EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 592

592 INDEX INDEX

A Agelaius phoeniceius 351 Anairetes parulus 328 Antimore rostrata 496 Argiope spp. 540 aardvark 175, 175 Agkistrodon spp. 401, 413 Anas spp. 256, 258, 258 Antipathes furcata 522 Argonauta argo 531, 531 aardwolf 147, 147 Agouti spp. 232, 236, 236 Anaspides tasmaniae 549 antlers 194, 194 Argulus foliaceus 548 aba 473, 473 agoutis 232, 236, 236 anchoveta 479, 479 antlion 579, 581, 581 argus, great 255, 255 abalone, European edible 528 Agriope bruennichi 539 Ancylus fluviatilis 529 antpitta, streak-chested 326 Argusianus argus 255, 255 Ablennes hians 499 Agrotis infusa 74, 74, 572 Andigena hypoglauca 321 ants 561, 574, 578 Argynnis paphia 573 Ablepharus kitaibelii 385, 387 Ahaetulla nasuta 406 Andrias davidianus 421, 421 bull ant 578 Argyrodes gibbosus 541 carpenter ant 578 Abraliopsis morisii 530 Ailuropoda melanoleuca 57, 59, Androctonus australis 537 Argyropelecus olfersi 491 consumption by poison-arrow Abrocoma cinerea 238, 238 122, 130, 131, 131, 132, Androngo trivittatus 384 arid environments 46, 46 132 frogs 32, 443 Abronia aurita 391 Aneides lugubris 425, 425 Arion rufus 529 Ailurus fulgens 130, 132, 132 giant hunting ant 578 Acanthaster planci 584 anemonefish, clown 508 armadillos 82, 82, 83, 83 Aipysurus laevis 411 honey ant 578 Acanthisitta chloris 330 anemones see sea anemones Arothron meleagris 512, 512 Aix sponsa 258, 258 leaf-cutter ant 15, 32, 578 Acanthiza chrysorrhoa 334 angel insects 579 Artamus superciliosus 335 akohekohe 352 pharaoh ant 578 Acanthocardia aculeata 527 angel squeaker 485 red wood ant 578 Artemia salina 547, 547 Alaemon alaudipes 339 Acanthocybium solandri 510 angelfishes 452, 498, 507, 507, slave-making ant 578 Arthroleptis wahlbergii 447 Alauda arvensis 339 Acanthodactylus pardalis 389, 389 508, 508 thief ant 578 arthropods 516, 534–82 albatrosses 57, 264, 264 Acanthophis antarcticus 410, 410 anglemouth, veiled 491 trap-jaw ant 578 Arvicanthis niloticus 228 Albula spp. 474, 475, 475 Acanthosaura armata 377 angler 497, 497 weaver ant 578 Arvicola terrestris 227 Alcedo atthis 314, 315, 315 Acanthostracion polygonius 450–1 anglerfishes 467, 495–7, 495, 497 antshrike, barred 326 Ascaphus truei 430, 430 Alcelaphus buselaphus 178, 178 Acanthurus achilles 509 Anguilla spp. 474, 477, 477 antwren, rufous-winged 326 Ascaris lumbricoides 524 Alces alces 190, 190, 194 Acarus siro 542 Anguina tritici 524 anurans see frogs; toads ascidians 518 Alcyonium digitatum 521 accentor, black-throated 344, Anguis fragilis 390 Aonyx capensis 135 Ascothorax ophioctenis 548 344 alderfly 580, 580 angwantibo 104, 105 Aotus trivirgatus 108, 108 Asellus aquaticus 549 Accipiter spp. 279, 279 Alectoris rufa 253, 253 anhinga 271, 271 aoudad 185, 185 Asio spp. 305, 305 Aceros waldeni 316 Alectroenas pulcherrima 295 Anhinga spp. 271, 271 Apaloderma narina 313 asity, velvet 330 Achatina achatina 529 Alectura lathami 252, 252 ani, smooth-billed 302 Apalone spp. 361 Aspidelaps lubricus 410 Acinonyx jubatus 34, 35, 122, 152, Alepocephalus tenebrosus 487 anianiau 352 apes 57, 98–9, 118–20 see also Aspideretes gangenticus 361, 361 153, 153, 161 alevin 489 Anilius scytale 399 Barbary ape Aspidites melanocephalus 398, 398 Acipenser spp. 470, 470 alfonsino, splendid 500 Animalia Aphantochilus rogersi 539 Aspidontus taeniatus 509, 509 Acomys cahirinus 228 Algyroides nigropunctatus 389, 389 adaptations 40–53 Aphelinus mali 575 asps see snakes Aconaemys fuscus 238 Allenopithecus nigroviridis 117 behavior 30–9 Aphelocephala pectoralis 333 asses 168–9, 168, 169 biological features 30–9 acouchi, red 236, 236 Alligator spp. 52, 368, 368 aphids 559, 561, 561 Astacilla pusilla 549 alligators 52, 367, 368, 368 classification of 16–17, 18–21 Aphrodite aculeata 532 Astacopsis gouldi 56 Acrantophis madagascariensis 397 defining features 14–15 Allobates femoralis 443 Aphyosemion gardneri 499 Asterias rubens 583 Acrobates pygmaeus 74 Anisoscelis flavolineatus 559 Alopex lagopus 127, 127 Apis spp. 577 astrapia,Arfak 338 Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 37, 346 annelids 532, 532 Alopias vulpinus 457, 459 Aplodontia rufa 218, 219, 219 Astrapia nigra 338 Acrochordus spp. 399 anoa, mountain 186, 186 Alosa spp. 479, 479 Aplonis metallica 347 Astrospartus mediterraneus 584 Acrocinus longimanus 566 Anodonta cygnaea 527 Alouatta spp. 109, 109 Aplysia californica 37 Atelerix albiventris 86 Acropora sp. 516 Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus 299, alpaca 198 Aplysina aerophoba 519 Ateles spp. 110, 110 Acryllium vulturinum 255 299 Alphaeus randalli 550 Apodemus sylvaticus 228 Atelocynus microtis 129 Actias selene 571 anoles 375, 375, 378, 386 Alytes spp. 430 Aptenodytes spp. 40, 260, 261, 261 Atelopus varius 437, 437 Actinia equina 522 Anolis spp. 375 Amardillidium vulgare 546, 549, Apteronotus albifrons 485 Atelornis crossleyi 317 Actophilornis africanus 288, 288 Anomalops katoptron 500 549 Apteryx spp. 250, 251 Athene cunicularia 305 adaptations anomalures 223 Amaurornis phoenicurus 285 Apus spp. 309, 309 Atheris squamigera 412 behavioral 30–9 Anomalurus spp. 223 biological 30–9 Amazon leaf-fish 507, 507 aquatic environments 48–52 Atherurus africanus 234, 234 Anopheles maculipennis 567 to habitat 40–53 Amazona spp. 300, 300 Aquila spp. 15, 280, 280 Atlantisia rogersi 285 Anoplopoma fimbria 503, 503 adaptive radiation 29, 352–3 amber 27 Ara spp. 299, 299 Atractaspis spp. 399 Anser spp. 48, 249, 257, 257, 266 adders 46, 401, 409, 410, 410, Amblyornis inornatus 39 aracaries 321 Atractosteus spatula 471 Anseranas semipalmata 257 412, 413 Amblyrynchus cristatus 373 arachnids 535, 536–43 Atrax robustus 541 Anseropoda placenta 584 Adela reamurella 570 Amblysomus hottentotus 86, 86 Aramus guarauna 284, 284 Atrichornis clamosus 330 Antalis tarentinum 526 Adenomera andreae 434, 434 Ambystoma spp. 422, 424, 424, Araneus diadematus 539 Atta spp. 15, 32, 578 Antaresia childreni 397 Aechmophorus occidentalis 262, 426 Araniella cucurbitina 539 Attacus atlas 571 antbirds 324, 326 263, 263 Ameiva ameiva 391 arapaima 472, 473, 473 Attaphila fungicola 556 anteaters 33, 81, 81, 82, 82,83 Aegithalos concinnus 333 ameiva, giant 391 Arapaima gigas 472, 473, 473 Atticora fasciata 339 Antechinus spp. 72, 72 Aegolius spp. 305 Amia calva 471, 471 Araschnia levana 573 Atympanophrys shapingensis 431 antechinuses 72 Aegotheles cristatus 307 ammocoetes 453, 453 arawana 472 Atypus muralis 538 antelopes 180, 187 Aegypius monachus 277 Ammodorcas clarkei 180 Archaeoindris fontoynontii 101 auklets 293 Antennarius avalonis 497, 497 Aeluroscalabotes felinus 380 Ammodytes tobianus 509 Archaeopteryx 28, 246 auks 26, 287, 293, 293 Anthaxia hungarica 564 Aenetus dulcis 571 Ammophila sabulosa 577 archerfish 507, 507 Aulacocephalus temminckii 504 Anthophora parietina 577 Aeoliscus strigatus 501, 501 Ammotragus lervia 185, 185 Architeuthis dux 516, 525, 531 Aulacorhynchus prasinus 321, 321 Anthracoceros montani 316 Aepyceros melampus 163, 179, 179 Amolops viridimaculatus 446 Arctia caja 571 Aurelia aurita 521 Anthracothorax spp. 310, 311 Aepyprymnus rufescens 78 amphibians 19, 418–47 Arctictis binturong 150 aurochs 176 Anthrenus scrophulariae 564 Aethia cristatella 293 amphioxus 518 Arctocebus calabarensis 104, 105 Australophocaena dioptrica 210, 210 Anthreptes malacensis 331 Aetobatus narinari 455, 465 amphipods 549 Arctocephalus spp. 143, 143 Avahi laniger 103, 103 Anthropoides virgo 283, 283 African hunting dog see African Amphiprion ocellaris 508 Arctogalidia trivirgata 150 Aviceda spp. 275 Anthus spp. 340 wild dog amphisbaenians 370, 394 Arctonyx collaris 136, 136 avocet, pied 288 Antidorcas marsupialis 180 African wild dog 124, 127, 127 Amphitretus pelagicus 531 Ardea spp. 268, 269, 269 Axis axis 193, 193 Antigonia rubescens 501 Afrixalus dorsalis 444 Amphiuma means 421 Argas reflexus 542 axolotl 423, 423 Antilocapra americana 45, 190, Agalychnis spp. 42, 418, 439, 439 amphiuma, two-toed 421 aye-aye 68, 100, 102, 102 195, 195 Arge ochropus 574 Agama agama 376 Anabas testudineus 511, 511 Aythya ferina 259 Antilope cervicapra 180 Argema mimosae 39 agamas 376 Anableps anableps 500 ayu 487 antimore, blue 496 Argentina silus 487 Agapornis spp. 298, 298 anaconda 397 argentine, greater 487 Azemiops faae 412 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 593

INDEX 593

B greater mouse-tailed bat 94 metallic wood-boring beetle blennies 450, 509, 509 Braula caeca 568 babblers 344, 345, 345 hammer-headed fruit bat 93, 564 blesbok 178 Bravicoryne brassicae 561 93 rhinoceros beetle 31 babirusa 200, 200 bloodworms 567 bream, twoband 506 hoary bat 97 rhinoceros dung beetle 565 baboons 98, 98, 106, 106, 114, blowflies 567, 569, 569 Breviceps spp. 442, 442 hog-nosed bat 97 scarab beetles 553, 563 blue dasher 554 Brevoortia tyrannus 479 114 Honduran tent bat 94, 94, 95 seven-spotted lady beetle 564 Babyrousa babyrussa 200, 200, blue marlin 498, 510, 510 brill 511, 511 Indian flying fox 93 snout beetles see weevils bluebottles see blowflies; jellyfishes brine fly 552 201, 201 large mouse-eared bat 96, 96 South American longhorn bluethroat 344 bristlemouths 491 Bachia panoplia 390 least blossom bat 93, 93 beetle 563 bachia,Thomas’s 390 little bent-winged bat 92 South American sawyer beetle Boa constrictor 397, 397 bristletail 579, 579, 582 Bacillus rossii 579 little brown bat 64 566 boar, wild 200, 200 bristleworms 532 backswimmers 562 Mauritian tomb bat 94 spotted cucumber beetle 563 boarfish, Indo-Pacific 501 brittle stars 583, 584, 584 bacteria 15 Mexican free-tailed bat 97, 97 stag beetles 563, 566, 566 boas 394, 395, 396, 396, 397, broadbills 324, 330, 330 Baculentulus breviunguis 582 New Zealand lesser short- tiger beetle 563 397, 398, 398 brockets 195, 195 badgers 134, 136, 136, 141, 141 tailed bat 97, 97 tobacco beetle 565 bobcat 156, 156 Brookesia superciliaris 379 baiji 207 noctule 92, 96 turnip flea beetle 566 bobtail see cuttlefishes Brosme brosme 496 Balaena mysticetus 213, 214 orange leaf-nosed bat 95 water scavenger beetle 564 bobuk 74 Brotogeris versicolurus 300 Balaeniceps rex 270, 270 Pallas’s long-tongued bat 95 whirligig beetles 562 bockadam, New Guinea 405 Brotula multibarbata 496 Balaenoptera spp. 30, 204, 213, particolored bat 96 behavior, of animals 30–9 Bocydium globulare 560 brown recluse 541 214, 214–15, 215 pocketed free-tailed bat 97 bellbirds 325, 327 Boettgerilla pallens 529 brubru 335 Balanoglossus clavigerus 586 Schreibner’s bent-winged beluga 206, 207, 207, 470, 470 Bohadschia argus 583 brush-turkey,Australian 252, 252 bat 96, 96 Benthalbella dentata 492 Boiga dendrophila 406, 406 bryozoans 585, 587, 587 Balantiocheilos melanopterus 481 serotine 96 Berardius bairdii 212, 212 Bolitoglossa jacksoni 425 Bubalornis niger 347 Balanus tintinnabulum 548 spotted bat 97 Beroe cucumis 585 Bolyeria multocarinata 396 bald crows 346 straw-colored fruit bat 93 Bubalus spp. 186, 186 Beryx splendens 500 Balearica spp. 283 sucker-footed bat 97, 97 Bombay ducks 492, 492 bubblenetting 211 baleen whales see whales western barbastelle 96, 96 Betta splendens 511, 511 Bombina spp. 430, 430 Bubo spp. 305 Balistoides conspicillum 512 white bat see Honduran tent Bettongia penicillata 78, 78 Bombus lapidarius 577 Bubulcus ibis 268, 269 balloonfish 513 bat bettongs 78, 78 Bombycilla garrulus 341 Bucco tamatia 320 bananaquit 349, 349 wrinkle-faced bat 95 bezoar 184 Bombylius major 568 Buceros bicornis 317, 317 banded tulip 528 yellow-winged bat 94, 94 Bhutanitis lidderdalii 572 bonefishes 474, 475, 475 budgerigar 297, 297 bandicoot rats 229, 229 baza, black 275 bib 497 bongo 187 Budorcas taxicolor 183 bandicoots 73, 73 beardfishes 493, 493 Bielzia coerulans 525 bonobo 57, 120, 120 buffalos 176, 176, 187 Bandicota indica 229, 229 bears 14, 48, 51, 64, 130, 130–3, bighorn sheep 185, 185 bontebok 178 buff-winged starfrontlet 310 bandy-bandy 400 131, 132, 133, 160 bilby 73, 73 bony fishes 466–513 Bufo spp. 45, 428, 429, 435, 435, barasingha 192 beavers 38, 217, 218, 219, 219, billfishes 498 bonytongues 472–3 436, 436, 437, 437, 444 barb, spanner 482, 482 222, 222, 223, 223 binturong 150 boobies 271, 272, 272, 353 bugs 533, 543, 552, 559, Barbary ape 113, 113 bee fly, greater 568 Biorrhiza pallida 575 boomslang 406, 406 559–62, 560, 561 barbastelles 96, 96 bee hummingbird 246 Bipalium kewense 523 Boophis madagascariensis 447 bulbul, red-whiskered 341, 341 Barbatula barbatula 482, 482 bee wolf 577 birchirs 469, 469 Boreus hiemalis 581 bulldog (fish) 473 barbets 320, 320 bee-eaters 314, 314, 316, 316 bird nests 308, 318–19, 318–19 Bos spp. 186, 186 bullfrogs see frogs Barbourisia rufa 500, 500 bees 35, 533, 553, 574, 576–7, bird-cherry ermine 570 Boselaphus tragocamelus 187 Bulweria spp. 265 Barbus erubescens 480 577 birds 246–353 Bosmina longirostris 547 bumble fly 568 barnacles 546, 548, 548 beet fly 569 classification of 19 Botaurus spp. 268 Bungarus fasciatus 409 barracuda 35 beetles 553, 563–6, 569 cooperative breeding 36, 329, botflies 569, 569 buntings 351, 351 barramundi perch 504, 504 ant-nest beetle 563 329 Bothriechis spp. 400, 407, 415 Buphagus africanus 36, 325 courtship displays 342–3 barreleye 486, 487 bee beetle 564 Bothriopsis taeniata 415 burbot 495, 496, 496 bess beetle 566 defining features 246, 248–9 Bothrops spp. 415 Burramys parvus 74, 74 Basiliscus plumifrons 375 evolution of bills 352–3, black blister beetle 565 Botia lohachata 482, 482 burro 169, 169 bass 504, 505 352–3 blister beetles 565, 565 bush dog 129, 129 Bassariscus astutus 146 lek behavior 342–3 Botrylloides magnicoecum 518 bombardier beetle 563 bushbabies 100, 104, 104 Batagur baska 55, 363, 363 cigarette beetle 565 migrations 35, 266, 266 Botryllus schlosseri 518 bat-eared fox 127 click beetles 565, 565 singing 324, 336 Boulengerella maculata 483 bush-crickets see crickets Batesian mimicry 504, 504 Colorado potato beetle 566 birds of paradise 338, 338, 342–3 Boulengerina annulata 409 bushmaster 33, 415, 415 batfish, narrowbanded 513 common carpet beetle 564 birds of prey 274–82 boutu 207 bustards 286, 286 Bathyergus suillus 233 convergent lady beetle 564 birdsong 324, 336 bovids see cattle family Buteo spp. 274, 279, 279, 353 Bathylagus stilbius 487 darkling beetle 46 bishop, southern red 347 Bowerbankia imbricata 587 Buteogallus spp. 279 Bathynella natans 549 Darwin’s stag beetle 566 bison 45, 59, 176, 186, 186, 188 bowerbirds 31, 39, 318, 338, 338, buthid, European 537 Bathynomus giganteus 549 diving beetles 562, 563 Bison bison 45, 59, 176, 186, 186, 342 Buthus occitanus 537 Batis molitor 334 European burying beetle 564 188 bowfin 471, 471 butterflies 533, 570-3 batoids see rays European ground beetle 563 Biston betularia 23 Box grunniens 186, 186 African monarch 573 European splendor beetle 564 Batrachoseps major aridus 422 Bitis spp. 46, 401, 413, 413 boxfishes 512, 513 Apollo butterfly 572 feather-winged beetle 563 Bhutan glory butterfly 572 Batrachuperus mustersi 422 Bittacus tipularius 581 Brachionichthys hirsutus 495 fire beetle 565 brachiopods 587, 587 brush-footed butterflies 573, bats 41, 64, 92–7, 428 flesh-eating beetle 564 bitterling 481, 481 573 American false vampire bat bitterns 286, 286 Brachygastra lecheguana 577 frog-legged leaf beetle 566 Brachylagus idahoensis 242, 242 cabbage butterfly 572 95, 95 fuscous soldier beetle 564 Biziura lobata 259 dead leaf butterfly 573 Brachylophus spp. 373, 373 Brazilian free-tailed bat 97, 97 golden rove beetle 564 Blaberus giganteus 556 Helena butterfly 573 common pipistrelle 96, 96 golden spider beetle 565 black ghost 485 Brachynus crepitans 563 map butterfly 573 common vampire bat 95, 95 goliath beetle 565 black mamo 352 Brachypelma albopilosa 538 monarch butterflies 573, 573 Daubenton’s bat 96 grayback cane beetle 435 black widow spider 541, 541 Brachypoda versicolor 543 moth butterfly 572 diadem leaf-nosed bat 95 great capricorn beetle 566 Brachypteryx montana 344 northern jungle queen disk-winged bat 97 blackbirds 345, 351, 351 green scarab 565 blackbuck 180 Brachyteles arachnoides 110, 110 butterfly 573 eastern tube-nosed bat 93 harlequin beetle 566 Bradypodion damaranum 379 owl butterfly 573 Egyptian fruit bat 93, 93 blackfin 35 Hercules beetle 565 blackfish,Alaska 487 Bradypus spp. 32, 32, 81, 81, 82, swallowtail butterfly 534 Egyptian slit-faced bat 94 Java fiddle beetle 563 82 Union Jack butterfly 572 European free-tailed bat 97 blackfly hunter 581 jewel beetles 564, 564 black-throated mango 310, 310 brain-fever birds see barbets butterflyfishes 472, 498, 507 Gambian epauletted fruit lady beetles 553, 561, 561, bat 93 Blaniulus guttulatus 545 Branchionus plicatilis 586 buttonquails 284, 284 563, 564, 564, 565 Branchiostoma lanceolatum 518 buzzards 274, 274, 276, 278, gray-headed flying fox 92 large elm bark beetle 566 Blarina brevicauda 87, 87 greater bulldog bat 94, 94 Blastocerus dichotomus 194 Branchipus stagnalis 547 279, 279 longhorn (longicorn) beetles Branta spp. 257, 257 by-the-wind sailor 521 greater horseshoe bat 39, 95 566 Blatella germanica 556 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 594

