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Home , Boiruna, Clelia plumbea, Eryx miliaris, False cobra, Hydrodynastes, Hydrodynastes gigas

Review of selected on the basis of a new or increased export quota in 2012

(Version edited for public release)

Prepared for the

European Commission Directorate General E - Environment ENV.E.2. – Development and Environment

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

August, 2012

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unep-wcmc.org

The United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre PREPARED FOR (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Environment Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental DISCLAIMER organisation. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research The contents of this report do not necessarily with practical policy advice. The Centre's reflect the views or policies of UNEP or mission is to evaluate and highlight the many contributory organisations. The designations values of biodiversity and put authoritative employed and the presentations do not imply biodiversity knowledge at the centre of the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on decision-making. Through the analysis and the part of UNEP, the European Commission synthesis of global biodiversity knowledge the or contributory organisations concerning the Centre provides authoritative, strategic and legal status of any country, territory, city or timely information for conventions, countries area or its authority, or concerning the and organisations to use in the development delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. and implementation of their policies and decisions. © Copyright: 2012, European Commission UNEP-WCMC provides objective and scientifically rigorous procedures and services. These include ecosystem assessments, support for the implementation of environmental agreements, global and regional biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and the development of future scenarios.

CITATION UNEP-WCMC. 2012. Review of species selected on the basis of a new or increased export quota in 2012. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

Table of Contents

2. Introduction ...... 2

3. Update since Analysis of 2012 CITES export quotas ...... 2

4. Species reviews ...... 3

SPECIES: Clelia clelia ...... 3 SPECIES: Cyclagras gigas ...... 5 SPECIES: miliaris ...... 7 SPECIES: Kinixys erosa ...... 10 ANNEX. Key to Purpose and Source Codes ...... 13

1 Introduction

2. Introduction Export quotas are usually established by each Party to CITES unilaterally on a voluntary basis, but they can also be set by the Conference of the Parties or result from recommendations of the and Plants Committees. Guidance on the management of nationally established export quotas is available through Resolution Conf. 14.7 (Rev. CoP15). To ensure that national quotas are effectively communicated, countries should inform the CITES Secretariat when they establish national export quotas for CITES species (Resolution Conf. 12.3 [Rev. CoP15]). In turn, the Secretariat informs the Parties. Early each year, the Secretariat publishes a Notification to the Parties containing a list of export quotas of which it has been informed. Quotas generally relate to a calendar year (1st January to 31st December); however, since 2008 sturgeon quotas have related to a quota year (1st March to last day of February). In 2012, quotas were published on the CITES website (www.cites.org) on 29/02/2012 and were updated on 14/05/2012, 15/06/2012, 18/06/2012 and 20/07/2012. Based on the quotas that were available on 29/02/2012, UNEP-WCMC analysed the 2012 CITES export quotas to identify: a) Quotas that were newly established in 2012 (i.e. 2012 quotas for particular species/country/term/source combinations which had not previously been subject to a quota, or had not been subject to a quota for at least the last 5 years); b) Quotas that increased or decreased in 2012 compared with 2011 quotas (or compared with 2010 quotas if no quota was published in 2011). This analysis was discussed at SRG 60 on 07/06/2012. Four species/country combinations were selected for review where the new or increased quota in 2012 indicated that further consideration might be necessary to determine whether the trade would have a harmful effect on the conservation status of the species or on the extent of the territory occupied by the relevant population of the species. These were:  Clelia clelia / Guyana: New quota of 100 live individuals. Not been assessed by the IUCN.  Cyclagras gigas / Guyana: New quota of 100 live individuals. Not been assessed by the IUCN.  Eryx miliaris / : New quota of 50 live individuals. Not been assessed by the IUCN.  Kinixys erosa / Democratic Republic of the Congo: Quota increased from 500 live individuals in 2011 to 3000 live individuals in 2012. Data Deficient.

