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Statistics of Migrations, National Tables, British India, British Malaya

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This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: International Migrations, Volume I: Statistics Volume Author/Editor: Walter F. Willcox Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-87014-013-2 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/fere29-1 Publication Date: 1929 Chapter Title: Statistics of Migrations, National Tables, British India, British Malaya, Straits Settlements, Ceylon, Dutch East Indies, French Indo-China, Karikal, Philippines, Siam, China, Japan Chapter Author: Walter F. Willcox Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5145 Chapter pages in book: (p. 898 - 939) 900 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS BRITISH INDIA Regular stathtical accounts do not begin before 1842.Moreover, detailed emigration regulations were drawn up in order to protect those leaving the country, while the statistical definition of an emigrant varied with the legislation.(See Introduction page 140.)At the start, tables were headed "emigrants," later "coolies" (1871), then "indentured emi- grants" (1883).At certain periods, nevertheless, "free" emigrants, not subject to the existing State regulations, were included in the statistical statements. The figures are furnished by the Protectors of Emigrants who re- ceived them from the several Governments and Administrations. Tables I and IV (years 1842-1870) have been compiled by totalling separately the figures in the original source' for "men, women and chil- dren emigrating in each year from each of the three British ports, and collectively from the French ports, to each British and foreign colony to which emigration has been, at any time during that period, lawful". The figures for Calcutta cover a fiscal, and those for Bombay and Madras a calendar year.2 Between 1856 and 1924 the Statistical Abstract for British India pub- lished figures for emigration at the ports of embarkation. For the years covered equally by both sources, Geoghegan's figures are generally higher than those of the Statistical Abstract.Sometimes the discrepancy is trivial, but at other times the two sources differ by thousands. It is just possible that the local authorities placed at disposal fuller details than those utilised by the Statistical Abstract.But he expresses doubts regarding the completeness and the homogeneity of his data.Thus he excluded the figures relating to emigration from Pondicherry to French Guiana for the period 1856, 1860 and 1861, be- cause he believed that if British citizens participated in this emigration, they did so These figures have been inserted in the total column of Table I. The data published in the Statistical Abstract subsequent to 1873 relate expressly to "Coolie Emigrants".From 1878-79 onwards we regard the figures in the Statistics of British India as the most reliable ones; but it should be remarked that, with a few exceptions during the earlier years, the figures of the Statistical Abstract agree with them. Concerning the persons included in the statistical statements down to 1922-23, the Statistics of British India offers the following information: "The figures in these tables relate to indentured emigration carried on under the Indian Emigration Act (XXI of 1883, repealed by XVII of 1908); and rules framed thereunder relating to the emigration of natives of India.But certain persons who proceed to the colonies or other 'Geoghegan, Note on Emigration from India, Calcutta, 1873. 2Geoghegan states that he "has not thought it worth while to ask the Protector at Calcutta to undertake a readjustment of his figures according to the calendar year." (P. 69.) tGeoghegan, ibid., p. 83. BRITISH INDIA 901 foreign countries without coming under the operation of the Emigration Act, as for instance, in the capacity of shop assistants or personal domes- tic servants, are included in the statistics.The figures take no account of the numbers who leave India as passengers under the Native Passen- gerShipsAct,or of persons who leave India on pilgrimage to the holy places in Arabia under the Pilgrim Ships Act (of whom small but uncertain numbers settle out of India)." From 1923, under the Indian Emigration Act, 1922, the statistics refer to the emigration of "skilled and unskilled workers