594 INDEX

C caracaras 280, 282, 282 cavies 232 Chelodina longivollis 359 Cichla ocellaris 508 Cabassous unicinctus 82 Carcharhinus spp. 458, 458, 460 cavy-like rodents 217, 232–8 Chelonia mydas 360, 360 cichlids 484, 498 Cacajao spp. 56, 108, 108 Carcharias taurus 59, 459, 459 caymans see caimans Chelus fimbriatus 359 Cicindela chinensis 563 Cacosternum capense 446, 446 Carcharodon carcharias 33, 459, Cebus spp. 109, 109, 232 Chelydra serpentina 365, 365 Cicinnurus regius 343 cactus-finch 351, 353 460, 460 Celeus spp. 323, 323 Chen caerulescens (syn. Anser Ciconia spp. 270, 318 caddisfly 579, 581 Carcinus maenas 548, 548, 551 cells, structure of 15 caerulescens) 48, 249, 257, Cimex lectuarius 560 257, 266 caecilians 418, 418, 427, 427 Cardinalis cardinalis 249 centipedes 534, 545, 545 Cinclus spp. 325, 341 chevrotains 190, 191, 191 Caenolestes fuligonosus 70 cardinals 249, 351 Centrocercus urophasianus 252 Cinnyricinclus leucogaster 347 Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata 442, Caenorhabditis elegans 524 Carduelis spp. 348 Centrolene prosoblepon 440, 440 Circaetus gallicus 276, 276 442 Caesio spp. 466, 506 Caretta caretta 360 Centropus sinensis 302 Circus spp. 278, 278 Chiasognathus grantii 566 Caiman crocodilus 369 Carettochelys insculpta 361 Centruroides gracilis 537 Cirrothauma murrayi 531 chichlids 484, 484, 508, 508 caimans 367, 368, 368, 369 Cariama cristata 286 Centurio senex 95 cisco 486, 490 chickadees 333 Cairina moschata 256, 258 caribou 188, 189, 190, 194 Cepaea hortensis 529 Cissa chinensis 337 chickens, domestic 246, 252, 254 Calabaria reinhardtii 396 caribs 311, 311 Cephalcia albietis 574 Cisticola juncidis 346 chiggers 543 Calamaria septemtrionalis 404 Carlia triacantha 385, 385 Cephalophus spp. 177, 177 cisticola, Zitting 346 Chimaera monstrosa 457 Calandrella brachydactyla 339 Carnegiella strigata 483, 483 cephalopods 525, 530, 531 Cistothorus palustris 325, 336, 341 chimaeras 454, 456, 457 calango, green 390 carnivores 122–61 Cephalorhynchus commersonii 208 Cittura cyanotis 315 aardwolf 147 Chimarrogale himalayica 87 Calicalicus rufocarpalis 353 Cephenemyia spp. 569 civets 148–51, 160 bear family 130–3 chimpanzees 16, 37, 57, 118, Calidris minuta 290 Cephus pygmaeus 574 African palm civet 150 cats 152–9, 160 118, 120, 120 banded palm civet 149, 149 Caligo idomeneus 573 Cerambyx cerdo 566 civets 148–51, 160 chinchilla, short-tailed 232, 238, brown palm civet 150 Callagur borneoensis 363, 363 Cerastes cerastes 412 defining features 122–3, 161 Ceratophrys spp. 433, 433 238 common palm civet 150 Callicebus moloch 108, 108 dog family 124–9, 160 Ceratotherium simum 172, 172, Chinchilla spp. 232, 238, 238 Hope’s palm civet 149 calling hares see pikas hunting strategies 160–1 173, 173 chinchilla-rat 238, 238 Jerdon’s palm civet 150 Callipepla californica 253, 253 hyenas 147, 160 Cerberus rynchops 405 chinspot batis 334 Malagasy civet 149, 149 Calliphora vicina 569 mongooses 148–51, 160 Malayan civet 149 Cercocebus galeritus 115 Chioglossa lusitanica 423 Callithrix pygmaea 106, 107, 107 mustelids 134–41, 160 Chionea spp. 568 masked palm civet 150, 150 raccoon family 146, 160 Cercopis sanguinolenta 561 Callopanchax occidentalis 499, 499 Chionis minor 291 Owston’s palm civet 149, 149 Calloplesiops altivelis 504, 504 sea lions 123, 142–5 Cercopithecus spp. 112, 116, 116, three-striped palm civet 150 117 chipmunks 218, 221, 221 Callorhinus ursinus 143, 143 seals 123, 142–5 tiger civet 149, 149 Cercosaura ocellata 390 Chirocentrus dorab 478 Callosciurus prevostii 221 Carpococcyx radiceus 302 toddy cat 150 Cercotrichas galactotes 344 Chirocephalus grubei 547 Calloselasma rhodostoma 415 Carpodacus carpodacus 352 Clamator glandarius 301 Cerdocyon thous 129, 129 Chiromantis xerampelina 447 Calopteryx virgo 554 carps 480, 481, 481 clams 58, 525, 525, 527, 527, Cereus pedunculatus 522 Chironectes minimus 70, 70 Calosoma sycophanta 563 cartilaginous fishes 450, 454–65, 533 Cerianthus lloydi 522 Chironex fleckeri 521 Calotes spp. 377, 377 466, 469 Clangula hyemalis 259 Cerocoma meuhlfieldi 565 Chironius monticola 408 Calumma spp. 379 Caryophyllia smithi 522 Clarias angloensis 484 Cerorhinca monocerata 293 Chironomus plumosus 567 Caluromys philander 69, 69 Casarea dusumieri 396 classification of animals 16–17, Certhia familiaris 334 Chiropotes albinasus 108 Caluromysiops irrupta 69, 69 Cassiopeia andromeda 521 18–21 Certhidea olivacea 353 Chiroteuthis veranyi 531 Calyoptomena viridis 330 cassowaries 250, 251, 251 Claudius angustatus 365 Certhionyx variegatus 332 chiru 180 Calyptura cristata 327 Castor spp. 217, 218, 218, 222, Clavelina lepadiformis 518 cervids see deer chital 193, 193 Camarhynchus pallidus 353 222, 223, 223 clearwings 571 Cervus spp. 192, 192 Chitala chitala 472 camels 198–9, 198, 199 Casuarius spp. 251, 251 Clelia clelia 408 Ceryle rudis 314 Chiton spp. 526 Camelus spp. 198, 198, 199, 199 Catagonus wagneri 202, 202 Clemmys spp. 358, 361, 361, 362, Cestus veneris 585 chitons 525, 526, 526 Campephilus principalis 321 Catajapyx aquilonaris 582 366 cetaceans 38, 62, 204–15 Chlamydera spp. 39, 338, 342 Campethera abingoni 322 catbirds 338, 341 Clethrionomys glareolus 227 Cetorhinus maximus 459, 459 Chlamydosaurus kingii 371, 376, Campodea fragilis 582 caterpillars 570, 570 Climacteris erythrops 331 Ceyx pictus 315 386 Camponotus herculeanus 578 catfishes 480–5, 480, 484, 485 clown anemonefish 508 Chaetoderma canadense 526 Chlamydoselachus anguineus 461 Campylomormyrus elephas 473 Cathartes aura 47, 275 clownfishes 498, 498 Catocala nupta 572 Chaetodermis penicilligerus 512 Chlamydotis undulata 286 Clupea harengus 479, 479 Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Chlamyphorus truncatus 83 326 Catopuma spp. 158, 158 Chaetodipus formosus 224, 224 Clypeaster humilis 584 cats 122, 152–9, 160, 161 Chaetodon auriga 507 Chlidonias hybridus 292 Cnemidophorus spp. 390 Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Chlorocebus aethiops 112, 116, 318 African golden cat 157 Chaetonotus maximus 586 cnidarians 34, 520–2 Andean cat 159 Chaetophractus villosus 82 116, 117, 117 coastal environments 51, 51 candiru 485 Chloroceryle americana 315 Candoia aspera 396 Asiatic golden cat 158, 158 Chaetopleura apiculata 526 coati, white-nosed 146, 146 bay cat 158, 158 Chlorohydra viridis 520 Candona suburbana 548 Chaetura pelagica 309, 309 cobras 394, 395, 395, 400, 407, black-footed cat 157 chalcid wasp 575 Chloropeta natalensis 346 408, 408, 409, 409 Canephora hirsuta 570 Chinese desert cat 157 Chlorophanes spiza 349 canids see dogs Chalcomitra senegalensis 331 Coccinella septempunctata 564 domestic cat 16 Chalcophaps indica 294, 294 Chlorops pumilionis 568 Coccyzus americanus 302 Canis spp. 30, 45, 71, 123, 124, fishing cat 158, 158 Chamaeleo spp. 379 Chloropsis hardwickei 341 Cochlearius cochlearius 268 124, 125, 125, 126, 126 flat-headed cat 158 chocolate arion 529 Canthocamptus staphylinus 547 Geoffroy’s cat 157, 159, 159 chameleons 34, 371, 372, 372, cockatiel 297 379, 379 Chondrohierax uncinatus 275 cockatoos 296, 296 cantil 413 Iriomote cat 158, 158 chopontil 365 Cape sugarbird 331 jungle cat 157 chamois 56, 183, 183 cockfighting 254 Chanos chanos 480, 481, 481 choughs 329, 337, 337 cockle, spiny 527 Cape wild dog 124, 127, 127 kodkod 159 Chromodoris spp. 525 leopard cat 158, 158 characins 480, 483 cock-of-the-rock, Guianan 327, capelin 488 Chrotogale owstoni 149, 149 Caperea marginata 214 marbled cat 158, 158 Charina spp. 396 327 otter cat see jaguarundi Charinus milloti 537 Chrysemys picta 362, 362 cockroaches 556, 556 Capra spp. 183, 183, 184, 184 Chrysis ignita 575 Caprella anatifera 549 Pallas’s cat 157 Charonia tritonis 528 codling 496 pampas cat 159 chars 486 Chrysococcyx caprius 302 cods 495–7, 495, 497 Capreolus capreolus 194 Chrysocyon brachyurus 129, 129 Capricornis sumatraensis 183, 183 rusty-spotted cat 158 Chasmodes bosquianus 450 coelacanths 26, 468, 468 sand cat 157, 157 Chrysolampis mosquitus 311 Caprimulgus spp. 307, 307 chat, crimson 333 Coeligena spp. 310 weasel cat see jaguarundi Chauliodus macouni 491 Chrysopa vulgaris 581 Coelorhynchus fasciatus 496 Caprolagus hispidus 242, 242 wildcat 157, 157 Chrysopelea paradisi 406 Capromys pilorides 237, 237 Chauna torquata 257, 257 Coenagrion peulla 554 catshark, blackmouth 458 cheese skipper 568, 569 Chrysops caecutiens 568 Coendou spp. 235, 235 capuchin monkeys 109, 109 cattle family 176–87 Chrysospalax trevelyani 86 capuchinbird 327 cheetah 34, 35, 122, 152, 153, Coereba flaveola 349, 349 Causus lichtensteini 412 153, 161 chuckwala 374 coffin fly 569 capybara 216, 232, 235, 235 cavefish,Alabama 495 chytridiomycosis fungus 429 caracal 156, 156 Chelictinia riocourii 276 Coleonyx variegatus 380, 380 caves 41, 41 Chelidonichthys cuculus 502 cicadas 559, 560, 560 Colius spp. 313 Caracal caracal 156, 156 caviar 469, 470 Ciccaba huhula 304 Caracara lusotus 280 Chelifer cancroides 537 collared inca 310 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 595

INDEX 595

Colletes cunicularius 577 Cossus cossus 571 cuckoo-hawk,African 275 Daubentonia madagascariensis 68, Diceros bicornis 172, 172, 173, 173 Colluricincla harmonica 333 Cotinga ridgwayi 327 cuckoo-roller 317, 317 100, 102, 102 Dicopomorpha echmepterygis 553 colobus monkeys 112, 112, 121, cotingas 324, 327, 327 cuckoos 37, 301–2, 301, 302 Daudebardia rufa 529 Dicrostonyx torquatus 227, 227 121 Cottocomephorus grewingkii 503 cuckoo-shrikes 339, 340, 340 dawn dropwing 554 Dicrurus paradiseus 335 Colobus spp. 112 cottonmouth, Florida 401 Cuculus canorus 302, 302 dead man’s fingers 521 Didelphis marsupialis 68, 68, 69, colocolo see Dromiciops gliroides cottontails see rabbits Culcita novaeguineae 584 Debdroaspis viridis 409 69 Cololabis saira 499 Coturnix delegorguei 253 Culex pipens 567 deer 162, 190–5 digestive system Coluber spp. 402 coucal, greater 302, 302 Cuon alpinus 127 barking deer 193, 193 ruminants 176 colugos 90 cougar see puma Cuora amboinensis 363 black-tailed deer see mule ungulates 163 Columba livia 294, 294 cowbird, shiny 351 curassow, great 252, 252 deer dik-dik, Guenther’s 181, 181 Comanthus spp. 583 cowfishes 450–1, 512, 512 Curculio nucum 566 Chinese water deer 190, 191 dingo 71, 126, 126 comb jellies 585, 585 cowries 528 curlews 288, 288, 289 Eld’s deer 192 Dinomys branickii 232, 236 fallow deer 190, 193, 193 comet 504, 504 coyote 125, 125 cuscuses 74, 74 Dinopium benghalense 323 Indian mouse deer 191, 191 commensalism 36 coypu 232, 237, 237 cushion star 584 Dinoponera grandis 578 marsh deer 194 dinosaurs 27,29 Conchoderma auritum 548 crabs 546 cuttlefishes 530, 530, 531 Mesopotamian fallow deer Diodon holacanthus 513 conchs 528 Alaskan king crab 551 Cyanea arctica 521 193 conditioning, behavioural 37 Chinese mitten crab 551 Cyanerpes cyaneus 349 mule deer 190, 194 Diomedea spp. 57, 264, 264 condors 274, 275, 275 European green crab 548, Cyanolanius madagascannus 353 musk deer 190 Diopsis tenuipes 568 Condylura cristata 88, 88 548, 551 Cyanoliseus patagonus 299, 299 pampas deer 194 Diplodactylus ciliaris 381 conebill, giant 349 fiddler crab 546, 550 Cyanolyca nana 337 Père David’s deer 193 Diplodus vulgaris 506 Conepatus spp. 137, 137 giant Japanese spider crab Cyanopica cyanus 337 Philippine hog deer 193 Diplogale hosei 149 30, 546, 551 conger eels see eels Cyclommatus imperator 566, 566 red deer see elks Diploglossus fasciatus 391 hermit crabs 551, 551 Conger spp. 474, 476, 476 Cyclopes didactylus 33, 81, 82, 82 reindeer 189 see also caribou Diplolepis rosae 575 horn-eyed ghost crab 551 roe deer 194 Diplomesodon pulchellum 87 coniferous forests 43, 43 mangrove crab 49, 49 Cyclops strenuus 547 Siberian musk deer 191 diplurans 582, 582 Connochaetes spp. 179, 179 red carnation coral crab 534 Cyclopterus lumpus 503, 503 Conolophus subcristatus 373 Cyclorana spp. 438, 438 tufted deer 193, 193 Dipodomys spp. 224, 224 red crab 28, 551, 551 white-tailed deer 194 Conopophaga melanogaster 326 Cyclorrhynchus psittacula 293 Diporiphora superba 377, 377 crakes 285, 285 deerflies see horseflies Conraua goliath 428 Cyclothone microdon 491 dippers 325, 341, 341 crane flies 567, 567, 568 degu 232, 238, 238 constrictors see anaconda; boas Cyclura cornuta 373 Diprion pini 574 cranes 248, 283, 283, 283–6 Deinacrida heteracantha 553 continental drift 23, 23 Cydia pomonella 570 Dipsas catesbyi 408, 408 Crangon crangon 550 Deinopus spp. 540 Contopus cooperi 328 Cygnus spp. 256 Dipturus batis 463, 463 Craseonycteris thonglongyai 97 Delias mysis 572 convergent evolution 68, 84, Cylindrophis ruffus 399 Dipus sagitta 231 Craspedacusta sowerbyi 520 Delma australus 381 218, 238 Cynictis penicillata 151, 151 Discoglossus spp. 430 Crateromys schadenbergi 230 Delphinapterus leucas 206, 207, Convoluta convoluta 523 Cynocephalus spp. 90 Discosura longicauda 311 Crax rubra 252, 252 207 coot, horned 285, 285 Cynomys ludovicianus 219, 219 discus, blue 508 crayfish, spinycheek 551 Delphinus delphis 205, 208, 208 cooters, river 362, 362 Cynops pyrrhogaster 424, 424 Dispholidus typus 406, 406 creeper, stripe-headed 331 Demodex canis 543 Copella arnoldi 483, 483 Cypraea tigris 528 Distichodus sexfasciatus 482 crestfish 494 demoiselle, beautiful 554 copepods 547, 547 Cyprinus carpio 481, 481 divers 262 Crex crex 285, 285 Dendrelaphis pictus 404, 404 Copiphora spp. 558 Cricetomys gambianus 229 Cypris pubera 548 dobsonflies 579, 580, 580 copperhead 413 Dendroaspis polylepis 281, 409, dodo 55, 295 Cricetus cricetus 226, 226 Cypsiurus spp. 309, 309 409 Copsychus malabaricus 345 dog family 122, 160 crickets 533, 558, 558, 559 Cyrtodactylus pulchellus 381, 381 Dendrobates spp. 32, 429, 443, coquettes 311, 311 dogfish, spiny 461, 461 crime scene insects 569 Cyrtophora citricola 541 443 coqui 430, 434, 434 Dolichotus patagonum 232 crinoids 27, 27, 583, 583 Cystophora cristata 145, 145 Dendrocitta vagabunda 337 Coracias spp. 316 dollarbird 316, 316 Cristatella mucedo 587 Dendrocoelum lacteum 523 Coracina spp. 340 D Dolomedes fimbriatus 539 croakers 498, 506 Dendrocopos moluccensis 322, 322 Coragyps atratus 275 Daboia russelii 412 dolphins 62, 204, 204, 206, 211 Crocidura russula 84 Dendrohyrax spp. 174, 174 coral reefs 50, 50 Dacelo novaeguineae 315, 315 Amazon dolphin 207 crocodiles 356, 361, 367, 367, Dendroica spp. 324, 350 Corallium rubrum 522 Dactylopsila trivirgata 68, 77 Atlantic white-sided dolphin 368, 369, 369 Dendrolagus spp. 78, 78 Corallus spp. 397, 398, 398 Dactylopterus volitans 502 208 crocodilians 356, 367–9 Dendromus melanotis 230, 230 corals 25, 50, 520, 522, 533 daddy long legs (crane flies) bottle-nosed dolphin 208, 208 Crocodilurus lacertinus 391 Dendropicos goertae 322 black coral 522 567 Commerson’s dolphin 208 Crocodylus spp. 367, 368, 369, daddy longlegs (spider) 538 Dentalium elephantinum 526 common dolphin 205, 208, bubble coral 522 369 clubbed finger coral 522 daddy-longlegs (harvestmen) Dermacentor marginatus 542 208 Crocuta crocuta 147, 147, 160, 536, 542, 542 Dermanyssus gallinae 543 dusky dolphin 206 Formosan soft coral 521 160–1 mushroom coral 522 daggertooths 492 Dermatemys mawii 365, 365 Ganges dolphin 207, 207 Crossaster papposus 584 organ-pipe coral 521 Dallia pectoralis 487 Dermatonotus muelleri 442 Irrawaddy dolphin 209, 209 Crossoptilon spp. 254 red brain coral 522 Dama spp. 190, 193, 193 Dermochelys coriacea 358, 360 La Plata dolphin 207 Crotalus spp. 394, 412, 412, 413, northern right-whale dolphin red coral 522 Damaliscus spp. 178, 178 Dermolepida albohirtum 435 413, 414, 414 209 staghorn coral 516 damselfishes 498 Deroceras reticulatus 529 Crotalus viridis oreganus 39 Pacific white-sided dolphin West Indian sea fan 522 damselflies 29, 554, 554 Derocheilocaris remanei 548 Crotaphytus collaris 374, 374 208 see also fire coral Danaus spp. 573, 573 Deroptyus accipitrinus 300, 300 Crotophaga ani 302 Risso’s dolphin 208 Corcorax melanorhamphos 329 danceflies 579 deserts 46, 46 crows 337 river dolphin 206, 208 Cordylus spp. 383 Danio rerio 481 Desmana moschata 88, 88 crustaceans 534, 546–51 rough-toothed dolphin 208 Coregonus spp. 486, 490 Daphnia pulex 547 desmans 84, 84, 88, 88 spinner dolphin 49 Coreus marginatus 560 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 421, Desmodus rotundus 95, 95 421 Daption capense 264 striped dolphin 208 Coris aygula 508 Desmognathus fuscus 425 white fin dolphin 207 Cryptophira spp. 540 darter (bird) 271, 271 cormorants 319, 273, 273 devil fish 465 Yangtze dolphin 207 Crypturellus variegatus 250 darters (Lepidoptera) 571 cornetfishes 502 devil rays see rays donkey 169, 169 Crytoprocta ferox 150, 150 Darwin, Charles 23, 23, 352 Corophium volutator 549 dhole 127 doodlebugs see antlion Ctenodactylus gundi 217, 223, Dasia smaragdina 384 Corucia zebrata 371, 384 Diabrotica undecimpunctata 563 Dorcatragus megalotis 180 223, 232 dassie see Procavia capensis coruro 238, 238 Diadema setosum 584 dormice see mice Ctenoglyphus palmifer 543 dassie rat 232, 233, 233 Corvus albicollis 337 Diadophis punctatus 400, 404, 404 Dorosoma cepedianum 478 Ctenolucius hujeta 483 Dasyatis spp. 462, 464, 464 Corydalis cornutus 580 Diastylis rathkei 549 Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus 502 Ctenomys colburni 237, 237 Dasycercus spp. 72, 72 corydoras, masked 485 dibatag 180 doves 294, 294, 295, 295 ctenopoma, ornate 511 Dasypeltis scabra 403, 407 Corydoras metae 485 Dicaeum spp. 331 Draco quinquefasciatus 377 Ctenosaura similis 373 Dasyprocta spp. 236, 236 Corynactis viridis 520 Dicamptodon ensatus 423, 423 dragonfishes 491, 491 Ctenotus pulchellus 385 Dasypus novemcinctus 82, 82 Corythaeola cristata 301 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 172, 173, dragonflies 14, 29, 533, 553, 553, ctenotus, red-sided 385 Dasyurus spp. 72, 79 Coscoroba coscoroba 256 173 554, 554, 562 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 596