2.1. Trade data Trade data included in this report were downloaded from the CITES Trade Database on 29/06/2012.

3. Update since Analysis of 2012 CITES export quotas Since publication of the Analysis of 2012 CITES export quotas (SRG 60) and an update provided at SRG 60 on new and increased export quotas published on 14/05/2012, additional CITES export quotas have been published on the CITES website. Of these, the following relate to new or increased quotas for wild specimens: an increase in Prunus africana dry bark from Cameroon from 350 000 kg in 2011 to 658 674 kg in 2012; an increase in Strombus gigas meat from Cuba from 38 350 kg in 2011 to 40 000 kg in 2012; and new quotas of 319.837 m3 logs and 543.724 m3 sawn wood for Pericopsis elata from Congo.

2 Clelia clelia

4. Species reviews REVIEW OF SPECIES SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF A NEW OR INCREASED EXPORT QUOTA IN 2012

REPTILIA

SPECIES: Clelia clelia

SYNONYMS: maculata, Clelia occipitolutea, , clelia

COMMON NAMES: (Danish), Mussurana (Dutch), Mussurana (English), Mussurana (Finnish), Mussurana (French), Mussurana d'Amérique du sud (French), Mussurana (German), Mussurana (Italian), Masurana (Spanish), Mussurana (Spanish), Massurana (Swedish), Mussurana (Swedish), Mussuranasnok (Swedish).

RANGE STATES: Antigua and Barbuda (ex), Argentina, Belize, , , Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, , Saint Lucia (ex), Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Guyana

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: -

TRADE PATTERNS: Clelia clelia from Guyana was selected for review on the basis of a new quota for 100 live individuals published in 2012 and also because of its unknown global conservation status. Guyana previously published quotas for 50 live individuals 1997-2001. There was no reported direct or indirect trade in this species from Guyana to the EU-27 or any other country over the period 2001-2010. Prior to 2001, there was no reported direct or indirect trade from Guyana to the EU-27, but single live, wild-sourced individuals were exported to countries other than the EU-27 in 1983, 1986 and 1992. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Clelia clelia is a large constrictor occuring in lowland rainforests of Central and South America, from Guatemala to northwestern Ecuador west of Andes, northern Argentina east of Andes and Uruguay

3 Clelia clelia

(Peters and Orejas-Miranda, 1986; O'Shea and Halliday, 2002). It was reported to reach lengths of 2– 2.5 m and to lay 10–22 eggs (O'Shea and Halliday, 2002). Its overall status was reported to be ‘rare’ (O'Shea and Halliday, 2002); it was described as ‘widespread’ in the Guiana Shield (de Ávila Pires, 2005). Guyana: In a preliminary list of herpetofauna of Guyana, Reynolds et al. (2002) recorded C. clelia as present in Guyana based upon collections from the American Museum of Natural History and the British Museum. C. clelia was listed as occurring in Guyana in de Ávila Pires’ (2005) checklist of of the Guiana Shield. The species was also reported from Guyana by Zaher (1996). No further information could be found on the species’ status in Guyana. Roughly 85 per cent of Guyana’s land area was reported to be forested, with its biodiversity considered largely intact but understudied; pressures/threats to Guyana’s biodiversity were reported to include overhunting on commercial scales and uncontrolled harvesting and poaching, as well as indirect threats such as weak law enforcement, limited knowledge of species’ distributions and behaviour and a limited number of protected areas (Environmental Protection Agency, 2010). Guyana’s Wildlife Regulations (Government of Guyana, 1987) require that all trappers and commercial exporters must be licensed annually by the national CITES Management Authority.

