organizations: Another aspect of the U.S. private sector's involve­ ment with Latin American wildlife is the "consumer organizations"; those whose concerns lie with promoting the importation of either animals or animal products for commercial purposes. Among the organizations which encourage commerce in living wildlife are the U.S.-based Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council (PIJAC) and the Pet Industry Distributors Association (PIDA), Great Britain's Pet Trade Association Limited (PTA), and the International Pet Trade Organization (I PTO), headquartered in the Netherlands. Among the arguments advanced to promulgate the importation of live animals is that CITES is a document which promotes the conservation rather than the

22 23 SECTION Ill - 2) Each Latin American nation should conduct environmental impact studies prior to the implementation of development projects. This may not only save CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS some degree of wildife and habitat, but could prevent the expense and waste of ill-conceived planning. In the past and present, many countries have promoted The American naturalist Joseph Wood Krutch has written that for a species to costly projects in agriculture, colonization and engineering only to discover later become extinct is for it to be "lost forever in the most absolute of all deaths." that soils and other environmental factors were unsuitable. Priority should be Our awareness of extinction is a frightening concept, new to man's conscious­ given to implementing land-use surveys and inventories in order that rational ness. Some maintain that it is an awareness born of luxury; that for the primitive decision-making can be employed within the framework of national and local man who slew the last mammoth or the subsistence peoples who excessively development activities. hunt the animal inhabitants of their world, survival is the only concept to be When a specific project has been approved, care should be taken to preserve understood. But all must agree that the total extermination of a species not only adjacent areas of habitat and its wildlife. The careless use of powerful herbicides endangers the ecosystem to which that species belonged, it diminishes the soul and insecticides throughout Latin America has become a severe problem affect­ of man. Evolution has taught us that all life is a struggle to survive and that ing man, wildlife and vegetation. Regulations regarding the import and produc­ some species are bound to perish in that contest. But even if we consider man as tion of pernicious chemicals and their use need to be implemented and enforced. a component of the natural world - which we should - there can be no justification for his extermination of other species. Ignorance can be no excuse 3) With or without the assistance of international aid institutions, development when rational alternatives exist. activities which can serve as alternatives to the destruction of existing wilderness In order for a species to survive, it must adapt to the changes in its environ­ areas should be promulgated. Improved management of arable lands already ment - the loss or introduction of other species, climate, and other subtle fac­ under cultivation and the conversion from cash crops for export to food products tors which historically have occurred over long periods of time. The rule is sim­ for domestic use could help to alleviate the food shortages suffered by many ple: adapt or die. But the rise to dominance of Homo sapiens has been accom­ Latin American countries. At the same time, alternate industries in fisheries, panied by their ability to dramatically alter environments with dire consequences forestry (with reforestation activity), and manufacturing which would not only for nonhuman life forms. It has been estimated that in the eighteen centuries provide employment but goods for domestic use and export, could be developed. prior to 1600 (the beginning of the modern age), some 120 kinds of mammals and All governments have a responsibility to resist economic exploitation by business 150 types of birds had disappeared. It is calculated that only a quarter of these interests, both domestic and foreign, and to ensure that large profits derived lost animals were lost through natural causes; that the rest were exterminated by from their activities do not leave the country to be invested elsewhere. man and his activities. Studies show that since the seventeenth century, the rate of extinction is increasing with the passage of time. The number of extinctions in 4) Increased activity in the area of public education is essential if the prob­ the twentieth century is said to be one species lost every year. Based on current lems relating to the conservation of wild I ife and their habitat are to be rectified. information and future projections, the prognosis for the surviving species is grim. Public education programs dealing with birth control in Costa Rico and wildlife At the current rate of development, it is estimated that the tropical rain forests conservation in Honduras and Brazil have already shown successful results. of Latin America - those great reservoirs of biological diversity - will be destroyed by· early in the next century. Not only would we lose the myriad 5) Although further study is required, research activities demonstrating the species of animals and plants, many of them undiscovered which live there, but feasibility of widlife husbandry have already indicated that such animals as it is postulated that the destruction of the forests themselves could have im­ tapirs and manatees offer substantial nutritional benefits. Moreover, it is main­ mense repercussions on the global environment. Similarly, man's activities in tained by ecologists and other scientists that wildlife farming is more productive other geographical regions of Latin America threatens native species of animals than the yield gleaned from ranching activities involving domestic animals. By and plants, edging them even closer to extinction. It is, therefore, with these pursuing wildlife husbandry with a variety of species, habitat destruction for points in mind that the following recommendations concerning the preservation relatively unproductive cattle ranching activities would be lessened, and and conservation of Latin America's wildlife are made. ecosystems preserved.

1) Because the efforts of any U.S. or international organization aspiring to 6) The establishment of departments of renewable natural resources, usually work with Latin American counterparts in solving problems can only be as effec­ enacted when a country's environmental awareness is beginning to bloom, means tive as the contact agencies and individuals to be dealt with in each country, it is institutional leadership for the formulation of future conservation legislation and essential that liasons be carefully considered and developed. It is recommended activities. The continued and increased support of these departments by appro­ that the organizations and contact individuals noted throughout the report and priate U.S. and international agencies is urged. listed in Appendix A be supported and consulted as new programs and activities While the problems associated with the enforcement of conservation laws and are undertaken. Using their expertise in legal, fundraising and other areas, private the protection of national parks and preserves are recognized, additional finan­ organizations within the United States can help to strengthen existing organiza­ cial and technical assistance is needed for the training of management and en­ tions with similar concerns. forcement personnel, shelter and transportation facilities, and environmental

24 25 awareness programs such as those promoted by the national park~ ser~ices ~nd ment impose legislation requiring U.S. companies operating abroad to adhere to wildlife. agencies of various countries. The economic asset of tounsm m nat1onal the environmental laws of the United States when pursuing commercial interests parks where healthy wildlife populations thrive freely has already been demon­ overseas. Similarly, host countries should require that foreign companies operat­ strated in several less developed countries. ing within their national territories adhere to exisitng laws on conservation and the environment. Bound by U.S. regulations, companies could no longer engage 7) Ratification by all Latin American nations and compliance with both the in the sale of chemicals and other products harmful to the environment. U.S. Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western. companies should also be required to submit environmental impact studies to the governments of the host country and the United States prior to the final sale Hemisphere and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Spec1e~ of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) should be vigorously promoted by those countnes of heavy machinery to be used for large-scale development projects which would alter existing wilderness areas. which are already members and by international organizations involved with Latin America such as the Organization of American States, The World Bank, and appropriate agencies of the United Nations and the U.S. government. 11) The U.S. government should consider prohibiting the import and sale of all live animals and animal products for commercial purposes. Importation of live 8) Enforcement of national and international conservation and wildlife laws animals for certain scientific activities - which must be narrowly defined - can must be pursued more actively. It is recommended that an international. body, to be considered by appropriate authorities. It is the author's feeling that the con­ include officials of member nations of CITES, authorities of the International finement of most wild animals by the public serves no worthwhile purpose. Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource's TRAFFIC group, While tropical fish and smaller lizards and snakes may be exceptions, larger rep­ tiles and all members of the cat family do not make acceptable pets and suffer and other appropriate technical advisors, form a monitoring and enfor~ement agency to operate wherever required. In Latin America, this agency, w1th the high mortality rates in captivity outside of zoological gardens. The issue of zoo­ logical gardens is becoming increasingly controversial, despite new designs in cooperation of the various governments, would operate in such key export a~eas as Leticia and Barranquilla, Colombia; lquitos and Pucallpa, Peru; Panama City group and open habitats. While zoos can perform an important function in the and Colon, Panama; Bluebell, Nicaragua; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; Belize City captive breeding of endangered and threatened species, inadequate budgets and squalid conditions plague many institutions. and Stann Creek, Belize; and along the Mexico-United States border. Failing the establishment of such an enforcement body, increased assistance for inspection at major export points should be made available to those coun­ 12) Within the United States, the adversary relationship which currently exists tries expressing an interest in curtailing illegal trafficking operations. Funding for between private conservation organizations and the government agencies in­ these activities could come from a variety of sources including the implementa­ volved in conservation activities is, in the main, unproductive. Having worked tion of special taxes levied on the sale of wildlife and animal products. Some with both sectors, it is the author's conviction that individuals dedicated to the authorities, appalled at the magnitude of wildlife exports streaming from Latin difficult task of solving national and international conservation problems should America, some authorities have proposed a moratorium on wildlife trade for a work more closely together. While it will doubtless remain necessary for private six-month to one-year period in order to allow wildlife propulations to . organizations to involve some government bureaus in court actions in order to re-establish themselves. Failing the implementation o~ so "drastic" an action, it effect change, NCO's must bear in mind that the government agencies dealing is suggested that efforts be made to improve the regulation of trading activities with conservation issues are bound by federal laws and budget restrictions. Fur­ and distribute the profits more equitably among the chain of people involved. thermore, despite the pressures for funding and recognition which virtually all of One of the more obvious ways that this could be accomplished - at least as far the private conservation organizations face, their members should adopt more as legal trade is concerned - is for national and/or state governments to na­ cooperative attitudes. Assuming that the conservation goals of the private groups tionalize trade activities. are very similar, one should expect the support of all for worthwhile endeavors.

9) In order to curtail injuries and deaths, humane methods of capturing and In conclusion, any activities undertaken by U.S. conservation organizations in confining wild animals should be developed. The use of tranquilizers (in guns and Latin America should first carefully consider the nature of the project and the bait) should be required and improved methods of netting s~ould be devel~ped. country in which it is to be promoted. There are several countries which seem to Despite the economic disadvantages, Latin American countnes s~?uld ~ons1d.er offer greater potential for success than others. Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela, prohibiting the bunting of their wildlife by foreign sportsmen. ~allmg th1~ a~t1on, Argentina and Chile are among the nations which already have good infrastruc­ they should limit the number of hunting permits issued to fore1gners while In­ tures with which foreign conservation efforts can align their endeavors. While creasing I icense fees. some other countries may have less than optimal government or private sector organizations, their needs could therefore be perceived as being greater. Belize a country which claims 62% of its national territory as wilderness area and which 10) While it has been noted that U.S. government foreign assistance activities has minimal development pressure, would provide an excellent focal point for are bound by law to consider the environmental impact of new development pro­ the development of national parks and related conservation programs. jects, no such requirement exists for U.S.-based companies who sell their prod­ ucts or technical assistance to foreign countries. It is urged that the U.S. govern- If the diversity of life as we know it is to survive on this planet, governments