596 INDEX

dragons (reptiles) martial eagle 279 electric eel 480, 485, 485 Eremias velox 389 F Boyd’s forest dragon 371 ornate hawk-eagle 280 electric organs, in fish 462, 463, Eremophila alpestris 339 fairy-wrens see wrens Chinese water dragon 377, sea eagles 281 485, 509 Eremopterix nigriceps 339 falanouc 149, 149 377 short-toed eagle 276, 276 Electrophorus electricus 485, 485 Eresus niger 538 Falco spp. 35, 53, 274, 281, 282, eastern bearded dragon 376 tawny eagle 280 electroreceptors, in fish 456, 469, Erethizon dorsatum 235, 235 five-lined flying dragon 377 wedge-tailed eagle 274 282 473 Eretmochelys imbricata 360 falconets 282, 282 giant forest dragon 377 white-bellied sea eagle 274 Eledone moschata 531 Ergasilus sieboldi 547 Komodo dragon 43, 371, 372, white-tailed eagle 276 falcons 35, 53, 274, 274, 281, elephant bird 250 Erignathus barbatus 144 378, 393, 393 white-tailed sea eagle 246–7 282, 282 elephant shrews 243, 243 Erinaceus europaeus 86, 87, 87 semiarboreal tree dragon 377, eared-pheasants see pheasants Falculea palliata 353 elephantfishes 454, 472, 473, 473 Eriocheir sinensis 551 377 earthworms 38, 532, 532 fallow deer 190, 193, 193 elephants 38 Eriophyes piri 543 tropical forest dragon 377 earwigs 579, 579 false cleanerfish 509, 509 African elephant 17, 33, 39, Eriosoma lanigerum 561 Dreissena spp. 527 echidnas 66, 66, 67, 67,83 fanaloka 149, 149 45, 64, 162, 163, 164, Erithacus rubecula 246, 344, 344 Drepanis funerea 352 Echiniscus testudo 585 Fannia scalaris 569 164, 165, 165 ermine (stoat) 123, 139, 139 drill 115, 115 Echinocardium cordatum 584 fantail, yellow-bellied 333, 333 Asiatic elephant 162, 164, Erpetoichthys calabaricus 469, 469 Dromaius novaehollandiae 250, Echinoderes spp. 586 164, 165, 165 fanworms 532 Erpeton tentaculatum 405 251, 251 echinoderms 27, 516, 583–4 Elephantulus spp. 243 Farancia erytrogramma 408 Erytholamprus aesculapii 403 Dromas ardeola 288 Echinodiscus auritus 584 Elephas maximum 162, 164, 164, Fasciolaria hunteria 528 Erythrocebus patas 117, 117 dromedary 198, 198, 199, 199 Echinoprocta rufescens 235, 235 165, 165 feather stars 583, 583 Erythrura spp. 348 Dromiciops gliroides 70, 70 Echinorhinus brucus 461 Eleutherodactylus spp. 429, 430, featherbacks 472 Eryx tataricus 396 drongo, greater racket-tailed 335 Echinosorex gymnura 86, 86 434, 434 felids see cats Esacus magnirostris 288, 288 drums 498, 506, 506 Echinus esculentus 584 Elgaria multicarinata 390 Felis spp. 16, 157, 157 escargot 529 Drymarchon corais 403, 403 Echis carinatus 412 Eliomys quercinus 216, 231, 231 ferderlance,Amazon 408, 408 Eschrichtius robustus 204, 205, Drymodes superciliaris 344 echolocation elks 190, 192 see also Alces alces; Feresa attenuata 209, 209 211, 213, 215, 215 Dryococelus australis 56 bats 39, 64, 92, 94, 97 Cervus elaphus ferret, black-footed 140, 140 Dryocopus spp. 323, 323 birds 306, 308 elm disease 566 Esox spp. 486, 487, 487 Ficedula hypoleuca 344 Dryomys nitedula 231 evolution of 39 Elops saurus 474, 475 Etrumeus teres 478 fiery-tailed awlbill 311 Dryotriorchis spectabilis 278, 278 insectivores 84 Elusor macrurus 366 Eubalaena glacialis 214, 214 figbird 335 ducks 256 whales 204, 206, 209, 209, elvers 477 see also eels Eublepharis macularius 380, 380 filefish, harlequin 512, 512 comb duck 258, 258 211 Elysia crispata 528 Eucharis adscendens 575 finches 348, 351 common eider 259, 259 Echymipera kalubu 73 Empis tesselata 568 Euchroma gigantea 564 American goldfinch 348 common pochard 259 Eclectus roratus 297 emu 250, 251, 251 Euderma maculatum 97 blue-faced parrotfinch 348 common shelduck 256, 258, Ectophylla alba 94, 94, 95 Emus hirtus 564 Eudiaptomus vulgaris 547 common cactus-finch 351, 258 Ectopistes migratorius 246, 295, emu-wrens see wrens Eudicella gralli 565 353 freckled duck 258 Eurasian rosefinch 352 295 Emydocephalus annulatus 411 Eudocimus ruber 268 knob-billed duck see comb Ectopsocus briggsi 580 Eudontomyzon hellenicus 453 European goldfinch 348 duck Emydura victoriae 359 Gouldian finch 348 Ediacaran fauna 27, 516 Emys orbicularis 362, 362 Eudromia elegans 250 long-tailed duck 259 eel gardens 476, 476 Eudynamys scolopaceces 302 large ground finch 353 Magellanic steamer duck 258 Enchelycore pardalis 474 eel-catfish, striped 480, 484, 484 Eudyptes spp. 261 Laysan finch 352 mallard 256, 258 endangered species 42, 54–9 see sharp-beaked ground finch 353 eels 474–7 Eudyptula minor 261, 261 merganser 259 also under individual species vampire finch 353 American eel 477, 477 eulachon 488 muscovy duck 256, 258 endothermy 62 warbler finch 353 Bean’s sawtoothed eel 476 musk duck 259 energy transference, via food Eulampis spp. 311, 311 woodpecker finch 353 conger eels 474, 476, 476 northern shoveler 258, 258 chain 429 Eulemur spp. 101, 101 zebra finch 336, 348 electric eel 480, 485, 485 oldsquaw 259 Engraulis ringens 479, 479 Eumeces spp. 383, 384 elvers 477 finfoot,African 286, 286 red-crested pochard 259, 259 Enhydra lutris 37, 134, 135, 135 Eumenes pomiformis 577 fire coral 520 torrent duck 258 European conger 476, 476 Eumetopias jubatus 143 European eel 474, 477, 477 Enhydris enhydris 405, 405 firefish, radial 503 white-headed duck 259, 259 Enoicyla pusilla 581 Eunectes murinus 397 fireflies 564, 564 wood duck 258, 258 freshwater eels 467, 474, Eunice viridis 532 477, 477 Enoplometopus daumi 549 fisher 138, 138 dugong 51, 166, 166, 167, 167 garden eels 476, 476 Enoplosus armatus 507 Euoticus spp. 104 fishes 450–513 Dugong dugon 51, 166, 166, 167, glass eels 477 ensatina 425 Eupetes macrocerus 345 anglerfishes 495–7 167 gulper eels 474, 474, 476, 476 Ensatina eschscholtzii 425 Euphausia superba 550, 550 beardfishes 493 duikers 177, 177 lesser spiny eel 502 Ensifera ensifera 310, 310 Euplectella aspergillum 519 birchirs and allies 469 Dulus dominicus 341 pelican eel 476, 476 Entalina spp. 526 Euplectes spp. 347 bony fishes 466–513 Dumatella carolinensis 341 serpent eel 476 Entimus splendidus 566 Eupleres goudotii 149, 149 bonytongues 472–3 dung beetles see beetles silver eels 477 Entomobrya superba 582 Euproctus asper 423 cartilaginous fishes 450, dung fly, yellow 569 snubnosed eel 476 Entomyzon cyanotis 332 Europroctus platycephalus 422 454–65, 466, 469 catfishes 480–5 dunnart, fat-tailed 72 spiny eels 474, 474 environmental degradation 54–9, Eurostopodus argus 306 classification of 20 dunnock 344 spotted garden eel 476 121 Eurycantha horrida 579 swallower 476 cods 495–7 Dutch elm disease 566 environmental indicators Eurycea lucifuga 425 swamp eel 502, 502 coelacanths 468 dwarf bobtail 530 corals 522 Euryceras prevostii 353 yellow eels 477 defining features 38, 450 Dynastes hercules 565 fishes 482, 512 Eurypharynx pelecanoides 476, 476 see also morays dragonfishes 491 Dyscophus antongilii 442, 442 frogs 57, 429, 446 Eurypyga helias 286, 286 Egernia hosmeri 384, 384 eels 474–7 Dysdercus decussatus 559 Eolophus roseicapilla 297, 297 Eurystomus orientalis 316, 316 egg-laying mammals see hermaphroditism 452, 452, Eosentomon ribagai 582 Euscelis plebejus 561 monotremes 491, 492 E Epalzeorhynchos kalopterus 481 Euscorpius carpathicus 537 eagles 248, 274, 281 egrets 248, 268, 269 jawless fishes 453, 454 Ephemera vulgata 580, 580 Eutoxeres aquila 310 African fish eagle 274 Egretta spp. 269, 269 lanternfishes 493 Epicrates angulifer 398 Evania appendigaster 575 bald eagle 274, 276, 276 eider duck 259, 259 lizardfishes 492 Epicrionops petersi 427 evolution lobe-finned fishes 450, 466 Bonelli’s eagle 280 Eidolon helvum 93 Epinephelus spp. 466, 504 adaptive radiation 29, 352–3 lungfishes 468 Congo serpent-eagle 278, 278 Eira barbara 141 Epipedobates femoralis 434 convergent 26, 68, 84, 218, neopterygii 471 crested serpent-eagle 278 Eirenis modestus 404 Epomophorus gambianus 93 238, 262, 325 opahs 494 crowned eagle 279 elaenias 328 crowned hawk-eagle 280, 280 Eptesicus serotinus 96 of non-marine species 534 ray-finned fishes 450, 466 elands 187 fish eagle 281 Epthianura tricolor 333 parallel 223, 439 rays 450, 454–5, 462–5 Elaphe spp. 402 forest eagle 274 Equetus lanceolatus 506, 506 of primates 98 salmons 486–90 Elaphodus cephalophus 193, 193 of tetrapods 466, 468 sardines 478–9 golden eagle 15, 280, 280 equids see Equus spp. Elaphurus davidianus 193 theory of 22–9 sharks 454–61 harpy eagle 249 Equus spp. 32, 59, 168, 169, Elapsoidea loveridgei 410 extinctions 26, 56 spiny-rayed fishes 498–513 Javan hawk-eagle 280 169, 170 elasmobranchs 454 see also rays; trouts 486–90 long-crested eagle 280 Erannis defoliaria 572 sharks flagfish 499 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 597

INDEX 597

flamingos 32, 267, 267 Australian lace-lid frog 438, marbled reed frog 444 fulmar, northern 264 marbled velvet gecko 381 flashlightfish, splitfin 500 438 marsh frog 445 Fulmarus glacialis 264 mourning gecko 382, 382 Flata rubra 561 banded stream frog 446 marsupial frog 426, 440, 440 Fungia fungites 522 New Caledonia bumpy gecko flatbills 328 barking frog 434, 434 Mascarene Ridge frog 446 fungus, frogs endangered by 429 380 flatfishes 498, 511, 511 barking tree frog 440, 440 mass spawning 445, 445 funnel-web spider 541, 541 northern leaf-tailed gecko flatworms 523, 523 Bereis’ tree frog 440, 441 Mexican tree frog 440 fur seal see seal 380 fleas 579, 580 Blue Mountains tree frog 438 Mueller’s clawed frog 431 Furcifer spp. 379, 379 northern spiny-tailed gecko blue poison frog 443, 443 Muller’s termite frog 442 381 flesh flies 569, 569 Furnarius rufus 326, 326 Blythe’s giant frog 446 Natal forest tree frog 444 prehensile tailed gecko 380 flies 567–9 Bongon whipping frog 447 Natal ghost frog 432 fusiliers 466, 506 Ruppell’s leaf-toed gecko 382 Flipper (character) 208 Borneo splash frog 446 Nicaragua giant glass frog G Thomas’s sticky-toed gecko florican, lesser 286 brilliant-thighed poison frog 440, 440 380 flounder, summer 511 Gadus morhua 495, 497, 497 443 northern leopard frog 429 Galago spp. 104, 104 Tokashiki gecko 380 flowerpeckers 331, 331 brown New Zealand frog Nosy Be giant tree frog 442, tokay gecko 381 Galagoides demidoff 104, 104 fluke, Chinese liver 523 430, 430 442 Wiegmann’s striped gecko flycatchers brown-belly leaf frog 441 ornate chorus frog 440 galagos 104, 104 382 Asian paradise-flycatcher 333 Budgett’s frog 433, 433 ornate rice frog 442 galah 297, 297 geese 48, 249, 256, 257, 257, long-tailed silky-flycatcher bullfrog 445, 445 painted frog 430 Galápagos Islands 352–3 258, 266 341 burrowing tree frog 441 painted Indonesian tree frog galaxias 486, 488, 490 Gekko spp. 381, 381 monarch flycatchers 333 bush squeaker 447 447 Galaxias spp. 488, 490 geladas 98, 114, 114 olive-sided flycatcher 328 Cape clawed frog 431, 431, painted-belly leaf frog 439, Galbula spp. 320 gemsbok 46, 160–1, 179, 179 pied flycatcher 344 437 439 Galemys pyrenaicus 88 genets 148 royal flycatcher 328 Cape dainty frog 446, 446 paradox frog 438, 438 Galeocerdo cuvier 457, 457, 458, Genetta spp. 148 scissor-tailed flycatcher 328 Carabaya robber frog 434 Peru robber frog 434, 434 460 Genicanthus melanospilos 452 sulfur-bellied flycatcher 328 casque-headed tree frog 441 pickerel frog 445, 445 Galeodes arabs 542 Geocapromys brownii 237, 237 tufted flycatcher 328 Cayenne slender-legged tree pig frog 445 Galictis vittata 141 flying fox (fish) 481 frog 439 poison-arrow frogs 32, 443, Geochelone spp. 25, 364, 364, 366 Galidia elegans 151, 151 Geoclemys hamiltoni 363 flying foxes see bats common clawed frog 431 443 Gallinago gallinago 289, 289 flying lemurs 90, 90 common parsley frog 431, rain frogs 442 Geococcyx californianus 302, 302 Gallirallus sylvestris 285 Geocolaptes olivaceus 322, 322 flyingfishes 498, 499, 499 431 red rain frog 442 galliwasp, banded 391 coqui 434, 434 redback poison frog 443, 443 Geoemyda spengleri 363 Fodiator acutus 499, 499 Galloperdix spadicea 253 fody, Mauritius 347 Corsica painted frog 430 red-banded frog 442 Geogale aurita 85 Dahoeping sucker frog 446 red-eared frog 445 Gallotia spp. 387, 387 food chain 30, 33, 152, 429 Geomys bursarius 224, 224 dainty green tree frog 438 red-eyed tree frog 42, 418, Gallus gallus 254, 254 Geopelia striata 295 forensic entomology 569 Darwin’s mouthbreeder 434 439, 439 Gambelia sila 374, 374 forests 33, 42–4, 54 Geospiza spp. 351, 353 defining features 418, 428–9, red-legged kassina 444 Gambusia affinis 500 Geothlypis spp. 350, 350 fork-tailed woodnymph 311 428, 436, 436, 439, 439 rusty tree frog 439 gamebirds 252–5 Formica rufa 578 gerbils 225, 227, 227 desert rain frog 442 Schmidt’s forest frog 433 Gammarus fossarum 549 gerenuk 180 fossa 150, 150 dotted humming frog 442, Sehuenca’s water frog 433 gannets 271, 271, 272, 272, 273, Gerrhosaurus major 383 Fossa fossana 149, 149 442 Seychelles reed frog 444 273 gerygone, fairy 334 fossil record 22–9, 22, 27, 246, Dumeril’s striped frog 433 shaping frog 431 gars 471, 471 Gerygone palpebrosa 334 516, 534, 534 European common frog 445, short-footed frog 438, 438 Gasteracantha spp. 541 Foudia rubra 347 445 shovel-headed tree frog 439, geunon monkeys 116, 116–17, Gasteropelecus sternicla 483 117 fowl see gamebirds European tree frog 440, 440 439 Gasterophilus intestinalis 569 foxes 124 fringed leaf frog 439 Singapore wart frog 446, 446 gharials 367, 368, 369 Gasterosteus aculeatus 501 giant agrippa 572 Arctic fox 127, 127 gastric-brooding frog 432, 432 skeleton ghost frog 432 Gastropacha quercifolia 571 giant banjo frog 432, 432 South American bullfrog 433, gibbons 99, 118, 118, 119, 119, Argentine gray fox 129, 129 Gastrophryne olivacea 442 bat-eared fox 127 giant burrowing frog 432 433 121 glass frog 441 southern bell frog 438, 438 gastropods 525, 525, 528, 528–9, Gila monster 356, 371, 372, 392, Bengal fox 128 529 see also slugs; snails Blanford’s fox 128 golden poison frog 443 spotted snout-burrower 446 392 Gastrotheca spp. 426, 440, 440 corsac fox 128 gold-striped frog 434, 434 spotted-thighed poison frog Ginglymostoma cirratum 457 crab-eating fox 129, 129 green and black poison frog 434 gastrotrich 586 Giraffa spp. 197 culpeo fox 129 443 strawberry poison frog 443 gaur 186, 186 giraffes 41, 196–7, 196, 197 dhole 127 green and golden bell frog 54, striped sand frog 446 Gavia spp. 262, 262, 318 Glaphyromorphus crassicaudum gray fox 128 438 striped spiny reed frog 444 Gavialis gangeticus 369 385, 385 kit fox 128, 128 green tree frog 440 Sumaco horned tree frog 440 Gazella spp. 176, 182, 182 Glareola pratincola 289 pale fox 128 hairy frog 447, 447 Surinam horned frog 433, 433 gazelles 65, 176, 182, 182, 188, Glaucidium passerinum 304, 304 pampas fox 129, 129 harlequin flying tree frog 441 tailed frog 430, 430 189 Glaucomys spp. 217, 221, 221 red fox 128, 128 harlequin frog 437, 437 Thomasset’s frog 432 Gecarcoidea natalis 28, 551, 551 harlequin poison frog 443, toads differentiated from 437 Glaucus atlanticus 528 swift fox 128, 128 geckos 372, 378, 380 gliders 74, 76, 76, 90 Tibetan fox 128 443 tomato frog 442, 442 African web-footed gecko glistenworm 526 Franciscana 207 Hispaniola tree frog 441 Trinidad poison frog 443 380 global warming 58, 58 francolins 253, 253 Hochstetter’s New Zealand Tulear golden frog 444, 444 Anderson’s short-fingered Globicephala melas 209 Francolinus spp. 253, 253 frog 430 turtle frog 432, 432 gecko 382 Glossophaga soricina 95 Fratercula spp. 293, 293 hourglass tree frog 440 variable robber frog 434 banded gecko 380, 380 jaguar leaf frog 439 veined tree frog 439 glow worm 564 Fregata ariel 271 broad-tailed day gecko 382 Java flying frog 428, 447 Vizcacheras’ white-lipped frog gnatcatchers 346, 346 friarbirds 332 Cogger’s velvet gecko 380 Java whipping frog 447, 447 433 gnateater, black-bellied 326 frigatebirds 271 common leopard gecko 380, javelin frog 441 warty tree frog 447 Gnathophyllum americanum 583 lesser frigatebird 271 380 Jordan’s casque-headed tree water-holding frog 438, 438 common wall gecko 382, 382 gnats 567, 567 fritillary, silver-washed frog 439 Weal’s running frog 444, 444 common wonder gecko 381 (Lepidoptera) 573 gnatwren, long-billed 346 Lehmann’s poison frog 443 weeping frog 433 Cradock thick-toed gecko gnu see wildebeest froghopper, red and black 561 leopard frog 437, 445 western marsh frog 432 382 frogmouth, tawny 306, 306, 307 goat-antelopes 183 see also life-cycle 426 White’s tree frog 438 Gray’s bow-fingered gecko antelopes frogs 17 lowland tropical frog 434, 434 yellow-headed poison frog 381, 381 goatfishes 506 Abah River flying frog 447, Madagascar bright-eyed frog 443 green tree gecko 380 447 447 yellow-striped reed frog 444 goats 183, 183, 184 Henkel’s flat-tailed gecko 381 goatsbeard brotula 496 African bullfrog 445 Madagascar golden frog 444 see also toads Israeli fan-fingered gecko 382 goatsuckers see nightjars African goliath frog 428 Madagascar reed frog 444, 444 fruit bat see bat Kuhl’s flying gecko 382 African gray tree frog 447 Malayan horned frog 431 fruit flies 567, 568 leaf-tailed gecko 372 gobies 498 African ornate frog 446 Malaysian frog 445 fruitcrow, crimson 327 lined gecko 381, 381 godwit, black-tailed 289 Amazon river frog 445, 445 map tree frog 439 Fulica cornuta 285, 285 Madagascar day gecko 382 goldcrest 346 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 598