REFERENCES: de Ávila Pires, T. C. S. 2005. Reptiles, in Hollowell, T. & Reynolds, R. P., (eds.), Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana shield. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 13, 25-42. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Guyana Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Government of Guyana. 1987. Wildlife Regulations, third draft, revised 10th June 1995. O'Shea, M. and Halliday, T. 2002. Reptiles and amphibians. Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London. 256 pp. Peters, J. A. and Orejas-Miranda, B. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical . Part I: . Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Reynolds, R., MacCulloch, R., Tamessar, M., Watson, C., Cole, C. J., and Townsend, C. 2002. Preliminary Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Guyana. The Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Program (BDG), Smithsonian Institution. Zaher, H. 1996. A new and species of Pseudoboine , with a revision of the genus Clelia (Serpentes, ). Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 14(2):289- 337.

4 Cyclagras gigas

REVIEW OF SPECIES SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF A NEW OR INCREASED EXPORT QUOTA IN 2012

REPTILIA COLUBRIDAE

SPECIES: Cyclagras gigas

SYNONYMS: gigas

COMMON NAMES: Falsk vandkobra (Danish), Reuzenwaterslang (Dutch), Brazilian Smooth Snake (English), Brazilian Water (English), False Cobra (English), False Water Cobra (English), Surucucu (English), Valekobra (Finnish), Couleuvre lisse du Brésil (French), Faux cobra (French), Faux cobra aquatique du Brésil (French), Brasilianische Glattnatter (German), Riesenglanznatter (German), Falso cobra (Italian), Falsa cobra (Spanish), Falsa cobra acuática (Spanish), Nakamina (Spanish), Boliviansk djungelsnok (Swedish).

RANGE STATES: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Paraguay.

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Guyana

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: -

TRADE PATTERNS: Cyclagras gigas from Guyana was selected for review on the basis of a new quota for 100 live individuals published in 2012 and also because of its unknown global conservation status. There was no reported direct or indirect trade in C. gigas from Guyana to the EU-27 or any other country over the period 2001-2010. Furthermore, there was no reported trade in this species from Guyana prior to 2001. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Cyclagras gigas was reported to occur in northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and French Guiana (Peters and Orejas-Miranda, 1986; Giraudo and Scrocchi, 2002; de Ávila Pires, 2005; Pereira-Filho and Montingelli, 2006). The species was described as ‘widespread’ in the Guiana Shield (de Ávila Pires, 2005).

5 Cyclagras gigas

Guyana: No evidence could be found confirming the occurrence of C. gigas in Guyana1. In a preliminary list of herpetofauna of Guyana compiled based upon known collections, Reynolds et al.(2002) did not record C. gigas as present in Guyana, although they noted that the list only represented ~70% of actual herpetofauna in the country. Furthermore, the species was not listed as occurring in Guyana in a more recent checklist of reptiles of the Guiana Shield (de Ávila Pires, 2005), which was based on a culmination of the available literature and the following collections: American Museum of Natural History, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Museu Paraense Emı´lio Goeldi, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum and Royal Ontario Museum. The species was not listed in any available site/regional checklists of herpetofauna of Guyana (e.g. MacCulloch et al., 2007; MacCulloch and Reynolds, 2012; Reynolds and MacCulloch, 2012). Guyana’s Wildlife Regulations (Government of Guyana, 1987) require that all trappers and commercial exporters must be licensed annually by the national CITES Management Authority.

REFERENCES: de Ávila Pires, T. C. S. 2005. Reptiles, in Hollowell, T. & Reynolds, R. P., (eds.), Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana shield. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 13, 25-42. Giraudo, A. R. and Scrocchi, G. J. 2002. Argentinian snakes: an annotated checklist. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service No. 132. Government of Guyana. 1987. Wildlife Regulations, third draft, revised 10th June 1995. MacCulloch, R. D., Lathrop, A., Reynolds, R. P., Senaris, J. C., and Schneider, G. E. 2007. Herpetofauna of Mount Roraima, Guiana Shield region, northeastern South America. Herpetological Review, 38: 24-30. MacCulloch, R. D. and Reynolds, R. P. 2012. Amphibians and reptiles from Paramakatoi and Kato, Guyana. Check List, 8 (2): 207-210. Pereira-Filho, G. A. and Montingelli, G. G. 2006. Geographic distribution: . Herpetological Review, 37 (4): 497. Peters, J. A. and Orejas-Miranda, B. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part I: Snakes. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Reynolds, R., MacCulloch, R., Tamessar, M., Watson, C., Cole, C. J., and Townsend, C. 2002. Preliminary Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Guyana. The Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Program (BDG), Smithsonian Institution. URL: http://botany.si.edu/bdg/pdf/guyherps.pdf . Reynolds, R. P. and MacCulloch, R. D. 2012. Preliminary checklist of amphibians and reptiles from Baramita, Guyana. Check List, 8 (2): 211-214.

