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Illiteracy in the Severalcountries of the World

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Illiteracy in the Severalcountries of the World - DEPARTMENTOF THEINTERIOR BUREAUOF EDUCATION BULLETIN,1929, No.4 ILLITERACYIN THESEVERAL COUNTRIESOFTHEWORLD. By JAMESF. ABEL SPECIALISTIN FOREIGNEDUCATION AND NORMANJ. BOND PRINCIPALSTATISTICALASSISTANT ft a Or 4, I. V% lib %% %A... "' s ve, "SC UNITEDSTATES GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICE WASHINGTON:1929 ..., art.. - 01-. # 4 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM Tilt SUPERINTENDENT Or DOCUMENTS U.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY . , . e CONTENtS Paso Introduction vl Chapter I.Statistics ofilliteracy Value ofthe data 1 Nature ofthe data , 1 1 Census data;criteria .. 2 Inclusion ofracialgroups 2 Accuracy ofthecensus 3 Age limitsof illiteracy Forms of - ----- 3 reporting 3 Making datacomparable Indices for 4 differentage groups 5 Graphicpresentation Sourcesof Ihe data 6 ChapterILAreas ofleast illiteracy Australia 11 Belgium Canada 11 Canal Zone .12 13 Czechoslovakia 13 Denmark __________ ____ 13 Englandand Wales France 13 Irish FreeState 14 Japan 15 Net herlands 15 New Zealand 15 Norfolk Island 1 6 North Ireland 16 Norway 16 16 ' Territory ofPapua American Samoa 17 ........................... .IMMMMID 4.MIP 17 *Scotland %. Sweden 17 Switzerland 17 18 Union ofSouth Africa_ ___ _ _ United States ................... 18 ChapterIII.Political 19 divisionswith illitvracyrates between10 and50 per cent_ A Estonia 20 Hawaii 24 Hungary 24 24 Territory ofNew Guinea Alaska r41... 24 Argentina 25 Guam 25 r 25 III s , Iv CONTENTS Chapter III.Political divisions with illiteracy rates, etc.Continued. Page AMP ,SOM AM ...... Italy___ _ _ _Italy___ .1=i mbawaataa _ _ _ .. _ _...M.__ _ ... 26 Latvia___ ___________ __ _ MOMON ..... MM. 26 Newfoundland and Labrador__... _ ... _ ........ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ... _ _ _ _ ...... _ .. _ ........ M 26 Virgin Islands. ... _ ____ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ ..._ _ ..._.... _ .. MO 27 . 'Cuba________ _ ___ _ ___ Cuba_ ..... am m, mum - ma ......wen OD _ 27 Finland__ ______ ......... _ _ _____ ______ 28 .m. .15 ..* ... , .. am .....g. ,..r.,lam. an .. m al.'WM alb ... Lithuania___ ....__ _ _ OM ....... .... 28 am a. ow Poland__ _ MID _ MP _ _...... .... _ _ _ _ _ _ ..._ _ ..... _ _ _ _ _ _ ... _ .m 29 Uruguay ____________ .. _ mo.mo _ 30 Yugoslavia........ _-aad aa.m 30 Bulgaria__________________________ 30 Chile___ _ ....... _ _______-41------------ ----- - ---- -.... - 31 s Jamaica___ __ ________________ _ __ ._ _ __ _ _ .. 32 Colony of the Leeward Islands_________ ____ _-_______ __ 32 9- 4WD MD OM M. Rumania______-_.:.-_-___________ __I AM I MD m 32 SpainSpain_ _ .._____ _._ _ _ ... MD _0. _ _ _ _ MD 33 Chapter IV.Political divisions with populationoverhalf illiterate___ _ ... 34 NM 4MD IIM .m.am am Q.. M. AM .M.cal D am Mr MD am IM am MD Ceylon_ ma a M. _ _ _ _ 37 Colombia...... ... ____________________ _______________ ..... 38 British Guiana_______._____ =1». MD IMO rm. ,m Ilo ola .M1 VW 38 British Malaya ... _ _ .. _ _ ... _ _.. _ _ ...a. M. No go. ap.m .m.m :P.M&am... .=__ 38 0 Mexico IMMDIMM 101 ..m.lam mmam Ma am_ am a...ma m...... an. om 39 Philippine Islands_____________________ _ ________ . aMo ,m. OM m aMAMM. 40 PortoRico _ ..... _________..... 40 Union of Socialist Soviet Republics______________________________ 40 Brazil____Momm _ ___ ... ..... pm . 42 ma. 42 Nicaragua________ _________________________________________ Portugal_ ____________Ma._ ...... o..m..... dm ... AM AM 43 Venezuela________..... __________ _..._ _ m. d. 40... _ _ . 43 Dominican Republic_______ .....MMOMMmam mommma. ma aMmom.m.m.m.a.aM. .....Om mb 44 4M1 Guatemala____ ....... Guatemala.._ a= aMbaMamam MI Mal 4= 44 Dutch East Indies_____.. _______________ ________ 44 Egypt_ Egypt_ ....... .................. _ ._. _ ... M. ..... 45 India India________Maalw..... am alboaDaND 46 Unionof4touthAfrica__ _____ .... ___ _ _ _.. _ ........... _ _ 47 Chapter V.Summary of data presented and ofareasfor which adequate dataareot given_ _ _ ______________________ ..... __ 48 Areasrwhich dataarenot given_ ____ _ _____ _ _____ ____ MID _ am _ _ _ _ _ 49 Asia... .. 41. .... __ _ _ __ ........ .M.M. 49 Africa______________ ... _____ _ ______ . _ ___ __ 49 South America____ ___ _ _ ..._ _.. _..._...._ _ _ ...o. I 4=140 am MO ar .m. .0. ema 00 50 Oceania _ ..MM... m.. _ _. _ _ _ _ .. NbAormaaa. 50 North America___ _... _ -. MN.... 1M MO. ImD ..... .I 50 . Europe..........___ __ ...... __ _ ___ ..... ___ _ ____ _ _ _ 50 ChapterVI.Isilliteracy decreasing?__ MID .... - - ---- - -- -. - - - --- - - - -- --- - - 57 Factors promoting the spread of literacy_ MamImammaMemoana_ IMP _ 57 .Belief inpC)pulareducation . _ OW .... ._ _ _ _ _ wi r 58 Readjustment of nationalboundaries___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ..... ___________._ 59 . Education of minorities____ _____ __ _ . a a M. am _ _ ..... MID ,,, am 59 Education ofwomenand girls__________._ . Mo .6 no Os am alb m...... 60 Statistical data___...