Statistics of Migrations, National Tables, British India, British Malaya

Home , British Malaya, Straits Settlements

This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research

Volume Title: International Migrations, Volume I: Statistics

Volume Author/Editor: Walter F. Willcox

Volume Publisher: NBER

Volume ISBN: 0-87014-013-2

Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/fere29-1

Publication Date: 1929

Chapter Title: Statistics of Migrations, National Tables, British India, British Malaya, Straits Settlements, Ceylon, Dutch East Indies, French Indo-China, Karikal, Philippines, Siam, China, Japan

Chapter Author: Walter F. Willcox

Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5145

Chapter pages in book: (p. 898 - 939) 900 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

BRITISH INDIA Regular stathtical accounts do not begin before 1842.Moreover, detailed emigration regulations were drawn up in order to protect those leaving the country, while the statistical definition of an emigrant varied with the legislation.(See Introduction page 140.)At the start, tables were headed "emigrants," later "coolies" (1871), then "indentured emigrants" (1883).At certain periods, nevertheless, "free" emigrants, not subject to the existing State regulations, were included in the statistical statements. The figures are furnished by the Protectors of Emigrants who received them from the several Governments and Administrations. Tables I and IV (years 1842-1870) have been compiled by totalling separately the figures in the original source' for "men, women and children emigrating in each year from each of the three British ports, and collectively from the French ports, to each British and foreign colony to which emigration has been, at any time during that period, lawful". The figures for Calcutta cover a fiscal, and those for Bombay and Madras a calendar year.2 Between 1856 and 1924 the Statistical Abstract for British India published figures for emigration at the ports of embarkation. For the years covered equally by both sources, Geoghegan's figures are generally higher than those of the Statistical Abstract.Sometimes the discrepancy is trivial, but at other times the two sources differ by thousands. It is just possible that the local authorities placed at disposal fuller details than those utilised by the Statistical Abstract.But he expresses doubts regarding the completeness and the homogeneity of his data.Thus he excluded the figures relating to emigration from Pondicherry to French Guiana for the period 1856, 1860 and 1861, be- cause he believed that if British citizens participated in this emigration, they did so These figures have been inserted in the total column of Table I. The data published in the Statistical Abstract subsequent to 1873 relate expressly to "Coolie Emigrants".From 1878-79 onwards we regard the figures in the Statistics of British India as the most reliable ones; but it should be remarked that, with a few exceptions during the earlier years, the figures of the Statistical Abstract agree with them. Concerning the persons included in the statistical statements down to 1922-23, the Statistics of British India offers the following information: "The figures in these tables relate to indentured emigration carried on under the Indian Emigration Act (XXI of 1883, repealed by XVII of 1908); and rules framed thereunder relating to the emigration of natives of India.But certain persons who proceed to the colonies or other 'Geoghegan, Note on Emigration from India, Calcutta, 1873. 2Geoghegan states that he "has not thought it worth while to ask the Protector at Calcutta to undertake a readjustment of his figures according to the calendar year." (P. 69.) tGeoghegan, ibid., p. 83. BRITISH INDIA 901 foreign countries without coming under the operation of the Emigration Act, as for instance, in the capacity of shop assistants or personal domes- tic servants, are included in the statistics.The figures take no account of the numbers who leave India as passengers under the Native Passen- gerShipsAct,or of persons who leave India on pilgrimage to the holy places in Arabia under the Pilgrim Ships Act (of whom small but uncertain numbers settle out of India)." From 1923, under the Indian Emigration Act, 1922, the statistics refer to the emigration of "skilled and unskilled workers and their dependents going to the colonies and various other countries".The Emi- gration Act (No. VII of 1922) and regulations published under it came into force on March 5, 1923, and, in consequence, emigration to British Malaya and Ceylon, which until then had been unrestricted, was con- trolled.Emigration to the other colonies (Natal, Fiji, British Guiana, Trinidad, Jamaica, Mauritius) was suspended in 1917.This prohibition is still in force, except for Mauritius, emigration to which was again permitted for one year commencing May 31, 1923, under Notifications Nos. 282 Emi., dated March 22, 1923, and 487 Overseas, dated May19, 1923, issued by the Government of India. The number to be recruited within the period was limited to 1,500 adult male laborers and dependents. In regard to returning emigrants, totals are available from 1878-79 onwards, but these contain only particulars about sex. After 1923 it is possible to distinguish the country of last permanent residence and, accordingly, the intercontinental and continental return migrations of unskilled and skilled workers. Statistics about the number of migrants from British India to South Africa (1879-1912), Mauritius (1834-1910), Canada (1904-15 and 1920-24), United States (1820-1924), Australia (1902-24)and New Zealand (1915-24) will be found in the national tables for those countries.. Statistics about the number of migrants returning to British India from Mauritius (1834-1920) and the United States (1908-24) will be found in the national tables for those countries. 1&atisties of British India for 1911-13andpreceding years, Part V.Calcutta, 1913, p. 217. The same description is repeated in Statistics for the year 1922, Vol. IV, while the following definition is added to the above text under ActIXVIIJof the year 1908: " norof persons who go out of, or come out to India by ships as ordinary passengers every year."Statistics of British India, 1922.v. IV, p. xiv (Cal- cutta, 1922).

A 902 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE I.—DISTRrnUT1ON OF CITIZEN EMIGRANTS TO EXTRA-ASIATIC COUNTRIES, BY SEX AND AGE, 1842-70.

Chil- Chil- Year Total MenWomendren Year Total Men Womendren

1842 459 407 49 3 1856 13,080 9,614 3,382 2,084 1843 39,755 33,978 4,380 1,397 1857 20,805 11,682 5,305 3,818 1844 8,242 6,530 1,065 647 1858 45,838 27,99210,569 7,277 1845 12,511 9,345 1,788 1,378 1859 43,057 26,949 9,377 6,731 1846 16,735 11,810 2,963 1,962 1860 24,062 14,226 6,183 3,653 1847 10,719 8,491 1,313 965 1861 32,026 22,469 6,082 3,475 1848 9,671 7,610 1,236 823 1862 14,766 10,415 2,807 1,544 1849 7,670 6,162 933 573 1863 11,731 7,795 2,374 1,562 1850 9,800 7,521 1,281 998 1864 22,084 14,999 4,692 2,393 1851 14,266 10,917 1,979 1,370 1865 27,589 17,519 5,729 4,341 1852 22,674 16,899 3,312 2,463 1866 21,347 13,066 5,314 2,967 1853 19,781 15,046 2,824 1,911 1861 7,614 5,182 1,804 628 1854 19,327 14,137 2,860 2,330 1868 13,379 8,209 3,358 1,812 1855 16,629 10,954 3,305 2,370 1869 15,827 9,093 4,212 2,322 1870 12,433 8,082 3,051 1,300

TABLE II.—DJsmIBunoN OF CITIZEN EMIGRANTS TO EXTRA-ASIATIC couwntm3s, aY SEX, 1870-1923.

Year Total Males Females Year Total Males Females

1870—71 12,428 ...... 1897—98 13,485 10,122 3,363 1898—99 19,613 16,502 3,111 1871-72 11,034 ...... 1899—1900 20,438 17,210 3,228 1872—73 20,037 ...... 1900—01 26,508 20,491 6,017

1873—74 29,243 ......

1874—75 25,325 ...... 1901—02 22,498 15,457 7,041 1875-76 11,489 ...... 1902—03 15,413 10,895 4,518

. 1903—04 13,663 9,524 4,141 1876—77 10,560 ...... 1904—05 15,939 11,087 4,852

1877—78 24,710 ...... 1905—06 21,125 14,741 6,384 1878—79 22,092' 13,181 5,802 1879—80 17,426' 10,904 4,530 1906—07 21,003 14,847 6,156 1880—81 16,794' 10,873 4,278 1907—OS 13,117 10,499 4,618 1908—09 11,844 8,396 3,448 1881—82 11,5091 7,296 3,075 1909—10 11,644 8,218 3,426 1882—83 13,504' 8,628 3,528 1910—il 15,439 10,813 4,626 1883—84 17,9361 11,269 4,536 1884—85 13,667 5,521 1911—12 14,192 10,113 4,079 $ 1885—86 7,9791 4,823 2,097 1912—13 12,658 9,063 3,595 1913—14 7,733 5,600 2,133 1886—87 7,978' 4,963 1,982 1914—15 3,285 2,475 810 1887—88 6,559 4,537 2,022 1915—16 7,630 5,504 2,126 1888—89 10,756 7,400 3,356 1889—90 16,954 11,685 5,269 1916—17 7,682 6,080 1,602

1890—91 20,085 13,741 6,344 1917_182 1,028 1,028 .

• 1918—19 381 381 .... 1891—92 16,597 11,084 5,513 1919—20 221 221 .. 1892—93 12,318 8,314 4,004 1920—21 1,184 1,184 .... 1893—94 13,735 9,475 4,260 1894—95 18,428 12,627 5,801 1921—22 1,047 1,047 ..... 1895—96 13,022 9,218 3,084 204 204 . 1,227 906 321 1896—97 15,572 11,433 4,139 For reference notes see page 907. BRiTISH INDIA 903

TABLE IIL—DIsTrnrnJTroN OF CITIZEN EMIGRANTS, BYSEXAND AGE, 1923 AND 1924.

Up to 15 15to 55 years 55 years and Yea" Total Males Females years over Males Females Males Males Female:

1923 81,50255,36126,141 22,201 58,879 422 C , r 1924 149,14093,50955,63125,42024,22967,57030,947 519 385 ______TABLE IV.—DISTRIBUTION OF INTERCONTINENTAL CITIZEN EMIGRANTS. BY COUNTRY OF FUTURE RESIDENCE. 1842-1924125. Year Total Maurjtius Natal GuianaBritish Trinidad I GuianaDutch Reunion Jamaica FrenchIndiesWest I nishandWestThe the colonylIndian1 Da-1colonies4 British minorl destina-Othertions o 18431842 459 439 - - - nf Ste.Croixj 184618451844 39,75512,511 8,242 39,155 8,5418,242 2,3721,591.... 1,332 .... 1,047 . . H 184918481847 10,71916,735 7,6709,671 7,6105,7805,9337,180 3,2114,901 1,2362,264 6S0 1,1782,390 . .. Z 18511850 9.800 9,800 1,927 ...... - H 14,266 11,245 .... 1,094 - - - - 1852 22,674 18,594 2,351 1,729 . . . . •-• . . 185518541853 19,32719,781 16,71215,631 2,3212,653 949 1,497 623294 - - Z 1856 15,08016,629 15,057 9,751 . ... - 1,8552,879 1,561 ...... 523 382364 1857 20,805 17,117 . 1,451 .. -. . 643 18621861186018591858 45,83843,05714,76632.02624,062 38,73533,92714,18211.603 8,322 1,226 .... 368... 3.3265,3865,2294,9392,839 1,3892,0302,7103,6192,526 5,333 .... 864 •. 2,1611,709 ....703 1,224 .... 533 2,033 321361962 0 1,021 2,643 1,433 1,086 . 18641863 27,58922.08411,731 19,49310,607 5,548 1,3201,979 2,8423,139 1,4981,450 1,1213,731 ..-..... 544 1,178 .... 807 508. . 18661865 21,347 7,614 3,549 313 .... 534 3,0014,509 2,9931,840 1,791 .. 1.705 2,4605,776 490. CH 1867 13,379 1,595 ...... 2,817 . 349 187018691868 12,43315,827 3,2732,787 . .... -. 3,1996,6854,944 2,0872.2482,935 1,079 ...... 1,3821,426 S... 924 1,8861,417 2,899 606 . . 02 1872—731871—72 29,24320,03711,034 7,7256,8164,321 ...... 3,9428,4976,0872,125 ...... - - 3,523 .... 410 . 783... .. •...,•,•,,,..... 4,54061,3121,689 4,1403,9445,412 1877—181816—771875—761874—75 24,71010,56011,48925,325 3,8361,0276,2001,033 3,5106,025 761393 8.2883,9923,849 ...... 324 - 1,0721,1771,0471,213 1,163 ... 32,74763,2056 .593839 4,0871,6012,420 C)H 1819—801878—79 17,42622,092 2,1373,647 4,452 743 4,4966,520 3,1612,632 320709 Fiji .... 498 165 5.5343,248 Mombasa .. . . 221 1882—831881—821880—81 13,50411,50916,794 1,574.... 581 1,6472,2292,373 2,9843,1684,416 2,5913,3421,963 431496965 •••,. 922 . .. •... 513398756 3,5653,0254,283 321279 1884—831883—84 22.38417,936 4.1094,307 3,5482,775 6,3042,731 2,1912,661 , 1,6791,480 2,3161,514 .,. 601 2,468 495 1,141 TABLE IV.—DISTRIBUTION OF INTERCONTINENTAL CITIZEN EMIGRANTS, BY COUNTRY OF FUTLIRE RESIDENCE, 1842-1924/25 (concluded) Year Total Mauritius - . Natal . GuianaBritish Trinidad . . GuianaDutch Fiji Jamaica FrenchIndiesWest Mombasa deatma- Othertions 1890—911889—901888—891887—881886—87 20,08516,59410,756 6,5597,978 3,0394,5441,012 604110 - 4,3304,1241,585 897496 2,7715,2183,4263,5723,916 3,4352,8972,2702,1302,291 1,2491,3001,092... 353 . 1,171 583537675 1,087.... 590 556368108 80 1894—951892—931891—921893—94 18,42813,73512,31816,597 1,029 . 485989 . . . 3.5922,6123,1193,349 5,8834,7235,231 3,1851,9262,6203,285 1,2791,1041,075 698 1,4321,0827.7811,985 1,060 . 711486. . . . 151 1897—981895—961896—97 13,48515,57213,022 1,746 426802 6,0364,0383,337 3,2001,1942,4171,908 3,0431,8512,177 1,696 618500 1,953 567565 470 . 2,7932,8191,123 1902—031901—021900—Ui1899—19001898—99 15,41322,49826,50820,43819,613 2,5714,2513,229 .... 6,1407,7636,3124,9581,590 4,2764,9591,9683,9322,380 2,5422,3412,4501,7981,268 1,343.... 657616... 2,3192,5531,490 .... 840 ...... 663670623 .. 8,0329,9319,479 173 4 ..•.....289 60 HI—I 1907—081906—071905—061904—051903—04 15,11721,00321,12515,93913,665 2,067 587619720510 10,049 6,6648,1089,4564,601 1,8302,3372,7371,3482,937 3,1641,8682,1541,8442,449 1,9181,270 .... 175249 1,1373,2614,0662,988 836 1,647 ...... 606 .. 448383861 9725 124155 926042 02 1910—li1909—101908—09 15,43911,64411,844 ...... 533 -. 3,40186,2572,9351,722 . 2,1731,7542,5151,797 3,1313,2592,4802,447 2,435.. 448478 .. 4,2041,8981,9472,908 1,117 .... 409816416 .... 127 5380 376119 39 1912—131911—12 12,65814,192 . . . 2,201 2,3801,140 1,773 768 4,9582,491 1,578 294 . . 455384 318461 1915—161914—151913—14 3,2857,733 ...... 1,340 806 423 . 748. 2,509 721 ...... 268505187 319190 7,630 2,248 1,905 ...... 781 1916—17 7,682 830 . . 1,330 304 . 1,756 . 615. . 234 2,613 1917—18 . . . . . 239 789 29 1,028 .. . - ...... 352 381 - - .. . 1918-191919—20 1,184 221 ...... 201 1,000 20 1920—21 . 184 1921—22 1,047 ...... 66 981 1923—241922—23 1,227 204 1,080 317 ...... -. . . . - 147204 1924-25For reference notes see page 907. 494 ...... 177 0 906 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE V.—DISTRIBUTION OF' CITIZEN EMIGRANTS, BY COtTNTRY OF ruiunE RESIDENCE, DISTINGUISHING ALSO SKILLED AND UNSKILLED, 1923 .&ND 1924.

Country of future residence 1923 1924

Total 81,502 149,140 Skilled 166 198 Unskilled 81,336 148,942

ISkilled 29 18 Mauritius.. ljJnskilled 875 504 Continental Africa .Skilled

Ceylon .Unskilled.. . . 49,157 100,250

Straits Settlements and Malaya Unskilled.... . 31,304 48,188 Persia Skilled 79 Siam Skilled 15

TABLE VI.---IDISTrnBUTI0N OF CITIZEN TMMIGRANTS, BY SEX, 1878-79—1921-22.

Year Total Males Females Year Total Males Females

1878—79 5,586' 4,071 1,246 1900—01 7,006 6,008 998 1879—80 7,185' 4,989 1,817 1901—02 10,623 9,242 1,381 1902—03 12,757 10,839 1,918 1880—81 7,061' 4,763 1,897 1903—04 11,673 9,803 1,870 1881—82 5,193' 3,516 1,356 1904—05 6,341 4,394 1,947 1882—83 5,760' 3,850 1,576 1883—84 4,748' 3,245 1,376 1905—06 6,945 4,814 2,131 1884—85 6,647' 4,397 1,924 1906—07 8,197 5,653 2,544 1907—08 6,774 4,713 2,061 1885—86 10,198' 6,577 2,987 1908—09 7,918 5,495 2,423 1886—87 2,819' 5,610 2,541 1909—10 6,909 5,083. 1,826

1887—88 9,665' 6,323 2,772 . 1888—89 5,242' 3,192 1,484 1910—11 5,788 4,093 1,695 1889—90 8,751' 5,689 2,851 1911—12 6,299 4,635 1,664 1912—13 4,641 3,356 1,285 1890—91 6,717 4,547 2,170 1913—14 5,284 3,765 1,519 1891—92 6,451 4,503 1,948 1914—15 6,289 4,602 1,687 1892—93 5,966 4,062 1,904 1893—94 5,844 4,044 1,800 1915—16 6,047 4,124 1,923 1894—95 5,872 3,949 1,923 1916—17 7,856 5,506 2,350

. 1917—18 3,535 2,651 884 1895—96 6,171 4,110 2,061 1918—19 1,741 1,295 446 1896—97 4,794 3,291 1,503 1919—20 3,783 2,616 1,167 1897—98 4,213 3,093 1,120 4 1898—99 5,689 4,433 1,256 1920—21 11,575 * S 1899—1900 9,484' 7,808 1,428 1921—22 9,081 5 5

For reference notes see page 907. BRITISH INDIA 907

TABLE V]1—DISTRIBUTION OF CITIZEN IMMIGRANTS, BY COUNTRY OF LAST RESIDEThTCE, 1923-24.

Country of last residence 1923 1924 Natal 2,479 1,347 British Guiana 220 392 Jamaica 681 447 Surinam .... 38 Trinidad 1,065 957 Fiji 2,956 .... Ceylon .... 370 Malaya 418 565 Unknown 98 83 Total 7,917 4,399

SOURCES StatisticalAbstractforBritishIndia for 1867-68 to 1884-85, Calcutta 1926, and 1914 /15-1924/25 in Accounts and Papers. Tables II and IV (years 1870-71 to 1877-78 and 1920-21 to 1924-25); Table VI (years 1920121-1921122). Staft' sties of British India for 1906-07 and preceding years. Part IX.Miscellaneous. Calcutta, 1908. For 1911-12 and preceding years. Part V (Area, Population and Public Health).Calcutta, 1913. Volume IV (Administration, Judicial and Local Sell-Govern- ment).Calcutta, 1922. Tables II, IV and VI (years 1878/79-1919/20). Geoghegan. J.,(Under-Secretary of the Government of India), Department of Agriculture, Revenue and Commerce.Note on Emigration from India. Calcutta, 1873, pp. 77-84. Tables I and IV (years 1842-70). Government of Madras. Law (General) Department G. 0. No. 1890, June 25, i924, and G. 0. No. 1578, May 12, 1925, Emigration and Immigration Report, 1923 and 1924. Tables III, V, VII (years 1923 and 1924). Report on the Working of the Indian Emigration Act, VII of 1922 and the Rules issued thereunder in the Province of Bengal for the Years 1923 and 1924.Calcutta, 1924 and 1925. Tables Ill, V, VII (years 1923 and 1924). Consolidated Annual Report on the Working of the Indian Emigration Act for the Years ending December 31, 1923 and December 31, 1925. Bombay, 1925 and Calcutta, 1925. Tables III, V, VII (years 1923 and 1924).

NOTES 'Includingchildren, the sex of whom is not distinguished in the local statements. 2Under the Defence of India (Consolidation) Rules, 1915, in effect from March 12, 1917, emigration was temporarily stopped except in the case of persons permitted to depart by general or special license. 'Classification by sex of emigrants from Madras ports not known. 'St. Vincent. St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Kitts. ñgures do not total correctly. 'Including 1,777,751and 427 emigrated in 1873-74, 1874-75 and 1875-76 respectively to French Guiana. 7Emigration to Mauritius was prohibited from 1912 to 1922 included. 'Represents figures for three months. April, May and June 1911 only, emigration to Natal having been prohibited from July 1, 1911. 'According to the headings of the tables in the source whence we quote these figures, they refer to the fiscal years 1922-23 and 1923-24.The Reports as a whole relate to the years ending December 31. 192$ and 1924. 908 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

BRITISH MALAYA

1. Portions of the Malay Sfates had separate migration statistics for 1900 (Selangor and Perak) and for 1891-1900 (Negri Sembilan). Chinese and other immigrants were classified by sex. 2.The Labour Department of the Federated Malay States pub- lishes statistics relating to Indian emigrants arriving in the Straits Settlements and itt the Federated and non-Federated Malay States. Immigrants are Indians who have arrived from Southern India at Penang (Straits Settlements), the port of disembarkation for Perak and the first port of call for immigrants to the Federated Malay States.They were of two classes: (a) assisted immigrants (free laborers imported at the expense of the Immigration Fund for work on estates, in mines and elsewhere), and (b) other immigrants (traders, laborers and others who paid their passage).Assisted immigrants are sub-divided into two classes: (a) independent laborers and (b) laborers recruited by kan- ganies or agents. The destination of assisted immigrants is given but no definite information is available about the destination of "other immigrants".It is estimated that perhaps one-third of such immigrants proceeded to the Federated Malay States. Ml immigrants for the States of Perak, Kedah and Perlis and the Settlement of Penang landed at Penang; those for the States of Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Johore, Kelantan, and the Settlement of Ma- lacea landed at Port Swettenham. A considerable proportion of the arriving immigrants had previously lived in the country. For the years 1923 and 1924 the three groups of arriving immigrants are divided by sex (table V). 3.Emigration statistics concern Indians who leave Penang for Southern India after having worked in the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, or the non-Federated Malay States. ERITISII MALAYA 909

FEDERATED MALAY STATES a.Negri Sembilan

TABLE I.—DIsTrnnu'rioN OF IMMIGRANTSAND EMIGRANTS, BYNATIONALITY, 1900.

Immigrants Emigrants Total Chinese Others Total Chinese Others

15,700 9,598 6,102 8,276 5,442 2,834

b.Perak

TABLEIL—DisTRIBuTIoNOFIMMIGRANTS ANDEMIGRANTS,BYNATIONALITYANDSEX, 1900.

Immigrants Emigrants Total Males Females Total Males Females

Chinese 68,672 — 61,876 6,796 42,310 36,839 5,471 Others 26,056 20,986 5,070 20,594 16,630 3,964 Total 95,728 82,862 11,866 62,904 53,469 9,435

c. Splangor

TABLE111.—DISTRIBUTIONOFCHINESE Dfl4IORANTSANDEMIGRANTS,BYSEX,

1891-1900. .