1 Given that Guyana published an export quota for this species in 2012, UNEP-WCMC informed the CITES Secretariat that its occurrence in the country could not be verified.

6 Eryx miliaris

REVIEW OF SPECIES SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF A NEW OR INCREASED EXPORT QUOTA IN 2012

REPTILIA

SPECIES: Eryx miliaris

SYNONYMS: Anguis helluo, Anguis miliaris, Eryx jaculus miliaris, Eryx rickmersi, Eryx tataricus bogdanovi, Eryx tataricus helluo

COMMON NAMES: Desert sand boa (English), Dwarf sand boa (English), Boa des sables miliaire (French), Boa des sables nain (French), Eryx miliaire (French), Östliche sandboa (German), Zwerg- sandboa (German), Dvärgsandboa (Swedish), Östlig sandorm (Swedish).

RANGE STATES: , , Islamic Republic of , Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russian Federation, , Uzbekistan.

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Uzbekistan

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: -

TRADE PATTERNS: Eryx miliaris from Uzbekistan was selected for review on the basis of a new quota for 50 live individuals published in 2012 and also because of its unknown global conservation status. There was no reported direct or indirect trade in this species from Uzbekistan to the EU-27 or any other country over the period 2001-2010. Prior to 2001, there were some indirect exports of E. miliaris originating in Uzbekistan imported into the EU-27 via the Russian Federation and Ukraine: 90 and 210 live individuals (predominantly wild-sourced) were imported into the EU-27 1993-1997 according to the importers and re-exporters respectively. Uzbekistan acceded to CITES in 1997 and was part of the Soviet Union prior to 1991. TAXONOMIC NOTE: Some authors consider there to be two valid : E. m. miliaris and E. m. nogaijorum; the former inhabiting mainly the eastern part of the distribution range [including Uzbekistan] and the latter the western part (Ananjeva et al., 2006; Tuniyev et al., 2009); whereas other authors consider the subspecies probably to be invalid (Bartlett, 2005). The species was reported to be frequently confused with E. tataricus (Harrison, 2003).

7 Eryx miliaris

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Eryx miliaris is one of the smallest sand boas, reaching around 51–71 cm total length (Jones, 2006) and breeding biennially (Bartlett, 2005) with small clutches of 4–15 young (Tuniyev et al., 2009). It was reported to be widely distributed in sandy deserts, migrating sand dunes and semi-stabilised hillock sands through northern Iran, Afghanistan, middle , Kazakhstan and the eastern part of the North Caucasus (Ananjeva et al., 2006). It was reported to occur at altitudes up to 1000 m (Ananjeva et al., 2006) or 1800 m above sea level (Seufer, 2001 in: Nistri and Lanza, 2006). The species was reported to appear only occasionally in the American pet trade (Bartlett, 2005). Wild- caught specimens of the species were thought to be unlikely to become a popular pet species as they do not make good pets and are “rather bland in colour” (Jones, 2006). Uzbekistan: E. miliaris was reported from the Alai-Western Tien Shan Steppe in southern Uzbekistan, which includes three nature reserves (WWF, 2008); in Zerafshan reserve, the species was described as ”abundant in spring” (Gintzburger, 2003). Records from two sites west of the Alai-Western Tien Shan Steppe included the Kagan Fish Farm, Bukhoro (BirdLife International, 2012b), and sandy areas in the vicinity of the Ramsar Site and public ornithological reserve Lake Dengizkul (LUKOIL, 2012). Its presence at the Important Bird Area of Rogatoe Lake, Navoi (BirdLife International, 2012a) in central Uzbekistan was also reported. The main wildlife legislation in Uzbekistan is the law “on the protection and usage of the world,” which provides protection for rare and endangered animal species recorded in the Red Book (Government of Uzbekistan, 1997). However, E. miliaris was not included in the Red Book of Uzbekistan (Azimov, 2003).