598 INDEX

golden moles 84, 86, 86 Gymnorhina tibicen 335 Helostoma temminckii 511 hoopoes 314, 317, 317 Icterus galbula 351 goldfinches see finches Gymnothorax spp. 474, 475, 475, Hemibelideus lemuroides 75 Hoplias malabaricus 482 Icthyophis spp. 427 goldfish 480 504, 504 hemichordates 586, 586 hoplo, spotted 485 Ictinia mississippiensis 276 Goliathus meleagris 565 Gymnura japonica 464 Hemidactylium scutatum 420, 425 Hoplodactylus rakiurae 380 Ictonyx spp. 141, 141 Gonatodes vittatus 382 gymnure see moonrat Hemidactylus flaviviridis 382 Hoplophrys oatesii 534 Idiacanthus sp. 491 Gondwana 70 Gypaetus barbatus 277, 281 Hemigalus derbyanus 149, 149 hoppers 559 see also treehoppers Idolum diabolicum 555 Gongylophis colubrinu 396 Gypohierax angolensis 277 Hemignathus parvus 352 hornbills 314, 316, 317, 317 Iguana spp. 372, 373 Gongylus gongyloides 555 Gyps spp. 277, 277 Hemikyptha punctata 560 hornero, rufous 326, 326 iguanas 356, 372, 378 Goniurosaurus kuroiwae 380 Gyrinophilus spp. 425, 425 Hemiphractus proboscideus 440 hornets 577 black iguana 373 Gonocephalus spp. 377 Hemiprocne spp. 309 horseflies 567, 568, 568 Fiji crested iguana 373 Gonyosoma oxycephalum 402 H Hemisus guttatus 446 horses 59, 162, 168, 168–9, 169 Fijian banded iguana 373 habitats, types of 40–53 goose see geese Hemitragus spp. 184, 184 horseshoe crabs 534, 535, 544, Galápagos land iguana 373 habituation 37 gophers 218, 224, 224 Heptranchias perlo 461 544 green iguana 372, 373 haddock 495, 497, 497 Gopherus polyphemus 364, 364 hermaphroditism housefly 567, 569, 569 green thornytail iguana 375 Hadrurus arizonensis 536 marine iguana 373 Gorgonia flabellum 522 fishes 452, 452, 491, 492 hover flies 561, 567, 568, 568 Haematoderus militaris 327 rhinoceros iguana 373 gorgon’s head 584 snails 529, 529 howler monkeys 109, 109 Haematopus ostralegus 281, 288, West Indian iguana 373 gorilla 57, 98–9, 98, 102, 102, herons 267, 268–70, 268, 269 huchen 490, 490 288 iiwi 324, 352 118, 118, 120, 120 Herpailurus yaguarondi 159, 159 Hucho hucho 490, 490 hagfishes 450, 453, 453 Ilyocypris gibba 548 Gorilla gorilla 57, 98–9, 98, 102, Herpestes spp.123, 148, 151, 151 huet-huet, black-throated 326 hakes 495, 496, 496 Imantodes cenchoa 408 102, 118, 118, 120, 120 Herpetotheres cachinnans 282 hula skirt siphonophore 521 Halcyon smyrnensis 315 impala 163, 179, 179 goshawks 278, 278, 279 Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus 326 humans 24 Haldane, J. B. S. 563 inanga 488 Goura victoria 295, 295 herrings 478, 479, 479 hummingbirds 308, 308, 310–12, inchworms 572 gouramies 511 Haliaeetus spp. 246–7, 274, 276, Heteractis crispa 516–17 310, 311, 312 276 inconnu 490 gout fly 568 Heterixalus madagascariensis 444, huntias 232 halibut,Atlantic 511 Indicator spp. 141, 320, 321, 321 Grallina cyanoleuca 335 444 Huso huso 470, 470 Halichoerus grypus 145 Indotestudo elongata 364 Gramma loreto 504 Heterocentrotus mammillatus 583 hutias 237, 237 Haliclystus auricula 521 indri 102, 102, 103, 103 Grampus griseus 208 Heterocephalus glaber 36, 38, 233, Hyaena spp. 147, 147, 160, 160 Halictus quadricinctus 577 Indri indri 102, 102, 103, 103 Grantia compressa 519 233 hyalina,Vema 526 Halieutaea stellata 495, 495 Indricotherium spp. 28, 172 Graphiurus murinus 231 Heteroconger hassi 476 hydras see hydroids Haliotis tuberculata 528 infanticide Graptemys spp. 362, 362 Heterodon platyrhinos 401, 408 Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris 216, 232, lions 36, 153 Halobates spp. 559 Heterodontus portusjacksoni 457 235, 235 grasshoppers 53, 535, 553, 553, polar bears 133 Halocynthia papillosa 518 Heterohyrax brucei 174, 175, 175 558, 558 Hydrocynus goliath 483 primates 111 long-horned grasshoppers halosaurs 474 Heteromys anomalus 224 Hydrodamalis gigas 167 Inia geoffrensis 207 see katydids hamerkop 270, 270 Heteronotus reticulatus 561 Hydrodynastes gigas 408, 408 insectivores (mammals) 84–9 grasslands 45, 45 hammerhead sharks 456, 458, Heteropneustes fossilis 484 hydroids 520, 520, 521 458, 459 insects 15, 534, 535, 552–81 grass-wrens see wrens Hexanchus griseus 461 Hydrolaetare schmidti 433 hamsters 217, 225, 226, 226 invertebrate chordates 518 graylags 256 hexapods 582, 582 Hydrolagus colliei 457 handfishes 495, 495 invertebrates grayling 486, 490, 490 Hexaprotadon liberiensis 203, 203 Hydrometra stagnorum 559 hanging flies 568, 579, 581 classification of 20–1 Great Barrier Reef 50, 58, 522, Hieraaetus fasciatus 280 Hydromys chrysogaster 230, 230 Hapalemur simus 101, 101 defining features 516 522 highland habitats 47, 47 Hydrophasianus chirurgus 288 hares 47, 64, 239, 239, 241, 241, ipnopids 492, 492 grebes 262, 262–3, 263, 263 Hildebrandtia ornata 446 Hydrophis ornatus 411 242, 242 see also rabbits; Ipnops murrayi 492 green-backed firecrown 310 Himantopus himatopus 288 springhare Hydropotes inermis 190, 191 Iriatherina werneri 499 greeneyes 492, 492 Himantura uarnak 464 hare-wallaby, spectacled 80 Hydrosaurus amboinensis 377, irisbill 288 greenshanks 288, 288, 290 hingemouth 481 377 Harpactes erythrocephalus 313 Irish elk 190 grenadier, onion-eye 496 Hiodon tergisus 472 hydrozoans 521 Harpesaurus beccarii 377 Ischyropsalis helwigii 542 grideye fish, Murray’s 492 Hippocamelus spp. 195 Hydrurga leptonyx 145 Harpia harpyja 249 Isistius spp. 461, 461 griffon vultures 277, 277 Hippocampus ramulosus 498, 502, Hyemoschus aquaticus 191, 191 Harpyhaliaetus coronatus 279 island communities 29, 352–3 grison 141 502 hyenas 147, 147, 160, 160 harriers 278, 278, 281 Isoodon obesulus 73, 73 Gromphadorina portentosa 556 Hippodamia convergens 564 Hyla spp. 439, 440, 440, 441 hartebeests 178, 178 isopod, giant 549 gropers see groupers Hippoglossus hippoglossus 511 Hylidae spp. 429 harvestmen 536, 542, 542 Isotoma viridis 582 grosbeak, black-thighed 351 Hippolais icterina 346 Hylobates spp. 119, 119 hatchet-fish 491 Istiophorus spp. 34, 498, 510, groundhoppers 558 Hippopotamus amphibius 51, 203, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni 201, hatchetfishes 483, 483 510 ground-rollers see rollers 203 201 Hawaii 352 Isurus oxyrinchus 459 groupers 466, 498 hippopotamuses 51, 203, 203 Hylomys suillus 86, 86 hawk-eagles 280, 280 ivory trade 164 grouse 252, 252, 254, 254 Hipposideros diadema 95 Hylopezus perspicillatus 326 hawks 274, 279 Ixobrychus minutus 268 grunts 506 hirola 178, 178 Hymenolepis diminuta 523 African harrier-hawk 281 Ixodes ricinus 542 Grus spp. 283, 283 Hirudo medicinalis 532 common black-hawk 279 Hymenopus coronatus 555 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 558 ferruginous hawk 279 Histrio histrio 497, 497 Hynobius chinensis 422, 422 J guanaco 45, 198, 199, 199 Galápagos hawk 353 hoatzin 28, 33, 284, 284 Hyperolius spp. 444 jacamars 320, 320 guans 252, 252, 253 Harris’s hawk 279 hog deer 193 Hyperoodon ampullatus 212 jacanas 287, 288, 288 guemals 195 mangrove black-hawk 279 hogs 200, 200, 201, 201 Hypnale hypnale 415 jackals 124, 124, 126, 126 guinea pigs 232 marsh hawk see Circus cyaneus Holaspis guentheri 389, 389 Hypocolius ampelinus 341, 341 jackfishes 505, 505 guineafowl 255, 255 rough-legged hawk 279, 279 Homalopsis buccata 405, 405 hypocolius, gray 341, 341 jack-knifefish 506, 506 guitarfishes 462, 462, 463 white hawk 279 Homarus americanus 550 Hypogastrura spp. 582 jackrabbits 241, 241 gulls 287, 288, 288, 291, 291 heaths 45, 45 Homo sapiens 24 Hypolimnas misippus 573 Jacobson’s organ 393 Gulo gulo 134, 139, 139 hedgehogs 40, 84, 84, 86, 87, 87 Homopus signatus 364 Hypsignathus monstrosus 93, 93 Jaculus jaculus 231, 231 gulper eels 474, 474, 476, 476 Helarctos malayanus 132 honey badger 141, 141 Hypsiluris boydii 371 jaegers 287, 291, 291 gundi 217, 223, 223, 232 Heleioporus barycragus 432 honeybee 38, 543, 543, 552, 574, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus 78 jaguar 33, 122, 155, 155, 160 guppy 498, 500, 500 Heleophryne spp. 432 574, 576, 576, 577 hyraxes 17, 174–5, 174, 175 jaguarundi 159, 159 gurnards 502 Heliconius melpomene 573 honey-buzzard, European 276 Hystrix spp. 234, 234 Janthina janthina 528 Gymnarchus niloticus 473, 473 Heliobolus lugubris 389 honeycreepers 324, 349, 349, Japanese medaka 499 Gymnobelideus leadbeateri 44, 76, Helioporus australicacus 432 352 I jararacussu 415 76 Heliosciurus gambianus 221 honeyeaters 32, 45, 332, 332 ibex, Spanish 183, 183 javelina 202 Gymnogyps californianus 275, 275 Helix spp. 529 honeyguides 141, 320, 321, 321 Ibidorhyncha struthersii 288 jawfish, yellowhead 509 Gymnomyza samoensis 332 hellbender 421, 421 hoofed mammals see ungulates ibises 268, 268, 270, 270 jawless fishes 453, 454 Gymnophis multiplicate 427 Heloderma spp. 356, 371, 372, hookworms 524 Ichneumia albicauda 151 jays 337, 337 Gymnopholus weiskei 566 392, 392 hoolok 119, 119 Ictalurus punctatus 484 jellyblubbers see jellyfishes EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 599

INDEX 599

jellyfishes 520, 521 kowari 72, 72 leishmania 567 Limothrips cerealium 580 Menorca wall lizard 388 box jellies 521 kraits 409, 409, 411, 411 lek behaviour 342–3 limpets 526, 528, 528, 529 Merrem’s Madagascar swift freshwater jellyfish 520 krill 546, 550, 550 lemmings 225, 225, 227, 227 limpkin 284, 284 374 lion’s mane jellyfish 521 Kryptopterus bicirrhis 484, 484 Lemmus lemmus 227, 227 Limulus polyphemus 534, 535, Mexican beaded lizard 371, melon jellyfish 585 kudus 187 Lemniscomys striatus 228, 228 544, 544 392, 392 moon jellyfish 521 Lemur catta 100, 101 Lingula anatina 587 Milo’s wall lizard 388 purple jellyfish 520 L lemurs 29 Linnaeus, Carl 17 Moroccan dabb lizard 376 stalked jellyfish 521 Labidesthes sicculus 499, 499 black lemur 101, 101 Linophryne arborifera 495 North American island night upside-down jellyfish 521 lizard 388 Labroides sp. 466, 508, 508, 509 broad-nosed gentle lemur 101 linsang, banded 149, 149 jerboas 216, 217, 225, 231, 231 Radd’s rock lizard 388 Lacedo pulchella 315 brown lemur 101 Linyphia triangularis 540, 541 jewfish 504 rainbow lizard 390 Lacerta spp. 387, 388 Coquerel’s dwarf lemur 98, Liomys irroratus 224, 224 jird, Libyan 227 regal horned lizard 374, 374 lacewings 561, 579, 581, 581 101 lion 32, 36, 152, 152, 153, 153, John Dory 501, 501 Lachesis muta 33, 415, 415 fork-marked lemur 101 rough-scaled plated lizard 383 160, 161 see also mountain sailfin lizard 377, 377 Jordanella floridae 499 Lactoria fornasini 512, 512 giant sloth lemur 101 lion junglefowl, red 254, 254 mongoose lemur 101, 101 sand lizard 387 lady beetles see beetles lionfish, red 467 sawtail lizard 389, 389 Jynx torquilla 322 ladyfish 474, 475 pygmy mouse lemur 98 Liothyrella neozelandica 587 red-bellied lemur 101 shingleback lizard 372, 384 Laemonema longipes 496 Liparis liparis 503 short-horned lizard 374 K Lagenorhynchus spp. 206, 208 red-tailed sportive lemur 102 Kachuga tecta 363 Liphistius malayanus 538 side-blotched lizard 374 Lagidium peruanum 238 ring-tailed lemur 100, 101 kagu 286 ruffed lemur 102 Liphyra brassolis 572 slender glass lizard 391 lagomorphs 239–42 kakapo 300, 300 weasel sportive lemur 102 Liposcelis divinatorius 579, 580 slender sand lizard 389 Lagopus muta 254, 254 slow worm 390 Kallima inachus 573 woolly lemur 103, 103 Lipotes vexillifer 207 Lagorchestes conspicillatus 80 small-spotted lizard 389 Kaloula pulchra 442 Leontopithecus spp. 107, 107 Lirometopum coronatum 17 Lagostomus maximus 238 snake-eyed lizard 389, 389 kangaroo rats 224, 224 leopards 56, 155, 155 Lissemys punctata 361 Lagothrix spp. 106, 110, 110 Lissodelphis borealis 209 southern alligator lizard 390 kangaroos 35, 68, 79, 80, 80 see Leopardus spp. 42, 157, 159, 159 stellate knob-tail 380 also tree kangaroos; wallabies lakes 48, 48 Lepas anatifera 548 Lithobius forficulatus 545 Lalage leucomela 340 Sumatra nose-horned lizard Kassina maculata 444 Lepidobatrachus laevis 433, 433 Lithodytes lineatus 434, 434 377 kassina, red-legged 444 Lama gaunicoe 45, 198, 199, 199 Lepidochelys spp. 360, 360 Litocranius walleri 180 lammergeier 277, 281 tiger lizard 387, 387 Katsuwonus pelamis 510 Lepidodactylus lugubris 382, 382 Litoria spp. 54, 438, 438, 441 Uzzell’s rock lizard 388 katydids 17, 558, 558 Lamna nasus 457, 457, 459 Lepidophyma flavimaculata 388 Liua shihi 422 viviporus lizard 388 Kaupifalco monogrammicus 278 Lampetra planeri 453 Lepidoptera see butterflies; moths lizardfishes 492, 492 yellow-spotted night lizard kea 297, 297 lampreys 450, 453, 453 Lepidosaphes ulmi 561 lizards 361, 371–93, 394 388 keelbacks 405 Lampris guttatus 494, 494 Lepidosiren paradoxa 468 armadillo girdled lizard 371, Zagrosian lizard 387 kelp forests 49 Lampropeltis spp. 403, 403 Lepidothrix coronata 327 383 llama 198 Kentropyx calcarata 390 Lamprotornis superbus 347 Lepilemur spp. 102 Asian grass lizard 389 loaches 482, 482 Balkan emerald lizard 387 Keratella quadrata 586 Lampyris noctiluca 564 Lepisma saccharina 579, 579 Lobodon carcinophagus 145, 145 lancehead, Brazil’s 415 basilisk lizards 371 Lobophyllia hemprichii 522 kestrels 274, 282, 282 Lepismodes iniquilinus 579 black crag lizard 383 kiang 169, 169 lancelets 518, 518 Lepisosteus spp. 471 lobsters 56, 533, 549, 550, 551, lancetfishes 492, 492 blue-throated keeled-lizard 551 killie, saberfin 499, 499 Lepomis gibbosus 505, 505 389, 389 kingbird, eastern kingbird 328, land caddis 581 Leporillus conditor 229, 229 Locusta migratoria 558 langurs 65, 111, 111, 121 Burton’s snake-lizard 381 328 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 566 Centralian blue-tongued locusts 33, 38, 558, 558 Lanius spp. 335 kingfishers 314–17 Leptodactylus spp. 429, 433, 433 lizard 384, 384 loggerhead 360 African pygmy-kingfisher 315 Lanternaria spp. 560 Leptodora kindtii 547 Chinese crocodile lizard 391, loggerhead musk turtle 365 banded kingfisher 315 lanternfishes 493, 493 Leptonychotes weddellii 145 391 Loligo spp. 530 belted kingfisher 314 lanternflies 560 Leptopelis natalensis 444 Coachella Valley fringe-toed longclaw, Sharpe’s 340 common kingfisher 314, 315, Lanthanotus borneensis 392 Leptopterus chabert 353 lizard 374 longfin codling 496 315 Laphria flava 568 Leptosomus discolor 317, 317 collard lizard 374, 374 longspine snipefish 501 giant kingfisher 314 lappet 571 Leptotila plumbeiceps 295 Colorado desert fringe-toed Lontra longicaudis 135, 135 green kingfisher 315 lapwing, southern 289, 289 Lepus spp. 47, 239, 239, 241, 241 lizard 374 lookdown 505 hooked-billed kingfisher 315 common green forest lizard large blue (Lepidoptera) 572 Lerista bipes 385, 385 loons 262, 262, 318 laughing kookaburra 315, 315 larks 339, 339 377, 377 loosejaws 491 lilac-checked kingfisher 315 lesser wanderer 573 common monkey lizard 375 Larosterna inca 292 Lestodelphys halli 70 Lophaetus occipitalis 280 pied kingfisher 314 Larus spp. 291, 291 common wall lizard 388, 388 white-throated kingfisher 315 Lethenteron zanandreai 453 Lophelia pertusa 522 Lasioderma serricorne 565 common worm lizard 390 kinglet, golden-crowned 346 Leucopternis albicollis 279 Lophius spp. 497, 497 Lasiorhinus spp. 77, 77 Cope’s arboreal alligator lizard kinglet calyptura 327 Lialis burtonis 381 Lophocebus albigena 115 Lasiurus cinereus 97 391 Kinixis belliana 364 lice 579, 580 desert night lizard 388 Lophorina superba 343 Lates calcarifer 504, 504 kinkajou 33, 122, 146, 146 bee louse 568 desert spiny lizard 374 Lophornis spp. 311, 311 Lathamus discolor 298 Kinosternon spp. 362, 365 book louse 579, 580 Egyptian fringe-fingered Lophotibis cristata 270, 270 Laticauda spp. 410, 411, 411 kiskadee, great 328 common pill wood louse 546, lizard 389, 389 Lophotus capellei 494 Latimeria spp. 468, 468 kites 274, 275, 276, 276 549, 549 European green lizard 387 Loriculus spp. 298, 298 latrine fly 569 dog-biting louse 580 kiwis 250, 251 fence lizards 378 lorikeets 296, 297 Latrodectus mactans 541, 541 freshwater fish louse 548 frilled lizard 371, 376, 386 klipspringer 181, 181 Loris tardigradus 100, 105 Laudakia stellio 376 head louse 580 Gallot’s lizard 387 knifefishes lorises 100, 100, 104, 105 laughing kookaburra 315, 315 pubic louse 580 giant Canary Island lizard Lota lota 495, 496, 496 African knifefish 472 Lichenostomus chrysops 45 387, 387 barred knifefish 485 Lavia frons 94, 94 louse see lice Lichmera indistincta 332 glass lizards 378 black ghost 485 leaf insect 579, 579 lovebirds 297, 298, 298 leaf sucker, apple 561 Lichmophora spp. 523 granite night lizard 388 Loxia pytyopsittacus 348 clown knifefish 472 green basilisk lizard 375 electric knifefishes 480, 480 leafbird, orange-bellied 341 life, origin of 22–9 Loxocemus bicolor 399, 399 leafy seadragon 498, 502, 502 light organs (photophores) 491, Indo-Chinese forest lizard knob-tail, stellate 380 377 Loxodonta africana 17, 33, 39, 45, koala 32, 40, 40, 65, 77, 77 leatherjacket, prickly 512 493 64, 162, 163, 164, 164, lightfishes 491 Italian wall lizard 388 kobs 65, 188 lecanium, European fruit 561 jeweled lizard 387 165, 165 Kobus ellipsiprymnus 181, 181 leeches 532 lilytrotters see jacanas Loxosceles reclusa 541 Lima hians 527 Karoo girdled lizard 383 koel, common 302 medicinal leech 532 legless lizards 370, 385, 394 Loxosoma harmeri 585 Kogia breviceps 212 legless lizards 394 Limnadia lenticularis 547 leopard lizard 374, 374 Lucilia sericata 569 Komodo dragon 43, 371, 372, two-headed legless lizard 370 Limnodynastes interioris 432, 432 lesser flat lizard 383 Lumbricus terrestris 532 378, 393, 393 Lehmania marginata 529 Limnogale mergulus 84 long-tail whip lizard 383 lumpsucker 503, 503 kookaburra 315, 315 Leiopelma spp. 430, 430 Limnonectes spp. 446, 446 Madagascar girdled lizard 383 lungfishes 468, 468 kouprey 186, 186 Leiopython albertisii 398 Limosa limosa 289 marble-faced worm lizard 381 Luscinia spp. 344 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 600