26 27 in consort with private organizations must establish national guidelines for the utilization and conservation of all natural resources. The specter that man will First Inter-American Conference on Conservation and Utilization of American Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research (1976) Scientific Publication No. 317. Pan American Health Organiza­ continue to plunder the earth and destroy its other inhabitants along with himself tion: Washington, D.C. is a distinct possibility. However, it is also possible that man will yet learn to Fish and Wildlife Service (1979) List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Federal share this planet and to discover his place upon it and that all forms of life will Register (January 17) 44(12). Friends of Animals (1979) Comments and Proposals for the Convention on International Trade in En­ one day be able to "be fruitful and multiply" within the environmental limita­ dangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 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28 29 Parsons, ).). (1976) Forest to Pasture, development or destruction? Revista de Biologia Tropical, 24 Appendix A (Suplemento 1). Pet Trade Association Ltd. (1979) A Wealth of Wildlife: A Plan for the Conservation of Wild Animal Relevant Institutions and Contact Individuals Concerned with Animal Resources by Rational Utilisation. Pet Trade Association Ltd.: Washington, D.C. Pets: Supplies-Marketing. Published monthly by Harcourt Brace Jovanovic Publications, 757 Third Ave., Issues in latin America. (This is not a complete listing.) New York, N.Y. 10017. Prance, G.T. and Elias, T.S. [eds.] (1977) Extinction is Forever: Threatened and Endangered Species of Plants in the Americas and Their Significance in Ecosystems Today and In the Future. New United States of America Europe (Continued) York Botanical Gardens Publication Office, Bronx, New York. Ramphal, S.S., Pollard, B.T.I. and Harris, F.O.C. (1973) The Laws of Guyana. Government of Guyana. 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Department of State to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Environmental Law Centre Washington, D.C. San jose, Costa Rica, 19-30 March. International Union for Conservation of Nature Sterling, T. and the Editors of Time-Life Books (1973) The Amazon. Time-Life Books: New York. Dr. Richard S Felgar and Natural Resources Stevens, C. (1978) International Animal Protection. In Animals and Their Legal Rights (ed. E.S. Leavitt), Senora Desert Museum Adenauerallee 214 pp. 214-215. Animal Welfare Institute: Washington, D.C. Tucson, Arizona 85703 D 5300 Bonn, West Germany Stevens, C. and Scott, M. (1978) Law Regulating the Sale of Small Animals and Birds. In Animals and Mr. Curt Freese Their Legal Rights (ed E.S. Leavitt), pp. 113-122. Animal Welfare Institute: Washington, D.C. Office of International Affairs Argentina Talbot, L.M. (1978) Endangered Species-International Dimensions of the Problem. Frontiers 42(4): U S. Fish and Wildlife Service Sr. Guillermo Anibal Surraco, President 16-19. Department of the Interior Asociacion de Proteccion al Animal The Exotic Animal Problem (1973) Modern Veterinary Practice 54(2): 19-26. Washington, D.C. "EI Refugio" The Impact of the Trade in Wild Animals for Pets on Global Wildlife Resources and the Objectives of San Martin 491 (60-21) the Convention (1979) Submitted by The South Africa delegation to the Convention on Inter­ Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy World Wildlife Fund Buenos Aires, Argentina national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, San jose, Costa Rica, 19-30 Washington, D.C. March. Lie. Claudio Blanco Tsalickis, M. (1972) Trapping, Husbandry and Transport Conditions of South American Primates Des­ Ms. Shirley McGreal )efe de Departamento lnvestigacion y Proteccion tined for Research. International Zoo Yearbook 12: 23-26. International P'rimate Protection League Direccion Nacional de Fauna Silvestre United States Agency for International Development, Department of State (1979) Environmental and P 0. Drawer X Subsecretaria de Recursos Naturalis Renovables y Natural Resource Management in Developing Countries. A Report to Congress: Washington, Summerville, South Carolina 29483 Ecologia Pase·o Colon 922 D.C. Mr. John Walsh 2 ° Pi so Wolfheim, ).H. (1975) The Status of Wild Primates. Unpublished manuscript. National Fish and Wild­ International Society for the Protection BuenosAires, Argentina life Laboratory, Fish and Wildlife Service and National Museum of Natural History: of Animals Washington, D.C. 29 Perkins Street Sr. Osvaldo E. Dulom, President Wolfheim, ).H. (1976) The Perils of Primates. Natural History. 85(0ct): 90-99. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130 Federacion Argentina de Entidades Protectora de Animales Dr. Gary Wetterberg Calle Quito 4378/Codigo Postal No. 1212 Division of International Park Affairs Buenos Aires, Argentina National Park Service Department of the Interior Dr. Eduardo 0. Gonzales Ruis Washington, D.C. Director Nacional de Fauna Silvestre (Int.) Ministerio de Economia Mr. R. Michael Wright Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura y Ganaderia Director Buenos Aires, Argentina International Program The Nature Conservancy Liga Argentina de Porteccion de Animales Arlington, Virginia Filial General Roca General Roca, Prov. de Rio Negro Nicole Dupla1x Director "Sarmiento" TRAFFIC (USA) Sociedad Protectora de Animales World Wildlife Fund - U.S. Santiago del Estero 649 1601 Connecticut Ave. N.W. Buenos Aires, Argentina Washington, D.C. 20036 Sociedad Argentina Protectora de los Animales Europe Lavalle 1334 Mr. Trevor Scott Oficina 34-piso 30 International Society for the Buenos Aires, Argentina Protection of Animals Sociedad Protectora de Animales de Escobar 106 Jermyn Street Secretaria: Sarmiento 249 London SW1 Y 6E E Escobar-PCG BM England Argentina

30 31 Brazil (Continued) Argentina (Continued) Columbia (Continued) Ecuador (Continued) Sociedad Protectora de Animales Sociedad Protectors de Animates Sociedad Paraense de Protecao dos Animais Dr. Miguel Morena Espinosa Calle 41, No. 44-1\-29 "Sarmiento" Avenida Bras de Aguiar 307 Executive Director Medellin (Antiguia) Roca 76 Belem, Para Museo Historia Naturales de Ecuador Colombia Gualequaychu, Entre Rios Brazil Quito, Ecuador Argentina Sociedade Uniao lnternacional Protetora Costa Rica Sr. Fernando Ortiz Crespo dos Animais lnstituto de Ciencias Belize Asociacion Costarricense para Ia Conservacion Rio de janeiro de Ia Naturaleza Universidad de Ciencias Mr. E.O. Bradley, B.S.F. Apto. 2184 Brazil San jose, Costa Rica Principal Forest Officer Uniao lnternacional Protetora dos Animais Quito, Ecuador Forest Department Asociacion Nacional Protectora de Animates Rue Alvaro de Carvalho 238 NATURA Ministry of Trade and Industry P 0. Box 26 Sao Paulo Quito, Ecuadorsr. Angel Pauoar M. Belmopan, Belize San Francisco Dos Rios Brazil San Jose, Costa Rica Seccion Vida Silvestre Mr. H.C Flowers, B.S.F. Direccion General de Desarrollo Forestal Chile Ms. joanna Barnes Chief Forest Officer Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Audubon Society of Costa Rica Forest Department Comite Pro Defensa de Ia Fauna y Flora Quito, Ecuador Ministry of Trade and Industry Santiago, Chile Apto. 162 Belmopan, Belize Guadelupe Sr. Roque Sevilla L., President lnstituto de Ecologia Costa Rica World Wildlife Fund- Ecuador Mr. Evan Young Santiago, Chile Padre J. De Velasco No. 167 Permanent Secretary Lie. Eduardo Lopez Pizarro Liga Proteccion al Caballo contra Ia Crueldad Apto. 243 Ministry of Agriculture, Surveys and Lands Jefe, Departamento de Evaluacion de Recursos Casilla 3675 Quito, Ecuador Belmopan, Belize de Fauna Marina y Continental Santiago, Chile Direccion General de Recursos Pesqueros Sociedad de Amigos de Ia Naturaleza Bolivia Dr. Jurgen Rottman y Vida Silvestre Francisco Campos Lie. Gaston Bejarano B. Jefe, Seccion de Vida Silvestre Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Quito, Ecuador jefe del Departamento Vida Silvestre Corporacion Nacional Forestal San jose, Costa Rica lng. Teodoro Suarez M. Parques Nacionales, Caza y Pesca Avenida Bulnes 285 Dr. Craig MacFarland Director General de Desarrollo Forestal Centro de Desarollo Forestal Depto. 401 Chief Direccion de Desarrollo Forestal Santiago, Chile Av. Camacho 1471, 6 ° Pi so Wildlands Management Unit Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia La Paz, Bolivia Sociedad Amigos de las Animates CAT IE Quito, Ecuador Santiago, Chile Turrialba, Costa Rica Brazil El Salvador Sociedad de Vida Silvestre Dr. Rudolfo Saenz Forero Lie. Jose Salvador Flores Guido Clube de Florae Fauna Santiago, Chile Vice Ministro de Recursos Naturales M. Fritz Muller Director del Depto. de Biologia Mr. Godofredo Stutzin Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Rua Bingen 210 Facultad de Ciencias y Humanidades Union de Amigos de los Animates San jose, Cost Rica Petropolis, Braz i I Universidad de El Salvador Huerfanos 972 Sociedad Protectora de los Animales San Salvador, El Salvador Fundacao Brasileira para a Conservacao Oficina 508 San Jose, Costa Rica Lie. Victor Manuel Marin J da Natureza (FBCN) Santiago, Chile SQS 106- Bloco A Dr. joseph Tosi lnstituto Salvadoreno de Turismo Apto. 207 Trpical Science Center San Salvador, El Salvador Colombia San jose, Costa Rica 70.000- Brasilia- DF Ms. Hmanda Meier Brazil Asociacion Defensora de Animates ADA Mr. Alvaro F. Ugalde Sociedad Portectora de Calle 46 Dr. Antonio Dantas Machado Director Animates de Salvador No. 22-48 Director National Parks Service 35 Calle Ote, No. 626 Bogota Humid Tropic Program San jose, Cost Rica San Salvador, El Salvador Colombia National Council for Scientific and Dr. Carlos E. Valerio G. Lie. Francisco Serrano Technolog1cal Development Dr. Horge Hernandez Camacho Escuela de Biologia Jefe, Unidad de Parques Nacionales Brasilia, Brazil Jefe Division Fauna Terrestre Universidad de Costa Rica y Vida Silvestre INDERENA Maria Tereza Jorge Padua Ciudad Universitaria Servicio Forestal y de Fauna Avenida Caracas, 25-A-66 Directora da Divisao de Protecao da San Jose, Costa Rica Direccion General de Recursos Naturales 13ogota, Colombia Natureza- I BDF Dr. Gonzalo Vargas Aguilar Renovables Palacio da Desenvolu1mento Dr. Jesus M. ldrobo President Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia 13° Andar- IBDF-SBN Institute de Ciencias Naturales National Animal Protection Association Canton El Matasano, Soyapango Brasi I ia, DF-70,000 Universidad Nacional de Colombia San jose, Costa Rica El Salvador Bogota, Colombia Brazil Lie. Christopher Vaughan French Guiana Dr. Paulo Nogueria Neto Sra. Margarita Manna de Botero Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales Mr. M. Groene Director Information Officer Universidad Nacional Director of Agricultural Services Special Secretariat of the Environment INDERENA Heredia, Costa Rica Cayenne Ministry of The Interior Bogota, Colomb1a Ecuador French Guiana Brasilia, Brazil Sociedad Columbiana para el bienestar de Dr. Misael Acosta-Solis Prefecture de Region Dr. Luiz Scaff los An1males y Defense de las Plantas Presidente Direction Departementale de Ia Agriculture Director Presidenta Sra. Cecilia de Melendez lnstituto Ecuatorano de Ciencias Naturales Rue Friedmond Goeldi Museum Carrera 30, No. 45-A-88 lnstituto Georgrajico de Militar 97305 Cayenne Belem, Para, Brazil Bogota, Colombia Quito, Ecuador French Guiana, South America