REFERENCES: Ananjeva, N. B., Orlov, N. L., Khalikov, R. G., Darevsky, I. S., Ryabov, S. A., and Barabanov, A. V. 2006. The reptiles of northern Eurasia: taxonomic diversity, distribution, conservation status. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Azimov, Zh. A. Ed. 2003. The Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. [In Russian]. Bartlett, R. D. 2005. Rosy, rubber, and sand boas: facts & advice on care and breeding. Barron's Educational Series, Hauppauge, NY. 46 pp. BirdLife International. 2012a. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rogatoe Lake URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 7-9-2012a. BirdLife International. 2012b. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kagan Fish Farm URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 9-7-2012b. Gintzburger, G. 2003. Rangelands of the arid and semi-arid zones in Uzbekistan. Editions Quae. Government of Uzbekistan 1997. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the protection and usage of the animal world. December 26, 1997 No. 545-I. -13. Harrison, C. 2003. Desert sand boa - E. miliaris URL: http://www.kingsnake.com/sandboa/miliaris.html Accessed: 9-7-2012. Jones, C. 2006. Breeding Eurasian Sand Boas (Eryx jaculus, Eryx miliaris and Eryx tataricus). Reptilia (34): 24-28. LUKOIL. 2012. Khauzak-Shady Biodiversity Action Plan. LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating Company LLC. 176 pp. Nistri, A. and Lanza, B. 2006. Somali Boidae (genus Eryx Daudin 1803) and Pythonidae (genus Python Daudin 1803)(Reptilia Serpentes). Tropical Zoology, 18 (1): 67-136. Seufer, H. 2001. Kleine Riesenschlangen. Pflege und Zucht von Sandboas im Terrarium. Draco, 2: 56- 57. Tuniyev, B., Ananjeva, N. B., Agasyan, A., Orlov, N. L., Tuniyev, S., and Anderson, S. 2009. Eryx miliaris. In: IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species Version 2011.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 4-7-2012.

8 Eryx miliaris

WWF 2008. Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe, in Cleveland, C. J., (ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National council for Science and the Environment, Washington, D.C.

9 Kinixys erosa

REVIEW OF SPECIES SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF A NEW OR INCREASED EXPORT QUOTA IN 2012

REPTILIA TESTUDINIDAE

SPECIES: Kinixys erosa

SYNONYMS: Cinixys erosa, Kinixys castanea, Testudo erosa

COMMON NAMES: Stekelrandklepschildpad (Dutch), Common tortoise (English), Forest hinged tortoise (English), Schweigger's tortoise (English), Serrated hinge-back tortoise (English), Serrated hinge-backed tortoise (English), Serrated tortoise (English), Kinixys rongée (French), Tortue articulée d'Afrique (French), Sågtandad ledsköldpadda (Swedish).

RANGE STATES: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau (?), Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda (?), Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo (?), Uganda.