Immigrants Emigrants Year Total Males Females Total Males Females

1891 21,623 20,011 1,612 15,752 14,550 1,202 1892 40,580 38,428 2,152 18,509 17,015 1,494 1893 49,111 45,942 3,169 25,349 23,335 2,014 18941 45,597 43,094 2,503 26,206 24,163 2,043 1895 49,406 46,128 3,278 33,249 30,367 2,882 1896 41,883 38,100 3,783 33,174 29,938 3,216 1897 27,783 24,984 2,799 32,224 29,016 3,208 1898 29,558 26,321 3,237 26,7262 23,854 2,874 1899 38,416 34,853 3,563 26,613 23,524 3,089 1900 Chinese... 50,634 .46,300 4,334 33,608 29,859 3,749 Others 32,519 26,935 5,584 24,284 19,920 4,364 Total.... 83,153 73,235 9,918 57,892 49,779 8,113

For reference notes see page 911. TABLE IV.—Amuvas AT PENANG PROM Msnn.s NAGAPATAM, BY DESTINATION, 1923-24. 0Co Territory Total Males Minors Females 1923 Males Adults Females Total Males Minors Females 1924 Males Adults Fern ales z Perak1. Assisted immigrants3FederatedStraits Settlements Malay States 4,2148,7328,371 464537209 356538177 6,2945,4903,086 1,6181,806 742 14,5623,4477,637 1,129 629384 840552296 9,5524,7363,688 3,0411,7201,079 CHz Total,PahangNegriSelangor Sembilan Federated Malay States 20,153 2,527 523 1,150 125 24 1 005 9615 14,083 1,901 398 3 913 405 86 27 604 4,599 806 2,050 228 64 1 702 245 65 18,047 3,262 497 5,805 180864 z KelantariPerilsKedahJohore Other JIialay Stales 3,0402,340 487 269131 61 205120 39 1,8951,639 263 450124671 6,1913,292 613 .597205 43 320197 44 3,5172,266 426 1,557 100624 2. TotalTotal, assisted ether MalayStatesOther immigrants—i. e., 30,234 5,867 1,820 461 —_1,546 364 20,966 3,797 5,9021,245 43,14710,096 3,279 845 2,759 761 27,944 6,209 9,1652,281 ordinary passengers.For reference notes see page 911. Grand total 49,50219,268 2,9241,104 2,017 471 36,91815,952 7,6431,741_- 62,05218,903 4,4121,133 3,263 504 43,55715,613 10,820 1,655 BRITISH MALAYA 911

TABLE V.—ARRJVALS AT PENANG OF INDIANS FROM MADRAS AND NEGAPATAM, BY SEX AND AGE, 1923-24.

Adults Minors Description Year Total Males FemalesMales 'Females Independent laborers 1923 7,462 5,522 1,246 397 297 1924 9,641 7,002 1,632 553 454 Laborers recruited by kan- 1923 22,772 15,444 4,656 1,423 ganis 1924 33,506 20,942 7,533 2,726 2,305

Otherimmigrants,i. e., or- 1923 19,268 15,952 1,741 1,575 dfnary passengers .. 1924 18,905 15,613 1,655 504

Total 1923 49,502 36,918 7,643 4,941 1924 62,052 43,557 10,820 4,412 3,263

TABLE VI.—DEPARTURES FROM PENANG FOR SOUTHERN INDIA, BY AGE, 1923-24.

Age Year Total Minors Adults 1923 42,178 2,533 40,245 1924 37,326 2,370 34,956

SOURCES Statistical Tables relating to the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom. London, Parts XXII, XXIV and XXV. Tables I, II and III.

Federated Malay States.Report on the Working of the Labor Department for the Year 1923 and for the Year 1924. Kuala Lumpur, 1925. Tables IV, V, VI (years 1923 and 1924).

NOTES timmigration from all ports of the southeast of China was prohibited from June 18, 1894 to Sep. tember 21. 1894. on account oI an outbreak of bubonic. plague. 2The sum of the distribution by sex does not correspond exactly with the total. 3lndependent laborers and laborers recruited by kanganis. 912 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

1. The first table records the arrival and departure of Indian and Chinese passengers from 1900 to 1924 and of East Indian indentured laborers shown separately from 1900 to 1910.After 1910 their emigration was suspended. 2.Since 1920, the Controller of Labour of the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States has prepared the statistics of Indian immigrants and emigrants.Their destination is given as the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, or the non-Federated Malay States. The annual report of the Labour Department of the Federated Malay States (Kuala Lumpur) is published both under the title of the Federated Malay States and that of the Straits Settlements. The table dealing with the statistics of the Straits Settlements has been placed in this volume under Malay States as table IV. 3. Chinese immigrate through the three ports of Singapore, Penang and Malacca. Immigrants whose passage was unpaid at the time of their departure (styled "unpaid" or "credit ticket" passengers) are distinguished from 1877 onward from other, or free, immigrants. The figures given in the Journal of the Indian Archipelago (1854)for the total annual immigration of Chinese, free and indebted, increased from 5,063 during 184041 to 11,484 during 1852-3. In 1877, 16,688 Chinese immigrants were examined in the Straits Settlements.Of the 9,776 immigrants landed in Singapore in that year, 2,653 were "unpaid" or "credit ticket" passengers.This ratio of "unpaid" to free immigrants may perhaps be taken for the total immigration into the Straits Settlements in 1877.Of the earlier years there is no sufficient record.' The figures for Singapore and Penang begin with 1881 (table II) and those for Malacca with 1891 (table III). The unpaid passengers sometimes occasioned considerable em- barrassment, as not infrequently they were detained on the boats until they had found a purchaser, and the master of the vessel had received the passage money. These passengers also sign labor contracts before their departure.' 'Crawford, Campbell, Chinese Coolie Emigration, London, 1923, p. 8 'Ta (Then, bc. cit.,p.86. ______—

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS 913

TABLE 1.—IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION OF ALIENS, 1900-24. Immigrants. Emigrants Immigrants. Emigraiits

Chinese md Year East In-Chinese coolies Year denturedIndians Penang denturedIndians

1900 7,615 297,423 11,251 1913 426,381' 70,090 1901 2,785 254,919 16,204 1914 237,0101 63,073 1902 2,430 266,706 18,183 1915 197,629' 50,320 1903 512 284,079 17,832 1916 331,196' 54,479 1904 2,721 280,657 19,550 1917 284,123' 57,583 1905 4,823 262,356 19,750 1918 140,843' 52,132 1906 3,674 278,861 21,879 1919 46,767 1907 5,499 357,298 30,500 1920 221,297' 55,481 1908 5,456 255,573 30,920 1921 236,716' 61,351 1909 4,119 245,018 31,394 1922 191,5601 45,733 1910 2,523 360,243 39,080 1923 208,6512 1911 .... 460,374 48,103 1924 125,0756 1912 .. 436,264 63,885

TABLE 11.—CHINESR IMMIGRANTS AND EI.IIGRANTS TO AND FROM SINGAPORE AND PENANG, 18814915.

SINGAPORE Immigrants Immigrants Labor Year -______. contracts Passage Emigrants Passage Emigrants Total unpaid Females Tota' unpaid Females 1881- 47,747 * 2,053 * 42,056 17,000 1,068 —* 32,473 1882 55,887 11,404 1,534 * 45,122 17,011 1,115 * 33,601 1883 61,206 10,249 1,701 * 47,930 16,197 2,272 * 31,663 1884 68.517 9690 2,089 * 38,231 15.181 1,431 * 29.088 1885 69,314 9,357 2,014 * 42,142 17,034 1,354 * 32,180 1886 87,331 15,733 2,345 * 57,186 23,459 1,733 * 45.717 1887 101,094 19,496 3,037 * 65,348 22,904 2,784 * 51.859 1888 103,541 18.421 3,164 60,759 62,812 1(i,186 2,176 11,818 44,451 1889 102,429 11,962 3,837 * 44,441 9,251 1,980 * 32,666 1890 96,230 8,152 3,820 31,706 36,044 6,813 1,726 5,921 26,204 1891 93,843 6,229 4,710 32.245 49,066 8,416 2,416 383 17,538 1892 93,339 9,118 4,804 * 45,227 6,281 2,529 * * 1893 144,558 18,973 6,387 * 68,251 9,967 3,868 '1 38,326 1894 106,612 8,983 5.007 31,083 46,230 6,083 2,425 371 22,302 1895 150,157 14,518 6,997 * 60,559 8,731 3,653 * * 1896 142,358 15,089 6,451 * 57,055 9,531 3,216 * 29,825 1897 90,828 8,859 5,427 24,150 41,124 4,916 3,224 2,333 17,268 1898 106,983 10,978 6,192 26,575 44,811 5,004 3,301 1,890 20,459 1899 117,794 14,198 5,514 31,903 51,299 4,371 2,594 2,764 22,233 1900 159,571 18,056 8,482 41.376 72,821 7,239 3,847 4,026 27,033 1901 157,657 15.012 11,822 39,512 66,411 3,395 4,128 4,594 22,408 1902 ,,...... 1903 172,770 13,870 14,539 47,551 75,401 4,582 5,346 4,450 18,768 1904 163,079 16,930 10,16.3 41,717 39,215 357 4,156 1,260 17,045 19115 136,001 12,144 13,714 37,130 3S,645 1,942 4,833 1,475 14,864 1906 * * * * * * * * 18,675 1901 179,756 20,206 13,785 47,580 44,495 2,079 5,682 1,809 24,089 1908 121,639 12,416 11,147 31,813 29,387 812 4,295 2,296 13,604 1909 120,954 12,875 9,602 30,798 27,529 233 3,901 3,540 13,379 1910 173,423 22,990 14,121 42,898 37,955 140 5,333 867 23,935 1911 215,036 23,522 19,754 54,818 49,875 400 7,302 4,516 24,345 1912 203,124 13,394 21,779 48,520 44,284 103 6,384 4,236 13,600 1913 240,979 14,198 28,547 41,018 31,161 17 5,611 3,862 14,198 1914 124,032 2,648 13,096 13,118 41,988 * 2,714 3,345 2,648 1915 80,352 * 10,632 15,382 26,698 4,123 1,743 * Total 4,088,141 419,670 278,266 781,6526 1,573,799 247,635 112,520 67,499 776,444 Aver- age.. 123,883 13,538 8,432 37,221 47,691 7,988 3,409 3,214 25,047

For reference notes see page 914. 914 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE STATISTICS. CRINESE IMMIGRANTS TO MALACCA, 1891-1912.

Immigrants to Malacca Immigrantsto Malacca Year Year Unpaid Unpaid Total passengers Total passengers

1891 1,355 491 1902 1892 882 311 1903 271 271 1893 908 194 1904 357 357 1894 1,112 4,8-V 1905 187 187 1895 2,060 922 1906 1896 1,325 680 1907 467 467 1897 328 233 1908 134 134 1898 625 608 1909 96 96 1899 1,323 1,288 1910 790 790 1900 537 494 1911 427 427 1901 347 1912 103 103

SOURCES StatisticalAb.stract forthe several British Overseas Domirtionsand Protectorates. London, 1914 and 1924. Table I (years 1900-21).

Annual Report of the Labor Department of the Straits Settlements, 1923, p. 13. Table I (year 1922).

Colonial Reports(Annual).No. 1264. StraitsSettlements,Report for1924. London, 1925, p. 43. Table I (years 1923 and 1924)

Information supplied by the British Government (Ministry of Labor). Table IV (year 1923).

Annual Departmental Reports of Straits Settlements. Quoted in "Chinese Migrations with Special Reference to Labor Conditions", by Ta Chen.B'ulletin of the United Bureauof Labor Statistics, Washington, 1923, pp. 84-85. Tables 11-Ill.

NOTES 'Except Malacca, for which no returns are available. 249,502 from Southern India, 159,149 from China. to China, 42,778 to Southern India. 462,052 from Southern India, 181,430 from China. 237.326 to Southern India.87,749 to China. yearly figures total 771,652. CEYLON 915

TABLE I.—IMMIGRATION FROM AND EMIGRATION TO INDIA1, 1878-1900.

