Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000- 2010
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Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000- 2010 J. M. Kubiesa A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2021 University of Worcester Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………….....6 Abbreviations List……………………………………………………......….......8 Introduction: The Young Adult Vampire Revolution……………………….…..9 1. Cultural Construction of the Young Adult………………………………….12 1.1 Consumerism and Youth Consumption……………………………….15 1.2 Consuming the YA Vampire………………………………………….16 2. Contextualising the Vampire…………………………….…………………..4 3. Vampiric Evolution: From Revenant to Teen Idol…………………………20 4. Embodying the YA “Neoteric Vampire”……………………………...........28 5. Thesis Methodology………………………………………………………..24 Chapter One: Children of the Night: Adolescent Becomings in Evernight……35 1. Introduction: Vampiric Youth…………………….………………………..35 2. Becoming Adolescent: Teen Re-enactment.…………………………….…38 3. Maturation as Metamorphosis…………………….......................................44 3.1 Ambiguous Awakenings and Heterosexual Maturation……………....51 4. Immortal Youth: Vampirising the Other…………………………………...55 4.1 Othering the Child……………………………………….…………...57 4.2 Substituting the Adult………………………………….……………..62 1 Phd Thesis 2021 Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa 5. Conclusion: Becoming Vampire…………………………………….……...69 Chapter Two Conversions and Resurrections: Religion in House of Night…....73 1. Introduction: The Vampire and The Church………………………..……...73 2. Atheist Vampires………………………….………………………..………74 3. “Spiritual Gothic” in the Consumer Age……………………..……..……...79 3.1 Consumption and Sacrificial Blood………….……………………....82 3.2 Sexual Consumption and Religious Experience .………....................86 4. Conversions………………………………………....................…...………88 5. Resurrections……………………………………………………....…….....90 5.1 Vampire Stigmata…………………………………………..…...……94 5.2 Reincarnation………………………………………………..…......…98 5.3 Cultural Rebirth……………………………………..……..…………99 6. The Numinous Experience and the Vampire as Christ-figure………...…....100 7. Conclusion: Consuming God………………………………………………..105 Chapter Three Le Petite Mort: Sexuality in Twilight……………….….……..107 1. Introduction: Sex and the Vampire………………………………………..107 2. Virgins and Vamps…………………………….………………………….109 3. Abstinence……………………………………………………………...…116 3.1 (Abstinence) Porn…………………………………………………...122 2 Phd Thesis 2021 Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa 4. Sexual Fantasy………………………………………………………...…..125 4.1 Rape Fantasy…………………………………………………….…..128 5. Abusive Romance…………………………………………………………132 5.1 Power Struggle……………………………………………….……...137 6. Conclusion: Sexing the Vampire………………………………………….139 Chapter Four Monstrously Beautiful: Beauty in Darke Academy……….……144 1. Introduction: The Changing Face of the Vampire………………………...144 2. Beholding Beauty: Framing and Body Focus……………..………………148 3. Beauty Doubled: Multiples of the Vampiric Self…...…………………….153 3.1 Twinning the Vampiric Visage…………………….………………..157 3.2 Art Imitates Vampiric Life………………………….………………161 3.2a Memento Mori: Double Life After Death…………………..…165 3.3 Beauty and Competing Feminine Discourses………….……………158 4. Before and After: Cosmetic Surgery and the Vampire Facelift…...….…..170 4.1 Body Obligation and Vampire MDs………………………………..176 6. Conclusion: Beautifully Monstrous…………………………………...…..178 Chapter Five Transformative Food: Oral Consumption in Vampire Academy………..183 1. Introduction: Vampire Oral History…………………...…………………..183 2. Vampiric Feeding: Eating to Compete..……………………………………185 2.1 Gendered Oral Consumption………………………………….…….,194 3 Phd Thesis 2021 Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa 3. Disordered Eating: Vampiric Food Addiction………...…………………...200 4. The Consumed Body…………….…………………………………………208 4.1 Dieting and Bodily Dissolution...………………………….…………212 5. Conclusion: Competing to Eat……………..……………………………....216 Conclusion: Vampiric Revisionism………………………………...…………219 1. Revisiting/Revising the “Neoteric Vampire”.……….……………..……..219 2. Multiple and Recurring Vampire Pasts……………………………………227 5. Conclusion: Shaping the “Neoteric Human”..………………..………........230 6. Further “Neoteric Vampire” Scholarship Opportunities.…………..……….236 Bibliography………………………………………..…………………….