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Democratic Republic of the Congo

IUCN RED LIST: Data Deficient

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Ghana first formed on 26/09/2006 and last confirmed on 12/03/2009. Current negative opinion for wild specimens from Togo first formed on 26/05/2008 and last confirmed on 02/12/2011. Previous negative opinion for wild specimens from Togo formed on 20/12/2005 and removed on 12/06/2006. Previous Article 4.6(c) import suspension for live wild specimens from all countries first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 30/04/2004. Previous Article 4.6(c) import suspension for live wild specimens from Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Uganda first applied on 18/02/2005 and removed on 10/05/2006. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Benin and Guinea Bissau first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 24/09/2000. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Togo first applied on

10 Kinixys erosa

22/12/1997 and removed on 01/10/2007. TRADE PATTERNS: Kinixys erosa from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereafter referred to as DRC) was selected on the basis of an increased quota from 500 live individuals in 2011 to 3000 live individuals in 2012. Annual export quotas for live K. erosa from DRC have been established since 2001 (although no quota was published in 2002). Trade was reported over the period 2006-2009 and appears to have remained within quota (Table 1). The only direct import from DRC to the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 200 live wild- sourced individuals exported to the Netherlands in 2006 for commercial purposes (reported by DRC only). No indirect trade in K. erosa to the EU-27 originating in DRC was reported over this period. Direct exports of K. erosa from DRC to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 primarily consisted of live, wild-sourced individuals, totalling 30 and 131 individuals, as reported by the importers and DRC respectively (Table 2). Table 1. CITES export quotas for live Kinixys erosa from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and global exports, reported by the importers and by the exporter. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Quota 500 - 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 3000 Reported by Importers 30

Reported by DRC 280 51

Table 2. Direct exports of Kinixys erosa from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade involved wild specimens. (No trade was reported 2001-2005, 2008 or 2010; DRC’s 2010 annual report has not yet been received). Importer Term Purpose Reported by 2006 2007 2009 Total Japan live T Importer

Exporter 50 50 100

United States of America live S Importer

Exporter 1 1

T Importer 30 30

Exporter 30 30

specimens S Importer 2 2

Exporter

Subtotals (live only) Importer 30 30

Exporter 80 51 131

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Kinixys erosa is the largest hingeback tortoise, reaching an adult size of 32 cm (Kirkpatrick, 1998), up to a maximum of 37.5 to 40 cm (Spawls et al., 2002; Bonin et al., 2006). The species was reported to inhabit evergreen forest, particularly marshy areas, and may also be found in streams (Broadley, 1989). The species was reported to range from Gambia eastward through DRC to Uganda and south to northern Angola and the north western shore of Lake Tanganyika (Laurent, 1964 in: Broadley, 1989; Fritz and Havaš, 2007). Kinixys erosa was categorised as Data Deficient in the IUCN Red List (Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 1996), although it is noted that this assessment needs updating. It was considered that K. erosa was probably utilised for domestic consumption throughout its range (Broadley, 1989). Broadley (1989) also commented that it was threatened in the long-term by the continual clearance of rainforest. This combination of threats lead Bonin et al. (2006) to express concern

11 Kinixys erosa that numbers of the species were declining rapidly. K. erosa was considered to be so heavily utilised in the bushmeat trade in Africa that many localised populations were noted to have gone extinct (Turtle Survival Trust, 2011). The species is available in the pet trade, although Bartlett and Bartlett (1996) cautioned that most wild specimens arrived severely stressed and did not survive beyond a few months. Likewise, M. Klemens, in litt. to TSG (1991 in: CITES Secretariat, 1993) reported that Kinixys species were thought to dehydrate rapidly during capture and transportation, with a high proportion of deaths. K. erosa has been captive bred in several zoos (CITES Secretariat, 1993). Democratic Republic of the Congo: When mapped by Iverson (1992) and Broadley (1989), the species was shown to occur widely across the northern two-thirds or northern half, of the country, respectively. Also reported to occur in the country by van Dijk et al. (2011). The species was also known from west of Lake Kivu [near the border with Rwanda] (Spawls et al., 2002). No information on the conservation status of K. erosa in DRC was identified. Dogs were reportedly used to track K. erosa by scent in DRC (Broadley, 1989). In 2004, five specimens of K. erosa being sold for bushmeat in a riverside market were observed (Marcot, 2004). In a study of two markets in the Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega [eastern DRC], a total of 77 and 93 K. erosa carcasses were found to have entered the markets in 2007 and 2008 respectively (Mubalama, 2010). Implementation of wildlife legislation in DRC is through the Arrêté n° 014/CAB/MIN/ENV/2004 du 29 avril 2004 relatif aux mesures d’exécution de la Loi n° 82-002 du 28 mai 1982 portant réglementation de la chasse, which includes lists of protected species (Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2005). However, K. erosa was not included in the lists of protected species.