Immi- Immi- grants Year grants YearEmigrants Year Emigrants

1878 105,862 1890 52,769 1878 91,744 1890 46,085 1879 82,669 1879 81,093 1880 43,343 1891 76,728 1880 73,533 1891 39,138 1892 113,379 1892 20,344 1881 54,204 1893 100,152 1881 61,413 1893 22,663 1882 51,640 1894 94,489 1882 58,356 1894 17,43 92 1883 39,055 1895 72,556 1883 51,205 1893 15,8022 1884 45,962 1884 50,128 1885 46,665 1896 72,267 1885 48,525 1896 15,4342 1891 84,830 1897 14,1232 1886 39,907 1898 80,238 1886 45,250 1898 16,3472 1887 72,660 1899 57,736 1887 55,121 1899 8842 1888 81,710 1900 86,055 1888 55,380 1900 52,607 1889 64,459 1889 52,016

TABLE 11.—IMMIGRATION FROM ANDEMIGRATION TO INDIA,

Immigrants Emigrants Year Immigrants Emigrants

1911 137,115 106,123 1918 103,928 116,227 - 1912 188,273 137,275 1919 191,128 147,465 1913 188,428 148,978 1920 136,699 146,247 1914 174,032 160,161 1921 106,598 127,107 1913 176,237 160,028 1922 174,569 145,737 1916 200,146 172,702 1923 1917 105,916 130,117 1924 156,523

TABLE III.—IMMIGBATION FROM AND EMIGRATION TO INDIA (INDIa COOLIES ONLY), 1900-24.

Year Immigrants Emigrants Year Immigrants Emigrants

1900 207,994 112,936 1913 120,354 90,374 1901 120,603 118,343 1914 78,662 49,031 1902 87,763 63,917 1915 94,828 38,298 1903 63,446 47,715 1916 115,713 47,588 1904 77,302 56,246 1911 47,296 32,119 1905 160,080 63,513 1918 43,184 23,161 1906 88,945 59,659 1919 112,391 34,268 1907 55,724 63,671 1920 45,9128 1908 86,401 78,740 1921 22,3656 1909 79,845 61,287 1922 77,63 66 1910 118,613 64,660 1923 89,8596 1911 97,536 58,916 1924 153,9896 1912 117,475 77,840

For iderence notes see page 916. 916 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

SOURCES Statistical Tables relating to the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom, London. Parts XVII to XXV. Table 1 (years 1878-1900).

Statistical Abstract for the several British Overseas Dorninions and Protectorates. Statistical Department, Board of Trade, London, 1914, 1922, 1924. Tables II (years 1911-21); [II (years 1900-19).

Ceylon Administration Reports for 1924. Immigration and Quarantine. Galle, 1925 Table III (year 1920).

Information supplied by the Ceylon Government: Ceylon Administration Reports for 1924."Indian Immigrant Labor", p. 1519. Table III (years 1921-24).

Information supplied by the British Government (Foreign Office). Table II (year 1922).

Information supplied by the British Government (Ministry of Labor). Table II (years 1923-24). (Emigration figures for 1924 taken from the Ceylon Blue-Book for 1925.)

NOTES lit is not certain whether coolies are included or not. The figures given in table III for 1900 concerning coolics are higher than the figures indicated in table I.The British Government (Ministry of Labor) in a communication dated July 26, 1926, gives the following explanation: "The migration statistics for 1900 published in the Statistical Tables relating to the Colonies and Protectorates were extracted from the Ceylon Blue-Book. The figures supplied by the Ceylon authorities for use in the Statistical Abstract for the Dominions and Protectorates for the year 1906 contained a revision of the 1900 and also of the 1905 figures.These revised figures were accepted and were published in place of the original Blue-Book figures ". Thedifference in the description of migrants in the two publications does not seem to account for the revision, as in subsequent years. 2Exelusive of the emigration from the Province of Sabaragamuwa, the particulars of which are not known. 5The figures 1911-21 reDresent the total number of immigrants and emigrants from and to India. (Statistical Abstract, 1907-21. London, 1924, p. 10, note e.) The same note refers to the figures for 1922, which were communicated by the Foreign Office. The emigration figures from the Ceylon Blue-Book for 1925 and communicated by the Ministry of Labor (Emigration from Ceylon, 1920-24) correspond in 1920-22 with the figures indicating emigration to India, but the figure for 1923 agrees with the total emigration (147,860) of which about one-eighth only was emigration to India (see note 5).It is impossible to tell whether the other figures also include a certain number of immigrants and emigrants from and to other countries than India. 4The total number of arrivals in 1923 was 190,512, of which number 169.607 were from India.The number of Europeans was 5,665. 5Total departures in 1923 numbered 147,860, of whom 130,406 were bound for India. There were 3,501 departures of Europeans during the year. Estate Laborers. DUTCH EAST INDIES 917

DUTCH EAST INDIES rrable I appears to refer to immigrants proper, including citizens and aliens of all nationalities and races. Table II records the number of landing permits issued. In conformity with the Royal Decree of October 15, 1915, the fol- lowin.g classes of persons arriving from a country other than the Dutch Indies are required to have a written permit to land: (a) Dutch citizens not born of parents settled in the Dutch Indies nor themselves domiciled in the Dutch Indies, (b) aliens not domiciled in the Dutch Indies. These landing permits are obtainable on board upon payment of 100 gulden,the amount being returned if the person leaves within a period specified by the Governor-General. The permits are valid for two years and may be extended twice for a maximum period of one year. Table III relates to the migrations of native coolies.

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANTS, BY NATIONALITY, 1923.

Nethe:rlanders 2,268 Other Europeans, Americans,Africans and Australians 906 Japanese 668 Chinese 21,169 Arabs 675 Other oriental aliens 2,224

Total 27,910

TABLE 11.—NUMBER OF PERMITS FOR ADMITTANCE,19 2

Other alien Year Total Europeans Chinese Arab Asiatics

1913 — 30,504 3,350 25,163 422 1,569 1919 35,180 6,638 25,279 378 2,883 1920 42,046 9,229 28,653 719 3,445 1921 63,011 7,427 49,844 839 4,903 1922 48,867 4,621 39,623 969 3,654 1923 41,617 4,140 34,015 702 2,760 1924 37,812 4,374 30,232 494 2,712

For reference notes see page 918. 918 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE 111.—EMIGRATIoN AND IMMIGRATION OF COOLIES, BY COUNTRY OF FUTURE OIl LAST RESIDENCE, 1923-24.

Emigrants Immigrants Country of future or last residence 1923 1924 1923 1924

New Caledonia .... 650 133 298 British North Borneo 353 92 224' 79' Sarawak .... 299 81 .... Federated Malay States and Straits Settle- ments 145 156 19 30' Coehin-China ...... 27 14 Dutch Guiana 633 1,089 198 ...

Total 1,131 2,286 609 421

SOURCE Information supplied by the Government (Colonial Department). Tables 1, II, III.

NOTES IThese statistics include only returning workmen who reported themselves on their arrival in Java to the Commissary for Labor Recruitment. 2Cjtjzen and alien officials, crews, and transients are not required to have permits. ______

FRENCH IND 0-CHINA 919

Cochin China TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN IM1VUGRANTS AND REPATRIATED PERSONS1, BY NATIONALITY, 1879-83 -

1879 Immigrants Repatriated Nationality Total Males Total Males Jats

French 130 89 — 35 6 109 82 24 3 English 14 12 2 .. 7 6 1 German 12 5 1 6 5 5 Italian 6 5 1 ... 1 1 Austrian .... 1 1 ...... 1 ... 1 Spanish 1 1 ...... 1 1 Swiss 1 1 ...... 1 1 . Belgian ...... Russian ...... ,. ... Portuguese 9 4 1 4 8 4 2 2 Netherlander 1 1 . .. 1 1 Greek 2 2 Turkish .... Swedish. ...

1880

French 161 94 42 15 139 101 30 8 English 19 17 2 ... 12 11 1 German 17 15 2 ... 6 5 1 Italian 7 2 5 ... 4 2 2 Austrian ...... 1 1 Spanish 2 ... 2 ...... Swiss 3 3 .. ... 1 1 Belgian 2 1 1 ... 1 1 . Russian 1 ... 1 ... . Portuguese 2 1 1 . . . 1 1 . Netherlauder 2 2 .. ... 1 1 . Greek 1 1 .. ... 3 3 Turkish ...... Swedish. .. ..'

1881

French... 170 115 37 18 147 95 29 23 English . 30 16 5 9 18 12 1 5 German 12 9 3 . 5 5 ... Italian 2 1 1 . 1 1 .. Austrian 1 1 ...... Spanish ...... Swiss ...... 2 2 Belgian ...... Russian ...... 3 1 2 Portuguesi 2 1 1 ...... Netherlander 2 2 .. . 1 1 Greek ...... Turkish ...... Swedish ......

Forreference notes see page 920. 920 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS AND REPATRIATED PERSONS,1 BY NATIONALITY, 18 79-83 (continued).

1882 Nationa'lity Immigrants Repatriated

Total Males TotalMales

French 206 145 45 16 140 110 22 8 English 30 27 2 1 16 13 3 German 10 10 ...... 4 4

Italian 3 3 . . . . . 2 1 1 Austrian ...... Spanish 1 1 ...... Swiss 1 1 ...... 1 1 Belgian ...... 1 1

Russian 1 1 ...... 1 1 . Portuguese 1 1 ...... 1 1

Netherlander 1 1 ...... 4 3 1

Greek 1 1 ...... Turkish 2 2 ...... Swedish 1 1 ......

1883

French 254 187 48 19 208 147 39 22 English 45 37 4 4 28 9 7 12

German 5 4 1 . .. 5 4 1 Italian 4 4 ...... 3 3 Austrian 7 3 3 1 . 6 5 1 Spanish ...... 2 2 Swiss 2 1 1 ...

Belgian 2 2 ...... 2 2

Russian 2 . . . 2 . . . 4 1 2

Portuguese 2 2 ...... 1 1

Netherlander 2 2 ......

Greek 1 1 ......

Turkish 1 1 ...... 3 2 1 Swedish ......

TABLE 11.—CHINESE IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1879-83.

Year Immigrants Emigrants Year Immigrants Emigrants

1879 15,236 9,042 1882 8,414 7,848 1880 15,013 9,734 1883 10,989 6,992 1881 7,497 8,499

SOURCE Notices Colonial es.Paris, 1885, pp. 410-13.

NOTE of the administrative staff are not included. TABLE L—DISTRIBTJTION OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH PASSENGERS EMBARKED AND DISEMBARKED, BY SEX AND NATIONALITY, 1913-24. Disembarked from the Straits Settlements Embarked for the Straits Settlements (Singapore, Rangoon, Penang, etc.) 1 Year (Singapore, Rangoon, Penang), or from Ceylon French English - Total French Men Women English 19131914 Total 617314534 511922 Men 564428Women273 Total 345519 533367817 411617 493Men323720 Women 275624 682653418 496825 570554352 314163 1,099Total1,564 763 118 5728 Men1,404 Women 981683 425261 19191918191719161915 281119102290 231619 8 255239 9888 1619 56 179236432350 21312423 373300139180 25352719 424757341709 65194158 653315358607 394425 7 1,2331,450 453527 155 424886 1,0671,299 414460 651119 7 1923192219211920 230261250164 23202214 204222133210 121918 8 454164186258 13211024 420156215125 21201819 162404607 97 274355 7 128339513 74 162239 7 3,2122,2992,1501,798 339160198194 2,0231,8492,7781,560 116103 4495 1924 135 5 129 Information supplied by the FrenchPublic Government Works).1 (Etablissements français de' 203 14 173 16 SOURCE 142 18 119 5 2,654 200 2,347 107 1.3 922 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

PONDICHERRY

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF PASSENGERS DISEMBARKED FROM THE PACKET-BOATS OF THE MESSAGERIES MARITIMES SHIPPING COMPANY, BY NATIONALITY, 1916-24.