__ __ .....____................agmamaa, 00 Europe___OND ...... MIP MD 410 MI, 41 OM/ alb M mi. Ma M de 11, .1B, AMIr 4.am 60 Africa.. .... 41180.1. won NOman.mtalommam.mbemb s 41 a 4mio mla MID a&10 61 41111 CONTENTS Chapter VI.Is illiteracydecreasing?Continued. , Page Asia___ 61 Oceania . _ . .. ... _ . _ 62 North America 62 South America 63 Chapter VII.Illiteracyandage groups______. ... 64 The educationalinventory_ _ _ MD _ 1=I MD __________ ........... 64 Bulgaria , 65 Spain IM el. OW ..____MOOD ..... eM MD Im 67 Comparative indices 68 The "can write"groups__ _ - _____ .... 68 TABLES 4. 3 Page 1 Percentages of illiteracyfor differentage groups in 15 countries,ascer- tained by thecensus__ _ _0 4111r..'- ...... 5 2.Political divisionswhichreport less than 10per cent illiteracy____ __ 10 3.Political divicionshavinganillitiracyrate between 10 and49.9per cent listed ingroupsof 10per cent range__ _ _ _ _ _ ..... 22 4.Politica1 divisionshavinganilliteracy rate between50 aWd 100per cent, listed ingroups of 10 Oer centrange.________ __ _ _ 36 5 Distributionbyage groupsof literates(can read and write) inBulgaria, censusof December31, 1920 65 6.Percentages ofpopulation and degreesof instructionfor differentage groupsin Spain,censusof 1920 ........ 67 MAPS Maps showingpolitical divisionsby indices ofilliteracy: Page North America 52 Europe. Asia South America 54 Africa 55 Oceania_______________ ...... 56 INTRODUCTION A The mainpurposein preparing thisbulletin isto assemblesofaras practicable and publish inbrief form such officialstatisticsas areavail- ableOnilliteracy in the variouscountries of the world,to tell where those datamaybe found, and if possiWe,togiveageneral estimate of world-wide illiteracy. Incidentaltothispurpose,it becomesnecessary toshow the high percentage of the world's population for which statisticsof illiteracy are notgathered;to indicate the unreliability ofmanyof the popularly quoted statistics; andtovoice the need forcommoncriteria in deter- mining. what illiteracy is and theage groups towhich they should*- ply, in order-that the datamaybemorecomparable anda truerpicture Qf thestatus of illiteracy may be possible. #The schedules for thecensusesof the countries of the worldof 1930 and thereabouts willsoonbe arranged.It is hoped thatthe various kinds of dat4 here presentedwill,tosome extent,help the makers of thoei- schedulestoarrangeschemes for collecting andreporting that are morenearlycommon toall countries,sothat by1935 the figures maybe presentedmoreclearly, definitely, andcomprehensively. VI ILLITERACY IN THE SEVERALCOUNTRIES OF THE WORLD CHAPTER I Statistics of Illiteracy . 41. Value of the data.Illiteracy statistics formoneof the several indices used in the science of demographytomeasureroughly the d'egree ofapeople's culture.They indicatetoaconsiderableextent theeffecti'venessof its schoolsystem,the pride which theracein question takes in its language andliterature, and its determination to open toall its citizenry the medium ofwritten communication. They reflek the national attitude towardthe education ofwomen, indigenous" peoples, and minoritygroups;the enforcementofcom- pulsory education laws; and thegeneralprogressofeducationalpoli- cies.Theyareofusetothe administrator in formulatingpolicies of government.Theyareinadefinitesense anindication ofa coun- try's financial and economicstatus.The ,.are avaluable supplement tothemoredetailedandmorefrequently gatheredstatistics of edu- cation published annuallyorbiennially bymost countries. ,Nature of the data.When given world-wideapplication, illiteracy statisticsastheyareat present gathered and reported,are'veryun- satisfactory for severalreasons.First, theyareoften basedon unre-' liable indices.Theper centofpersonssigning the marriage register by mark is the index used in Englandand Wales, the Irish FreeStaté, North Ireland, Scotland,the Netherlands, SwitAerland,and Uruguay. This is ohiviouslyinaccurateas a measureof literacy.It applies almost whollytopersons over18yearsofage;an& in the countries named, with'atotal of about 59,000,000of people,toless than 2per cent of the populationmuchtoo smalla groupfrom whichto draw deductions for the whole.MoreoPver,many personswhocanand do sign theirnamesmechanically havenoreal knowledge of reading and writing. Again, the 'percentthatcanneitfierread!norwriteamongthe conscripts,or armyrecruits,orthose liabletomilitary service, forms the basis of illiteracy statisticsin Swedea, Japan, Argentina,and the SovietUnion. This %alsocannotbeaccurate since it applies toa 2 WORLDILLITERACY sr comparativelysmallnumber,to those that havereachedtheirma- jority, andto onlyone sex. Theper cent of illiteratesasreported inFrance fprtheyearsof
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