600 INDEX

Lutjanus sebae 506, 506 manatees 17, 166, 166, 167, 167 Meles meles 136, 136 Micropotamogale ruwenzorii 85 monkeys 106–17 Lutra spp. 135 mandrill 36, 106, 115, 115 Melidora macrorhina 315 Micropterus salmoides 505 Allen’s swamp monkey 117 Lutreolina crassicaudata 70 Mandrillus spp. 36, 106, 115, 115 Melierax metabates 278 Micruroides euryxanthus 400, 410 blue monkey 116, 116 Lycaena virgaureae 572 maned wolf 129, 129 Meliphaga lewinii 332 Micrurus spp. 401, 410, 410 capped leaf monkey 111 Lycaon pictus 124, 127, 127 mangabeys 115 Melithreptus gularis 332 midges 553, 567, 567 Chinese snub-nosed monkey Lycodon laoensis 404 mangrove swamps 49, 49 Mellivora capensis 141, 141 midshipman 497 111 Lycoteuthis diadema 531 Manis spp. 83, 83 Meloe violaceus 565 milk fish 480, 481, 481 common marmoset 107 common squirrel monkey Lygnus pratensis 559 Mannophryne trinitatis 443 Melogale spp. 136, 136 Millepora dichotoma 520 109, 109 Lygosoma bowringii 385 man-of-war fish 510 Melongena corona 528 Miller, Stanley 22 common woolly monkey 110, Lymantria spp. 43, 571 manta 462, 465, 465 Melopsittacus undulatus 297, 297 millipedes 545, 545 110 Lymnaea auricularia 529 Manta birostris 462, 465, 465 Melursus ursinus 130, 132, 132, Milvago chimachima 282, 282 Diana monkey 112, 116, 116 Lyncodon patagonicus 141 Mantella spp. 444, 444 160 Milvus migrans 276 gray woolly monkey 106 Lynx spp. 64, 156, 156 mantids 534, 553, 555, 555 menhaden,Atlantic 479 mimic 573 Mona monkey 116, 116 lynxes 64, 156, 156 mantis fly 569 Menura novaehollandiae 330, 343 Mimus polyglottos 336 northern night monkey 108, lyrebird, superb 330, 343 Mantis religiosa 555 Mephitis spp. 137, 137 miners 332 108 lyretail, blue 499 Mantispa pagana 580 Merganetta armata 258 Miniopterus spp. 92, 96, 96 patas monkey 117, 117 Lyrurus tetrix 254, 254 mantispid fly 580 merganser 259 minivets 340 proboscis monkey 111, 111 Lysmata amboinensis 37, 550 mao 332 Mergus merganser 259 minks 140, 140, 161 pygmy marmoset 106, 107, Lystrophis semicinctus 408 mara 232, 232 Meriones lybicus 227 minnows 480 107 Lytorhynchus diadema 404 Marcusenius macrolepidotus 473 Merluccius merluccius 496, 496 Mirounga spp. 31, 145, 145 red-eared monkey 117 Lytta versicatoria 565 Margaritana margaritifera 527 Merodon equestris 568 mistletoebird 331 redtail monkey 116, 117 Sykes’ monkey 116, 116 Margarornis rubiginosus 326 Meroles anchietae 389 Misumena vatia 538 vervet monkey 112, 116, 116, M Merops spp. 314, 316, 316 margay 159 mites 53, 536, 542, 569 117, 117 mabuya, bridled 385 Marginella cornea 528 Mertensiella luschani 423 aquatic mites 543 Mabuya vittata 385 see also colobus monkeys; marginella, plain 528 Mesalina guttulata 389 bulb mite 542 howler monkeys; Macaca spp. 37, 99, 113, 113 marine environments 49, 49 Mesembriomys macrurus 230 flour mite 542 macaques 37, 99, 113, 113 langurs; macaques; sakis; markhor 184, 184 mesites 284 harvest bug 543 spider monkeys; tamarins macaws 248, 296, 297, 299, 299 leaf blister mite 543 marlin, blue 498, 510, 510 Mesitornis variegatus 284 monkfish 497, 497 Machilis helleri 579, 579 Marmosa robinsoni 69, 69 Mesocricetus auratus 226, 226 pear bud mite 543 poultry red mite 543 Monocentris japonica 500 maco sharks 460, 460 marmosets 106, 107, 107 Mesoplodon spp. 212 Macrelaps microlepidotus 399 scabies mite 543 Monocirrhus polyacanthus 507, Marmota spp. 218, 218, 219, 219 Mesostoma ehrenbergi 523 507 Macrobiotus hufelandi 585, 585 spider mite 543 marmots 218, 219, 219 Meta menardi 539 Monodactylus argenteus 507 Macrocheira kaempferi 30, 546, 551 straw itch mite 543 marsupial mole, southern 71, 71 Metachirus nudicaudatus 70 Monodelphis spp. 70 Macrochelys temmincki 365, 365 varroa mite 543, 543 marsupials 65, 68–80 metamorphosis, invertebrate 533, Monodon monoceros 206, 207, 207 Macrodipteryx spp. 307, 307 Mitrephanes phaeocercus 328 martens 134, 138, 138 533 Monomorium pharaonis 578 Macrodontia cervicornis 566 Mnemiopsis leidyi 585 Martes spp. 134, 138, 138 Micaria formicaria 538 Monopterus albus 502, 502 Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 150 moa 250 Marthasterias glacialis 584 mice 225, 225 monotremes 65, 66–7 Macroglossus minimus 93, 93 Mobula spp. 450, 465 martins 339, 339 birchmice 225 monsoonal environments 43, 43 Macrognathus aculeatus 502 moccasin, hump-nosed 415 mass extinctions 26, 56 Cairo spiny mouse 228 mooneye 472 Macronous ptilosus 345 mockingbird, northern 336 massasauga 414, 414 deer mouse 226, 226 moonfish, diamond 507 Macronyx sharpei 340 dormice 225, 225, 231, 231 Mola mola 513, 513 Masticophis flagellum 400, 402 moonrats 84, 86, 86 Macropanesthia rhinoceros 556 fat dormouse 231 mole-rats 36, 38, 86, 232, 233, Mastigoproctus giganteus 537 Moorish idol 509 Macropinna microstoma 486, 487 fawn hopping mouse 230, 233 mastigure, ocellated 376 moorlands 45, 45 Macropisthodon rhodomelas 405 230 moles 64, 84, 88, 88 mastodons 164 African mole 84, 86, 86 moose 190, 190, 194 Macropus spp. 35, 79, 80, 80 forest dormouse 231 Mastomys natalensis 229 garden dormouse 216, 231, American shrew mole 88, 88 morays 37, 474, 474 Macrorhamphosus scolopax 501 matamata 359, 359 European mole 84, 88 turkey moray 475, 475, 504, Macrorvipera spp. 413 231 Maticora bivirgata 409 gray climbing mouse 230, 230 giant golden mole 86 504 Macrotermes natalensis 557 Mauremys caspica 363 harvest mouse 228, 228 hairy-tailed mole 88 Mordacia praecox 453 Macrotis lagotis 73, 73 mayflies 579, 580, 580 house mouse 87, 225, 228, Hottentot golden mole 86, 86 Morelia spp. 395, 398, 398, 407 Macrourus berglax 496 Mazama spp. 195, 195 228, 229 southern marsupial mole 71, Morethia ruficauda 385 Maculinea arion 572 meadowlark, eastern 351 jumping mice 225, 231, 231 71,86 morganucodontids 62 Madagascar 29, 54–5, 353 mealy bugs 559, 561 long-tailed pocket mouse 224, star-nosed mole 88, 88 Mormolyce phylloides 563 Madoqua guentheri 181, 181 Mediterranean bonnet 525 224 mole-vole, long-clawed 227 mormyrid, eastern bottlenose maggots 567 meerkat see Suricata suricatta meadow jumping mouse 231, mollusks 516, 525–31 473 Magicicada spp. 560 Megaceryle spp. 314 231 Moloch horridus 357, 376, 376 Mormyrus longirostris 473 Mexican spiny pocket mouse magpie goose 257 Megadyptes antipodes 261 Molothrus bonariensis 351 Morone saxatilis 504 magpie-lark 335 224, 224 Moma alpium 572 Morpho rhetenor 573 Megalaima asiatica 320 Natal multimammate mouse magpies 335, 337, 337 Megalechis thoracata 485 Momotus momota 316 Morus bassanus 272, 272 Makaira nigricans 498, 510, 510 229 Monachus monachus 145, 145 Megaloceros spp. 190 pocket mice 218, 224, 224 Moschiola meminna 191, 191 mako, shortfin 459 Megalodicopia hians 518 monarchs 573 Moschus moschiferus 191 Malaclemys terrapin 362, 362 striped grass mouse 228, 228 Monasa atra 320 Megalops spp. 474, 474, 475, Trinidad spiny pocket mouse mosquitoes 535, 553, 562, 567, Malacocherus tornieri 358, 364 mongooses 148–51, 160 475 224 567 banded mongoose 151 Malanerpes erythrocephalus 322 Megamuntiacus vuquangensis 193, wood mouse 228 mosquitofish, western 500 Indian gray mongoose 151, Malapterurus electricus 485, 485 193 woodland dormouse 231 moss animals see bryozoans 151 malaria 567, 567 Meganyctiphanes norvegica 550 see also rats moss neobisid 537 large gray mongoose 151 Malayemys subtrijuga 363 Megaphragma caribea 574 Micrastur ruficollis 282 Motacilla spp. 340 mallard 256, 258 meerkat see suricate Megaptera novaeangliae 204, 205, Micrathene whitneyi 304 narrow-striped mongoose 151 moths 14, 553, 570–3 Mallomys rothschildi 228, 228 211, 213, 215, 215 Microcanthus strigatus 507 African moon moth 39 Mallotus villosus 488 ring-tailed mongoose 151, Megascolia maculata 575 Microcebus spp. 98, 98, 101 151 bagworm moth 573 Malpolon monspessulanus 403 Megophrys nasuta 431 Microctenopoma ansorgii 511 small Indian 123, 148 bent-wing ghost moth 571 Malurus spp. 329, 334 Melanerpes formicivorus 322, 322 Microgale longicaudata 85 suricate 123, 148, 151, 151 black arches moth 571 mambas 281, 394–5, 409, 409 Melanocorypha yeltoniensis 339 Microgoura meeki 295 white-tailed mongoose 151 Bogong moth 74, 74, 572 carpet moth 570 mammals 18, 62–5, 79 Melanogrammus aeglefinus 495, Microhierax caerulescens 282, 282 yellow mongoose 151, 151 codling moth 570 mammoths 164, 165 497, 497 Microhyla ornata 442 Monias benschi 284 mamo, black 352 Melanosuchus niger 368, 368 European pine shoot moth Micromys minutus 228, 228 monito del monte 70, 70 570 Manacus manacus 327 Melanotaenia goldiei 499 Micronisus gabar 278, 278 monitor lizards 386, 393 manakins 327, 327 eyed hawk moth 571 Meleagris ocellata 254 Microperoryctes longicauda 73 monitors 372, 392, 393 garden tiger moth 571 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 601

INDEX 601

geometer moths 572, 572 Myotis spp. 64, 96, 96 Nestor notabilis 297, 297 Ocypode ceratophthalma 551 orb weavers 539, 539, 540, 541 ghost moths 571, 571 Myoxocephalus scorpius 503, 503 Netta rufina 259, 259 Odobenus rosmarus 142, 142, 144, orca 209, 209, 211 giant atlas moth 571 Myoxus glis 231 Neurergus kaiseri 423 144 Orcaella brevirostris 209, 209 goat moth 571 myriapods 545 Neurotrichus gibbsii 88, 88 Odocoileus spp. 190, 194 Orcinus orca 205, 206, 206, 209, gypsy moth 43 Myriopora truncata 587 Neusticurus bicarinatus 390 Odontodactylus scyllarus 549, 549 209, 211 inchworm moth 572, 572 Myrmecia forficata 578 neusticurus, two-ridged 390 Odontomachus haematodes 578 Orconectes limosus 551 Indian luna moth 571 Myrmecobius fasciatus 71, 71 New World monkeys 106, 106 Oecophylla smaragdina 578 Oreailurus jacobita 159 longhorn moth 570 Myrmecocystus hortideorum 578 see also monkeys Oeda inflata 561 Oreamnos americanus 183, 183 meal moth 570 newts 420 Oedipoda coerulescens 558 Oreomanes fraseri 349 nun moth 571 Myrmecophaga tridactyle 81, 81, 82 banded newt 423 owl moth 571 Myrmica laevinodis 578 Oedura marmorata 381 Oreotragus oreotragus 181, 181 California newt 424 owlet moth 572, 572 Mysateles prehensilis 237 Oena capensis 294 oribi 181 common newt 423, 423 peppered moth 23 Mysis relicta 549 Oenanthe oenanthe 328 orioles 335, 335, 351 great crested newt 418–19 plume moth 553 Mystacina tuberculata 97, 97 Oestrus ovis 569 Oriolus oriolus 335 Japanese firebelly newt 424, Provence burnet moth 571 mystarocarid 548 oilbird 306, 306, 307 Ornithorhynchus anatinus 66, 66, 424 red underwing moth 572 Mytilus edulis 527 okapi 196–7, 196, 197 67, 67 Luristan newt 423 spirit moth 570 Okapia johnstoni 196–7, 196, 197 Orthezia urticae 561 Myxine glutinosa 453 red-spotted newt 420, 423 swift moth 571, 571 Orycteropus afer 175, 175 Myxocyprinus asiaticus 482, 482 Shau Tau Kok newt 424 old wife 507 tapestry moth 570 Myzomela erythrocephala 332 Vietnam warty newt 424, 424 Old World monkeys 106, 106 see Oryctolagus cuniculus 239, 242, motmots 314, 316 242 Myzopoda aurita 97, 97 nightcrawler 532 also monkeys mottled umber 572 oryx see Oryx gazella nightingales 344 oldsquaw 259 mountain goat 183, 183 N Oryx gazella 46, 160–1, 179, 179 nightjars 306, 306–7, 307, 307 Oligodon octolineatus 404 mountain lion see puma nabarlek 80 Oryzias latipes 499 Nilaus afer 335 Oligosoma otagense 384 mountains 47, 47 Naja spp. 394, 400, 409, 409 Oryzomys palustris 226 nilgai 187 olm 422, 422 mourning racerunner 389 Nandayus nenday 299 Osbornictis piscivora 148 Nipponia nippon 270 Ommastrephes sagittatus 530 mouse see mice Nandinia binotata 150 Osmerus eperlanus 486, 488, 488 Niptus hololeucus 565 onager 169, 169 mouse deer see chevrotains Nannospalax leucodon 233 Osmia bicolor 577 Noctilio leporinus 94, 94 Oncifelis spp. 157, 159, 159 mousebirds 313, 313 Nanosella fungi 563 Osphronemus goramy 511 noctule 92, 96 oncilla 159 mouse-like rodents 217, 225–31 Napothera macrodactyla 345 osprey 274, 274, 275, 275, 281 noisy scrub-bird 330 Oncopeltus fasciatus 560 mudminnows 486, 487, 487 Narceus americanus 545 Osteocephalus spp. 429, 439, 441 Nomeus gronovii 510 Oncorhynchus spp. 486, 488, 489, mudpuppy 420, 422, 422 narcissus fly 568 489 Osteoglossum bicirrhosum 472 Norops spp. 375, 386 mudskippers 28, 498, 509, 509 narwhal 206, 207, 207 Ondatra zibethicus 217, 227, 227 Osteolaemus tetraspis 368 Notaden bennettii 432, 432 mugger 368 Nasalis larvatus 111, 111 Onychodactylus fischeri 422 Ostracion meleagris 513 Notechis ater 411 mulga (snake) 411 Nasua narica 146, 146 Onychogalea unguifera 78, 78 ostracods 548, 548 notho, blue 499 mulgara 72 Natador depressus 358, 359, 360 Onychorhynchus coronatus 328 Ostrea edulis 527 Nothobranchius patrizii 499 mullet, red 506, 506 Natrix natrix 405, 405, 407 Onymacris baccus 46 ostrich 46, 246, 248, 250, 251, Nothoprocta ornata 250 Mullus surmuletus 506, 506 Naucoris cimicoides 559 opah 494, 494 251 see also rheas Notomys cervinus 230, 230 Mungos mungo 151 Naucrates ductor 505, 505 Ophiocomina nigra 584 Otaria byronia 143 Notophthalmus viridescens 420, 423 Mungotictis decemlineata 151 Naultinus elegans 380 Ophiodes intermedius 390 Otis tarda 286, 286 Notoryctes typhlops 71, 71,86 Muntiacus muntjak 193, 193 Nautilus pompilius 530 Ophion luteus 575 Otocolobus manul 157 Noturus baileyi 480 muntjaks 17, 190, 193, 193 nautiluses 23, 530, 530, 531, 531 Ophiophagus hannah 395, 407, Otocyon megalotis 127 Novoeumeces schneideri 383 Murex brandarius 528 Nebalia bipes 549 409 Otomys irroratus 230, 230 Nucifraga spp. 337, 337 murex, purple-dye 528 Necrophorus vespillo 564 Ophisaurus attenuatus 391 otter cat see jaguarundi Nucras tessellata 387, 387 muriqui see Brachyteles arachnoides Necrosyrtes monachus 277, 277 Ophisops elegans 389, 389 otter shrews 84, 85, 85 Nucula nucleus 527 murre, common 293, 293 Nectogale elegans 87 Ophisurus serpens 476 otters 37, 134, 135, 135 nudibranch 34, 525 see also sea Necturus maculosus 420, 422, 422 Ophiura ophiura 584 Otus spp. 303, 305, 318 murrelets 293, 293 slugs needlefish, flat 499 Opilio parietinus 542 Ourebia ourebi 181 Mus musculus 87, 225, 228, 228, numbat 71, 71 229 Nematistius pectoralis 505, 505 Opisthocomus hoazin 28, 33, 284, ovenbirds 324, 326 Numenius arquata 289, 289 Musca domestica 567, 569, 569 Nematobrycon palmeri 483 284 Ovibos moschatus 47, 183, 185, Numida meleagris 255, 255 Muscisaxicola albilora 328 nematodes 53, 524 Opisthonema oglinum 478 185 nunbirds 320, 320 muscovy duck 256 Nematus ribesii 574 Opisthorchis sinensis 523 Ovis spp. 185, 185 nut shell 527 musk ox 47, 183, 185, 185 Nemoptera sinuata 581 Opistognathus aurifrons 509 Ovula ovum 528 nutcrackers 337, 337 muskellunge 486, 487 nemtode, wheat seed gall 524 Oplurus cyclurus 374 owlet-nightjars 306, 307 nuthatches 334, 334 muskrat 217, 227, 227 neobisid, moss 537 Oporornis tolmiei 350 owls 303–5 nutria see coypu Musophaga rossae 301 Neobisium carcinoides 537 opossums 34 barn owl 217, 303, 305, 305 Nyctalus noctula 92, 96 mussel shrimps see ostracods Neoceratodus forsteri 468 bare-tailed woolly opossum barred owl 304 Nyctea scandiaca 47, 304, 304 mussels 525, 527, 527 Neochen jubata 258 69, 69 black-banded owl 304 Nyctereutes procyonoides 127, 127 mussurana 408 Neofelis nebulosa 155, 155 black-shouldered opossum 69, boreal owl 305 Nycteris thebaica 94 Mustela spp. 123, 134, 134, 139, Neomphalus spp. 528 69 burrowing owl 305 Nyctidromus albicollis 307 139, 140, 140, 161 Neomys fodiens 84 brown four-eyed opossum 70 eastern screech owl 303, 318 Nyctimene robinsoni 93 elf owl 304 mustelids 123, 134–41, 160, 161 Neophocaena phocaenoides 210 common opossum 68, 68, 69, Nyctimystes dayi 438, 438 69 Eurasian pygmy-owl 304, Mustelus mustelus 458 Neophron percnopterus 277, 277, Nyctinomops femorosaccus 97 Ecuadorean shrew-opossum 304 musth 164 281 Nyctixalus pictus 447 70 great gray owl 33, 303, 304, mutualism 36 Neopilina galatheae 526 Nyctyornis amictus 316 gray four-eyed opossum 69, 304 Mya arenaria 527 Neopterygii 471 Nymphon gracile 544 69 great horned owl 305 Mycetophila fungorum 567 Neositta chrysoptera 334 little water opossum 70 northern hawk owl 304 Mycteria americana 270 neoteny 423 O monito del monte 70, 70 northern long-eared owl 305, Myctophum affine 493 Neotetracus sinensis 86 oarfish 494 Patagonian opossum 70 305 Mydaus javanensis 136 Neotis denhami 286, 286 Obelia spp. 25 Robinson’s mouse opossum northern saw-whet owl 305 Myioborus torquatus 350 Neotoma floridana 226, 226 Oceanites oceanicus 48, 265, 265 69, 69 short-eared owl 305 Myiodynastes luteiventris 328 Nephila spp. 541 Oceanodroma castro 265 southern short-tailed opossum snowy owl 47, 304, 304 Myiopsitta monachus 300, 300 Nephrurus stellatus 380 oceans 49, 49 70 spectacled owl 305 tropical screech-owl 305 Myliobatis spp. 465, 465 Neptune’s cup 519 ocelot 42, 157, 159, 159 three-striped short-tailed Nereis diversicolor 532 opossum 70 Ural owl 304 Myobatrachus gouldii 432, 432 Ochotona spp. 240, 240 Verreaux’s eagle-owl 305 Myocastor coypus 232, 237, 237 Nerodia sipedon 405 water opossum see yapok Ochthera mantis 569 yapok 70, 70 oxeye 475, 475 Myoprocta exilis 236, 236 Nesokia indica 229, 229 Octodon degus 232, 238, 238 orange-barred sulphur 572 oxpecker, yellow-billed 36, 325 Myopus schisticolor 227 Nesolagus netscheri 242 Octopus vulgaris 531 orangutan 57, 99, 118, 118, 120, Oxybelis aeneus 406, 406 Myosciurus pumilio 221, 221 Nesomantis thomasseti 432 octopuses 525, 530, 531, 531 120, 121 Oxyrhopus petola 406 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 602