32 33 Guatemala Mexico Mexico (Continued) Panama (Continued) Bioi. Pablo Herman Kihn Dr. Emil Arias L. Sociedad Mexicana de Arte y Sociedad Amigos de Ia Naturaleza Consultor INAFOR Depto. Produccion Agricola y Animals Ciencias Civicas Panama City, Panama Catedratico Escuela de Biologia Div. C.B.S. Apartado Postal M-1 0766 Universidad de San Carlos Camal Nacional y Calzada del Hueso Sociedad Panamena Protectora Mexico, D.F. Guatemala AP 23-181 UAM-Zochimilco de Animales Mexico Boulevard Manuel Avila Aomacho 90 Panama City, Panama Dr. jorge Ibarra Naucaopan, Mexico F.P. 10 Director Apartado postal 325 Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Nicaragua Peru Mexico 23, D.F. Mexico Guatemala City Lie. Pablo Anderson Sr. Felipe Benavides Guatemala Asociacion de Lucha para Evitar Ia Crueldad Fauna Silvestre President con los Animales, A.C. Sr. Andrew Snyder Voluntario Cuerpo de Paz PRODENA-WWF Apdo Postal 23-135 Maya Audubon de Conservacion para Apartado 2355 Pasaje las Pinos 164/168 Mexico 23, D.F. Ia Naturaleza Managua, Nicaragua Edifico El Comodore Alfredo Benavides Mexico Casa Ri Kappe Lie. Reynaldo Arostegui Miraflores, Lima 18 Peru Panajachel, Solola, Guatemala Asociacion Humanitaria Mexicana, A.C. Director, Pargue Nacional Volcan Masaya Dr. Napolean Castro Apdo Postal No. 10-834 Apartado 2252 Conservation Branch Guyana Mexico 10, D.F. Branco Central de Nicaragua Direccion General Forestal y de Fauna Mexico Dr. P. Fernandes, D.V.M. Managua, Nicaragua Ministry of Agriculture Principal Veterinary Officer Asociacion Mexican Protectora de Animales lng. Alfredo Grijalva Lima, Peru Ministry of Agriculture Calle Aldama 24 )efe Dr. Marc). Dourujeanni Ricordi Georgetown, Guyana Tepepan, Mexico 23, D.F. Departamento de Areas y Vida Silvestre Director Information Office Mexico Catastro Direccion General Forestal y de Fauna Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources lng. Cuauhtemoc Cardenas Managua, Nicaragua Natalia Sanchez 220-3er Piso Georgetown, Guyana Subsecretario Forestal y de Ia Fauna Dr. Jamie lncer B. Lima, 11 Peru Mr. CA. john, B.Sc. Ministerio de Agricultura Asesor, Proyector Parque Nacional Mexico, D.F. Conservator of Forests Volcan Masaya Dr. Ramon Ferreyra Mexico Ministry of Agriculture CICNIC, Banco Central de Nicaragua Director Georgetown, Guyana Dr. Pedro Castillo Managua, Nicaragua Museo de Historia Natural Lima, Peru Cde. M. King lnstituto de Ecologia Lie. jose Morales Molina Permanent Secretary Muses de Historia Natural de Ia Ciudad )efe del Zoologico La Sociedad Protectora de Animales de Peru Ministry of Agriculture de Mexico Direccion de Recursos Naturales Renovables Lima, Peru Nuevo Bosque de Chapultepec Georgetown, Guyana Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Liga Humanitaria Pro Animales Apartado Postal 18-845 Managua, Nicaragua Professor ) .) . Niles Mexico 18, D. F. Chorilla, Peru Faculty of Natural Sciences Mexico lng. Juan B. Salas Estrada University of Guyana )efe, Departamento de Vida Silvestre Surinam Lie. Adriana Hobbs Guerra Georgetown, Guyana Direccion de Recursos Naturales Renovables Henry A. Reichart Asesora del Subsecretario Forestal y de Fauna Surinam Forest Service Bhagirath R.B. Persaud Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Ave. Mexico 190 Z.P. 21 P Box 436 Dept of Health, Science, and Biology Managua, Nicaragua 0 Mexico, D.F. Paramaribo, Surinam University of Guyana Mexico Panama P.O. Box 844 ).P Schulz Sr. Ralph B. Guijarro, Vice-President Dr. Allen Lawrence Georgetown, Guyana Director, Foundation of Nature Preservation in Asociacion Portectora de Animales de President Surinam (STINASU) Cueravaca, A.C. Panama Audubon Society Honduras P.O. Box 436 Apdo Postal193 y 276 Sue. A. Box 2026 Paramaribo, Surinam Lie. Wilberto Aguilar N. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Balboa, Canal Zone, Panama Mr. A. Smit )efe, Depto. Vida Silvestre Sr. Ignacio lbarrola Bejar Dr. Diomedes Quintero )r. Y Recursos Ambientales Director of Agriculture El Director General )efe, Museo Ciencias Naturales Direccion General de Recursos Naturales Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Direccion General de Fauna Silvestre lnstituto Nacional De Cultura Paramaribo, Surinam Renovables Secretaria de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulices Aptdo. 662, Panama 1 Barrio Guacerique No. 1536 Aguiles Serdan 28-f piso Estafeta Universitaria Vereniging voor Dierenbescherming in Suriname Tegucigalpa, Honduras Mexico 3, D.F. Panama, Panama P.O. Box 1406 Mr. )ames Barborak Paramaribo, Surinam Mexico Dr. Nicholas Smythe Ministerio de Recursos Naturales Renovables Ms. Peggy Manning Porteau Smithsonian Institution Tropical Tegucigalpa, HonduriJ.S Asociacion de Lucha Para Evitar Research Institute Uruguay Lie. jose Luis Erazo Simon La Crueldad Con Los Animales, A.C Box 2072 Asociacion Uruguaya de Proteccion a los Division de lnspeccion y Control Cumbres de Acultzingo 135 Balboa, Canal Zone, Panama Ani males de Vida Silvestre Mexico 10, D F. Lie. Erasmo Vallester Secretary: Mr. john H. Borrows Direccion General de Recursos Naturales Mexico Director de Fauna Silvestre y Parques Nacionales Mones Roses 6157 Renovables Sr. Otto Rudolf, Presidente Direccion Nacional de Recursos Naturales Carrasco Barrio Guacerique, Comayaguela D.C. Institute de Portecciona Los Animales Renovables Montevideo, Uruguay Honduras Cinco de Mayo 98 Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuari Sociedad Protectora de Animales Mr. Paul Purdy Tepepan Apartado 5390, Panama San Francisco de Asis Ministerio de Recursos Naturales Renovables Mex1co 23, D.F. Panama Montevideo, Uruguay Tegucigalpa, Honduras Mexico

34 35 Venezuela International Asociacion Venezolana de Prevencion Dr. Modolfi Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, opened for de Ia Crueldad Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Signature at the Pan American Union, October, 1940. Pan American Union, Washington, D.C. Apartado No. 2487 Naturales Renovables Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, March 3, 1973. A Caracas, Venezuela Apto 80.405 trade-oriented treaty seeking to prot~ct endangered species of wild animals and plants from extinc­ Caracas, Venezuela Sra. Cecilia de Bluhm tion through overexploitation Sociedad Conservacionista Audubon de Sr. Hans Neumann Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Came Mammals, February 7, 1936. A bilateral Venezuela Fundacion para Ia Defensa de Ia agreement between Mexico and the United States. Agreement supplementing the 1936 Convention, Apto. 80450 Naturaleza-FUDENA March 10, 1972. Caracas 108 Apto. de Correo 70376 Venezuela Caracas ICF, Venezuela United States of America M. J.C Castaneda Sr. Luis A. Rivas L. Lacey Act of 1900 mandated authority to the Department of the Interior (Agriculture prior to 1939 lnstituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias Director reorganization) for conservation, preservation and restoration of game and other wild birds. Also pro­ CENIAP. FONAIAP Revista de Divulgacion Cientificia vided for the regulation of introduced American or foreign birds or animals into new locations. Sec­ Universitad Central de Venezuela de Ia Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle tions amended over the years since introduction. No. 70, Manacay 300 Edificio Fundacion La Salle The Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969, which supplemented the Endangered Species Venezuela Av. Boyaca/Mariperez Preservation Act of 1966, authorized the compilation of a list of wildlife "threatened with worldwide Apdo 8150 Dr. Arnoldo jose Gabaldon extinction," prohibiting their importation into the United States, except for certain limited purposes. Caracas 101, Venezuela Ministro del Ambiente y de los Repealed by the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Recursos Naturales Renovables Sociedad Venezolana Protectora de Animales The Endangered Species Act of 1973, a stronger piece of legislation than the preceding Acts. The 1973 Caracas, Venezuela Calle Los Naranjos Act includes protection for all members of the animal kingdom and provides for U.S. implementation Qta, Aptdo 29009 Dr. Rafael Herrera of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Centro de Ecologia Caracas, Venezuela Animal Welfare Act (1966, Amended 1970 and 1976). Includes regulations concerning animal dealers, lnstituto Venezolano de Investigaciones brokers, breeders, pet stores, zoological parks, circuses and research laboratories. Cientijicas Caracas, Venezuela Humane Methods of Slaughter Act of 1978, October 10, 1978. In addition to the requirement that all state and federally inspected slaughterhouses in the U.S. use humane slaughtering methods, the law requires that all meat imported into the U.S. must have been humanely slaughtered. Appendix B Argentina Hunting Law: Decree 5639 of 3/4/49 established penalties for violations of various decrees and regula­ Bibliography of legislation of latin American Nations, the United tions on hunting. (B.O. Mar. 11, 1949 States of America, and International Treaties and Conventions Pertain­ Hunting Law: Decree 22,630 prohibits the hunting of otters in all parts of the Republic. (B.O. Sept 21, 1949). ing to latin American Wildlife and Domestic Animals. Hunting Law: Decree 19,334 of 10/14/50 provides that the hunting regulations shall continue until a new Regulation to Law 13,908 is approved. (B.O. Sept 28, 1950). Hunting Law: Decree 15,501 of 8/20/53 declares that the protection, conservation and exploitation of The majority of the Latin American Legislation listed in Appendix B was culled from the wild animals is of public interest. Forbids fishing and hunting except in the cases specifically author­ Index to Latin American eight volumes and card catalogue of the Library of Congress' ized by the decree. (B.O. Sept 17, 1953). Legislation, which includes the years 1950 through 1979. Although earlier legislation con­ cerning wildlife "conservation" or utilization exists - sometimes originating in the Spanish Animal Industry: Decree 3083 of 2/26/54 approves a plan to fight depredations on cattle. Program for colonial period - only the more recent legislation, which includes contemporary concepts eradication of animals that harm cattle such as foxes, and pumas to be initiated on January, 1954, and of conservation, is listed. for 3 years in the Patagonia. (B.O. Mar. 12, 1954). The designations of Latin American legislation are as follows: 1) Laws are passed by leg­ Animal Industry: Law 14,346 of 10/27/54 established penalties for people who mistreat animals or islatures or national assemblies; 2) Decrees are executive announcements which do not make them victims of acts of cruelty (B.O. Nov. 5, 1954) necessarily require approval by legislatures or assemblies; and 3) Resolutions are adminis­ Animal Industry: Decree 5,514 of 6/29/61 regulates the transportation of animals and established con­ trative announcements issued by government agencies. ditions that must be met by carriers. (B.O. july 10, 1961). The abbreviations given after each article of legislation - e.g. B.O. Oct. 8, 1971 - Animal Industry: Law 16,888 of 7/4/66 regulates the slaughter of cattle under the supervision of the represent the official government publication which announced the legislation and its date junta Nacional de Carnes. Other provisions on this matter contained herein. (B.O. July 19, 1966) of publication. The abbreviation code is as follows: Conservation: Law 18,594 of 2/6/70 adopts the new law on national parks, natural monuments and na­ Argentina - B.O. (Boletin Oficial) Mexico - D.O. (Diario Oficial) tional reserves. Repeals Articles 1-19 and 22-32 of Law 12,103 and Articles 1,2,3,6,7 and 8 of Decree­ Bolivia - G.O. (Gaceta Oficial) Nicaragua - L.G. (La Gaceta) Law 654 of 1958. (B 0 Feb. 23, 1970). Brazil - D.O. (Diario Oficial) Panama - G.O. (Gaceta Oficial) Conservation: Decree 637 of 2-6-70 regulates Law 18,594 on national parks, natural monuments and Chile - D.O. (Diario Oficial) Paraguay - G.O. (Gaceta Oficial) and national reserves. (B.O. Feb. 23, 1970) Costa Rica --' L.G. (La Gaceta) R.O. (Registro Oficial) Ecuador - R.O. (Registro Oficial) Peru - E.P. (EI Peruano) Conservation: Decree 458 of 7/31/70 adopts the new organic structure of the Servico Nacional Forestal. El Salvador - D.O. (Diario Oficial) Uruguay - D.O. (Diario Oficial) (B.O Sept 10, 1970) Guatemala - E.G. (EI Guatemalteco) Venezuela - G.O. (Gaceta Oficial) Conservation: Law 18,801 of 10/7/70 established the limits of the lguazu National Park and the lguazu Honduras - L.G. (La Gaceta) National Reserve. (B 0 Oct 14, 1970). The following countries and their laws are not included in the Index to Latin American Animal Industry: Law 18,811 of 10/13/70 authorizes the Executive Power to regulate, throughout the Legislation: Belize, a British protectorate, with laws dating back to British rule as well as its national territory, the functioning and licensing of establishments engaged in slaughtering animals or own laws enacted since independance in 1973; French Guiana, a department of France, in the manufacture or storage of products of animal origin. The Executive Power shall regulate all with French laws; Guyana, formerly a British colony, with new laws enacted by the sanitary and hygienic aspects of the manufacture, industrialization and transportation of said pro­ Guyanese Parliament; and Surinam, a territory of the Netherlands. ducts. (B.O Nov. 2, 1970).