and their de- pendents going to the colonies and various other countries".The Emi- gration Act (No. VII of 1922) and regulations published under it came into force on March 5, 1923, and, in consequence, emigration to British Malaya and Ceylon, which until then had been unrestricted, was con- trolled.Emigration to the other colonies (Natal, Fiji, British Guiana, Trinidad, Jamaica, Mauritius) was suspended in 1917.This prohibition is still in force, except for Mauritius, emigration to which was again per- mitted for one year commencing May 31, 1923, under Notifications Nos. 282 Emi., dated March 22, 1923, and 487 Overseas, dated May19, 1923, issued by the Government of India. The number to be recruited within the period was limited to 1,500 adult male laborers and dependents. In regard to returning emigrants, totals are available from 1878-79 onwards, but these contain only particulars about sex. After 1923 it is possible to distinguish the country of last permanent residence and, ac- cordingly, the intercontinental and continental return migrations of un- skilled and skilled workers. Statistics about the number of migrants from British India to South Africa (1879-1912), Mauritius (1834-1910), Canada (1904-15 and 1920-24), United States (1820-1924), Australia (1902-24)and New Zealand (1915-24) will be found in the national tables for those countries.. Statistics about the number of migrants returning to British India from Mauritius (1834-1920) and the United States (1908-24) will be found in the na- tional tables for those countries. 1&atisties of British India for 1911-13andpreceding years, Part V.Calcutta, 1913, p. 217. The same description is repeated in Statistics for the year 1922, Vol. IV, while the following definition is added to the above text under ActIXVIIJof the year 1908: " norof persons who go out of, or come out to India by ships as ordinary passengers every year."Statistics of British India, 1922.v. IV, p. xiv (Cal- cutta, 1922). A 902 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS TABLE I.—DISTRrnUT1ON OF CITIZEN EMIGRANTS TO EXTRA-ASIATIC COUNTRIES, BY SEX AND AGE, 1842-70. Chil- Chil- Year Total MenWomendren Year Total Men Womendren 1842 459 407 49 3 1856 13,080 9,614 3,382 2,084 1843 39,755 33,978 4,380 1,397 1857 20,805 11,682 5,305 3,818 1844 8,242 6,530 1,065 647 1858 45,838 27,99210,569 7,277 1845 12,511 9,345 1,788 1,378 1859 43,057 26,949 9,377 6,731 1846 16,735 11,810 2,963 1,962 1860 24,062 14,226 6,183 3,653 1847 10,719 8,491 1,313 965 1861 32,026 22,469 6,082 3,475 1848 9,671 7,610 1,236 823 1862 14,766 10,415 2,807 1,544 1849 7,670 6,162 933 573 1863 11,731 7,795 2,374 1,562 1850 9,800 7,521 1,281 998 1864 22,084 14,999 4,692 2,393 1851 14,266 10,917 1,979 1,370 1865 27,589 17,519 5,729 4,341 1852 22,674 16,899 3,312 2,463 1866 21,347 13,066 5,314 2,967 1853 19,781 15,046 2,824 1,911 1861 7,614 5,182 1,804 628 1854 19,327 14,137 2,860 2,330 1868 13,379 8,209 3,358 1,812 1855 16,629 10,954 3,305 2,370 1869 15,827 9,093 4,212 2,322 1870 12,433 8,082 3,051 1,300 TABLE II.—DJsmIBunoN OF CITIZEN EMIGRANTS TO EXTRA-ASIATIC couwntm3s, aY SEX, 1870-1923. Year Total Males Females Year Total Males Females 1870—71 12,428 .... ... 1897—98 13,485 10,122 3,363 1898—99 19,613 16,502 3,111 1871-72 11,034 .... .... 1899—1900 20,438 17,210 3,228 1872—73 20,037 .... .... 1900—01 26,508 20,491 6,017 1873—74 29,243 . ... 1874—75 25,325 .. .. 1901—02 22,498 15,457 7,041 1875-76 11,489 .... .... 1902—03 15,413 10,895 4,518 . 1903—04 13,663 9,524 4,141 1876—77 10,560 .... .... 1904—05 15,939 11,087 4,852 1877—78 24,710 . .. .. 1905—06 21,125 14,741 6,384 1878—79 22,092' 13,181 5,802 1879—80 17,426' 10,904 4,530 1906—07 21,003 14,847 6,156 1880—81 16,794' 10,873 4,278 1907—OS 13,117 10,499 4,618 1908—09 11,844 8,396 3,448 1881—82 11,5091 7,296 3,075 1909—10 11,644 8,218 3,426 1882—83 13,504' 8,628 3,528 1910—il 15,439 10,813 4,626 1883—84 17,9361 11,269 4,536 1884—85 13,667 5,521 1911—12 14,192 10,113 4,079 $ 1885—86 7,9791 4,823 2,097 1912—13 12,658 9,063 3,595 1913—14 7,733 5,600 2,133 1886—87 7,978' 4,963 1,982 1914—15 3,285 2,475 810 1887—88 6,559 4,537 2,022 1915—16 7,630 5,504 2,126 1888—89 10,756 7,400 3,356 1889—90 16,954 11,685 5,269 1916—17 7,682 6,080 1,602 1890—91 20,085 13,741 6,344 1917_182 1,028 1,028 . • 1918—19 381 381 .... 1891—92 16,597 11,084 5,513 1919—20 221 221 .
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