Year Total Nationality Place of embarkation

1916 13 12 French and 1 English. 1919 23 Including 9 French and 12 Hin- dus. Saigon, Haiphong or Marseilles. 1920 35 17 French, the remainder Hin- dus or English. Marseilles, Colombo or India. 1921 5 Indo-China or India. 1922 44 Chiefly Hindus. 1923 7 Mostly from Saigon.

1924 . 18

TABLE II.—DIsmrntrrIoN OFPASSENGERS EMBARKED ON THE PACKET-BOATS OF THE MESSAGERIES MARITIMES SHIPPING COMPANY, BY NATIONALITY, 1916-1924.

Year Total Nationality Destination

1916 11 French. Mostly for Saigon or Jibuti. 1918 6 French or English. 1919 18 Chifly English or Hindus. Mostly for Saigon or Haiphong. 1920 62 Chiefly French, a few Hindus.Mostly for Marseilles or Saigon. 1921 14 Including a few French. For Saigon or Colombo. 1922 2 1 English and 1 French. 1923 10 9 French and 1 Pole. For Marseilles, Saigon or Col- ombo. 1924 3 2 French and 1 Persian. For Colombo.

SOURCE Information supplied by the French Government (Colonial Ministry). Tables I and II. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 923

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANT ALIENS, BY AND AGE, 1910-24.

Under 16 43 years and Year1 Total Males Fern ales years 1644 years over

19:1.0 2,308 1,984 324 4402 100 19:11 2,946 2,456 490 6252 126 1912 2,536 2,098 438 5472 77 1913 4,408 3,865 343 9642 121 1914 4,049 3,550 499 8162 147 1915 3,926 3,463 463 1,1132 84 1916 4,122 3,553 569 1,0382 223 1917 5,797 5,236 561 1,2432 4,3743 180 19:8 7,698 6,985 713 1,203 6,313 182 199 9,872 8,260 1,612 2,646 6,936 290 1920 10,009 8,357 1,652 2,713 6,884 412 1921 10,652 8,978 1,674 2,844 7,346 462 1922 6,537 5,641 896 1,780 4,582 175 1923 6,689 5,588 1,101 2,146 4,365 178 1924 7,139 5,485 1,654 2,205 4,533 301

TABLE 11.—DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANT ALIENS, BY OCCUPATION, 1910-24.

IndustryTransportDomestic Liberalj.Otheroccu- Year Total Agri- and and service pations, culture nnmng. and gen-and public none or commerceeral laborservices unknown

1910 2,308 26 324 581 283 181 913 1911 2,946 403 331 471 64 164 1,511 1912 2,536 407 208 423 64 131 1,303 1913 4,408 874 309 626 154 191 2,254 1914 4049 683 348 729 120 175 1,994 1915 3;926 434 286 219 43 100 2,844 1916 4,122 534 235 527 42 157 2,627 1917 5,797 1,886 53 424 .17 197 3,220 1918 7,698 3,685 73 395 11 107 3,427 1919 9,872 1,483 83 864 204 106 7,132 1920 10,009 322 66 802 65 165 8,589 1921 10,652 275 54 776 19 134 9,394 1922 5,537 154 26 368 12 104 5,873 1923 6,689 191 19 301 12 39 6,127 1924 7,139 331 31 441 9 93 6,234

For reference notes see page 924. 924 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE III.—DIsmInrrrIoN OF EMIGRANT ALIENS, BY SEX AND AGE, 1910-24.

Year' Total Males Females Un 116 1644 years

1910 17010 900 110 412 5588 411 1911 896 747 149 942 134 1912 729 557 172 1082 99 1q13 768 566 202 1072 5393 122 1952 1914 1,782 1,459 323 I 263 1915 1,120 884 236 1122 128 1916 850 646 204 802 124 1917 807 604 203 842 117 1918 793 629 166 43 682 70

1919 1,215 951 264 I 99 1,023 93 1920 1,509 1,203 306 201 1,106 202 1921 1,724 1,377 347 283 1,181 260

1922 1,105 941 164 I 69 959 77 1923 1,077 900 177 85 904 88 1924 938 707 231 138 628 172

TABLE IV.—ThsTRIBtrrioN OF ALIENS, BY OCCUPATION, 1910-24.

Industry TransportDomestic LiberalOther occu- Year' Total Agri- and amd service professionspations, culture mimng. . commerceand gen-and public none or era! labor services unknown

1910 1,010 12 54 378 282 57 227 1911 896 18 81 339 116 46 276 1912 729 15 91 277 46 47 253 1913 768 17 63 299 52 66 271 1914 1,782 48 166 492 522 86 468 1915 1,120 44 174 315 197 77 313 1916 850 69 137 263 66 51 264 1917 807 55 104 214 56 84 294 1918 795 209 124 135 68 48 211 1919 1,215 347 115 202 152 44 355 1920 1,509 470 48 300 141 67 483 1921 1,724 285 36 536 33 62 772 1922 1 105 580 90 111 23 62 239 1923 1:077 337 71 125 48 47 249 1924 938 275 49 165 29 70 350

SOURCE Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigrationto the Secretary of Commerce and Labor for the fiscal year ended June Washington, 1910 to 1924.' Tables I-TV.

NOTES 'Fiscal years ended June 30. 2Under 14 years. 'From 14 to 44 years. SIAM 925

TABLE 1.—ARalvas AND DEPARTURES,PORT OF BANGKOK AND SOUTHERN FRONTIER, 1918/19—1923/24.

Depa.r- Excess of YearL Arrivals ExcessQf Year' Arrivals arrivals

1918—19 80,233 52,989 27,244 1921—22 104,570 28,773 1919—20 88,117 74,669 13,448 1922—23 126,557 26,681 1920—2 1 96,670 68,746 27,924 1923—24 158,863 55,256

TABLE 11.—ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES AT THE PORT OF BY SEX, 1922/23—1923/24.

Arrivals Departures Year' Total Males Females Total , Males Females 1922—23 91,669 77,539 14,130 63,701 54,043 9,658 1923—24 110,546 89,100 21,446 63,342 52,484 10,858

TABLE 111.—AlutivALs AND DEPARTURES AT THE PORT OF BANGKOK, BY NATIONALITY,

Arrivals Departures Nationality 1922-23' 1923-24' 1922-23' 1923-24'

Siamese 406 501 1)246 819 Chinese 89,329 107,987 60,162 60,342 British 406 401 407 356 French 69 103 73 129 Danish 80 59 67 55 American 162 126 156 115 Indian 478 585 566 528 Malay 378 344 597 554 Japanese 64 110 141 91 Others 297 330 284 343

TotaL 91,669 110,546 63,701 63,342

TABLE IV.—ARRIVALSAND DEPARTURES ACROSS THE SOUTHERN FRONTIER, 1922/23—1923/24.

Excessof departures Year' Arrivals Departures (—)orarrivals (+)

1922—23 34,888 36,175 1923—24 48,317 40,265 +8,052

SOURCE Statistical Year-Book of the Kingdom of Siam, 1924.Publishedby the Department ofCommerce and Statistics, Ministry of Finance.English Edition, Bangkok, 1924, pp. 28-32. All tables. NOTE tYears ending March 31st. 926 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

CHINA Chinese emigration, notably of industrial laborers, started at different ports in different years.Diverse authorities were responsible for the collection of the statistics relating thereto. 1. For the first decade (1845-55) port statistics, based on consular reports, were laid before the British Parliament.These data have been taken from the official Portuguese report of 1874 which declares that the earliest data published in the English sources are not entirely correct and convey the impression that the exportation of indentured laborers increased more rapidly than it did.(RelatorioDocumentos...,p.4). In addition to the earliest figures for Amoy, data relating to four ports in the Province of Canton, the most important emigration centre, are available for the period 1848-52.Later Hongkong and Macao alone a noteworthy part.The figures for emigration from Canton to Peru are derived from the reports of the Peruvian consul at Canton and are not included in the emigration statistics of the four ports.Ac- cording to an English statement, 2,025 emigrants left the four ports in 1852 for South America, Peru (1,350) presumably included. The data for llongkong from English sources, and for Macao from a Portuguese source, are available until 1873, but not for every year. We have not been able to ascertain whether no coolies were exported during those years or whether no data were collected. 2. From 1876 onward figures are available relating to Chinese emigration or passenger traffic via Amoy (1876-19 17, tables V and VI) and also Kungchow and Swatow (190 1-07, table VII).These figures relate mainly to continental emigration, e. g., to the Straits Settlements, Siam, Cochin China, Java, Sumatra, and Philippines, and to coastwise traffic with Hongkong. They were collected by the Customs authorities of the several ports.(China. Inspectorate General of Customs. Annual Sta- tistical Series.Data for certain years are not available.)For Am oy the classification, until 1901, differs from that of later dates (compare the Bulletin by Ta Chen), and accordingly two tables are given. 3.For the period 1870-1900 no figures were found for Hongkong. From 1900 onward they reappear in British colonial statistics.It is a question of aggregate figur&s of Chinese emigrants and immignnts pro- ceeding to and from countries outside China (more especially to and from the Straits Settlements). Immigrants or emigrants who are not resident in Hongkong but in other parts of China and who use Hongkong as their port of arrival or departure appear in the statistics only when they disembark from, or em- bark for, places outside of China. Statistics about the number of migrants from China to Cochin China (1879-S3), Straits Settlements (1881-1915), Brazil (1908-24), Canada, Cuba,Indo-China,Mexico (1909-24),UnitedStates(1820-1924), Hawaii (1911-24), New South Wales (1859-1901), Victoria (1886-1901), CHINA 927

Queensland (1875-1901), Australia (1902-24) and New Zealand (1871-1919) will be found in the national tables for those countries.Statistics about the number of migrants returning to China from Cochin China (1879- 83), Straits Settlements (1888-1915), Mexico (1911-24), United States (1908-24), Hawaii (1911-24), New South Wales (1859-1919), Victoria (1866- 1919), Queensland (1875-1919), Australia (1920-24) and New Zealand (1872-1919) will be found in the national tables for those countries.

TABLE 1.—EMIGRATION OF INDENTURED LABORERS (CITIZENS), BY PORTS OF EM- BARKATION,

I FromCanton From Total of Year Wampu, available coming To From From figures Macao Peru Hongkong Macao and Hong- kong2

1845 180 180 1846 200 ... 200 1847 1848 120 10 .... 130

1849 280 900 75 . 1,255 1850 1,000 3,118 1,465 5,583 1851 2,069 3,508 1,163 6,740

1852 15,000 1,350 . 18,089

1853 . 2,070 2,070 1854 1,233 1,233 1855 ... 14,991 1856 14,466 2,493 16,959

1857 . . 25,980 7,383 33,363 1858 15,810 10,034 25,844

1859 .. . . 10,217 8,969 19,186

1860 . . 15,183 8,119 23,302 * 1861 . . 12,840 12,840 1862 * 2,536 2,536 1863 * 6,660 6,66Q 1864 * 10,712 10,712 1868 . 12,206 21,083 1869 9,000 27,285

1870 . 13,407 26,399 1871 . * 17,083 17,083 . * 1872 . 21,854 21,854 1873 * 13,016 13,016

For reference notes see page 932. 028 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE 11.—DISTRIBUTION OF INTERCONTINENTAL EMIGRANTS FROM HONGEONG, BY SEX AND COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, 1859-61.