36 37 Animal Industry: Law Decree 1,733 of 10/14/70 regulates Law 18,819 regarding the new procedure for Conservation: Supreme Decree 10,127 of 2/18/72 creates the Comites de Defensa de Ia Flora y Fauna slaughtering animals. (B.O. Nov. 2, 1970). (G.O. Feb. 18, 1972). Animal Industry: Law 18,819 of 10/14/70 adopts a new procedure for slaughtering animals. Repeals Hunting: Decree-Law 12,301 of 3/14/75 approves the Law of Wildlife, national parks, hunting and Laws 16.888 and 18,050 on the subject (B 0 Nov. 2, 1970). fishing. (G.O. Mar. 17, 1975). Hunting: Law 19,282 of 10/4/71 approves Argentina's adherence to Agreement on conservation of Brazil vicuna, signed in La Pax on 8/16/69 between Peru and Bolivia. (B.O. Oct 8, 1971). Hunting Law: Decree 50,414 of 4/5/61 authorizes the Ministry of Agriculture to establish special groups Conservation: Law 19,282 of 10/11/71 approves Argentina's adherence to Agreement on conservation of in the States and Territories to cooperate in the inspection, control and enforcement of hunting and vicuna, signed in La Paz on 8/16/69 between Peru and Bolivia. (B 0. Oct 8, 1971). fishing laws. (D.G. Apr. 5, 1961). Conservation: Law 19,292 of 10/11/71 established the boundaries of national parks and reserves therein Animal Industry: Decree 50,620 of 5/18/61 prohibits cock fighting throughout national territory. It also listed. (B 0 Nov. 16, 1971) prohibits any other public entertainment whose main attraction consists in the fighting of animals of Conservation: Decree 1591 of 5/23/74 prohibits the slaughter of male horses under 12 years and female any species. (D.O. May 18, 1961). horses under 15 years for commercial purposes and established regulations to protect the species. Hunting Law: Law 5,197 of 1/3/67 adopts provisions on protection of fauna. (D.O. jan. 5, 1967) (B 0 May 29, 1974). Conservation: Decree-Law 289 of 2/28/67 creates the lnstituto Brasileiro do Oesenvolvimento Florestal Conservation: Law 21,676 of 10/31/77 approves the convention on Conservation of Antarctic seals, (IBDF) and established its functions. (D.O. Feb. 28, 1967). signed in London in 1972. (B 0. Nov. 4, 1977) Conservation: Decree 62,018 of 12/29/67 approves the regulation of the lnstituto Brasileiro do Desen­ Conservation: Law 21,751 of 2/17/78 exempts from import, export and other taxes the import and ex­ volvimento Florestal (IBDF). (D.O. Dec. 29, 1967). port of animals made by the Municipal Zoo of Buenos Aires resulting from Agreements of exchange Conservation: Decree-Law 412 of 1/9/69 approves the Agreement on Fishing and Preservation of Living with similar establishments of other countries. (B.O. Nov. 4, 1977). Resources, entered into with Uruguay and signed in Montevideo on 12/13/68. (D.O. jan. 10, 1969). Hunting: Res. 234 of 2/24/78 established limits on sport hunting of red deer and European wild boar. Conservation: Decree 76,623 of 11/17/75 promulgates the Agreement on the Convention on Interna­ (B.O. Mar. 29, 1978) tional Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Ratified by legislation Decree 54 of Belize 6/24/75. (D.O. Nov. 19, 1975). Cruelty to Animals: Ch. 80, C.L., 1924, established humane guidelines with respect to both domestic Conservation: Legislative Decree 39 of 5/17/76 approves the text of the agreement with Peru on the and wild animals and make provisions for the enforcement of the references therein. (Laws of British conservation of fauna and flora of the territories of the Amazon. Singed in Lima on 11/7/75. (D.O. May Honduras, Vol. Ill, chapter 128, 1960). 18, 1976). Wildlife Protection: Ordinance No.5 of 1944 specifies which animals may be hunted with and without Conservation: Decree 78,017 of 7/12/76 promulgates the agreement with Colombia on conservation of hunting licenses, established seasons on animals, and makes provisions for the enforcement of the flora and fauna in the Amazon territories of both countries. Ratified by Legislative Decree 72 of references therein. (Laws of British Honduras, Vol. Ill, chapter 127, 1960). 12/3/73. (DO. july 13, 1976).

Chile Bolivia Hunting Law: Decree 368 of 3/31/55 prohibits the hunting of birds during nesting season, throughout Conservation: Supreme Decree 6883 of 9/11/64 forbids, for the period of 3 years, the hunting of certain the national territory. (D.O May 6, 1955). useful wild fauna in some departments of the country. (C.O Sept 23, 1964). Animal Industry: Decree 448 of 5/17/57 repeals Decree 569 of 6/22/54 which prohibited the slaughter­ Conservation: Supreme Decree 6935 of 10/23/64 clarifies Supreme Decree 6833 of 9/11/64 excluding ing of female cattle. (D.O. june 7, 1957). from its provisions the Departments of Beni and Pando, regarding the prohibition for hunting certain wild species. (G 0. Oct 28, 1964) Hunting Law: Decree 881 of 11/19/59 prohibits the hunting of the vicuna during any time of the year because the species is becoming scares. (D.O. Dec. 14, 1959). Hunting Law: Decree - Law 7,784 of 8/3/66 sets up a chart of fees and imposts on various products recovered through exploitation of forestry, fishing and hunting, including lumber, plants, gum, furs and Hunting Law: Decree 50 of 1/19/60 prohibits the hunting and sale of rabbits for 6 months in Malleco skins, bird feathers, fish and turtles, and others. (G 0. Aug. 31, 1966) provine and Nacimiento department (D 0. Feb. 12, 1960) Hunting Law: Decree 8,063 of 8/16/67 imposed taxes on domestic and foreign trading in products from Hunting Law: Decree 366 of 5/12/60 prohibits hunting of guanaco. (D.O June 2, 1960). forests, hunting and fishing. (G.O. Aug. 16, 1967). Conservation: Decree 50 of 1/22/63 regulates the prohibition on the hunting of pheasants. Repeals Hunting Law: Decree 8367 of 6/5/68 prohibits the hunting of vicuna and the trade in live animals of Supreme Decree 652 of 8/27/43 (D 0. Feb. 28, 1963). the cat family, or in their hides and furs. (G 0 July 5, 1968). Animal Industry: Decree R.R.A. 16 of 2/19/63 groups provisions in force on animal protection and Hunting Law: Decree 8533 of 11/1/68 prohibits exportation, importation and trade in live vicunas, or sanitation, cattle branding system and animal transportation permits. Article 2 abolishes bullfights any products such as skins, furs, etc. for 10 years because of possible extinction of the animal. (G.O. throughout the country. (D.O. Mar. 9, 1963). Nov. 6, 1968) Conservation: Decree 186 of 3/28/63 amends Articles 1 and 2 of Decree Second Section (sic) 4,844 of Conservation: Decree 8,660 of 2/19/69 stakes out national forest reserves in various zones of the nation 11/15/29 regulating Law 4,601 of 7/1/29 (Hunting Law) Articles amended concern periods when the to insure protection of these resources. (G 0. Feb. 19, 1969). hunting of wild animals is prohibited. Several decrees herein mentioned are repealed. (D 0 Apr. 4, 1963). Conservation: Decree 8,731 of 4/9/69 prohibits the hunting, exportation, importation or any kind of trade with respect to skins, furs, or by-products of the live vicuna. (G.O. Apr.13, 1969). Conservation: Decree 531 of 8/23/67 promulgates the Convention for the protection of the flora, fauna and the natural scenic beauty of the countries of the Americas, signed in Washington on 10/12/40. Hunting Law Supreme Decree 9,141 of 3/12/70 amends Paragraph IV, Chapter VI, Title Ill (Articles (D.O Oct 4, 1967) 54-61) of Supreme De.cree 7,443 of 12/22/65, to the effect of changing the Direccion Forestal de Caza y Pesca into the Servicio de Recursos Naturales Renovables. (G 0 Mar. 12, 1970). Conservation: Decree 531 of 9/30/66 amends Articles 1 and 2 of Decree 4,844 of 11/15/29). Articles in question prohibit hunting of the wild mammals herein listed during the period mentioned. (D.O. Oct. Conservation: Supreme Decree 9,320 of 7/23/70 approves the General Regulation of the Guardia 22, 1966). Forestal de Ia Nacion [forest policeJ(G 0. July 24, 1970) Conservation: Decree 335 of 7/3/68 amends provisions of the Regulation of the Fishing Law and the Conservation: Supreme Decree 9,328 of 7/23/70 approves the regulation concerning crimes and viola­ Regulation of the Hunting Law concerning special fishing and hunting permits. (D.O. july 18, 1968). tions and the penalties for the same for persons attempting against the renewable natural resources. (GO July 31, 1970) Conservation: Decree 53 of 1/22/70 amends several articles of the Regulation of the Hunting Law and repeals Decrees 506 of 7/25/67 and 297 of 8/19/60. (D 0 Feb. 18, 1970) Conservation: Supreme Decree 9,370 of 8/27/70 adopts provisions concerning the exploitation of wild cinchona (quina silvestre) The Ministry of Rural Affairs and Agriculture shall grant exploitation per­ Conservation: Decree 420 of 11/10/70 approves the regulation on appointment of honorary hunting and mits under the conditions hereby established. (G 0. Aug. 28, 1970) fishing inspectors. (D.O. Nov. 27, 1970).