602 INDEX

Oxyruncus cristatus 330 parrots 246, 296–300 Pericrocotus spp. 340 Phoebastria albatrus 263 Pitta spp. 325, 330, 330 Oxysternon conspicallatum 565 blue-crowned hanging parrot Periophthalmus barbarus 509 phoebes 328 pittas 324, 325, 330, 330 Oxyura leucocephala 259, 259 298, 298 Peripatoides novaezealandiae 587 black phoebe 328 Pituophis melanoleucus 401 Oxyuranus scutellatus 411, 411 blue-fronted parrot 300, 300 Peripatopsis capensis 587 Phoebis philea 572 Plagiodontia aedium 237, 237 oystercatcher, Eurasian 281, 288, blue-headed parrot 296 peripatus, New Zealand 587 Phoeniconaias ruber 267, 267 plainfin midshipman 497 288 Cuban parrot 300 Peripatus spp. 587 Phoenicoparrus spp. 267, 267 plains-wanderer 291 oysters 525, 525, 527, 527 eclectus parrot 297 Perissocephalus tricolor 327 Phoenicopterus spp. 32, 267 planigale 72 ground parrot 298 Ozotoceros bezoarticus 194 Perla spp. 581 Phoeniculus purpureus 317 Planigale maculata 72 hawk-headed parrot 300, 300 Pholas dactylus 527 orange-checked parrot 296 Pernis apivorus 276 plantcutter, rufous-tailed 330 P Phoronis psammophila 586 pacarana 232, 236 orange-winged parrot 300 Perodicticus potto 105, 105 Platalea spp. 52, 270 Phosphuga atrata 564 pacas 232, 236, 236 Pesquet’s parrot 297 Peromyscus maniculatus 226, 226 Platanista gangetica 207, 207 photophores 491, 493 Pachliopta hector 572 red-fan parrot 300 Peroryctes raffrayana 73 Platax orbicularis 513 Phractolaemus ansorgii 481 Pachydactylus geitje 382 red-rumped parrot 297 Petauroides volans 76, 90 Platemys platycephala 359 paddlefish 469, 469 Senegal parrot 298 Petaurus spp. 76, 76, 90 Phryganea grandis 579, 581 Platycercus eximius 297, 298 pademelon, red-legged 78, 78 swift parrot 298 petrels 264–5 Phrynichus spp. 537 Platypelis milloti 442, 442 Paguma larvata 150, 150 thick-billed parrot 299, 299 band-rumped storm-petrel Phrynocephalus persicus 376 platypus 66, 66, 67, 67 vernal hanging-parrot 298, 298 265 painted lady,American 14 Phrynohyas venulosa 439 Platyrhopalopsis mellyi 563 white-crowned parrot 300 Bulwer’s petrel 265 Palinurus vulgaris 550 Phrynomantis bifasciata 442 Platysaurus guttatus 383 Parthenolecanium corni 561 Cape petrel 264 Pallmatogecko rangeri 380 Phrynops hilarii 359 Platysternon megacephalum 365 partridges 252, 252, 253, 253 common diving-petrel 265, palmchat 341 Phrynosoma spp. 374, 374 Plecoglossus altivelis 487 parula, northern 350 265 Palmeria dolei 352 Phthiracarus spp. 542 Plectorhynchus orientalis 506 Parula americana 350 Fiji petrel 265 Palomena prasina 560 Phthirius pubix 580 Plectrophenax hyperboreus 351 Parus spp. 324, 328, 333 giant petrels 264 Palpares libelluloides 579, 581, Phycodurus eques 498, 502, 502 Plerogyra sinuosa 522 Passerina ciris 351 gray petrel 265 581 Jouanin’s petrel 265 Phyllidia ocellata 528 Plethodon spp. 425, 425 passerines 324–51 Paludicella articulata 587 storm petrels 48, 264, 265, Phyllium siccifolium 579, 579 Pleurodeles poireti 424 Pampus argenteus 510 Patagona gigas 310, 310 265 Phyllobates terribilis 443 Pliocercus spp. 401, 410 Pan spp. 16, 37, 57, 118, 118, Patella vulgata 526 Wilson’s storm-petrel 48, 265, Phyllomedusa spp. 439, 439, 441 Plotosus lineatus 480, 484, 484 120, 120 pauraque, common 307 265 Phyllotreta nemorum 566 plovers 266, 287, 288 panchax, golden pheasant 499, pauropods 545, 545 Petrocephalus simus 473 Physalaemus biligonigerus 433 pochards 259 499 Pauropus huxleyi 545 Petrodromus tetradactylus 243 Physalia physalis 510, 521, 528 pocket gophers see gophers Panchlora nivea 556 Pavo cristatus 31, 255 Petrogale spp. 80 Physeter catodon 204, 204, 206, pocket mice see mice pandas 57, 59, 122, 130, 131, peacock see peafowl Petroica goodenovii 344 206, 212, 212 Podarcis spp. 388, 388 131, 132, 132 peafowl 31, 252, 255 Petromus typicus 232, 233, 233 Physignathus cocincinus 377, 377 Podargus strigoides 306, 307 Pandinus imperator 537 pearleye, northern 492 Petromyzon marinus 453 Physophora hydrostatica 521 Podica senegalensis 286, 286 Pandion haliaetus 274, 274, 275, Pecari tajacu 202 Petropsuedes dahli 75, 75 Phytoseiulus persimilis 543 Podiceps spp. 262, 263, 263 275, 281 peccaries 202, 202 Pezoporus wallicus 298 Phytotoma rara 330 Podocnemis spp. 356, 359, 359 pangolins 83, 83 Pectinator spekei 223 Phacochoerus africanus 200, 201, picarel 506 Podogymnura truei 86 Panorpa communis 581 Pedetes capensis 223, 223 201 Picathartes gymnocephalus 346 Poecilia reticulata 498, 500, 500 panther, black 155 Pediculus capitis 580 Phaethornis guy 308 picathartes, white-necked 346 Poecilogale albinucha 141 Panthera spp. 32, 33, 36, 59, 122, Pedionomus torquatus 291 Phaeton spp. 272 pickerels 486, 487 Poelagus marjorita 242 152, 152, 153, 153, 154, Pedostibes everetti 437 Phaetusa simplex 292 Picoides villosus 323 Pogona barbata 376 154, 155, 155, 160, 161 Pegomya betae 569 Phalacrocorax spp. 273, 273, 319 Picromerus bidens 560 Pogonocichla stellata 344 Pantholops hodgsonii 180 Pelagia panopyra 520 Phalaenoptilus nuttallii 307 Pictodentalium formosum 526 Poicephalus senegalus 298 Pantodon buchholzi 472 Pelagothuria natatrix 583 Phalanger orientalis 74 pictus cat 485 polar bear 130, 131, 133, 133 Panulirus spp. 550, 551, 551 Pelamis platurus 411 Phalangium opilio 542 Picus spp. 323, 323 polar regions 48, 48 paper nautilus 531, 531 Pelecanoides urinatrix 265, 265 phalaropes 290, 290 piddock, common 527 polecats 140, 141, 141 Papilio antimachus 572 Pelecanus spp. 272, 272, 575 Phalaropus spp. 290, 290 Pieris brassicae 572 Polemaetus bellicosus 279 Papio spp. 98, 114, 114 pelicans 271–3, 271, 272 Phalcoboenus carunculatus 282 pigeons 246, 294–5, 294, 295 Poliocephalus rufopectus 263 Papustyla pulcherrima 529 Pelmatohydra oligactis 521 Phalium granulatum undulatum pigs 200–1, 200, 201 Polioptila plumbea 346 Parabuteo unicinctus 279 Pelobates syriacus 431 525 Piherodius pileatus 269 Polistes gallicus 577, 577 Paracentrotus lividus 584 Pelodytes punctatus 431, 431 Phaner furcifer 101 pikas 239, 239, 240, 240 pollock,Alaska 495 Paradisaea spp. 338, 342–3 Pelomedusa subrufa 359 Pharomachrus mocinno 313 pike-characin, spotted 483 pollution see environmental Paradoxornis gularis 346 Pelusios sinuatus 359 phascogale, brush-tailed 72 pikes 486, 486, 487, 487 degradation; environmental Paradoxurus spp. 150 Pelvicachromis pulcher 508 Phascogale spp. 72, 72 pilchards 479 indicators parakeets 298, 298, 299, 299, pen shell 527 pill bugs see Anaspides tasmaniae Polycarpa aurata 518 300, 300 Phascolarctos cinereus 32, 40, 40, Penaeus monodon 550 65, 77, 77 pilotfish 505, 505 Polychrus marmoratus 375 Parakneria cameronensis 481 Penelope spp. 252, 252, 253 phasmids, Lord Howe Island 56 Pimelodus pictus 485 Polyergus rufescens 578 Paralichthys dentatus 511 penguins 26, 246, 260–1, 318 pineconefish 500 Polymixia spp. 493 Paralithodes camtschatica 551 pheasants 248, 252, 252, 254, Adélie penguin 48, 261 255, 255 Pinna nobilis 527 Polyodon spathula 469, 469 Paramesotriton deloustali 424, emperor penguin 40, 260, 424 Phelsuma spp. 382 pinnipeds 123, 142–5 Polypedates spp. 447, 447 261, 261 pheremones 38, 39 pinworms 524 Polyphemus pendiculus 547, 547 Parascalops breweri 88 Gentoo penguin 261, 261 parasites 574, 575 Pheucticus tibialis 351 Pionopsitta barrabandi 296 Polypterus weeksi 469 jackass penguin 57, 261 Philander opossum 69, 69 Pionus spp. 296, 300 Polystoma integerrimum 523 parasitic lifestyles 53, 53 king penguin 260, 261, 261 Philanthus triangulum 577 Piophila casei 568, 569 Pomacanthus imperator 507, 507 parasitism 36 little penguin 261, 261 Philepitta castanea 330 Parastygocaris andeni 549 royal penguin 261 Pipa pipa 429, 431, 431 Pomatostomus spp. 345 Paraxerus palliatus 221 Snares penguin 261 Philesturnus carunculatus 335 pipefishes 502, 502 pomfret, silver 510 pardalotes 331, 331 yellow-eyed penguin 261 Philetairus socius 319 pipistrelles 96, 96 Pongo pygmaeus 57, 99, 118, 118, Pardalotus punctatus 331 Penicillus javanus 527 Philodina roseola 586 Pipistrellus pipistrellus 96, 96 120, 120, 121 Pardofelis marmorata 158, 158 Pennatula spp. 521, 522 Philomachus pugnax 290, 290 pipits 340, 340 Pontoporia blainvillei 207 Pareus chinensis 403 Peponocephala electra 209 Philothamnus semivariegatus 403 Pipra spp. 327, 327 poorwill, common 307 Parnassius apollo 572 Perameles nasuta 73 Phlebotomus papatasi 567 Piranga olivacea 349 porbeagle 457, 457, 459 Parotia sefilata 338, 343 Perca fluviatilis 505, 505 Phlocus phalangioides 538 piranhas 480, 480, 483, 483 porcupines 217, 232, 232 parotia, western 338, 343 perches 505, 505, 511, 511 Phloeomys cumingi 230 pirarucu see arapaima African brush-tailed porcupine 234, 234 Percopsis omiscomaycus 495, 495 Phoca spp. 62–3, 133, 142, 144, Pisidium amnicum 527 parr 489 bicolor prehensile-tailed parrot crossbill 348 Perdicula erythrorhyncha 253 144 pitvipers see rattlesnakes; vipers Phocoena spp. 210, 210 Pitangus sulphuratus 328 procupine 235, 235 parrotbills 346, 352 perentie 393 Brazilian porcupine 235 parrotfishes 452, 498 Periclimenes imperator 550 Phocoenoides dalli 210 Pithecia pithecia 108, 108 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 603

INDEX 603

crested porcupine 234, 234 Promerops cafer 331 pufferfishes 512, 512, 513, 513 Rasbora heteromorpha 481 red feather duster 532 Indian porcupine 234 Prometheomys schaposchnikowi 227 puffins 248, 287, 288, 288, 293, rasboras 480, 481 redfin,Twee 480 long-tailed porcupine 234, pronghorn 45, 190, 195, 195 293 ratel 141, 141 redfish 503 234 Propithecus spp. 103 Puffinus spp. 265 ratfish, spotted 457 redpoll, common 348 Malayan porcupine 234 prosimians 98, 99, 100–5 Pulex irritans 580 ratites 250–1 redshanks 289, 289 North American porcupine Prostheceraeus giesbrechtii 523 Pulsatrix perscipillata 305 rat-kangaroo, musky 78 redstarts350 235, 235 Proteles cristatus 147, 147 puma 156, 156, 157 rats 225, 225 Redunca spp. 181, 181 stump-tailed porcupine 235, Proteus anguinus 422, 422 Puma concolor 156, 156, 157 Australian water rat 230, 230 reedbucks 181, 181 235 Protonotaria citrea 350 pumpkinseed 505, 505 black rat 216, 229, 229 reedfish 469, 469 Sumatran porcupine 234 brown rat 216, 225, 229, 229 thick-spined porcupine 234 Protopterus spp. 468 Pungitius pungitius 501 Regina septemvittata 405, 405 proturans 582, 582 Puntius lateristriga 482, 482 cane rats 232 Regulus spp. 346 Porichthys notatus 497 Chilean rock rat 238 Porites porites 522 Prunella atrogularis 344 Purgatorius spp. 29 reindeer 189 see also caribou Psammobates tentorius 364, 364 purple-throated carib 311 chinchilla-rat 238, 238 Remiz pendulinus 333 Porphyrio spp. 283, 285, 285 cloud rat 230 psammodromus,Algerian 389 Pycnogonum spp. 544 remoras 36 porpoises 204, 206, 210, 210 dassie rat 232, 233, 233 Pycnonotus jocusus 341 Portuguese man-of-war 510, Psammodromus algirus 389 eastern woodrat 226, 226 reptiles 19, 356–415 521, 528 Psammophis schokar 403, 403 Pyemotes ventricosus 543 giant rat 229 Rhabdophis subminiatus 405 Porzana parva 285 Psarisomus dalhousiae 330 Pygathrix nemaeus 65, 111 golden-backed tree rat 230 Rhabdornis mystacalis 331 possums Psephotus haematonotus 297 Pygocentrus nattereri 483, 483 greater bandicoot rat 229, 229 Rhacodactylus auriculatis 380 bobuk 74 Psephurus gladius 469 Pygoscelis spp. 48, 261, 261 greater cane rat 233, 233 Rhacophorus spp. 428, 429, 441, brushtail possum 62, 74 Pseudacris ornata 440 Pyralis farinalis 570 greater stick-nest rat 229, 229 447, 447 common ringtail possum 75, Pseudalopex spp. 129, 129 Pyrophorus noctilucus 565 hispid cotton rat 226, 226 Rhagoletis pomonella 568 75 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 504, Pyrosoma atlanticum 518 large bamboo rat 233 Rhea americana 251, 251 green ringtail possum 75, 75 504 pyrosome 518 Luzon bushy-tailed cloud rat rheas 250, 250, 251, 251 Herbert River ringtail possum Pseudechis australis 411 Pyrrhocorax spp. 337 230 Rheobatrachus silus 432, 432 75 Pseudemys spp. 362, 362 Pyrrhura leucotis 299 marsh rice rat 226 Rheodytes leukops 359 honey possum 77, 79 Pseudis paradoxa 438, 438 Python spp. 397, 397, 398, 398 Mount Data shrew rat 230 Rhincodon typus 454, 457, 457 Leadbeater’s possum 44, 76, Pseudobranchus striatus 421 pythons 395, 395, 396, 397 muskrat 217, 227, 227 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 512 76 Pseudobulweria macgillivrayi 265 African rock python 397 Nile grass rat 228 Rhinobatos lentiginosus 463 lemuroid ringtail possum 75 Pseudocerastes persicus 412 amethyst python 407 Norwegian rat see brown rat Rhinoceros spp. 172, 173, 173 mountain brushtail possum 74 roof rat see black rat Pseudoceros spp. 523 ball python 398 rhinoceroses 28, 162, 172, 172, mountain pygmy possum 74, ship rat see black rat Pseudocheirus peregrinus 75, 75 black-headed python 398, 398 172–3, 173, 173 74 blood python 398, 398 short-tailed bandicoot rat 229, rock ringtail possum 75, 75 Pseudochelidon sirintarae 339 229 Rhinoclemmys areolata 363 Pseudochirops archeri 75, 75 Calabar ground python 396 Rhinocoris irracundus 559, 560, scaly-tailed possum 74 carpet python 398, 407 smooth-tailed giant rat 228, striped possum 68, 77 Pseudochirulus herbertensis 75 228 560 children’s python 397 Rhinoderma darwinii 434 postman, the 573 Pseudococcus longispinus 561 green tree python 395, 398, spiny rats 232, 232 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 39, 95 Potamochoerus spp. 201, 201 Pseudocolochirus violaceus 583 398 vlei rat 230, 230 Potamogale velox 85, 85 Pseudocordylus melanotus 383 Indian python 397 water rat 225 Rhinomuraena quaesita 474 Potamotrygon motoro 464 Pseudomugil furcatus 499 Mexican burrowing python see also mice; mole-rats Rhinonicteris aurantia 95 Poterion neptuni 519 Pseudonaja nuchalis 411 399, 399 rattlesnakes 356, 412 Rhinophis drummondhayi 399 potoos 306, 306 Pseudonestor xanthophrys 352 reticulate python 397, 397 banded rock rattlesnake 413 Rhinophrynus dorsalis 431, 431 black-tailed rattlesnake 414, potoroo, long-nosed 78 Pseudonigrita arnaudi 347 white-lipped python 398 Rhinopithecus roxellana 111 414 Potorous tridactylus 78 Pseudophryne australis 432 Pyxicephalus adspersus 445 Rhinopoma microphyllum 94 Pseudorca crassidens 209 Mojave rattlesnake 414 Rhinoptera bonasus 465 Potos flavus 122, 146, 146 Q northern Pacific rattlesnake pottos 100, 104, 105, 105 Pseudoryx nghetinhensis 184, 184 Rhinoraja odai 463 quagga 169 39 Rhipidura hypoxantha 333 powan 490 Pseudotrapelus sinaitus 376 prairie rattlesnake 414 Pseudotriton ruber 420 quails 252, 252, 253, 253, 284, Rhizoglyphus echinopus 542 prairie dogs 140, 217, 218, 218, 284 pygmy rattlesnake 413, 413 Psittacula spp. 298, 298 Rhizomys sumatrensis 233 219, 219, 238, 238 Quelea quelea 347, 347 ridge-nosed rattlesnake 414 Psittrichas fulgidus 297 Rhodeus sericeus 481, 481 pratincole, collared 289 quelea, red-billed 347, 347 speckled rattlesnake 414 Psophia crepitans 284 Rhombomys opimus 227, 227 prawn, black tiger 550 see also quetzal, resplendent 313 tiger rattlesnake 414, 414 shrimps Psophodes olivaceus 345 Rhyacionia buoliana 570 quokka 80 timber rattlesnake 394, 414, pregnancy tests 481 Psylla mali 561 414 Rhyacophila nubila 581 quolls 72, 79 pricklenape, armored 377 Psyllophryne didactyla 428 tropical rattlesnake 413 Rhyacotriton olympicus 423 primates 98–121 ptarmigans 47, 254, 254 R twin-spotted rattlesnake 414 Rhynchocinetes kuiteri 550 apes 16, 98–9, 98, 118–20 Pterinochilus murinus 538 rabbit fish 457 western diamondback Rhynchocyon cirnei 243 baboons 98, 98, 106, 114–15 Pternohyla fodiens 441 rabbits 239, 242, 242 see also rattlesnake 394, 413, 413 Rhynchomys soricoides 230 conserving 121 Pterocnemia pennata 251 hares Rattus spp. 216, 225, 229, 229 Rhynchops niger 293 geladas 98, 114, 114 Pteroglossus spp. 321 raccoon dog 127, 127 ravens 337, 337 Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 299, monkeys 106–17, 121 Pterois spp. 467, 503 raccoons 44, 146, 146, 160 rays 450, 454–5, 462–5, 462, 464 299 prosimians 98, 98, 99, 100–5 Pteromys volans 221 racers 400, 403, 403, 404 Atlantic stingray 464, 464 Rhynochetos jubatus 286 Priodontes maximus 83, 83 Pteronura brasiliensis 135, 135 racerunners 389 bat ray 465, 465 Rhyssa persuasoria 574 blue-spotted ribbontail ray Prionace glauca 458, 458, 459, Pterophanes cyanopterus 310 ragworm 532 ribbon fish 494, 494 460, 460 464 Ricinoides sjoestedti 537 Pterophyllum scalare 508, 508 rails 285, 285 common eagle ray 465 Prionailurus spp. 158, 158 Pteroptochos tarnii 326 rain forests 33, 42, 42, 54, 121 riflebirds 343, 338 Prionochilus percussus 331 common stingray 464, 464 rifleman 330 Pteropus spp. 92, 93 rainbow krib 508 cownose ray 465 Prionodon linsang 149, 149 Ptilinopus cinctus 295 rainbowfishes 499 ringtail 146 Prionodura newtoniana 338 devil fish 465 Ptilocercus lowii 91, 91 Raja clavata 462, 463 electric rays 462 river environments 51, 51 Pristiophorus cirratus 461 Ptilogonys caudatus 341 Ramphastos spp. 33, 321, 321 honeycomb stingray 464 roadrunners 301, 302, 302 Pristis pristis 463, 463 Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 338 Ramphocaenus melanurus 346 Japanese butterfly ray 464 robber fly 567, 568 Procapra gutturosa 189 Ptiloris magnificus 338 Rana spp. 429, 445, 445 lesser devil ray 450 robins 246, 344, 344, 345, 345 Procavia capensis 174, 175, 175 Ptyas karros 402 Rangifer tarandus 188, 189, 190, manta 462, 465, 465 rock crawlers 579 Procellaria cinerea 265 Ptychadena mascareniensis 446 194 marbled electric ray 463, 463 rock rabbit see Procavia capensis Procnias spp. 325, 327 Ptychozoon kuhli 382 Raniceps raninus 497 ocellate river stingray 464 rock rats see rats Procolobus spp. 112, 112, 121 Ptyodactylus puiseuxi 382 Ranodon sibiricus 422 ocellated torpedo 463 rockfowl 346 Procolus goryi 566 Pucrasia macrolopha 254 Raphicerus campestris 181, 181 round stingray 464 rodents 35, 216–38 Procyon lotor 44, 145, 146 Pudu spp. 190, 195, 195 Raphidia notata 579, 579 spotted eagle ray 455, 465 Rollandia rolland 263 thornback ray 462, 463 Profelis aurata 157 pudus 190, 195, 195 Raphus cucullatus 55, 295 rollers 314, 316, 316, 317, 317 Recurvirostra avosetta 288 Progosciger aterrimus 296 puffbirds 320, 320 raptors 274–82 Romerolagus diazi 242 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 604