……241 4 Phd Thesis 2021 Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa Abstract The literary vampire of traditional horror has moved away from the horror genre and found a new and unlikely home in the pages of Young Adult multi-volume vampire fiction, where s/he has embraced and indeed vampirised existing YA generic tropes to transform his/her own physicality in unprecedented ways into something uniquely situated within its new socio-cultural and generic position. This vampire has attracted vast audiences to the YA genre, has arguably been responsible for the increase in YA fiction titles available and has captured a unique socio-literary zeitgeist which will never exist again. The nascent YA “neoteric vampire”, as cultural construct, and its transformative body will form the topic of this thesis in relation to Gothic theories of the body and emerging YA critical theory. The novels will be used as an interpretive vehicle for discussion of the cultural context in order to establish a more formalist close reading and context-driven critical discourse. The key themes addressed will include adolescence and physical maturation, religion, sexuality and gender, beauty and food and each of these salient elements of discussion will look to over-arching topics and their use across these thematically specific areas. Such over-arching tropes will include heteronormative feeding, consumption and vampiric gendering. The original contribution to knowledge lies in the study of a newly introduced literary genre and a newly created kind of teen vampire, constructed specifically to speak to contemporary Western teen audiences of the 2000-2010 period like no vampire has before. This study evaluates and investigates this unique vampire construct in conjunction with linked 5 Phd Thesis 2021 Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa interdisciplinary, culturally specific critical analysis, from spheres including literary food studies, transformation studies, gender studies and sociology, and Gothic theories relating to the body in metamorphosis. By examining five series of largely unanalysed YA vampire fiction as body-centric, as Gothic, as genre-specific, and as socio-culturally and geo- politically located for the first time as a whole, this thesis adds to and furthers the academic debate in the arena of YA vampire studies as it relates to notions of the body of the vampire, and ultimately the teen body, as represented, culturally constructed, transformable and ephemeral. 6 Phd Thesis 2021 Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa Abbreviations List Young Adult = YA Evernight series books = Evernight House of Night series books = HoN Twilight series books = Twilight Sadomasochism = SM Darke Academy series books = Darke Vampire Academy series books = Academy 7 Phd Thesis 2021 Cultural Representations of the Transformative Body in Young Adult Multi-Volume Vampire Fiction, 2000-2010 Jane M. Kubiesa Introduction: The Young Adult Vampire Revolution The geek, the activist, the artist, the quietly attractive one, the intellectual, the outsider, the vampire. Each of these designations is representative of an accepted subject position found in postmodern Anglo-American Young Adult novels where stereotypes of typicalised “popular” high school students are brought to life. The vampire’s inclusion in this list is somewhat surprising because, of course, this construct does not exist in real-life teen academic situations. However, those familiar with earlier versions of the pre-2000s, female-centric YA romance genre may baulk at this list, not because it contains a vampire, but because it does not include the traditionally popularised archetypal YA characters such as the cheerleader, the sports star, the beauty queen and the rich girl/boy. The deliberate removal of these characters as protagonists is representative of shifting social perceptions amongst teens whereby those “every man” character types listed above, who were previously the under dogs and minor literary figures, are now the main characters. The excision of the cheerleader/jock/rich kid types as mean and catty protagonists occurred around the same time as the vampire came to prominence as a YA protagonist. As an opportunistic individual, the vampire found a niche in YA romance novels which had been vacated by the previous apex predators in the form of the rich, beautiful and entitled teens. As a fictional avatar of the intellectual, the geek, the outcast, the quietly attractive one, the artist and the activist, the vampire is well-placed to embody all of these favourable Postmodern prototypes as an arch-prototype because s/he too was once the under dog in his/her own horror genre before