38 39 Animal Industry: Decree 79 of 5/20/74 repeals decree 198 of 10/25/73 and established provisions on the Conservation: Law 4,551 of 4/15/70 amends extensively the Law on Protection of Wild Animals (Law slaughter of animals therein specified on slaughterhouses. (D.O. May 25, 1974). 2,790 of 7/20/61). Law also repeals Law 2,093 of 12/14/56, (L.G. Apr. 28, 1970). Conservation: Supreme Decree 141 of 2]18/75 promulgates the Agreement on the Convention on Inter­ Conservation: Decree 2716-A of 12/19/72 enacts the regulation of the law on conservation of wild fauna. Repeals Decrees 3 of 7/11/62 and 5 of 6/7/65. (L.G. jan. 10, 1973). national Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Ratified by decree law 873 of 1/20/75. (D.O. Mar. 25, 1975). Conservation: Law 5605 of 10/30/74 ratifies-the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Signed in Washington on 3/3/73. (L.G. Jan. 28, 1975). Hunting Law: Decree 381 of 9/1/77 amends Article 1 of Supreme Decree 4844 of 1929, which approved the regulation of the hunting law. Amendment regulates the hunting of dolphins. (D.O. Sept. 30, 1977). Colombia Ecuador Conservation: Resolution 219 of 10/9/64 forbids for an indefinate period of time the hunting of turtles of different kinds, as well as their commercial exploitation. (D.O. Apr. 20. 1965). Animal Industry: Decree 11 of 6/19/59 approves the text of a basic statute on animal health and sanitation. (R.O. June 24, 1959). Conservation: Decree 218 of 2/10/65 regulates Sections (c) and (d), Article 1 of Extraordinary Decree 3,304 of 1963 giving the Corporation Autonoma Regional de los Valles del Magdalena y del Sinu Natural Resources: Decree 3 of 2/22/51 adopts the basic law on maritime fishing and hunting. (R.O. (C.V.M.), the authority to promote the conservation and development of natural resources within its Feb. 23, 1951 ). jurisdiction. Sections in question concern fishing and hunting. (D.O. Feb. 25, 1965). Natural Resources: Decree 17 of 7/4/59 declares the islands of the Archipelagos of Colon and Animal Industry: Decree 286 of 2/20/67 authorizes the Associations Specializing in Pedigree Dog Galapagos to be national parks. (R.O. July 20, 1959). Breeding to keep genealogical records of each breed and issue the corresponding certificates. Creates Conservation: Supreme Decree 1.472 of 7/8/64 adopts provisions concerning the conservation and pro­ the Colombian Canine Association which is charged with everything concerning national and interna­ tection of forests. (R.O. July 22, 1964). tional canine activities. (D.O. Mar. 2, 1967). Hunting Law: Supreme Decree 2,828 of 12/23/65 enacts the Forestry and Agricultural Developement Conservation: Decree 842 of 5/26/69 approves the by-laws of the lnstituto de Desarrollo de los Recur­ Law, which includes hunting regulations. (R.O. Dec. 30, 1965). sos Naturales Renovables (INDERENA). (D.O. June 23, 1969). Conservation: Law 170-CLP of 8/6/69 prohibits, for five years, the exportation of wild animals. (R.O. Conservation: Resolution 1,003 of 11/25/69 prohibits the hunting of the wild animal species herein Aug. 14, 1969). mentioned. (D.O. Feb. 28, 1970). Conservation: Resolution 800 of 10/24/69 issues the regulation on hunting and exportation of wild Conservation: Resolution 20 of 11/27/69 adopts the Statute of Wild Animals and Hunting of the In­ animals. (R.O. Dec. 31, 1969). stitute for the Development of Renewable Natural Resources. (D.O. Feb. 28, 1970). Conservation: Resolution 99 of 3/11/70 amends several provisions of Resolution 800 of 10/24/69 Conservation: Law 5 of 1/23/76 approves the Agreement with Brazil on conservation of the flora and regulating the hunting and exportation of live wild animals. (R.O. Mar. 18, 1970). fauna of the Amazon territories. Signed in Bogota on 6/20/73. (D.O. Feb. 5, 1976). Conservation: Decree 816 of 11/20/70 established regulations pertaining to the commercial utilization Conservation: Decree 1,449 of 6/27/77 partially regulates section 1, part 5, article 56 of Law 135 of of the nation's wildlife. The law notes Ecuador's adherence to the Intergovernmental Technical Com­ 1961 and Decree Law 2,811 of 1974 regarding conservation of renewable natural resources. (D.O. July mittee for the conservation of the Flora and Fauna of the Amazon Basin. The legislation lists pro­ 18, 1977). tected species of wildlife. Conservation: Supreme Decree 1,306 of 8/27/71 enacts the law on preservation of reserve areas and na­ Costa Rica tional parks. (R.O. Sept. 2, 1971). Animals: Decree 19 of 1/19/54 enacts a Regulation on ownership and keeping of dogs, establishing a Hunting Law: Decree 193 of 2/13/74 prohibits the hunting, trading and slaughtering of llamas, as well registration and license system. (L.G. jan. 27, 1954). as the industrialization and sale of their wool and hides. (R.O. Mar. 6, 1974). Animals: Legislative Decree 2,093 of 12/14/56 adopts the Law on Preservation of Wild Animal Life. This Conservation: Decree 77 of 1/27/75 ratifies the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered includes regulations on hunting for sport, prohibits commercial hunting and creates certain reserved Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Signed in Washington on 3/3/73. (R.O. Feb. 7, 1975). areas for animal propagation where hunting is totally restricted. (L.G. Dec. 25, 1956). Hunting Law: Resolution 0069 of 3/15/75 issues the regulation on control and trade of hunted wild Animals: Decree 9 of 9/5/57 adopts a regulation on the control and erradication of rabies in animals. species. (R.O. Mar. 24, 1975). (L.G. Sept. 10, 1957). Conservation: Resolution 0158 of 4/15/77 issues the regulation on commercial exportation of living or Hunting Law: Decree 1 of 2/2/57 creates the Comite Protectors de Ia ·Fauna Silvestre, entrusted with dead specimens of the wild fauna and the parts theory. (R.O. May 14, 1977). preservation of wild animal life in Costa Rica. (L.G. Feb. 16, 1957), El Salvador Hunting Law: Decree 9 of 7/30/58 prohibits the hunting of squirrels without a license. (L.G. Aug. 2, 1958). Conservation: Decree 427 of 12/22/77 prohibits for one year the hunting, sale, exportation, possession and consumption of turtles and their eggs. (D.O. Jan. 9, 1978). Animals: Legislative Decree 2,391 of 7/2/59 provides that all dogs must be registered, vaccinated and kept on leashes. (L.G. july 8, 1959). Guatemala Hunting Law: Decree 3 of 1/19/61 of the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia adopts rules for obtain­ Animal Industry: Decree 870 of 1/18/52 adopts the law protecting animals of any kind useful for pro­ ing a hunting permit, the types of weapons to be used, seasons when hunting is allowed, etc. (L.G. Feb. duction or reproduction purposes. (E.G. jan. 26, 1952). 4, 1961). Conservation: Resolution of 10/26/71 prohibits for five years the capture, circulation and trade of Conservation: Law 2,790 of 7/20/61 adopts the Ley de Conservacion de Ia Fauna Silvestre on Law for green turtles (Chelonia mydas). (E.G. Nov. 2, 1971). the conservation of wild animals. Law covers fishing, hunting, etc. (L.G. july 29, 1961). Conservation: Resolution of 12/27/72 creates the Comision Nacional para Ia Proteccion del Quetzal. Conservation: Decree 3 of 7/11/62 approves the Regulation of Law 2,790 of 7/20/61 or law on conserva­ (D.C.A. jan. 3, 1973). tion of wild animals. Reg-ulation contains provisions governing fishing and hunting. (L.G. Aug. 21, 1962). Guyana Conservation: Decree 5 of 6/7/65 issues the Regulation of the Law on Conservation of the wild fauna. Animals: Pounds Act, chapter 71:04 Laws of Guyana. An Act to establish pounds in Guyana and to (L.G. June 12, 1965). make provisions relating thereto. July 1, 1866. Conservation: Law 3,763 of 10/19/66 approves the convention for the protection of Flora and Fauna Wildlife: Wild Birds Protection Act, chapter 71:07, Laws of Guyana. An Act for the protection of cer­ and the natural scenic beauty of the countries of the Americas, signed by Costa Rica on 10/24/40. (L.G. tain wild birds against trapping, wounding, killing or exportation. Forty-eight families are absolutely Oct. 26, 1966). protected while twelve families are protected during close season. September 30, 1919. Conservation: Law 4,465 of 11/25/69 enacts the Forestry Law. Repeals Articles 14 and 160-168 of the Animals: Animals (Control of Experiments) Act, chapter 71:03, Laws of Guyana. An Act to regulate the Land and Colonization Law. (L.G. Dec. 2, 1969). practice of experiments on living animals, and matters in connection therewith. july 13, 1957.