Country of Adults Children Year destination To ta! Total MalesFe malesTotalMalesFemales Australia 5,316 5,316 5,316 821 798 742 56 15 1839Demerara 8 California 4,080 4,054 3,543 511 26 8 18 Total 10,217 10,168 9,601 567 49 23 26

Australia. 6,564 6,564 6,564 India 66 66 66 1860 Demerara..,. 1,313 1,221 902 ½ California.... 7,240 7,240 6,799 441 Total 15,183 15,091 14,331 760 92 33

Australia... 2,809 2,799 2,799 10 10 Demerara... 2,297 2,269 1,921 48 28 16 12 1861 {California... 7,734 7,718 7,096 622 16 5 11 Total 12,840 12,786 11,816 970 54 31 23

TABLE IlL—EMIGRATIoN ANDIMMIGRATIONThROUGH HONGKONG°, 1900-24.

\Tear Emigrants Immigrants Year Emigrants Immigrants

1900 83,643 121,322 1912 122,657 163,248 1913 142,759 166,921 1901 69,774 129,030 1914 76,296 168.827 1902 71,711 129,812 1915 68,275 109,753 1903 83,384 140,551 1904 76,304 149,195 1916 117,653 72,405

1905 64.341- 140,483 1917 96,298 98,232 . 1918 43,830 74,109 1906 76,725 134,912 1919 59,969 136,020 1907 105,976 145,822 1920 105,258 122,438 1908 71,081 157,809 1909 77,430 144,821 1921 156,011 159,064 1910 111,058 149,564 1922 98,393 143,547 1923 120,227 121,102 1911 135,565 149,894 1924 129,859

TABLE IV.—INTERCONTINENTAL EMIGRATIONThROUOH MACAO, BY COUNTRY OF DES- TINATION,1856-73. Other Other Year Total HavanaPeru coun- Year Total HavnnaPeru countries tries

1856 2,493 2,253 .... 240 1864 10,712 4,469 6,243 325 1857 7,383 6,753 450 180 1868 12,206 8,835 3,371 ... 185810,034 8,913 300 821 1869 9,000 4,124 4,876 ... 1859 8,969 7,695 321 953 1870 13,407 1,064J2,343 ,.. 1860 8,119 5,773 2,098 248 1871 17,083 5,70611,377 . 1861 ...... 1872 21,854 8,04513,809 ... 1862 2,536 752 1,459 325 1873 13,016 6,307 6,709 .. 1863 6,660 2,922 3,738 325 For reference notes see page 932. Total Hongkong Straits i Saigon Manila Java ' Other places • 18771876Year 26,49626,546 To 23,27918,338Vrnrn 1,0021,528 S lULLS 6,1075,206 13,80415,115 rn.SettlementsLU From 6,7504,931 1,039 .... 10 From 675370 5,3626,675 To From3,7364,876 1,975 974To From 169216 3,3142,254To From 3,8422,739 187918781880 30,28122,03722,336 24,31820,76424,524 1,3531,579 831 2,4713,9196,241 13)56310,90315,734 13,628 7,4996,539 980195539 180 21 4,1045,2107,170 6,0316,6797,914 1,474 722995 268258215 1 2,6223,3363,344 3,5941,9202,229 1884188318821881 48,96339,99158,27252,835 45,30943,61333,47553,99835,270 2,4214,1572,6971,344 4,5164,7854,8113,684 34,47124,97732,51121,003 17,75624,19112,933 9,821 1380 5 ...... 202 62 12,87111,098 8,5729,472 11,58310,599 8,0809,293 575 .. 8,4968:72187,592 975 11,15914,49010,5739,5117,580 18861885 49,73765,292 50,872 2,0192,394 6,3964,375 42,78528,818 20,49421,221 . 8,3658,726 10,437 9,714 . .. 12,07412,1239,599 14,268 18911890188918881887 78,01270,697735007351,436 663 49,53855,19454,28854,71466,624 4,2943,2333,1622,5855,791 4,8797,1476,1906,2677,970 47,92242:8964347:908 21417 810 46,11923,37227,96923,99723,849 .. 23 11,55912,02913,26911,761 9,836 11,540 6,9388,8737,4097,995 416 . 11,21015,96013,40914,8929,485 12,21413,73712,13411,78913,03511,126 0 18961895189418931892 113,600 70,89685,96183,58169,478 54,84474,01260,20478,31150,217 2,4696,0662,8854,0481,928 12,84525,49814,634 8,2967,398 52,81152,62748:07146 69,159638 29,24417,99223,68536,47920,545 1,6371,022 . 971 617 342517 5,8744,4617,6338,8559,702 10,060 2,4382,9739,842 953 30,96421,79410,19422,607 10,28329,54418,29523,677 II 19011900189918981897 105,416 95,48181,60775,28758,556 72,25867,71170,33561,21766,560 5,5234,8554,3067,6093,246 24,43026,86026,64623,66023,297 34,71147,11535,13079,263 32,79424,89327,04623,51126,582 1,0331,0502,0211,124 375 ... 346640 80 . 10,044 9,5379,5449,3647,201 2,8391,3351,5201,143 985 10.55910,20411,02510,07512,604 14,62715,04311,20715,53813,039 Year TABLE VL—CBINESE PASSENGERS OUTWARD FROM AM0Y, 1902-17 (sCATrERED YEARS). Total To Singapore, etc. To Manila, etc. Hongkong, etc.To Formosa, 16,853 19171915191219081902 126,008102,51666,90777.78179,243 48,13946,93778,23229,46591,807 4,0425,7205:18474317,272 28,48127,12230,170 OUTWARD TABLE VIJ.—PASSENGERS (CHJNESE) INWARD TO AND I FROM KIUNGCHOW, 1876-1901. 0 Year To Total From - To Hongkong From ToCochin-China, From Straits SettlementsTo From To Bangkok From jI ToOther places II4 1876 1,097 1,827 1,078 799 8 19 9 737 . . 11 6 From 292 7 187918781877 2,0311,452 2,2451,824 1,9811,397 2,2041,808 .314029 38 . . .. 30 . .. 3 . 38 '—34 18801881 3,1422,3823,051 5,0223,4313,307 2,9632,1502)982 4,3603,2542,645 2913 994415 ...... 270...... 150219 .... 293162618 18831882 3,2914,187 8,9216,732 3,7613,600 5,6244,999 . 124. 93 . . 623136 . 63 1,590 519 . 687183 333134 397895 18881887188618851884 15,52112,32510,5009,8795,333 15,15014,80712,48813,607 8,725 6,7276,2525,0627,4025,237 9,5778,4577,2488,8115,567 184103 5523 335225141184146 5,9734,4993,4611,370 ...... 3,6843,9402,7082,6862,124 2,415 875906841.. 1,039 927849867808 222347644864 96 1.2991,3481,218 709140 18931892189118901889 17,89210,98814,49215,42217,477 16,37212,32015,00513,19716,112 4,0756,0973,9705,0745,771 10,4998,9918,1227,7207,071 110154113 8684 109143183 7770 5,1729,1237,8296,9758,638 4,0423.1933.6555,4866,900 3,6122,7031,5381,8951,874 1,5061,1191,4991,167 244462134266252 248279-452179790 S"—I 18981897189618951894 20,35620,39617,20316,68018,969 14)68516,60116,76111,97514,813 3,7837,0465,1264,1466,173 12,04910,8799,2348,5067,971 140 29987391 110 989081 10,1544,5176,9546,7827,531 2,6995,0032,0722,0371,811 7,3295,4294.3934,3616,255 2,3822,4822,935.1,6841,596 281235346150182 23ó182169138191 wZ0 190119001899 ' 16,98615,25421,S36 16,83815,84415,624 4,1094,4384,291 10,02511,53111,748 341 4750 . 208108 50 10,4669,2807,610 2,1651,9491,142 2,8092,9476,646 2,8022,6103,233 447383212 309132294 298,772 296,233 116,691 189,709 2,148 3,231 116,397 60,142 56,858 32,1541 . 6,678 10,977 U] Year Total TABLE VIII.—PASSENGERS (CHINESE) INWARD TO AND OUTWARD FROM SWATOW, 1876-1901. Hongkong Siam China Settlements Sumatra Coastal places 18771876 40,259To From25,92125,202 11,639 To From 21,302 To 942795 From 257 31 To 622138 From 164142 20,01424,675To From 3542 To . From 3,3232,863 To From3,4662,440 18791878 38,79940,889 30,73929,044 18,96712,60815,626 27,60726,50723,244 335876 66 . 467337 2333 20,94816,274 .... 284 2,5563,102 2,7572,273 18811880 49,35640,735 28,53330,734 17,33320,986 25,51227,762 838219 ... 7 147 . . 153 76 28,06616,547 3015 3,1192,836 2,9082,804 18831882 77,07171,301 44,77340,042 16,41716,983 40,77534,603 10,53310,480 . 207 26 536 18 118312 24 45,73340,087 3,446 .. . . 3,8523,733 3,9745,101 1887188618851884 72,01871,31165,16768,246 52,59048,49954,14744,586 12,98313,77715,41512,566 49,15944,58741,19437,447 8,7366,3336,5415,347 20 1,366 .... 429 95 103 3022 46,66746,71037,44644,351 3,555 300 . 3,2033,1255,6705,982 3,3283,5829,3563,368 0 189018891888 68,57377,37768,747 53,55357,46258,040 13,35816,39416,311 49,48646,29153,277 10,844 9,1716,129 2,499 ...... 1,600 505368 115 25 35,57044,20840,066 5,516 .... 265152 5,0663,8251,222 ...... 4473 3,2303,3013,419 3,6433,9353,619 1891 62,618 58,652 18,542 53,574 8,430 .... 25 435 . 25 27,742 262 3,912 32 . 3,257 4,738 18931892 93,09562,465 36,21750,261 17,37014,521 51,797 15,509 9,652 . . 2,1371,211 57 48,60130,728 97 . 5,9302,991. . 3,5483,362 4,3634,121 1897189618951894 71,24891,48791,100 62,03862,42451,71754,173 12,63917,14710,50615,302 46,91548,72945,51146,995 17,12215,25917,10915,754 8,3455,783 887.. . 3,0264.0162,9224,496 . 230.. 8 24,75249,91845,91533,146 1,1491,420 ... 322894 5,3028,3425,8827,194 1,1611,054 629466 3)8993,5556,0873,202 4,4686,9534,2584,175 1898190119001899 94,344798,20189,79473,995 80,10770,01158,55779,718 21,71914,58018,05216,629 62,34561,97154,44044,417 20,05920,58117,75416,678 10,05210,7118,8438,649 3,7807,4915,8634,962 I 40,42034,773'28,07036,888 ....355225 6,1108,6998,9166,360 942637669827 5,4674,8223,9313,451 5,7208,4314,8504,309 For reference notes see page 932. 794,298 1,307,744 408,424 1,111,490 252,226 56,639 47,267 1,777 18,364 79,750 :6,534 97,987 112,940 I. 932 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

SOURCES Relatorio e Documentos sobre a Aboliçao da cmi gracao de chinas contratados e Macau. Apresentado as cOrtes na sessao legislativa de 1874 pelo Ministro e Secretario d'Estado dos negocios de Merinha e IJitramar.Lisbon, 1874. Tables I (except Hongkong, 1859-61) and IV.

Bulletin of the United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 340. Chinese Migration wi/h special Reference to Labor Conditons, by Ta Chen, Washington, 1923, p. 15. Table VI.

Statistical Tables relating to the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom. Parts VI, WI, IX, London, 1862. Table I (Hongkong, 1859-61) and II.

Statistical Abstract for the several British Overseas Dominions and Protectorate.s, London, 1914, 1922, 1924. rrable III (years 1900-21).

Information supplied by the British Government (Foreign Office and Ministry of Labour). Table III (years 1922-24).

H. Gottwaldt, Die übcrseeische Auswanderung der Chinesen, Bremen, 1903, pp. 39-41. Tables V, VII and VIII.

NOTES coolie emigrants were bound for the following places: "990 for Havana, 469 for Demerara, 380 for the Island of Bourbon. 2.666 for Australia, 380 for the Sandwich Islands. 600 for Batanes in the Philippine Group. 330 for California, or more probab'y for Peru, and 420 for Peru."Reiatorio CDocu,nen- tos,p.5.The difference between the annual figures of table I and thefigures referringto countries of destination derive from the original source. 2To California only. 15 months. 'From December 1, 1854 to September 30, 1855.This figure refers to frçe or spontaneous and non- indentured emigrants; of them 10,467 sailed for Australia, 3,042 for California, 1,375 for Chinese ports, Li for the Philippines. SO for Siam, and 46 for Singapore. 'Principally non-indentured emigrants. 6The figures given represent the movements of Chinese through Hongkong from and to ports outside of China (principally in the Straits Settlements). 'Including 277 to German New Guinea.