604 INDEX

roosterfish 505, 505 slimy salamander 425, 425 sculpin, shorthorn 503, 503 Sephanoides sephanoides 310 emperor shrimp 550 rose cynipid 575 spring salamander 425 Scutigera spp. 545 Sepia officinalis 530 fairy shrimps 547, 547 rosella, eastern 297, 298 Tennessee cave salamander Scutigerella immaculata 545 Sepilok Orangutan Kuiter’s dancing shrimp 550 Rostratula benghalensis 288 425, 425 Scylla serrata 49, 49 Rehabilitation Center 121 mantis shrimp 549, 549 Rostrhamus sociabilis 276, 276 tiger salamander 424, 424 Scyllarus arctus 551 Sepioteuthis sepiodea 525 mussel shrimps see ostracods rotifers 516, 586, 586 Salamandra salamandra 423, 423 scythebill, red-billed 326 Sericornis frontalis 334 opossum shrimp 549 roughbar frogfish 497, 497 Salamandrella keyserlingii 422 Scytodes thoracica 539, 539, 541 seriema, red-legged 286 Randall’s pistol shrimp 550 seed shrimps see ostracods roundworms 524, 524 Salmo salar 488, 488 sea and ocean habitats 49 serotine 96 striped bumblebee shrimp Rousettus aegyptiacus 93, 93 Salmo spp. 488, 488 sea anemones 34, 48, 498, serow 183, 183 salmons 51, 467, 486–90, 486, 583 royal gramma 504 516–17, 520, 520, 522, 522 serpent-eagles 278, 278 tadpole shrimp 547, 547 rubythroat, Siberian 344 488, 488, 489, 489 sea apple 583 Serrasalmus rhombeus 483 Salticus scenicus 538 Tasmanian mountain shrimp ruff 290, 290 sea biscuit 584 Serrivomer beanii 476 549 Saltuarius cornutus 380 ruminants 163, 176 sea canary see beluga Sesia apiformis 571 Sialis lutaria 580, 580 Salvelinus spp. 490, 490 digestive system 190 sea cow, Steller’s 167 Setophaga ruticilla 350 siamang 119, 119 sambar 192, 192 Rupicapra rupicapra 56, 183, 183 sea cucumbers 583, 583 shads 478, 479, 479 Siamese fighting fish 511, 511 sand dollar 583, 584 Rupicola rupicola 327, 327 sea fans 522, 522 shags 273, 273 sidewinder 412, 412 sand fish 383 rusa 192 sea goldie 504, 504 shama, white-rumped 345 sifakas 103 sand fly 567 sea lilies 583 sharkminnow, tricolor 481 Sigmoceros lichtensteinii 178, 178 S sand gaper 527 sea lions 142–5, 143, 143 sharks 58, 454–61 Sigmodon hispidus 226, 226 saberfin killie 499, 499 sandeel, lesser 509 sea monkeys 547 angel shark 461, 461 Siliquofera grandis 558 saber-toothed tiger 152 sandgrouse 294–5, 294 sea mouse 532 basking shark 459, 459 Silurus glanis 484 sable 138, 138 sandpipers 287, 290, 290 blackmouth catshark 458 sea pancake 584 silver-eye 332 sable fly 569 sandslider, northwestern 385, sea pens 521, 522, 522 blue shark 458, 458, 459, 460, sablefish 503, 503 385 460 silverfish 579, 579, 582 sea potato 518, 584 silversides 498, 499, 499 Saccoglossus cambrensis 586 Sanguinus geoffroyi 107 sea serpents 494 bramble shark 461 bull shark 458 Simenchelys parasitica 476 Saccopharynx ampullaceus 476 saola 184, 184 sea skaters 559 Sacculina carcini 548 sapphirewing, great 310 Caribbean reef shark 454 Simoselaps calonotus 410 sea slugs 34, 525, 528 cookie-cutter shark 461, 461 siphonophore, hula skirt 521 saddleback 335 sapsucker, yellow-bellied 322, sea spiders 544, 544 Sagitta setosa 586 322 dogfish sharks 456 Siphonops annulatus 418, 427 sea squirts 14, 518, 518 frill shark 461 sipo, mountain 408 Sagittarius sepentarius 274, 280, Sarcinodes restitutaria 572 sea stars 583, 584, 584 see also 280, 281 Sarcophilus harrisii 71, 71 ghost sharks 454 Siren spp. 421, 421 starfishes gray nurse shark 59 Sagra buqueti 566 Sarcophyton glaucum 521 sirens 420, 421, 421 sea urchins 583, 583, 584, 584 gray reef shark 458, 458, 460 Saguinus oedipus 107, 107 Sarcoptes scabiei 543 Sisturus spp. 413, 413, 414, 414 sea walnut 585 great white shark 460 Sitta spp. 334, 334 saiga 180, 180 Sarcoramphus papa 47, 274, 275 sea wasp 521 hammerhead sharks 456, 458, Saiga tatarica 180, 180 Sardina pilchardus 479 sittellas 334, 334 seadragon, leafy 498, 502, 502 458, 459 sixbar distichodus 482 sailfishes 34, 498, 510, 510 Sardinella aurita 478 horn shark 460, 460 seagulls see gulls size, of animals 30 Saimiri sciureus 109, 109 sardines 478–9, 478 longnose sawshark 461 seahorses 498, 502, 502 skates 454, 462, 462, 463, 463 see sakis 108, 108 Sardinops sagax 479 seals 123, 142–5 mako 460 salamanders 35, 418, 420, 421 Sargasso Sea 477 nurse shark 457 also rays Baikal seal 144 skimmer see swimmer, black Apennines salamander 425 sargassumfish 497, 497 bearded seal 144 porbeagle 457, 457, 459 arboreal salamander 425, 425 Sargocentron diadema 500, 500 Port Jackson shark 457 skinks 372, 372, 378, 384 common seal 144, 144 Australian blue tongue pygmy blue-spotted salamander 424 Sarkidiornis melanotos 258, 258 crabeater seal 145, 145 sand tiger shark 459, 459 Californian giant salamander sharpnose sevengill shark 461 skink 372, 385 Saroglossa spiloptera 347 elephant seal 142 Boulenger’s legless skink 385 423, 423 Sauromalus obesus 374 fur seal 142 shortfin mako 459 cave salamander 425 Cape York mulch skink 385, saury, Pacific 499 gray seal 145 sixgill shark 461 Chinese giant salamander 421, smooth hammerhead 458, 458 385 savannahs 45, 45 harbor seal 62–3, 144, 144 421 smooth hound 458 Christmas Island grass skink sawfishes 462, 462, 463, 463 harp seal 142, 144, 144 385 Chinese salamander 422, 422 hooded seal 145, 145 spiny dogfish 461, 461 desert slender salamander 422 sawflies 574, 574 thresher shark 457, 459 desert rainbow skink 385, 385 Sayornis nigricans 328 leopard seal 145 emerald skink 384 Dybowski’s salamander 422 Mediterranean monk seal tiger shark 457, 457, 458, 460 ensatina 425 scale insects 559, 561, 561 whale shark 454, 457, 457 five-lined skink 384 145, 145 Hosmer’s spiny-tailed skink European fire salamander 423, scaly-tails 90 monk seal 142 white shark 33, 459, 460, 460 423 Scaphiophryne gottlebei 442 zebra shark 457 384, 384 New Zealand fur seal 143, juniper skink 385 Fischer’s clawed salamander scarce copper 572 143 sharpbill 330 422 scat, spotted (fish) 507 shearwaters 265, 265 lined fire-tailed skink 385 northern elephant seal 31 mole skink 383 four-toed salamander 420, 425 Scatophaga stercoraria 569 sheathbill, black-faced 291 northern fur seal 143, 143 Otago skink 384 golden striped salamander 423 Scatophagus argus 507 ribbon seal 144 sheep 185, 185 Schneider’s skink 383 Jackson’s mushroomtongue Sceloporus spp. 374, 378 ringed seal 133, 144, 144 shelduck 256, 258, 258 salamander 425 six-lined burrowing skink 385 Scelotes sexlineatus 385 South African fur seal 143 shellear, Cameroon Jefferson salamander 426 481 Solomon Island skink 371, Schismaderma carens 437 southern elephant seal 145, shield bugs 552, 559, 560 384 Jordan’s salamander 425, 425 145 Lake Lerma salamander 422 Schistometopum thomense 427, 427 Shinisaurus crocodilurus 391, 391 three-lined burrowing skink Schizomus crassicaudatus 537 Ungava seal 144 shoebills 270, 270 384 life-cycle 426 walrus 142, 144, 144 schnapper see snapper shorebirds 287–93 skipjack tuna 510 Luschan’s salamander 423 Weddell seal 145 Sciaenops ocellatus 506 shortwing, white-browed 344 skippers 571, 571 marbled salamander 424, 424 seasnail, striped (fish) 503 northern dusky salamander Scincus scincus 383 shoveler, northern 258, 258 skuas see jaegers Sebastes marinus 503 425 Scissurella spp. 528 shrew mole,American 88, 88 skunks 134, 137, 137 secretarybird 274, 280, 280, 281 Olympic torrent salamander Sciurus spp. 220, 220 shrew-hedgehog 86 skylark 339 seed shrimps see ostracods 423 Scolia procera 575 shrew-opossum, Ecuadorean 70 slaters see wood lice seedsnipe, gray-breasted 291 Paghman mountain Scolopendra spp. 545, 545 shrews 65, 84, 87, 87 sleeping sickness 567, 569 segmented worms 532, 532 salamander 422 Scolytus scolytus 566 shrikes 335, 335 slickhead, California 487 seladang 186, 186 Pyrenees mountain Scophthalmus rhombus 511, 511 shrike-thrush, gray 333 slider, red-eared 362, 364, 364 salamander 423 Selasphorus scintilla 312 Scopus umbretta 270, 270 shrimpfish 501, 501 sloth bear 130, 132, 132, 160 red back salamander 425 Selene vomer 505 scorpionfishes 498 shrimps 546 red salamander 420 sloths 32, 32, 81, 81, 82, 82 scorpionflies 579, 581, 581 Seleucidis melanoleucus 338 banded coral shrimp 550 ringed salamander 424, 424 slow worm 390 Semioptera wallacii 338 black tiger prawn 550 Sardinian brook salamander scorpions 534, 536, 536, 537, slugs Semiotus distinctus 565 brine shrimp 547, 547 422 537 blue sea slug 528 Semnodactylus wealii 444, 444 brown shrimp 550 Siberian salamander 422 screamers 256, 257, 257 gray garden slug 529 Semnopithecus entellus 111, 111 clam shrimp 547, 547 Sichuan salamander 422 scrub-bird, noisy 330 land slug 525 Sentonix brachyurus 80 cleaner shrimp 37, 550 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 605

INDEX 605

lettuce sea slug 528 long-tailed false coral snake Spicara smaris 506 squirrelfish, crown 500, 500 strepsipterans 579 nudibranch 34, 525 401 spider monkeys 110, 110 squirrel-like rodents 217, 218–24 Strigops habroptilus 300, 300 tree slug 529 Loveridge’s garter snake 410 spiders 534, 536–42 squirrels 218 striped foureyed fish 500 wormslug 529 mangrove snake 406, 406 bird-eating spider 33 Abert’s squirrel 220 stripey 507 smelts, European 486, 488, 488 many-banded coral snake 410 black widow 541, 541 African pygmy squirrel 221, Strix spp. 33, 303, 304, 304 Smerinthus ocellatus 571 masked water snake 405, 405 bolas spider 539, 539 221 stromatolites 22 Smilisca baudini 440 Mayan coral snake 401 Brazilian ant-mimicking American red squirrel 218, Strombus gigas 528 Mediterranean cat snake 406 Sminthopsis crassicaudata 72 spider 539 220, 220 Strongylopus bonaspei 446 milk snake 403, 403 Sminthurus aquaticus 582 brown recluse 541 eastern gray squirrel 220, 220 Struthio camelus 246, 248, 250, smoky madtom 480 Montpelier snake 403 camel spider 542 Eurasian red squirrel 220, 220 natal black snake 399 251, 251 smolt 489 cave spider 539 flightless scaly-tailed squirrel northern water snake 405 sturgeon 469, 469, 470, 470 smooth hound 458 crab spider 538 223 olive-brown sea snake 411 daddy-longlegs spider 538 flying squirrels 35, 90, 217, Sturnella magna 351 smoothtongue, California 487 ornate reef snake 411 European buthid 537 221, 221, 223 Sturnus vulgaris 347 snaggletooths 491 paradise flying snake 406 European garden spider 539 Gambian sun squirrel 221 Stylephorus chordatus 494 snail eater, Catesby’s 408, 408 prairie ringneck snake 400 funnel-web 541, 541 ground squirrels 218 sucker fish, Chinese 482, 482 snails queen snake 405, 405 golden orb weaver 541 guayaquil squirrel 220 sugar glider 76, 76, 90 eared pond snail 529 rainbow snake 408 goldenrod spider 538 horse-tailed squirrel 221 sugarbird 331 escargot 529 rainbow water snake 405, 405 ground spider 538 Lord Derby’s anomalure 223 Sula spp. 272, 272, 353 giant tiger snail 529 red cylinder snake 399 hooded tick spider 537 northern flying squirrel 217 sunbirds 331, 331 land snails 529, 529 red-sided garter snake 404 house spider 539 Pel’s anomalure 223 sunbittern 286, 286 Manus Island tree snail 529 redtail coral snake 410, 410 huntsman spider 538 Prevost’s squirrel 221 Suncus murinus 87, 87 purple bubble-raft snail 528 red-tailed green ratsnake 402 jumping spiders 536, 541 red bush squirrel 221 Sundasciurus hippurus 221 sea snails 37, 533 rhombic egg-eating snake 403 ladybird spider 538 red squirrel 217 sunfishes 505, 513, 513 white-lipped garden snail 529 ringed hognose snake 408 long-jawed spider 539 scaly-tailed squirrels 218 surgeonfish, redtail 509 snakefish 492 ring-neck snake 404, 404 Malaysian trapdoor spider 538 Siberian flying squirrel 221 Suricata suricatta 123, 148, 151, snakefly 579, 579 sea snakes 395, 395, 409, 411 money spider 540, 541 southern flying squirrel 221 151 snakes 356, 394–415 spotted bush snake 403 net-casting spider 540 Speke’s pectinator 223 Aesculpian false coral snake striped kukri snake 404 ogre-faced spider 538 striped ground squirrel 221, suricate 123, 148, 151, 151 403 sunbeam snake 399 orb weavers 539, 539, 540, 541 221 Surnia ulula 304 Aesculpian snake 402 tentacle snake 405 purseweb spider 538 tassel-eared squirrel 220 Sus spp. 200 Arafura file snake 399 tropical ratsnake 402 raft spider 539 thirteen-lined ground squirrel Suta suta 410 Arizona coral snake 400, 410 turtle-headed sea snake 411 spitting spider 539, 539, 541 219, 219 swallower 476 beaked burrowing asp 399 western brown snake 411 tarantulas 442, 516, 535, 538, tree squirrels 218, 218, 220 swallows 53, 339, 339 beauty snake 402 western ground snake 404, 404 541, 541 variegated squirrel 220 swallowtails 534, 572, 572 black tiger snake 411 whip snakes 394–5 thorn spider 541 stalk-eyed fly 568 swamphen, purple 285 black-banded trinket snake wood snake 396 tropical tentweb spider 541 standardwing,Wallace’s 338 swan goose 256 402 yellow-belly sea snake 411 wasp spider 539 starfishes 26, 27, 583, 584 see also swans 256, 256 black-striped burrowing snake snapper, emperor 506, 506 water spider 539 sea stars sweetlips, oriental 506 410 snipefish, longspine 501 whip-spiders 537 stargazer,Atlantic 509, 509 swift (lizard), Merrem’s blind snakes 394 snipes 288, 289, 289 wolf spiders 538 starlings 325, 347, 347 Madagascar 374 blue Malaysian coral snake snow fly 568 woodlouse-eating spider 538 Staurois tuberilinguis 446 swifts (birds) 308–9, 308, 309, 409 zebra jumping spider 538 soapfish, goldribbon 504 Staurotypus triporcatus 365 310 blunthead tree snake 408 see also sea spiders soldier fly 568 Steatogenys elegans 485 swimmer, black 293 brown vine snake 406, 406 spiderwebs 540, 540 sole, Zebra 511 Steatornis caripensis 306, 306, 307 swordfish 469, 510, 510 bull snake 401 Spilocuscus maculatus 74, 74 Solen vagina 527 steenbok 181, 181 swordtails 498 Cape coral snake 410 Spilogale putorius 137, 137 Solenodon spp. 84, 84, 85, 85 Stegostoma fasciatum 457 Sylvia borin 266 Cape twig snake 406, 406 Spilornis cheela 278 solenodons 84, 84, 85, 85 stellate knob-tail 380 Sylvicapra grimmia 177, 177 Chinese rat snake 402 Spilotes pullatus 402 Chinese slug snake 403 Solenopsis fugax 578 Stenella spp. 49, 208 Sylvilagus spp. 242, 242 spinebills 332, 332 common bronze-back snake Solenostomus paradoxus 502, 502 Steno bredanensis 208 symphylids 545, 545 spinetail, slaty 326 404, 404 solitaires 295 Stenochiton longicymba 526 Symphysodon aequifasciatus 508 spiny devil walking stick 579 Cope’s false coral snake 410 Somateria mollissima 259, 259 Stenodactylus petrii 382 Synallaxis brachyura 326 spiny-rayed fishes 498-513 coral cylinder snake 399 songbirds see passerines Stenodus leucichthys 490 Synanceia verrucosa 503, 503 Spirographis spallanzanii 532 coral snakes 395, 400, 401, Sonora semiannulata 404, 404 Stenopus hispidus 550 Synanthedon tipuliformis 571 Spirula spirula 530 403, 409, 409, 410, 410 Sorex araneus 65, 87 Stephanitis pyri 559 Synapta maculata 583 corn snake 402 Spizaetus spp. 280 Sotalia fluviatilis 206, 208 Stephanoaetus coronatus 280, 280 Syncerus caffer 176, 187 Crocker’s sea snake 410 Spiziapteryx circumcinta 282 sousliks 219 Stercorarius spp. 287, 291, 291 Synodontis spp. 485 crowned leaf-nosed snake 404 splakes 490 sow bugs 549 sterlet 470, 470 Synodus variegatus 492 curl snake 410 Spondylus americanus 525 Spadella cephaloptera 586 Sterna spp. 266, 292, 292 Synthliboramphus antiquus 293 Dahl’s whip snake 402 sponges 14, 25, 48, 516, 519, 519 Spalacopus cyanus 238, 238 Stichophthalma camadeva 573 Sypheotides indica 286 desert whip snake 402 Spongia officinalis 519, 519 Spanish fly 565 stick insects 579, 579 Syrigma sibilatrix 269 Drummond-Hay’s earth snake spookfishes 454 spanner barb 482, 482 sticklebacks 31, 501, 501 Syrmaticus spp. 255, 255 399 spoonbills 52, 268, 270 eastern coral snake 410, 410 sparrowhawks 274, 279, 279 Stictonetta naevosa 258 Syrphus ribesii 568 sprat, European 479 eastern hognose snake 401, sparrows 351, 351 stilt, black-winged 288 Syrrhaptes paradoxus 294, 294 Sprattus sprattus 479 408 Spea multiplicata 431, 431 stingrays 462, 462, 464, 464 see springbok 180, 188 egg-eater snake 407 species, number of 15,16 also rays T springhare 218, 223, 223 European grass snake 405, 405 Speleomantes italicus 425 stint, little 290 Tabanus bovinus 568 springtails 582, 582 file snakes 399 Speleonectes lucayensis 547 stoat 123, 139, 139 Tachina fera 569 spurfowl, red 253 forest flame snake 406 Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni 495 Stomias boa 491 tachinid fly 569 Squalus acanthius 461 garter snake 404, 404 Speothos venaticus 129, 129 Stomoxys calcitrans 569 Tachybaptus ruficollis 263, 263 Squatina squatina 461, 461 grass snake 407 Spermophilus spp. 219, 219 stonefish 503, 503 Tachycines asynamorus 558 gray-banded king snake 403, squids 525, 530, 531 Sphaeridium scarabaeoides 564 stoneflies 579, 581, 581 Tachycineta spp. 339, 339 403 Sphecotheres viridis 335 Caribbean reef squid 525 Tachycnemis seychellensis 444 green whip snake 402 storks 268 Spheniscus demersus 57, 261 deep-sea vampire squid 531 Tachyeres pteneres 258 Hong Kong dwarf snake 404 European common squid 530 Asian adjutants 270 Sphenodon spp. 29, 356, 361, 370, Tachyglossus aculeatus 66, 66, 67, indigo snake 403, 403 flying squid 530 black stork 270 370 67 Laotian wolf snake 404 giant squid 516, 525, 531 European white stork 318 Sphyraena genie 35 white stork 268 Tachymarptis melba 309 large whip snake 402 long-armed squid 531 Tadarida spp. 97, 97 little file snake 399 Sphyrapicus varius 322, 322 wood stork 270 long-finned squid 530 Tadorna tadorna 256, 258, 258 long-nosed tree snake 406 Sphyrna zygaena 458, 458 ram’s horn squid 530 Stratiomys chamaeleon 568 tadpole fish 497 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 606