40 41 Honduras Conservation: Decree- Law 39 of 9/29/66 issues the regulations concerning the national forests, which Conservation: Decree 11 of 11/17/65 creates the Comite Nacional de Defensa de los Recursos Naturales are declared of public interest. (G.O. Oct. 26, 1966). for protection of natural resources. (l.G. Dec. 20, 1965). Conservation: Decree 14 of 1/17/67 declares as forest land the areas within the boundaries set by the nvers lnd1o, Chagres, Pequeni, Aqua, Cara, Gatun and Aqua Sucia. Its exploitation is hereby regulated Mexico (G.O. Mar. 9, 1967). Hunting Law: Law of 12/13/51 enacts a new federal hunting law and repeals the law on 8/28/40. (D.O. Conservation: Decree 23 of 1/30/67 creates the National Commission for the Protection of the Wild Jan. 5, 1952). Fauna as well as several Provincial Commissions. Forbids or limits the hunting of a number of wild Hunting Law: Acuerdo of 9/3/54 established open and closed seasons for hunting. (D.O. Sept. 4, 1954). species. Listed herein. (G.O. Mar. 10, 1967). Hunting Law: Acuerdo adds provision to acuerdo of 9/3/54 regarding open season for hunting. (D.O. Animal Industry: Decree 624 of 5/28/70 regulates the veterinary inspection service of the Ministry of Feb. 9, 1955). Health in the slaughter houses of the country. (G.O. june 9, 1970). Hunting Law: Resolution of 12/9/60 creates a consultative Commission on Wildlife (Fauna Silvestre). Conservation: Cabinet Decree 10 of 1/27/72 approves the convention for the protection of flora and (D.O. Dec. 22, 1960). fauna and the natural scenic beauty of the Americas. Signed by Panama on 12/6/65. (G.O. Feb. 8 1972). • Conservation: Resolution of 12/12/61 adds provision to Resolution of 8/5/61 establishing seasons for the hunting of wild animals, to the effect of prohibiting permanently the hunting of bison. (D.O. Dec. 29, Horse Racing: Cabinet Decree 14 of 1/27/72 amends articles 2-8 of laws 41 of 12/2/57 imposing stiff 1961). penalties for maltreatment of race horses. (G.O. Feb. 11, 1972). Conservation: Resolution of 6/26/65 establishes hunting seasons for 1965-66 season for species Conservation: Law 14 of 10/28/78 approves the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered representing the wild fauna of the country. Repeals Resolution of 7/15/64 (D.O. 7/27/64). (D.O. july 3, Spec1es of the Wild Flora and Fauna. Signed in Washington on 3/3/73. (G.O. Jan. 27, 1978). 1965) Paraguay Conservation: Resolution of 7/19/66 established the calendar and regulates hunting during the 1966-67 season. Repeal Resolution of 6/25/65 (D.O. 7/3/65) concerning the calendar for the 1965-66 hunting Conservation: Decree 18,206 of 5/4/66 regulates the hunting of certain species of wild fowls. (R 0. season. (D.O. july 27, 1966) 1966: II I, p. 34). Conservation: Resolution of 5/19/69 adopts the calendar for the 1969-70 hunting season and regulates Animal Industry: Decree 11,057 of 3/16/70 requires that animals to be slaughtered for exportation must the same. (D.O. May 27, 1969). be vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease. (R.O. 1970: I, p. 486). Hunting and Conservation: Resolution of 6/23/71 regulates hunting during the 1971/72 season. Repeals Peru resolution of 4/21/70 (D.O. 4/29/70) which established dates for the 1970-71 hunting season. (D.O. July Hunting Law: Resolution 299 of 9/29/52 issues temporary hunting regulations until the Hunting Law is 10, 1971). enacted. (E.P. Oct. 15, 1952). Animal Industry: Decree of 11/21/73 creates a federal autonomous public entity to be known as Pro­ Animal Industry: Supreme Resolution of 6/19/62 approves the Regulation for the Protection of ductora Nacional de Bilogicos Veterinarios. (D.O Dec. 14, 1973). Animals. (E.P. July 11, 1962). Nicaragua Conservation: Decree-Law 14,552 of 7/11/63 creates the Seivicio Forestal y de Caza attached to the Natural Resources: Decree 2 of 3/24/41 approved a convention on the protection of the flora, fauna ministry of Agriculture, and established its functions. Repeals Article 8 of Law 7,643 and Law 8,928 and natural scenic beauties of the American countries. (L.G. May 22, 1946). and 10,315. (E.P. July 20, 1963). Hunting Law: Decree 160 prohibits the hunting of wild animals brought in from foreign countries. (L.G. Animal Industry: Supreme Decree 8 of 3/12/65 adopts rules governing the importation and slaughtering Dec. 21, 1955). of cattle for human consumption. Repeals Supreme Decree 36 of 11/23/64. (E. P. Mar. 15, 1965). Hunting Law: Decree 206 of 10/16/56 issues the basic law on hunting of game. (L.G. Nov. 3, 1956). Conservation: Supreme Decree 95 of 12/30/66 approves the Regulation on classification and use of soils based on their agrological quality. (E.P. Feb. 9, 1967). Hunting Law: Decree 15 of 8/20/58 regulates the hunting season for 1958-59, and assigns dates for open and closed seasons according to the type of game. Decree 13 of same date sets aside as a refuge Conservation: Supreme Decree 6 of 1/26/67 approves the Regulation on use of forests and on forestal industries. (E.P. Feb. 3, 1967). for wildlife the Peninsula de Cosiguina. (l.G. Sept. 2, 1958). Hunting Law: Decree 1 of 10/11/60 prohibits hunting of turtles, turtle eggs, animals and sea birds on Conservation: Supreme Decree 322-68-HG of 8/16/68 creates the Consejo Nacional de Conservacion the Isla del Venado. (L.G. Oct. 21, 1960). de Recursos Naturales Renovables and establishes its functions. (E.P. Aug. 17, 1968). Hunting Law: Decree 625 of 3/28/77 prohibits indefinitely the capture and hunting of wild animals for Natural Resources: Resolution 166-69-VI-SERPAR of 11/18/69 approves the Regulation of Zoological Parks. (E.P. Nov. 21, 1969). commercial purposes. Decree also prohibits for 10 years the exportation of turtle eggs. (l.G. May 16, 1977). Conservation: Decree-Law 21,080 of 1/21/75 approves the Convention on the International Trade of Conservation: Decree 7 of 6/22/77 ratifies the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Signed in Berne on 12/30/74. (E.P. jan. 22, 1975). Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Approved in Washington in 1973. (L.G july 23, 1977). Adhered to Conservation: Decree-Law 21,147 of 5/13/75 promulgates the Law on forestry and wild fauna. Repeals CITES by Legislative Resolution 47 of 6/11/77. Decree-Law 14,552. (E.P. May 15, 1975). Panama Conservation: Decree-Law 21,670 of 10/26/76 approves the agreement with Brazil on the conservation of the flora and fauna of the Amazon territories. Signed in Lima on 11/7/75. (E.P. Oct. 27, 1976). Animal Industry: Decree 248 of 5/25/53 repeals Article 13 of Law 86 of 11/22/52 regarding the sale of animals and provides for controls and inspection of transportation of meat to prevent illegal slaughter. Conservation: Supreme Decree 158-77-AG of 3/31/77 issues the regulation on conservation of the wild (G 0 july 20, 1953). flora and fauna (Decree Law 21,147). (E.P. Apr. 6, 1977). Animal Industry: Decree-Law 45 of 9/29/53 exempts imports of fighting bulls from payment of customs duties. This measure'is to encourage the domestic cattle industry. (G.O. Oct. 14, 1953). Uruguay Animal Industry: Decree 190 of 9/27/65 regulates cattle slaughter throughout the country. (G.O. Oct. 18, 1965). Conservation: Decree of 4/4/63 prohibits the hunting and trade of all indigenous zoological species ex­ ISting 1n the country. Exceptions are made. (D.O. Apr. 17, 1963). Conservation: Decree 153 of 6/28/66 designates a forest reserve zone to be known as National Park and Biologic Reserve "Altos de Campana," a portion of land described as in the Districts of Capira Conservation: Decree 90 of 3/12/64 prohibits the hunt, exploitation and sale of indigenous zoological and Chame, Province of Panama, which shall be administered by the Forest Service of the Ministry of species until further notice. Exceptions are made. (D.O. Apr. 1, 1964) Agriculture. (G 0. july 6, 1966). Hunting Law: Decree 142 of 4/1/64 regulates hunting of partridge, nutria, wild duck, otter and Conservation: Decree 218 of 8/25/66 creates a Working Commission to study the regulations to be ostriches, including restrictions and prohibitions, and providing ·penalties for violations. (D.O. Aug. 23, issued toward the conservation of the wild fauna in the national territory. (G.O. Sept. 14, 1966). 1965).

42 43 Conservation: Decree 149 of 3/24/66 prohibits until further notice the hunting and trading of all in­ Conservation: Resolution RNR of 9/10/70 creates, as an honorary entity, the Consejo Nacional de fa digenous zoological species existing throughout the national territory, as well as the destruction of Fauna Silvestre to advise the Executive Power on matters concerning the protection of wild fauna. their broods and nests. Exceptions are provided. (D.O. Mar. 30, 1966). (G.O. Sept. 10, 1970). Conservation: Decree 294 of 6/16/66 amends Article 11 of Decree of 6/23/52 regulating Law 9,481 on Conser~ation: Resolution RNR-5-299 of 12/10/70 adopts rules governing hunting as a sport. Repeals the protection of indigenous animals. Article concerns identification of hides and furs. (D.O. July 27, Resolution RNR-5-355 on the subject. (G 0. Dec. 15, 1970) 1966) Conservation: Decree 589of 5/12/71 provides for the functioning of the Centro Naciona/ de Investiga­ Conservation: Decree 193 of 3/16/67 prohibits until further notice, the hunting of ali indigenous CIOnes de Fauna Silvestre 1n the D~recc10n de Recursos Naturales Renovables del Ministerio de zoological species throughout the national territory. Exceptions are provided (D.O. Apr. 4, 1967). Agricultura y cria. (G.O. May 13, 1971). Conservation: Decree 401 of 6/29/67 amends provisions concerning the exploitation of otters in natural Conservation: Decree Ill of 5/26/7 4 created the Consejo Nacional de Conservacion de los Recursos or artificial nurseries and adopts rules on hunting in this regard. Repeals Decrees of 4/1/49 and Renovables and repeals Decree 112 of 7/31/59, which created the Comision Nacional de Recursos 10/16/51. (DO July 4, 1967). Renovables. Its duties and functions are included. (G.O. May 27, 1974). Conservation: Decree 402 of 6/29/67 amends provisions establishing conditions governing the hunting Hunting: Resolution 483 of 12/29/75 regulates the issuance of hunting licenses issued for scientific of indigenous zoological species. (D.O. july 4, 1967) research. (G.O. Dec. 30, 1975). Conservation: Decree 229 of 3/28/68 prohibits, until further notice, the hunting and sale of all in­ Conservation: Law of 5/117/76 approves the Convension on the International Trade of Endangered digenous zoological species throughout the national territory and provides for exceptions. (D.O. Apr. Spec1es of the Wild Flora and Fauna. Signed in Washington on 3/3/73 (G 0. June 10, 1976). 3, 1968) Conservation: Law 13,723 of 12/16/68 declares the defense, improvement, enlargement and creation of forest resources and industries to be of national interest. (D.O. Dec. 20, 1968). Appendix C Conservation: Decree 140 of 3/20/69 maintains in force, until further notice, the prohibition against the hunting and sale of all indigenous zoological species. Exceptions are provided. (D.O. Mar. 25, 1969). List of Endangered Animal Species in Latin America Conservation: Law 13,776 of 10/17/69 ratifies the text of the Convention for the Protection of the Fauna and Natural Scenic Beauty of the Countries of America, signed by Uruguay on 11/20/40. (D.O. Oct. 31, 1969). Many authorities consider all of Latin America's wildlife to be threatened due to the ever-increasing Conservation: Decree 116 of 3/5/70 prohibits the hunting and trade of all zoological indigenous species destructiOn of the1r habitats: The spec1es l1sted as endangered in the three appendices of the Conven­ and provides for exceptions. (D.O Mar. 11, 1970) tion on International Trade 1n Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) represent those most often utilized 1n legal and illegal trade activities. The following list, although not definitive, is Animal Industry: Decree 431 of 9/10/70 established fines to be imposed for violations to sanitary provi­ compiled from a vanety of sources. Unless otherwise indicated, the animals listed below generally sions on animals. (D 0. Sept. 17, 1970). range throughout Central and South America. Conservation: Decree 486 of 10/15/70 determines the functions and jurisdiction of the Direccion Common Name Forestal, Parques y Fauna and the Direccion de Contra/or Legal of the Ministry of Livestock and Scientific Name Agriculture in matters concerning the national fauna. (D.O. Oct. 22, 1970). Mammals Hunting: Decree 204 of 3/16/72 keeps in force until further notice the prohibition of hunting and Anteater, collared (Tamandua) Tamandua tetradactyla chapadensis trading indigenous zoological species throughout the national territory (D.O. Mar. 21, 1972). Anteater, giant Myrmecophaga tridactyla Hunting and Conservation: Decree 273 of 4/4/74 adopts regulations concerning prohibition of hunting Armadillo, giant (Peruvian Amazon) Priodontes giganteus (Maximus) and commercialization of all indigenous zoological species living in the natural territory Exceptions Armadillo, naked-tailed (Costa Rica) Cabassous centra/is and penalties are included. (D.O. Apr. 23, 1973). Armadillo, naked-tailed (Uruguay) Cabassous gymnurus (tatouay) Conservation: Law 14,205 of 5/8/7 4 approves the agreement on the Convention on the International Armadillo, pink fairy (Argentina) Chlamyphorus truncatus Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Signed in Washington on 3/3/73. (D.O. june 12, Bat, white-lined (Uruguay) Vampyrops lineatus 1974) Bear, Mexican grizzly (Mexico) Ursus arctos nelsoni Conservation: Decree 437 of 6/4/74 approves the season for hunting otters and foxes in the national Bear, spectacled (Ecuador and northern Peru) Tremarctos ornatus territory temporarily and according to regulations provided therein. (D 0. june 12, 1974). Bobcat, Mexican (Mexico) Felis (Lynx) rufa escuinapae Hunting: Decree 241 of 3/20/75 establishes provisions regulating the hunting of native zoological Cat Felidae (all species) species in the national territory, with penalties for violators. (D 0. Apr. 10, 1975). Cat, Andean Felis jacobita Hunting: Decree 604 of 7/31/75 permits termporarily, until 9/30/75, the hunting of otters and wolves in Chinchilla (all South American species) Chinchilla spp. the national territory, according to regulations therein established. (D.O. Aug. 8, 1975). Civet, banded palm Hemigalus derbyanus Coatimundi Nasua nasua solitaria Deer, marsh (South America) Blastoceros dichotomus Deer, pampas (South America) Ozoteceros bezoarcticus Venezuela Dog, Bush Speothos venaticus Animal Industry: Decree of 3/24/53 prohibits hunting, sale and export of indigenous species of animals. Dolphin (La Plata River) Pontoporia (Stenodelphis) blainvil!ei (G 0 Apr. 7, 1953) Fox, Argentine gray Dusicyon griseus Hunting Law: Resolution of 3/2/55 provides that hunting licenses that had been granted by civil Grison Galictis al!amandi authorities are canceiled and limitations imposed upon those granted by the Department of Fish and Huemal (North Andean) Hippocamelus bisulcus Hunting of the Ministry of Agriculture until a study is made of causes of near extinction of some Huemal (South Andean) Hippocamelus bisulcus species. (G 0 Mar. 4, 1955). jaguar Panthera onca Hunting Law: Resolution of 3/3/55 declares closed season for deer between March 1 and September 30 jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi cacomitti of each year. (G.O. Mar. 4, 1955). Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi fossata Conservation: Resolution RNR-5-543 of 11/11/65 prohibitS all kinds of commercial operations with Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi panamensis wild animals, whether dead or alive, and their products. (G.O. Nov. 13, 1965) )aguarundi Felis yagouaroundi tolteca Conservation Law of 8/11/70 enacts the law on protection of wild animals. Repeals the hunting law of Manatee, Amazonian (Amazon and Orinoco river basins) Trichechus inunguis 8/10/44, (G.O Aug. 11, 1970). Manatee, West Indian (eastern Central America) Trichechus manatus