0 JAPAN 933

JAPAN

I PASSENGER STATISTICS (Tables I-IT) Table I indicates the total number of passports issued to Japanese passengers from 1868 to 1924 and classifies the passengers according to the country of destination.Table II, which gives the occupations of the outward bound passengers, is compiled on the same basis.The figures contained in the last column represent, however, emigrants proper.(See explanation which follows.)

IISTATISTICS OF MIGRANTS (Tables III-V) Emigration statistics are available from 1898 (table III), immigration figures from 1908 (table V). The term "emigrant" is defined as follows: "By an emigrant is meant a person who departs for abroad except China and Corea, with a view to earning his living there, and includes the members of his family who accompany him or who proceed to join him in his new domicile." The term "labor" in Article 1 of the Regulations relating to the Emi- grant Protection Act includes the following classesof labor: farm laborers,fishermen, miners, mechanics, transport workers, builders, cooks, laundry workers, tailors, hairdressers, waiters, nurses and others. These emigrants are also given in the last column of table II (1899- 1924).The two groups "laborers" and "persons in the employ of aliebs" are, according to the Japanese delegation at the League of Nations, to be considered—so far as the period 1884-98 is in question— as corresponding to the category "emigrants".Migrants given in the tables under other headings than those mentioned are nonemigrants. The immigration statistics (table V) cover third class passengers returning to Japan from the United States, Hawaii and Canada (1908-24). Statistics about the number of migrants from Japan to Brazil (1908-24), Canada (1900-24), Cuba (1911-24), Mexico (1911-24), United States (1861-1924), Hawaii (1911-24), Australia(1902-24) and New Caledonia (1897-1924) will be found in the national tables for those countries.Statistics about the number of migrants returning to Japan from the United States (1908-24), Hawaii (1911-24), Mexico (1911-24), Australia (1920-24), and New Caledonia (1897-1924), will be found in the national tables for those countries. 934 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE I.—DISTRHUnI0N OFPASSENGER CITIZENS OUTWARD, BY COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, 1868-1924.

Other United North Argen- Year Total Hawaii Canada Mexico Brazil PerI-I States American tina coun tries

1868—1875 4,637 596 1816 709 128 1817 1,002 35 1818 1,140 51 1879 1,133 37 1880 1,510 48

1881 1,067 55 1882 1,274 60 5 1883 1,390 59 1884 1,354 284 1883 3,461 312 1,939

1886 3,007 332 971 1887 4,735 461 1,893 1888 6,552 157 3,308 1889 7,772 399 4,244 1890 8,166 611 4,340

1891 13,618 1,461 7,171 181 1892 10,218 2,344 2,413 112 1893 13,669 1,978 4,764 1,133 35 1894 16,126 1,497 4,036 779 6 1895 22,411 1,049 2,445 434 3

1896 27,365 1,764 9,486 349 15 1897 23,837 1,945 5,913 206 21 1898 33,291 2,936 12,952 1,039 1899 51,057 6,942 27,155 1900 41.339 10,562 4,760

1901 24,034 1,986 2,982 69 152 1902 32,900 5,096 11,457 490 187 1903 34,202 3,213 so 455 159 1904 27,375 3,490 12,621 341 201 1905 19,466 3,124 7,146 374

1906 58,851 8,466 30,393 1,100 5,322 19 1,000 6 1907 44,619 9,618 15,757 3,603 3,945 4 is 108 13 1908 21,334 3,214 3,621 738 18 709 3,026 6 1909 15,302 1,766 1.2 73 342 13 16 1,277 10 1910 21,982 2,900 1,919 629 37 847 492 9 1911 29,950 3,895 2,950 865 60 9 411 14 1912 20,782 6,021 3,243 1,123 74 1,244 713 30 1913 44,084 6,460 4,872 1,432 106 28 2,703 1,147 123 1914 43.570 8,398 3,558 1,423 102 53 1,395 1,118 71 1915 43.692 8,53? 3,414 887 61 80 80 1,386 62

1916 45,765 8,659 4,321 1,205 72 521 63 1,518 185 1917 60,371 9,962 4,856 1,3 68 103 283 3.941 2,021 154 1918 62,571 10,716 3,578 1,994 215 364 5,532 1,844 188 1919 60,187 11,303 3,759 1,883 137 290 1,362 1,605 231 1920 55,607 11,142 3,497 1,534 101 313 1,008 1,029 68

1921 35.640 8,557 3,939 1,378 143 269 1,011 800 94 1922 30,411 7,454 3,553 1,160 142 250 1,091 293 81 1923' 24,847 6,289 2,661 765 136 269 844 443 102 1924 26,932 8,723 2,160 1,230 276 447 3,858 751 123

For reference notes see page 941 JAPAN 935

TABLE1.—DISTRIBUTION OF PASSENGER CITIZENS OUTwARD, BY COUNTRY OF DESTINATION 1868-1924 (continued).

Other Other South Euro- Federat- Year ChileAmen- Africa EnglandFrance Ger- pean ed Malay Philip- lean many coun- ha States, pines coun— tries etc. tries

1868—1815 4 . . 225 96 73 153 3 .

1876 2 . . 28 14 2 9 . ..

. 1877 . 32 40 5 3 9 . 1878 76 .. 47 66 4 9 3

1879 . . . 25 12 8 4 . . .- .

. . 1880 . 16 18 22 36 7 .

1881 . . 15 12 3 9 2

1882 . 26 24 17 27 1883 2 15 21 13 8 41

1884 . . 83 32 49 11 6

. . 21 1885 250 I 11 27 23

1886 . . 56 31 56 8 49

1887 . 107 38 46 30 11 1888 4 241 40 34 196 8 1889 21 300 31 38 16 14 1890 10 219 43 52 28 14

1891 3 .. 92 296 25 17 53 40 4 1892 1 .. 69 201 26 10 834 132 6 1893 1 1 299 15 29 6 1,242 86 26 1894 4 3 177 10 26 8 963 88 5

1895 . .. 173 10 23 4 169 106 13

1896 719 23 29 10 843 144 4

1897 100 16 55 . . 351 153 .

1898 1,217 32 42 . . 1,128 96 1899 701 93 84 13 258 154 12 1900 1,188 395 269 .. 314 278 61

1901 .. .. 553 29 76 .. 427 173 42

. . 1902 .. 98 17 76 . 255 118 47

1903 91 . 50 25 81 24 220 68 271 1904 21 2 78 6 43 16 222 44 646 1905 28 5 116 27 53 22 60 125 542

1906 6 14 11 154 33 110 29 36 161 225 1907 16 15 2 223 34 98 51 48 194 271 1908 7 30 4 195 34 115 17 40 160 197 1909 3 13 .. 278 39 89 29 26 140 227

1910 5 15 . . 537 20 96 40 1,053 235 396

1911 5 4 265 22 90 37 386 392 657

1912 10 4 . . 206 27 141 31 52 673 923 1913 39 13 ., 208 33 115 233 84 704 1,092

1914 38 11 . 194 76 65 136 63 543 922

1915 37 13 1 651 34 . . 77 87 587 741

1916 31 29 6 535 38 -. 394 83 1,065 1,281

1917 43 43 25 148 32 . . 124 71 1,634 3,599 1918 52 44 23 220 95 .. 371 126 1,706 3,738

1919 40 36 10 246 91 . . 340 211 1,339 1,497

1920 41 17 13 , 189 110 14 306 152 1,066 901

1921 35 50 38 194 112 50 274 164 107 799 1922 24 50 23 190 102 102 300 299 594 575 1923' 14 16 9 184 106 116 422 164 566 746

1924 16 14 11 ...... 769 297 591 857

Forreference notes see page 941. 936 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF PASSENGER CITIZENS OUTWARD, BY COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, 18684924 (concluded).

Other Russia Other Various Year islands India Siam Indo- China Hon and Ter- coun- of the China Koncz ritories countries Pacific tries 1868—1875 1,214 90 1,965 218 1876 284 100 80 62 1877 299 71 503 3 1878 271 62 545 1879 319 50 660 iS 1880 277 122 934 30 1881 219 306 434 to 1882 397 247 448 23 1883 12 3 392 246 559 19 1884 3 3 460 106 457 60 1885 1 2 307 118 407 23

1886 4 3 365 184 842 106 1887' I 517 250 1,112 263 1888 1 1 317 31 1,432 172 1889 3 I 1 373 260 1,713 158 1890 4 1 2 390 273 1,791 188

1891 7 11 4 8 378 135 582 3,100 50 1892 14 12 5 14 •592 270 941 2,165 18 1893 79 32 627 319 1,097 1,776 122 1894 653 29 48 16 402 192 1,418 6,065 301 1895 104 47 79 18 1.510 206 4,721 10,391 886 1896 24 34 28 880 184 7,177 4,745 847 1897 66 30 4,588 293 4,899 4,547 671 1898 23 50 22 19 2,929 293 3,375 4,987 2,157 1899 66 34 35 36 1,973 324 4,001 4,701 4,475 1900 926 49 47 44 385 5,819 4,327 4,376 1901 180 42 16 24 5,686 371 4,903 4,843 1,480 1902 101 60 49 17 5,457 392 4,354 3,026 1,603 1903 102 60 61 28 6,005 436 3,881 4,258 12,620 1904 .55 28 27 10 3,302 309 5,113 800 1905 740 30 31 5,256 142 230 523 892

1906 155 72 71 45 5,186 216 5,237 49 735 1907 125 103 41 50 3,809 174 5,522 4 776 1908 521 47 31 31 2,842 123 5,089 4 535 1909 149 64 29 41 2,624 121 6,502 2 429 1910 309 133 25 47 2,478 144 8.7 76 617 1911 492 80 31 48 2,143 195 16,216 683 1912 453 66 16 47 2,030 209 680 764 1913 1,048 89 36 32 1,926 131 20,964 131 315 1914 1,867 97 20 33 2,255 120 20,259 295 258 1915 499 171 31 33 2,775 143 22,495 501 249

1916 871 178 73 43 3,778 376 19,317 649 474 1917 1,856 216 49 27 3,568 252 2 3,523 820 1,659 1918 1,334 325 49 87 3,379 300 23,764 1,096 1,431 1919 1,045 243 46 61 2,908 705 28,467 933 1,397 1920 881 272 30 63 2,174 586 26,747 1.37 3 1,974

1921 706 208 .34 47 3,544 647 9,045 1,337 1,458 1922 670 263 27 37 2,996 621 7,118 997 1,397 1923 676 272 98 76 2,636 452 4,769 801 1,215 1924 721 297 63 67 2,814 .586 391 288 962