REFERENCES: Bartlett, R. and Bartlett, P. 1996. Turtles and tortoises: a complete pet owner's manual. Barron's Educational Series Inc. Bonin, F., Devaux, B., and Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the world. A&C Black, London. 416 pp. Broadley, D. G. 1989. Kinixys erosa. Serrated Hinged Tortoise, in Swingland, I. R., Klemens, M. W., & IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, (eds.), The Conservation Biology of Tortoises. IUCN, 56-57. CITES Secretariat. 1993. Kinixys erosa. CITES. 9th Meeting of the Animals Committee. van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Shaffer, H.B., Bour, R. and Rhodin, A.G.J. 2011. Turtles of the world, 2011 Update: Annotated checklist of , synonymy, distribution and conservation status. Chelonian Researh Monographs 5, IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Fritz, U. and Havaš, P. 2007. Checklist of chelonians of the world. Vertebrate Zoology, 57 (2): 149-368. Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo 2005. Arrêté n° 014/CAB/MIN/ENV/2004 du 29 avril 2004 relatif aux mesures d'exécution de la Loi n° 82-002 du 28 mai 1982 portant réglementation de la chasse. Journal officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo, 14: 1-16. Iverson, J. B. 1992. A revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world. Privately Printed, Richmond, Indiana. 363 pp. Kirkpatrick, D. 1998. African hingeback tortoises of the genus Kinixys. and ampibian magazine (54): 32-37. Laurent, R. F. 1964. Reptiles et amphibiens de l'Angola. Publicações Culturais, 67: 1-165. Marcot, B. 2004. Two turtles from Western Democratic Republic of Congo: Pelusios chapini and Kinixys erosa. World Chelonian Trust Newsletter, 2 (4): 1-8. Mubalama, L. K. 2010, Monitoring law enforcement effort and illegal activity in selected protected areas: implications for management and conservation, Democratic Republic of Congo, Doctor of Science, University of Ghent. Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R., and Ashe, J. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of east Africa. Academic Press, New York. 543 pp. Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 1996. Kinixys erosa. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 24-7-2012. Turtle Survival Trust 2011. Turtle Survival Magazine. Turtle Survival Alliance.

12 Annex

ANNEX. Key to Purpose and Source Codes Source of specimens Code Description W Specimens taken from the wild R Ranched specimens: specimens of animals reared in a controlled environment, taken as eggs or juveniles from the wild, where they would otherwise have had a very low probability of surviving to adulthood D Appendix-I animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes in operations included in the Secretariat's Register, in accordance with Resolution Conf. 12.10 (Rev. CoP15), and Appendix-I plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes, as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 4, of the Convention A Plants that are artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 (specimens of species included in Appendix I that have been propagated artificially for non-commercial purposes and specimens of species included in Appendices II and III) C Animals bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 F Animals born in captivity (F1 or subsequent generations) that do not fulfil the definition of ‘bred in captivity’ in Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof U Source unknown (must be justified) I Confiscated or seized specimens (may be used with another code) O Pre-Convention specimens

Purpose of trade Code Description T Commercial Z Zoo G Botanical garden Q Circus or travelling exhibition S Scientific H Hunting trophy P Personal M Medical (including biomedical research) E Educational N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation L Law enforcement / judicial / forensic

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