44 45 Common Name Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Mammals (Continued) Birds (Continued) Margay Felis wiedii nicaraguae Cock-of-the-rock Rupicola rupicola Margay Felis wiedii salvinia Cock-of-the-rock (Peruvian) Rupicola peruviana Marmoset, buff-headed (Amazonia) Callithrix flaviceps Condor, Andean Vultur gryphus Marmoset, Goeldi's (Amazonia) Callimico goeldi Cotinga, banded Cotinga maculata Marmoset, pygmy (Amazonia) Cebuella pygmaea Cotinga, white-winged Xipholena atro-purpurea Marmoset, white-eared (Amazonia) Callithrix aurita Curassow, great (Costa Rica) Crax rubra Monkey, black howler A lovatta pigra Curassow, red-billed (eastern Brazil) Crax blummenbachii Monkey, howler Alovatta palliata (vil/osa) Curlew, eskimo Numenius borealis Monkey, red-backed squirrel (Costa Rica and Panama) Saimiri oerstedii Duck, Mexican Anas diazi Monkey, spider (Costa Rica and Nicaragua) Ateles geoffroyi frontatus Eagle Aquilla spp. (all species) Monkey, spider (Panama) Ateles geoffroyi panamensis Eagle, harpy Harpia harpyja Monkey, wooley spider (southeastern Brazil) Brachyteles arachnoides Falcon Falconidae (all species) Ocelot Felis pardalis mearnsi Falcon, peregrine Falco peregrinus Ocelot Felis pardalis mitis Flamingo, Andean Phoenicoparrus andinus Olingo Bassaricyon gabbii Flamingo, Chilean Phoenicopterus chilensis Olingo Bassaricyon sumichrasti Flamingo, James Phoenicoparrus jamesi Otter, giant (northern South America) Pteronura brasiliensis Grebe, Atittan (southwest Guatemala) Podilymbus gigas Otter, long-tailed Lutra /ongicaudis (including L. platensis Guan, black-fronted piping Pipile jacutinga and L. annectens Guan, horned Oreophasis derbianus Harriers Otter, marine Lutra felina Circus spp. (all species) Hermit, hook-billed (Hummingbird) Otter, southern river Lutra provocax Ramphodon dohrnii Macaw Porcupine, prehensile-tailed Coendou spinosus Ara ambigua Macaw, glaucous Porcupine, thin-spined (eastern Brazil) Chaetomys subspinosus Anodorhynchus glaucus Macaw, indigo Prairie dog, Mexican Cynomys Mexicanus Anodorhynchus /eari Macaw, little blue Pudu Pudu mephistophiles Cyanopsitta spixii Macaw, scarlet Pudu Pudu pudu Ara macao Mitu Puma, Costa Rican Felis concolor costaricensis Mitu mitu mitu Parakeet, golden Rabbit, volcano Romerolagus diazi Aratinga guaruba Rat, Phillips Kangaroo Dipodomys phillipsii phil!ipsii Parakeet, ochre-marked Pyrrhura cruentata Parrot, red-browed Saki, white-nosed Chiropotes albinasus Amazona rhodocorytha Parrot, red-capped Sloth, Brazilian three-toed Bradypus torquatus Pionopsitta pileata Parrot, red-spectacled Sloth, three-toed Bradypus griseus Amazona pretrei pretrei Parrot, thick-billed Sloth, three-toed (western Amazonia) Bradypus boliviensis Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Parrot, vinaceous breasted Sloth, two-toed Ch/oepus hoffmanni Amazona vinacea Quail, Montezuma Squirrel Sciurus deppei Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi, C.m. Tamarin (Brazil) Leontopithecus (Leontideus) spp. merriami and C.m. montezumae Quetzal, resplendent (Costa Rica) (all species) Pharomachrus mocinno costaricensis Quetzal, resplendent (Central America) Tamarin, golden-headed Leontideus chrysome/as Pharomachrus mocinno mocinno Raptors (Costa Rica) Tamarin, golden-lion Leontideus rosalia Accipitridae (all species native to Tamarin, golden-rumped Leontideus chrysop ygus to Costa Rica) Rhea, common (Uruguay) Tamarin, pied Saguinus bico/or Rhea americana Rhea, common Tamarin, white-footed Saguinus leucopus Rhea americana albescens Tapir (Central American) Tapirus bairdii Rhea, Darwin's (Argentina, Peru, Bolivia and Uruguay) Pterocnemia pennata garleppi, P.p. Tapir (South American or Brazilian) Tapirus terrestris pennata Siskin, red Tapir; mountain (Colombia and Ecuador) Tapirus pinchaque Spinus cucullatus Siskin, yellow-faced Uakari (Amazonia) Cacajao spp. (all species) Spinus yarrellii Swan, black-necked Uakari, bald Cacajao ca/vus Cygnus melancoryphus Swan, coscoroba Uakari, black Cacajao melanocephalus Coscoroba coscoroba Tinamou, red-winged Uakari, red Cacajao rubicundus Rhynchotus ruyescens maculicollis, Vicuna Vicugna vicugna R.r. pallescens, R.r. ruyescens Tinamou, solitary Wolf, gray Canis lupis Tinamus solitarius Turkey, ocellated (Central America) Wolf, maned (central South America) Chrysocyon brachyurus Agricoharis ocellata Woodpecker, imperial Campephilus imperialis Birds (NOTE: Migratory birds are generally protected by the laws of each country where they are Reptiles found in season as well as by bilateral treaties and international conventions) Alligator Alligatoridae (all species] Blackbird, saffron-cowled (Uruguay) Xanthopsar flavus Boas Boidae (all species) Bobwhite, masked Co/inus virginanus ridgwayi Caiman, Apaporis River Caiman crocodilus apoporiensis Cardinal, yellow (Uruguay) Cubernatrix cristata Caiman, black Melanosuchus niger

46 47 Common Name Scientific Name 6) Please include any statistical information you may have when noting animal-related activities such as exports, domestic consumption, etc. Reptiles [Continued) Caiman, broad-snouted Caiman latirostris 7) Please list any relevant publications (books, magazines) with title, author, publisher, year and country of publication. Cobra, South American false Cyclagras gigas Crocodile Crocody/idae (all species) ISAP is requesting information concerning the following matters (you may place information after each 1tem or use a separate sheet of paper): Crocodile, Morelet's [Guatemala and Belize) Crocodylus moreletti Crocodile, Orinoco {South America) Crocodylus intermedius Animals and Legislation Gila monster and beaded lizards Heloderma spp. (all species) A. Does your country have legislation dealing with wild animals and ... Iguana Iguana spp. (all species) 1. Hunting? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised ___None Iguana, Galapagos marine Amblyrhynchus c1istatus a. Are there hunting seasons and if so, when are they? Lizard, caiman Dracaena guianensis b. Which animals are included? Lizard, orange-throated Cnemidophorus hyperythrus 2. Trapping? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised ___None Lizard, tegu Tupinambis spp. (all species) a. Are there trapping seasons and if so, when are they? Lizardet, dragon Crocodilurus lacertinus b. Which animals are included? Snake, mussurana Pseudoboa cloelia Snake, two-striped garter Thamnophis e/egans hammondi 3. The live animal trade for pets, zoos and laboratory research? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised ___None Tortoise, Galapagos Geochelone (Testudo) e/ephatopus Tortoise, land Testudinidae (all species) a. Which species of live animsl, ifany, ar exported legally? Turtle, Atlantic ridley Lepidochelys kempii b. Which species of live animals are usually exported illegally? Turtle, Cuarto Cienegas Trionyx ater c. Approximate prices paid for exported live animals? Turtle, green Chelonia mydas d. How are live animals transported to the departure point and the final destinations? Turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata e. Which countries receive legally exported live animals? Turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea f. Which countries receive illegally exported live animals? Turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta g. For what purposes are exported live animals used? Turtle, olive ridley Lepidochelys o/ivacea Turtle, sea Cheloniidae (all species) h. Which countries, if any, serve as stop-over points for legally and/or illegally exported live an1mals? Amphibians i. Doesyour country belong to the Convention or International Trade in Ednagered Species Frog, Panamanian golden (Panama) Ate/opus varius zeteki of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)? ___yes ___no ___plans to join ___no Salamander, axolotl [Mexico) Ambystoma mexicanum plans to join Salamander, Lake Patzcuaro Ambystoma dumerilii j. Are efforts underway or porposed to utilize or domesticate any wild animals in your Toad, Monteverde (Costa Rica) Buyo periglenes country? Toad, Sonoran green (Mexico) Buyo retiformis 4. The skin trade? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing,but being revised, ___None a. Which species of animals, if any, are exported legally for their skins? Appendix D- b. Which species of animals are usually exported illegally for their skins? c. Approximate prices paid for animal skins at source and at destination (if known). Project Questionnaire Form, English and Spanish d. Countries receiving legally exported skins. e. Countries receiving illegally exported skins. 5. The protection of endangered, rare and threatened species ... a. From hunting? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised Request For Information ___None b. From live animal trade? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems - I SAP (a division of The Humane Society of the revised ___none United States). requests your participation in a research project which it is conducting on the prob­ c. From the skin trade? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised lems, activities and legislation concerning the welfare status of domestic animals and wildlife in latin ___None America. As evidenced by the questions which follow, you will see that the main concern of ISAP is the welfare of individuals and not necessarily the conservation of species. d. From habitat destruction? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised ___None 1) If you do not have information on each area, please respond to those items in which you are knowledgeable. We would appreciate your sending the enclosed extra copies of this form to those in­ e. Does your country maintain a list of endangered, threatened and rare animal species? dividuals or agencies able to provide additional assistance. ___yes __no _plans to ___no plans to 2) Whenever possible, please send or arrange for ISAP to receive copies of appropriate legislation B. Does your country have humane laws dealing with dostic animals and their use ... and information pertaining to the topics included in the questionnaire. Please list legislation by name 1. General anti-cruelty legislation? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being and year of enactment, whenever possible. rev1sed ___None 2. In the food industry? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing but being revised 3) Please provide the names and addresses of other individuals and agencies (government and pri­ ___None vate) relevant to this study who may be able to assist us. a. Methods of transportation before slaughter. ___Existing ___Proposed ___Exist- 4) You are invited to add your own comments concerning the various areas of this questionnaire ing but being revised ___None wherever you feel they would be appropriate. b. Methods of slaughter ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised 5) When referring to animals, please identify the types as fully as possible (e.g., use both common ___None and Latin names). c. Kinds of animals and approximate numbers used in food production?