For reference notes see page 941. Year Total Public services Study Commerce Visitors Agriculture Fishing Var. occupations --borers La- employInthe of Total Males Females Males 147 males Fe- Males males Males males Fe- Males Females 11 Males Females Males Females 300 51 aliens 240 18841885 3,4611,554 2,9481,282 692513272 303133 273414 394382715 1720 434254 ii.'. 828827 1,2182,194 18901889188818871886 8,1667,1726,5524,1363,007 6,3232,3153,9876,4775,404 1,6891,4491,148 749 127140115 82 361328379415393 1,7241,3581,5521,252 855 14203515 600572548428 167159 5,2284,1492,7918,7584,954 1894189318921891 16,72613,61910,20913,618 14,41611,62910,939 8,643 2,3101,5662,0502,679 238324315350 289353334362 5,9154,0862,1801,852 48322012 5,2162,5921,480 170 3,7762,0341,4351,8761,067 1,034 708565865206 4,2936,1814,2647,990 1898189718961895 33,29723,85727,56522,411 28.61820,82424,16318,033 4,6793,0333,4024,378 1,462 301810318 646445361374 5,8213,1145,887 605 3315 8,4043,2952,992 746 2,6251,8943,564 4582862381Emigrants 21,040' 17,689 4,831 19001899 41,33951,057 37,52542,802 3,2753,8148,255 2,1051,277 971 116 8499 r 964809780 1110 4,8887,3086,241 236378666 768845 42 11,921 8,269- 2,2871,904 807 26,16115,323Males Females 1,4355,193 1904190319021901 27,37519,46634,20232,90024,034 30,62828,99020,75924,979 2,6333,5742,3963,910 551450560757 101 384589 1,5661,7981,799 3245316017 5,5062,4875,2886,243 120229290264 118 103571 21 10,751.9,8149,4654,060 670 1,235 933689 13,26112,14110,5854,395 1,9143,483'2,095 1908190719061905 58,85121,35444,619 17,18336,61853,41116,833 2,8744,1718,0015,380 343444515 66687757 3,3363,2691,095 645 24357971 1,6212,1513,5265,271 242240383385 142 281524 11 3 3 11,410 6,3659,8107,861 .1,7251,886 670707 19,48732,98211,8142,4097.337 3,1103,5733,1421,4021,488 191119101909 29,95015,50221,982 23,96417,36212,628 8,1297,5805,9864,620 413484477446368 69347858 429400337310335 20231218 2,1152,0301,9551,766 332333364347 17,02110,688 2,371 1,6731,398 149 4,1684,1527,917 3,9032,7997.6,9951,869 7082 1915191419131912 43,57020,78244,08443,692 35,44935,90135,95513,202 9,3987,7918,121 550534398 2930 340348 21403538 3,7802,630 342401 1,5151,250 2117 19,34522,69420,98721,155 3,3422,065 655 10,91812,011 7,3039,230 5,2407,056 19201919191819171916 55,60760,18762,57160,31745,765 43,94248,25849,49047,98936,367 11,66511,92913,08012,388 912815978577 7340356338 241336238208415 392534 9 4,9556,9947,3338,2105,312 605660682781790 2,4782,7412,4021,6821,834 8242614843 27,80026,33923,42723,387 4,9563,9013,4373,411 11,03314,80314,802 7,632 45,9097,2118,7715,3568,060 808 19241923'19221921 For reterence notes see page 941. 26,93224,84730,41135,640 11,73718,11725,75822,244 6,7309,1958,1679,882 1,2141,093 807967 118151162114 629463484261 615342 2,3332,9924,5253,858 380506500596 2,2112,4181,797 260155 81 10,330 4.2875,7725,523 3,1623,2504,2432,752 7,8845,7128,7477,069 5,2143,1134,132 938 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STATISTICS

TABLE 111.—DISTRIBUTION OF CITIZENS, 1W COUNTRY OF FUTURE RESIDENCE, 1898-1924.

Other South \re.lr United Argen- Total States HawaiiCanada1\'lcxico Brazil Peru tina Chile American countries

1898 12,3932 170 10,145 ...... 7903 1899 31,354 3,140 22.973 1,726 1 .. . 1900 16,758 7,585 1,529 2,710 1 -.

1901 6,490 32 . .. 95 .... ,

1902 15,9192 70 14,490 35 83 . 1903 14,055 318 9,091 178 281 .... 126 1904 14,663 640 9,443 159 1,261 .... 1905 13,302 714 1961 346 ,, 1906 36,124 1,715 25,752 442 5,068 .. .. 1907 25,060 2,712 14,397 2,753 3,822 ... 85 1 1908 10,447 1,585 3,455 601 .... 7993 2,880 1909 4,278 777 2 4 1,138 1 1910 6,951 926 1,717 538 5 9118 483 1911 8,071 1,963 2,595 820 28 ... . 4561 2 8 1912 14,912 3,378 4,732 1,025 16 714) 16 1 1913 20,9662 4,381 4,276 1,270 47 6.947 1,126 103 27 1914 17,974 5,553 3,187 1,284 35 3.526 41 9 19.15 12,543 5,498 3,055 778 19 39 1,348 33 8 1916 14,586 5,761 3,643 1,055 22 35 1,429 135 15 1 19.17 22,862 6,4.57 4,111 1,226 53 3,883 1,948 127 20 5 1918 23,574 6,306 3,024 1,780 128 5,9563 1,736 134 18 3 1.919 18,244 6.273 3,088 1,764 64 2,732 1,507 174 21 3 1920 13,541 5.959 2,789 1,371 53 970 836 42 16 5 1921 11,877 4,321 3,215 1,163 69 970 717 53 21 5 1922 12,879 3,558 2,960 1,022 77 986 202 52 8 3 19231 8,825 2,617 2,112 648 68 796 333 66 6 1924 13,098 4,064 2,163 1.103 76 3,689 651 .58 4

Other Russian Philip- Islands Indo- Other Year India Siam Terri- coun- pines of the China tories Pacific tries

1898 927 1899 14 32 36 6 16 543 2,077 1900 21 48 5 1,032 10 532 3,285 1901 295 28 8 165 4 8 782 1,937 1902 155 21 77 74 4 .9 600 301 1903 28 36 2,215 22 24 6 16 369 42 1.904 118 57 2,923 29 1 3 8 21 1.905 27 35 427 692 1 3 27 21 1906 2 2 39 71 96 4 1 14 1,642 19 1907 1 5 59 176 95 8 4 19 890 33

1.08 9 76 143 • 406 13 461 19 1909 9 58 170 62 2 3 19 389 34 1.910 8 82 387 1,398 2 1 26 431 34 1911 6 170 584 679 13 26 678 43 1912 6 386 689 281 25 21 729 34 113 17 338 927 872 23 2 10 581 19 1914 19 250 782 1,548 11 I 12 577 7 1915 1 20 235 468 153 16 2 16 821 33 1916 20 334 1,029 218 26 7 12 725 119 1917 1 29 560 3,170 329 46 2 3 841 51 1918 41 412 3,046 249 42 5 27 632 35 1919 140 343 938 337 45 5 10 682 118 1920 105 240 411 200 33 3 10 370 128 1921 99 224 415 154 24 4 14 261 148 1922 228 171 189 102 10 6 3,249 56 19231 54 57 449 100 26 17 1,450 24 1924 112 152 .548 81 17 I 5 329 45

For reference notes see page 941 TABLE IV.—DISTRIBUTION OF EMIGRANT CITIZENS, BY SEX RESIDENCE, 1898-1924 AND BY THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF FUTURE PERU 1898Year Males 168 UNITED STATES Females 2 Total FemalesHAWAII Total Males FemalesCANADA 13 Total Males Females B ZIL Total Males Female5 I Total 19031902190119001899 3,0727,357 223 5029 228 952068 3 3,1407,585 318170 7032 18,662 9,5231,1751,9548,293 4,3111,1824,9671,852 354 14,490110,14522,973 1,529 2,6211,6741,138 149 29 298952 6 1,726 35 790 190519041906 1,183 393444 532321196 2,7121,715 640714 24,093 9,8598,4167,656 1,0272,4351,659 954 25, 752 9,443 302129119 140 6740 442159178 1,2401,196 85 107 17 1ô3 85 19071911191019091908 1,829 929382360917 1,034 544417668883 3,3781,9631,585 926777 10,588 1,9591,821 813500357 1,2173,8091,7821,634 972 14,397 1,7172,53,455 95 2,487 583472293168425 442348245113266176 1,0252,753 538281601820 522612 3 1,267 389187 1 7993 4 1,0992,792 406466 c 140 50173988 1,1382,880 7j434553483 1915191419131912 3,1943,2312,4731,811 2,3042,3221,9081,567 5,4985,5534,381 1,6971,3131,2981,785 1,8891,7422,4912,7731,946 3,0553,1874,2764,732 731524828764 254506456 1,0551,2841,270 778 2,0821,5923,796 2937 3,1511,4951,444 62 5,9473 3539 1,138 836923574 195210296203 1,9481,4291,3481., 1.26 19201919191819171916 3,0833,3643,5293,7983.526 2,8762,9092,7772,6592,235 5,9594,3216,3066,2736,4575,761 1,6151,4291.3101,8891,329 1,6001,4791,6592,2221,695 2,7893,0884,1113,0243,643 1,2411,162 732940828 431602539398324 1,3711,7641,7801,226 1,6143,4532,388 556 2,5031,118 373414 5,95533,883 970 1,5021,2811,2601,234 692 162144225476446 1,5071,736 717836 19241923119221921 For reference notes see page 941. 2,4352,0862,5321,568 1,6291,0491,4721,789 4,0642,6173,558 1,1161,450 995 i,0471,1171,510 2,1632,1122,9603,215 416682733 370232340431 1,1031,1631,022 648 2,051 450'549597 1,638 346437 3,689 986970796 357212107555 294121 95 651333202 cci 940 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONSTATISTICS

TABLE V.—IMMIGRANT cfl'IZENS (THIRD CLASS PASSENGERS) FROM CERTAIN COUNTRIES TO JAPAN, BY COUNTRY OF LAST RESIDENCE, 1908-24.

Sum of Haw'aii CanadaYearavailableUnitedHawaii Canada figures figures States

1908 9,541 4,641 4,507 393 1917 12,226 6,298 4,047 1,881 1909 7,583 3,773 3,337 473 1918 12,584 6,373 4,556 1,655 1910 8,089 4,257 3,204 628 1919 18,113 11,685 4,611 1,817 1911 8,414 4,599 3,183 632 1920 20,376 12,211 6,096 2,069 1912 8,870 4,440 3,922 508 1921 18,745 11,059 6,259 1,427 1913 9,510 4,860 3,624 1,026 1922 14,412 8,520 4,682 1,210 1914 9,282 4,603 3,435 1,244 1923' 10,784 6,256 3,332 1,196 1915 9,731 5,456 3,070 1,205 1924 12,579 8,173 3,014 1,392 1916 10,988 6,613 3,582 793

TABLE VI.—IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION OF JAPANESE, INTO AND FROM FORMOSA, 1898-1908.

Excess of im- 1Excessof irn- Immi- Re- migration over Immi- Re- migration over grationpatriationemigration grationpatriatio emigration

1898 13,214 3,078 10,136 1904 11,564 12,155 591 1899 20,743 7,903 12,840 1905 13,427 12,190 1,227 1900 20,995 11,291 9704 1906 18,278 12,391 5,887 1901 17,841 14,054 3787 1907 17,966 14,223 3,743 1902 13,821 11,478 2,343 1908 20,360 14.393 5,967 1903 15,892 13,149 2,743

U TABLEVII.—EMIGRATI0N OF CITIZENS FROM KOREA4, 1911-24.

1911 2,635 1918 4,736 1912 4,266 1919 6,279 1913 3,454 1920 4,232 1914 4,519 1921 3,771 1915 5,063 1922 2,580 19.16 5,080 1923 2,841 1917 6,835 1924 210

For reference notes see page 941. JAPAN 941

SOURCES 12é,sunzé statistique de t'Empire du Japon.Tokio, 1891, 1897, 1902. Table II, (years 1884-98).

Information supplied by the Government (compiled from emigration data prepared by the Department of Foreign Affairs). Tables I, [II, VI; II (1899-1924).

Grunefeld, Dr. E. Die Japanisthe Answanderunq.Tokio, 1913, p. 132.(Informa- tion supplied by the Department of Foreign Affairs.) Table VII.

NOTES IMigrantsduring the month of August 1923 are omitted, the records I or that month having been destroyed. 2The figures of emigrants given in table II for the years 1898, 1902 and 1913 do not correspond with the totals given in table III! for these years. 8Although these figures relate to emigrants proper, they are higher than those referring to passengers in table I. 'Including Japanese.