606 INDEX

tadpoles see frogs; toads Thermosbaena mirabilis 549 red-crowned toadlet 432 Trichechus spp. 166, 166, 167, bog turtle see Muhlenberg’s Taeniopygia guttata 336, 348 Theropithecus gelada 114, 114 red-spotted toad 437 167 turtle Taeniura lymma 464 Thinocorus orbignyianus 291 Sonoran green toad 437 Trichobatrachus robustus 447, 447 Cagle’s map turtle 362 tahrs 184, 184 Thomomys bottae 224 South American common Trichodectes canis 580 Caspian turtle 363 taipan 395, 411, 411 thornbill, yellow-rumped 334 toad 437 Trichodes apiarius 564 Central American river turtle takahe 283, 285, 285 thornbugs 559 square-marked toad 436 Trichogaster leerii 511 365, 365 takin 183 thorny devil 357, 376, 376 Surinam toad 429, 431, 431 Trichoglossus haematodus 297 Chelidae Fitzroy turtle 359 Syrian spadefoot toad 431 common mud turtle 365 Takydromus sexlineatus 389 threadworms 524 Trichophaga tapetzella 570 Tschudi’s Caribbean toad 436 common snake-necked turtle Trichosurus spp. 62, 74 Talpa europaea 84, 88 Threskiornis aethiopicus 270, 270 yellowbelly toad 430 359 tamanduas 33,81 thrips 553, 579, 580 see also frogs Trichuris trichiura 524 common snapping turtle 365, tamaraw 186, 186 thrushes 344, 345, 345 Tockus erythrorhynchus 317 Trichys fasciculata 234, 234 365 tamarins 107, 107 Thryonomys swinderianus 233, 233 toddy cat 150 Tridacna gigas 58 eastern box turtle 362 Tamias striatus 221, 221 Thunnus thynnus 467 todies 314, 316, 316 triggerfishes 498, 512 European pond turtle 362, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 220, 220 thylacine 71, 71 Todus multicolor 316, 316 triller, varied 340 362 tanagers 349, 349 Thylacinus cynocephalus 71, 71 toebiter 580 trilobites 27, 534, 534 flatback turtle 358, 359, 360 Tangara spp. 349 Thylogale stigmatica 78, 78 Tolypeutes matacus 83, 83 Trimeresurus albolabris 415 furrowed wood turtle 363 Ganges softshell turtle 361, Tanichthys albonubes 481 Thymallus thymallus 486, 490, Tomistoma schlengeli 368 Tringa spp. 288, 289, 289, 290, 290 361 Taoniscus nanus 250 490 Tomopterna cryptotis 446 Triodon macropterus 513 giant Amazon river turtle 359, tapeworms 523, 523 Thymelicus lineolus 571 Tonicella marmorea 526 Trionyx triunguis 361 359 Taphozous mauritianus 94 Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis 573 tool use tapirs 171, 171 Thyroptera spp. 97 Triops cancriformis 547 green turtle 360, 360 by birds 281, 281, 296 hawksbill turtle 360 Tapirus spp. 171, 171 Thysania agrippina 572 triplewart seadevil 496, 496 by otters 37 helmeted turtle 359 tarantulas 442, 516, 535, 538, Tibicen haematodes 560 by primates 37, 109, 118, 120, tripod fishes 492 Triprion spatulatus 439, 439 Hilaire’s toadhead turtle 359 541, 541 Tichodroma muraria 334 120 Indian flap-shelled turtle 361 Tarentola mauritanica 382, 382 tickbirds see Buphagus africanus topaz hummingbirds 310, 310, Trisopterus luscus 497 Indian roofed turtle 363 Taricha torosa 424 ticks 536, 536, 542, 542 311 Trithemis aurora 554 Kemp’s Ridley turtle 360 tarpan 168 tigerfish, giant 483 Topaza pella 310, 310 triton, trumpet 528 leatherback turtle 358, 360 tarpon 474, 474, 475, 475 tigers 59, 152, 154, 154, 160 topi 178, 178 Triturus spp. 418–19, 423, 423 loggerhead 360 tarsiers 100, 102, 102, 105, 105 Tigriornis leucolopha 268 Torgos tracheliotus 277 Trochosa terricola 538 loggerhead musk turtle 365 Tarsipes rostratus 77, 79 Tiliqua spp. 372, 384, 384, 385 Torpedo spp. 463, 463 Troglodytes troglodytes 341 Malayan box turtle 363 Tarsius spp. 105, 105 Timon spp. 387 torpedos see rays Trogon viridis 313 Malayan river turtle 366 Tasmanian devil 71, 71 tinamous 250–1, 250 tortoises 358–66 trogons 313, 313 Malayan snail-eating turtle 363 Tasmanian tiger see Thylacinus Tinamus major 250 Abingdon Island tortoise 366 Trogulus tricarinatus 542 Mary river turtle 366 cynocephalus Titanus giganteus 563 African pancake tortoise 358, Trombidium holosericeum 543 matamata 359, 359 Tauraco spp. 301 titi, dusky 108, 108 364 tropical monsoonal forests 43, 43 Mexican giant musk turtle Taurotragus spp. 187 titmice 333 African tent tortoise 364, 364 tropicbirds 271, 272 365 Taxidea taxus 136, 136 titmouse see titmice Bell’s hinge-back tortoise 364 Tropidolaemus wagleri 415, 415 Muhlenberg’s turtle 362, 366 taxonomic system 16–17, 18–21 elongated tortoise 364 Tropidophis spp. 396 Nile softshell turtle 361 tits 324, 328, 333, 333 olive Ridley turtle 360, 360 Tayassu pecari 202, 202 tizi 17 Galápagos tortoises 25, 358, Tropiometra afra 583 366 painted turtle 362, 362 tayra 141 toadfishes 495 troupials 351 leopard tortoise 364, 364 pond turtles 360, 363 Tegenaria domestica 539 trout perch 495, 495 toadlet, red-crowned 432 marginated tortoise 364 razorback musk turtle 365 tegus 390, 390, 391 toads 17 ploughshare tortoise 366 trouts 486–90, 486, 488, 488, red-bellied turtle 362 Teius teyou 390 Berber toad 436 radiated tortoise 364 489, 489, 490, 490 ringed sawback 362, 362 telescopefishes 492 Brazilian Izecksohn’s toad 428 South American red-footed trumpeter, gray-winged 284 scorpion mud turtle 362 Telescopus fallax 406 brown midwife toad 430 tortoise 364 trumpetfishes 502 sea turtles 358, 360, 363 Telespyza cantans 352 Cameroon toad 436 speckled cape tortoise 364 trypanosomiasis 567, 569 serrated turtle 359 Telmatobius yuracare 433 cane toad 435, 435, 436 Texas tortoise 364, 364 tsessebe 178, 178 smooth softshell turtle 361 temperate forests 44 clawed toad see Xenopus gilli Torymus bedeguaris 575 tsetse fly 569 spiny softshell turtle 361 Colombian giant toad 436 Tenrec ecaudatus 85 toucanet, emerald 321, 321 Ttidacna gigas 525, 527 spotted pond turtle 363 Colorado river toad 436, 436 tenrecs 84, 84, 85, 85 toucans 33, 320, 321, 321 tuan see Phascogale tapoatafa twist-necked turtle 359 common Asian toad 436, 436 Victoria short-necked turtle Tenualosa thibaudeaui 479 Toxotes jaculatrix 507, 507 tuatara 29, 356, 361, 370, 370 crucifix toad 432, 432 359 Teratoscincus scincus 381 cururu toad 436 Trachemys scripta 362, 364, 364 tube-eyes 494, 494 tubenoses 264–5 wood turtle 358, 361, 361, termites 38, 45, 557, 557 defining features 418, 428–9, Trachinocephalus myops 492 362 terns 266, 287, 292, 292 428, 436, 436 Trachinus draco 509 Tubipora musica 521 yellow-spotted Amazon river Terpsiphone paradisi 333 Everett’s Asian tree toad 437 Trachipterus trachypterus 494, 494 Tubularia indivisa 520 turtle 356 Terranatos dolichopterus 499, 499 frogs differentiated from 437 Trachycephalus jordani 439 tuco-tucos 232, 237, 237 tusk (fish) 496 Terrapene carolina 362 golden toad 444 Trachyphonus erythrocephalus 320 tucuxi 208 tusks (mollusks) 526, 526 terrapins 55, 362, 362, 363, 363 Great Plains narrow-mouthed Trachypithecus spp. 111, 121 tuna 467, 510 Typhlonectes compressicauda 427 Tersina viridis 349 toad 442 Tragelaphus spp. 187 tundra 47, 47 Typhlosaurus vermis 385 Testudo marginata 364 green toad 437, 437 Tragulus spp. 191, 191 tunicates 518, 518 horned toad 437, 437 Tyrannus spp. 328 Tetracerus quadricornis 187 trahira 482 Tupaia spp. 30, 91, 91 tyrant flycatchers 324, 328, 328 Tetradactylus tetradactylus 383 Japanese toad 428 Trapelus persicus 376 Tupinambis teguixin 390, 391 life-cycle 426 Tyto alba 217, 303, 305, 305 Tetragnatha extensa 539 Trapezites eliena 571 tur, west Caucasian 183, 183 Malaysian narrow-mouthed Tetranychus telarius 543 turacos 301–2, 301 U toad 442 tree frogs 438, 438–41, 439, 440, Turdoides squamiceps 345 uakaris 56, 108, 108 Tetraodon mbu 513, 513 marine toad see cane toad 441 see also frogs; toads tetras 480, 480, 483, 483 Mexican burrowing toad 431, tree kangaroos 78, 78 Turdus spp. 344, 345, 345 Uca spp. 546, 550 Tetrodontophora bielanensis 582 431 tree shrews 30, 65, 91, 91 turkeys 252, 252, 254 Uma spp. 374, 374 Tettigonia viridissima 558 Mexican spadefoot toad 431, treecreepers 331, 331, 334 Turnix spp. 284, 284 Umbra spp. 486, 487, 487 Thalassarche chlororhynchos 264 431 treehoppers 559, 560, 561 Tursiops truncatus 208, 208 Uncia uncia 56, 155, 155 Thaleichthys pacificus 488 midwife toad 429 treepies 337, 337 Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) Ungaliophis continentalis 396 Thalurania furcata 311 natterjack toad 45, 429 treerunner, ruddy 326 366 ungulates 162–203 Thamnophilus doliatus 326 oak toad 437 Tremarctos ornatus 132 turtles 35, 356, 358–66 unicornfish 494 Thamnophis sirtalis 404, 404 olive midwife toad 430 trematodes 523, 523 alligator snapping turtle 365, Upupa epops 317, 317 thars see tahrs oriental firebelly toad 430, Treron spp. 295, 295 365 Uracentron azureum 375 Theloderma asperum 447 430 Trialeurodes vaporarium 561 Australian pig-nosed turtle Uranoscopus scaber 509, 509 Thelotornis capensis 406, 406 ornate horned toad 433, 433 Triatroma sanguisuga 560 361 Uratelornis chimaera 317 big-headed turtle 365 Thelyphonus caudatus 537 red toad 437 Triceratops sp. 27 urban areas 53, 53 black-breasted leaf turtle 363 EA2_p592_607_IndexNew 12/24/04 11:01 AM Page 607

INDEX 607

urchins see sea urchins Vombatus ursinus 77, 77 water bears 585, 585 white cloud mountain fish 481 Xenarthrans 81–3 Urey, Harold 22 Vormela peregusna 141 water boatmen 562 white-eyes 332, 332 Xenodon severus 408, 408 Uria aalge 293, 293 Vu Quang ox 184, 184 water bugs 559 whiteface, chestnut-breasted 333 Xenomystus nigri 472 Urobatis halleri 464 Vulpes spp. 128, 128 water fleas 546, 547, 547 whitefishes 486, 490 Xenopeltis unicolor 399 Urocalius macrourus 313 Vultur gryphus 274, 275 water insects 562, 562 whiteflies 559, 561 Xenophidion schaeferi 396 Urocissa erythrorhyncha 337 vultures 274 water measurer 559 white-tipped sicklebill 310 Xenopirostris polleni 353 Urocyon cinereoargenteus 129 African white-backed vulture water scorpions 562 whydahs 348, 348 Xenopus spp. 431, 431, 437 Urogale everetti 91 277 water striders 562 widowbird, long-tailed 347 Xerus erythropus 221, 221 Uromastyx spp. 376 bearded vulture 274 waterbuck 181, 181 wildcat 157, 157 Xiphias gladius 510, 510 Urophycis chuss 496 black vulture 275 waterdogs 420 wildebeests 179, 179, 188, 188–9 Xiphocolaptes falcirostris 326 Uroplatus henkeli 381 cenereous vulture 277 waterfowl 256–9, 267 Wilsonia canadensis 350 Xyleutes strix 571 Ursus spp. 14, 48, 51, 64, 130, Egyptian vulture 277, 277, 281 waterhen, white-breasted 285 wisent 186 Xylocopa violacea 577 Eurasion griffon 277, 277 130, 131, 131, 133, 133 watering-pot shell 527 Wiwaxia spp. 27 Xylotrupes australicus 31 hooded vulture 277, 277 Uta stansburiana 374 king vulture 47, 275, 275 wattlebirds 332 wolf see wolves Y lappet-faced vulture 277 waxbills 348 wolf-herring, blackfin 478 V waxwing, Bohemian 341, 341 wolverine 134, 139, 139 yak 186, 186 vampire bat see bat palm-nut vulture 277 weasel cat see jaguarundi wolves 30, 45, 123, 124, 124, yapok 70, 70 Vampyroteuthis infernalis 531 Ruppell’s griffon 277, 277 yellow ophion 575 turkey vulture 47, 275 weasels 122, 134, 134, 139, 139, 125, 125, 126, 126, 129, Vampyrum spectrum 95, 95 140, 141 129 yellow-bellied sapsucker 322, Vandellia cirrhosa see candiru W weavers 38, 319, 347, 347 wombats 77, 77 322 Vanellus chilensis 289, 289 waders 287–93 webspinners 579, 579 wood lice see Anaspides tasmaniae yellowfin, Baikal 503 Vanessa virginiensis 14 wagtails 339, 340, 340 weever, greater 509 woodchuck 218 yellowjackets 577 vangas 335, 353 wahoo 510 weevils 566 woodcreepers 326 yellowthroats 350, 350 vaquita 210, 210 wallabies 68, 78, 78, 79, 80, 80 weta, giant 553 wood-hoopoes 314, 317 Yponomeuta evonymella 570 Varanus spp. 43, 371, 372, 378, see also kangaroos; tree wetlands 52, 52 woodpeckers 320–3 392, 393, 393 kangaroos Z whale, dorsal-band (fish) 473 acorn woodpecker 322, 322 Zaglossus bruijni 66, 67, 67 Varecia variegata 102 wallcreeper 334 whale songs 204–5, 205 black woodpecker 323 Zalophus californianus 143, 143 Varroa jacobsoni 543, 543 walrus 142, 142, 144, 144 black-rumped woodpecker whalefish, velvet 500, 500 Zanclus cornutus 509 veiled anglemouth 491 wandering violin 555 323 whales 35 Zapus hudsonius 231, 231 veldts 45, 45 wapiti see Cervus elaphus blond-crested woodpecker Baird’s beaked whale 212, 212 zebra danio 481 Velella velella 521 warblers 346 323 baleen whales 204, 205, 211, zebras 32, 162, 168, 168, 169, Velia caprai 559 African yellow warbler 346 211, 213–15, 215 brown-capped woodpecker velifers 494, 494 Altamire yellowthroat 350 322 170, 170, 188, 189 beaked whales 206, 206, 212 Zebrias zebra 511 velvet asity 330 American redstart 350 Blainville’s beaked whale 212 golden-tailed woodpecker Zelotypia stacyi 571 Venus’ flower basket 519 Canada warbler 350 blue whale 30, 204, 213, 214, 322 Venus’ girdle 585 collared redstart 350 214–15 gray woodpecker 322 Zenaida spp. 295, 295 Vermiculla annulata 400 common yellowthroat 350 bowhead whale 213, 214 gray-headed woodpecker 323 Zenkerella insignis 223 greater yellow-naped Vermivora spp. 350 garden warbler 266 Bryde’s whale 213 Zeus faber 501, 501 woodpecker 323 Vespertilio murinus 96 goldcrest 346 Cuvier’s beaked whale 212 Zimmerius villarejoi 328 golden-crowned kinglet 346 green woodpecker 323, 323 vespertilionid bats 96, 96 eastern bowhead whale 213 Ziphius cavirostris 212 golden-winged warbler 350 false killer whale 209 ground woodpecker 322, 322 Zoarces viviparus 509 Vespula vulgaris 577 icterine warbler 346 hairy woodpecker 323, 323 Vestiaria coccinea 324, 352 fin whale 204, 213, 214, Zonosaurus madagascariensis 383 MacGillivray’s warbler 350 214–15 ivory-billed woodpecker 321 Vicugna vicugna 198, 199, 199 Zonotrichia leucophrys 351 Magnolia warbler 350 gray whale 204, 205, 211, pileated woodpecker 323, 323 zooxanthellae 50 vicuña 198, 199, 199 northern parula 350 213, 215, 215 red-headed woodpecker 322 Vidua spp. 348 rufous woodpecker 323, 323 zorilla 141, 141 orange-crowned warbler 350 humpback whale 204, 205, zorros 129, 129 village indigobird 336 prothonotary warbler 350 211, 213, 215, 215 wood-peewees 328 vinegaroons see scorpions reed warbler 301 woodswallows 335, 335 Zosterops spp. 332 killer whale see orca Zygaena carniolica 571 Vipera spp. 412 sedge warbler 37, 346 long-finned pilot whale 209 woolly bear 571 viperfish, Pacific 491 wood warblers 350 melon-headed whale 209 worm lizards 370 viperfishes 491 yellow warbler 324 minke whale 213, 215, 215 worms 25, 516, 516 vipers 394, 395, 395, 412, 415, yellow-rumped warbler 350 northern bottle-nosed whale acorn worms 586, 586 415 warthog 200, 201, 201 212 arrow worm 586, 586 eyelash viper 400, 407 wasps 553, 574–5, 577 northern right whale 214, earthworms 38, 532, 532 Fea viper 412 American pelecinid wasp 575 214 fanworms 532 green bush viper 412 bee wolf 577 orca 205, 206, 206, 209, 209, flatworms 523, 523 hognosed pit viper 415, 415 clover seed chalcid 575 211 goblet worm 585, 585 horned viper 412 common cuckoo wasp 575 pilot whales 206 horseshoe worms 585, 586 Levantine viper 413 common wasp 577 pygmy killer whale 209, 209 nightcrawler 532 Malayan pit viper 415 cuckoo wasps 575, 575 pygmy right whale 214 Palolo worm 532 Mauritanic viper 413 digger wasps 577 pygmy sperm whale 212 ragworm 532 mole viper 399 ensign wasp 575 right whale 204, 213, 213 ribbon worms 585 Persian horned viper 412 eucharitid wasp 575 sei whale 213, 215 roundworms 53, 524, 524 rhoniceros viper 413, 413 gall wasps 574, 575 Soweby’s beaked whale 212 segmented worms 532, 532 Russell’s viper 412 jewel wasps 575, 575 sperm whale 204, 204, 206, shovel-headed garden worm saw-scaled viper 412 mud-dauber wasps 577 206, 212, 212 523 speckled forest pit viper 415 oak apple gall wasp 575 strap-toothed whale 212 spiny-crown worm 586 stiletto vipers 399 paper wasp 577, 577 toothed whales 204, 205, torpedo worm 586 Wagler’s palm viper 415, 415 potter wasp 577 206–10, 206, 212 velvet worms 587, 587 Wagner’s viper 412 red wasp 575 whale songs 204–5, 205 wormslug 529 white-lipped tree viper 415 rose bedeguar gall 575 wheatear, northern 328 wrasses 465, 466, 498, 508, 508, yellow-blotched palm pit ruby-tailed wasp 575 wheel animals (rotifers) 516, 586, 509 viper 415 ruby-tailed wasps 575, 575 586 wrens 318, 325, 325, 329, 334, Vireo atricapilla 348 saber wasp 574 whipbird, eastern 345 334, 336, 341 vireos 319, 348, 348 sand digger wasp 577 whip-scorpions see Phrynichus wryneck, northern 322 viscachas 238 sand wasps 577 spp.; scorpions Wyulda squamicaudata 74 vivcachas 232 scoliid wasps 575, 575 whip-spiders 537 thread-waisted wasps 577 Viverra tangalunga 149 whiptail, banded 496 X torymid wasp 575 Xanthopsar flavus 351 voles 225, 225, 227 velvet wasp 575 whiptail lizards 390, 390 Volucella bombylans 568 whipworm, human 524 Xantusia spp. 388, 388