48 49 3. As pets? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but being revised _None 3. El comercio de animales para uso domestico, en zoologicos y para estudio en laboratories. a. What kinds of animals and how many are kept as pets? ___Existe ___Propuesto ___Existe, esta en revision ___No b. Is there a major problem with feral and stray animals? a. tQue especies de animales vivos se exportan legalmente? c. What control measures are commonly used? b. lQue especies son generalmente exportados en forma ilegal? 4. In scientific laboratory research? ___Existing ___Proposed ___Existing, but c. Precio aproximado que se paga par los animales vivos exportados. being revised ___None d. tComo son transportados los animales a su destinacion? a. What kinds of laboratory animals are commonly used? e. lQue paises reciben animales vivos legalmente exportados? b. What breeding programs and how many are established? f. tQue paises reciben animales exportados ilegalmente? c. What are the major research activities involving laboratory animals? (e.g. production of g. tPara que propositos son empleados los animales vivos que se exportan? vaccines and other biologicals, drug research, cancer research, infections disease research, h. tQue paises sirven, (si cabe), como escala para los animales vivos que se exportan legal y/o etc.) ilegalmente? 5. In sporting events such as horse racing, bullfights and rodeos? ___Existing ___Pro- i. tPertenece su pais a Ia Convencion del Comercio lnternacional de flora y fauna silvestre y posed ___Existing, but being revised ___None especies amenazados (CITES)? __si ___no _planea ___unirse C. Which government agencies are charged with enforcing legislation relating to: _no hay planes de union. 1. Wildlife? j. tExiste alguna propuesta o se considera utilizar o domestical algun animal salvaje en su pais? __se planea _propuesto ___no se hay considerado. 2. Domestic animals? D. Which government agencies are involved with matters concerning: 4. El Comerico de pieles? ___existe _propuesto ___existe, esta en revision _no 1. Wildlife? a. tQue especies de animales, si hay, son exportados legalmente para su piel? 2. Domestic animals? b. lQue especies so usualmente exportados en forma ilegal para su piel? E. Which private organizations in your country are involved with matters concerning: c, Precio original que se paga para Ia piel del animal y precio que se paga en su Iugar de 1. Wildlife? destino (si se sabe). 2. Domestic animals? d. lQu• paises reciben pieles exportados legalmente? e. lQue paises reciben pieles exportados ilegalmente? Solicitud De lnforme 5. Proteccion para especies en peligro de extincion, especies raras y especies amenazadas por ... El Institute par el Estudio de Problemas de Animales - ISAP (una division de Ia Sociedad a. Caza? ___existe ___propuesto ___existe, esta en revision ___no hay Humanitaria de los Estados Unidos) solicita su participacion en un proyecto para estudiar los b. El comercio de animales vivos ___existe _propuesto ___existe, esta en problemas, actividades y legislacion concerniente al bienestar de los animales domesticos y silvestres revision _no hay en latinoamerica. c. El comercio de pieles ___existe _propuesta ___existe, esta en revision Como es evidente en las siguientes preguntas, usted podra ver que el interes principal de ISAP es el _no hay del bienestar de los individuos animaies y no necesariamente Ia conservation de las especies. d. Destruccion por el media ambiente ___existe _propuesto ___existe, esta en Quedaremos sumamente agradecidos si usted nos ayuda de Ia siguiente manera: revision _no hay 1) Si usted no tiene Ia informacion requerida en alguna de las siguientes areas, apreciariamos que e. Mantiene su pais un registro de las especies que corren peligro de extincion, especies raras enviara los formularies adjuntos a individuos o agencias que podran proveer asistencia. y especies amenazadas? __si _no __se planea _no hay planes 2) En cuanto le sea posible, sirvase a enviar o haga arreglos para que ISAP reciva copias de las B. tTiene su pais leyes humanitarias que traten con animales domesticos y su usa... legislaciones correspondientes o informe perteneciente a los temas incluidos en el questionario. Favor 1. Legislacion general contra Ia crueldad? ___existe _propuesto ___existe esta en de listar Ia legislacion con nombre y ano de decreto cada vez que sea posible. revision _no hay 3) Favor de proveer nombres y direcciones de otros individuos y agendas (de gobierno o privadas) 2. En Ia industria alimenticia ___existe ___propuesto ___existe, esta en relacionados con este estudio que podriam asistirnos. revision _no 4) Usted esta invitado a anadir su comentario a las diferentes areas de este questionario en donde a. En los metodos usados en el transporte de los animales a los mataderos___ existe lo crea necesario. ~ropuesto ___existe, esta en revision _no 5) Cuando haga referenda a un animal, favor de identificarlo al maximo (ejm., use el nombre b. En metodos de carnear usados? ___existe _propuesto ___esta en comun y el nombre en latin). revision ___no 6) Favor de incluir cualquier informacion estadistica que tenga cuando haga referenda a c. Tipos de animales y aproximado numero, usados para Ia produccion de alimentos actividades animales tales como exportacion, consume domestico etc. 3. Como mascotas? ___existe _propuesto ___existe, esto en revision _no 7) Liste cualquier publicacion (libros, revistas) con titulo, autor, publicador, ana en que se publico, y hay pais que hizo Ia publicacion. a. tQue tip de animales y cuantos son usualmente mantenidos como mascota? !SAP solicita formacion concerniente a las siguientes materias: (Puede anadir el informe despues de b. tRepresentan un gran problema los animales extraviados? cada temar o usar una hoja adicional.) c. tQue metodos de control se emplean? Animates Y Legislacion 4. Su uso para estudio en laboratories, cientificos? ___existe _propuesto A. Tiene su pais legislacion que trate con animales y ... ___existe, esta en revision ___no existe 1. Caza? ___Existe ___Propuesto ___Existe, esta en revision ___No hay a. lQue animales son comunmente utilizados en laboratories? a. tTienen temporada de caza? Si Ia respuesto es si, tCuando? b. lQue programas y cuantos, hay establecidos para Ia reproduccion de animales? b. tCuales animales son incluidos? c. tCuales son los principales studio que envuelven el usa de animales en Laboratories 2. Jaeces? ___Existe ___Propuesto ___Existe, esta en revision ___No cientificos? (ejm. Produccion de vacunas, estudio de drogas, estudios sobre el cancer, estudio de infecciones contagiosas, etc.) a. tHay temporada de jaeces? Si Ia respuesta es si, tCuando? b. tCuales animales estan incluidos? 5. Actividades deportivas tales como carreras de caballos, corrida de toros, rodeos ___existe _propuesto ___existe, esta en revision _no hay

50 51 C. iQue agencias de gobierno estan encargadas de hacer cumplir legislaciones relacionadas con: 1. vida silvestre? 2. animales domesticos? D. iQue agencias de gobierno estan relacionadas con asunto concernientes a: 1. vida si lvestre? 2. animales domesticos? E. 1Que organizaciones privadas en su pais se relaccionan con asuntos que conciernen: 1. vida silvestre? 2. animales domesticos? Appendix E

A Discussion of the Status of Domestic Animals in Latin America and Recommendations to The Humane Society of the United States

While there is no dearth of information and activity concerning the status of wildlife in Latin America, the problems of animal welfare and humane legislation - regarding both wild and domestic animals - are areas that require urgent attention and assistance from U.S.-based organizations such as The Humane Society of the United States. With the exception of rather limited activities in these areas by the International Society for the Protection of Animals (I SPA). the World Federation for the Protection of Animals (WFPA), and the Fund for Animals, virtually no activities from outside Latin America are being undertaken to relieve the situation. Some forty-two animal welfare agencies are listed as operating in the twenty-one nations of Latin America (see Appendix A). The majority of these occur in Mexico, Brazil. Argentina and Chile. Legisla­ tion on the conservation and hunting of wildlife far outnumbers that regarding the welfare of domes­ tic animals (see Appendix B). An attitude exists among many individuals involved with U.S. animal welfare activities that the countries of Latin America are hopelessly behind the United States, Canada and Europe in regard to humane legislation and animal welfare concepts. But considering that the United States passed its first federal humane slaughter act in 1958 - some seventy-five years after similar legislation was enacted by Switzerland - Latin America may be seen as being less than a generation "behind" the United States. Indeed, existing humane legislation in some Latin American nations can provide a foundation upon which future efforts can be based. At the same time, there is a consensus among the individuals interviewed in the U S which is also based on the author's discussions with Latin American <~uthorities, that both private organizations and state and federal government agencies in Latin America would benefit from the assistance - legal, financial and moral - that U S. organizations can provide. Assistance is needed to help Latin American organizations promote the concept of animal welfare as well as to help governments formu­ late new laws and comply with new regulations, such as U.S government legislation prohibiting the importation of meat products not slaughtered under humane guidelines A notable contact person developed during the course of the project is Dr. Braulis Orejas-Miranda, Scientific Affairs, Organization of American States (OAS). An eminent authority on animal problems in Latin America, Dr. Orejas has repeatedly expressed his desire to cooperate with The Humane Society of the United States in establishing liaison with both government and private agencies involved with animal issues throughout Latin America. Two recent meetings could lead to further involvement of the humane movement in North America. One, the "Technical Meeting on the Conservation of Migratory Animals of the Western Hemisphere and their Ecosystems," convened in Panama City on June 4-8, 1979, and was the fourth in a series of meetings attempting to bolster the 1940 Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation. The Panama meeting was organized to lay the foundation for the second meeting, an assembly of the OAS legal department, scheduled for July 24-27, 1979, in Washington, D.C. It is recommended that the humane movement consider the implementation of a Latin American program through which the OAS and private and government agencies in Latin America can be en­ couraged and assisted in the promulgation of animal welfare and conservation activities. The success of such a program could possibly lead to the establishment of a "Pan American Humane Association."

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