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Collection, Release and Establishment of Peristenus Digoneutis, a European Lygus Bug Parasitoid, on the California Central Coast

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Collection, Release and Establishment of Peristenus Digoneutis, a European Lygus Bug Parasitoid, on the California Central Coast ENTOMOLOGY Collection, Release and Establishment of Peristenus digoneutis, a European Lygus Bug Parasitoid, on the California Central Coast Principle Investigators Dr. Kim A. Hoelmer Research Entomologist, USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit and Acting Director, ARS Overseas Biological Control Laboratories 501 S. Chapel St. Newark, DE 19713 (302) 731-7330 ext. 242 [email protected] Co-Investigators Dr. Carol Shennan, Professor Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Dr. Charles H. Pickett Senior Environmental Scientist California Department Food & Agriculture Sacramento, CA SUMMARY Western tarnished plant bugs (lygus bugs, Lygus hesperus) are a key pest of strawberries on the California central coast. Two European lygus bug natural enemies, the parasitic wasps Peristenus relictus and Peristenus digoneutis, were previously released in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties as part of an earlier California Strawberry Commission-funded project to reduce lygus bug populations. One of these wasps, P. relictus, has since become established in California and has contributed to lygus bug reductions in strawberries. The second, P. digoneutis, did not become established; this was likely attributable to a poor climatic match between where it was collected and released. This project aims to improve lygus bug control through the collection, release and establishment of a new P. digoneutis population collected in the region of Brittany, France, which was identified by climate matching as the area in the wasps’ native range with a climate that best-matches the strawberry-growing regions of coastal central California. 93 2013 - 2014 RESEARCH PROJECTS Based on this wasp’s performance in Europe and the northeastern United States where it has already established, we anticipate that its establishment will benefit California strawberry growers by further diminishing lygus bug populations. Initial surveys began in late 2012 in Brittany to locate sites for collection of P. digoneutis, and collections were made during 2013 and 2014 for shipment to the U.S. for mass rearing and field release in California.The first releases were made in fall 2013. Surveys are being conducted in California to monitor for establishment, and additional releases will be made in 2014. INTRODUCTION In North America tarnished plant bugs (mirid plant bugs of the genus Lygus) are serious pests of many crop cultures (seed alfalfa, oil seeds, cotton, vegetables, soybeans, tree and soft fruits). Lygus bugs are a key pest of strawberries on the California central coast (UC IPM 2014). A European natural enemy of lygus bugs, the parasitoid wasp Peristenus digoneutis, was released by USDA researchers several decades ago and became established in the northeastern US states (Day 1996), and has been expanding into the north central states and northwards into Canada (Day et al., 2000, 2008; Tilmon and Hoffman, 2003). Because lygus bugs lack an effective native North American nymphal parasitoid that can reduce its numbers in California strawberries, efforts have been made to identify and release European lygus bug parasitoids to reduce lygus populations. As part of a California Strawberry Commission-funded project, two European parasitoids, P. relictus and P. digoneutis, were released in Santa Cruz and Monterey counties from 2002 to 2006 (Pickett et al., 2007, 2009). Peristenus relictus has since established in central and northern California and has contributed to significant lygus bug reductions in strawberries. It has dispersed into surrounding regions and can be expected to gradually decrease lygus bug populations along the central coast (Pickett et al., 2013). Peristenus digoneutis was also released on the central coast, but did not become established. We believe the population of P. digoneutis that was released was probably not climatically well-matched to Monterey Bay strawberry growing regions and thus failed to establish. Because P. relictus does not typically maintain lygus bug populations below economic thresholds we anticipate that by releasing a population of P. digoneutis on the central coast with greater climatic compatibility, the biological control of lygus will be improved. Additional parasitism by P. digoneutis should add to, rather than replace, the existing biological control provided by P. relictus. In Europe P. digoneutis tends to dominate in cooler regions, with P. relictus dominating in warmer areas. Peristenus digoneutis should also attack lygus in the spring when P. relictus is less active. Increasing parasitism in the spring would be especially beneficial for second-year strawberries, which often face nymphal lygus populations very early in their second growing season. Thus, the goal of this project is to establish a population of P. digoneutis that is well-suited to the climate of strawberry- growing regions of coastal central California. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using CLIMEX software (Sutherst et al., 2004), French Brittany was determined to be the closest climate match for the Monterey Bay region within the known geographic range of P. digoneutis in Europe. Explorations and collections were therefore conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in the French Brittany region (Figure 1) in the general vicinity of Matignon (department/county of Côtes d’Armor) (Figure 2) by Mr. Dominique Coutinot (senior support scientist and quarantine officer, USDA ARS European Biological Control Laboratory in Montpellier, France) with the support and cooperation of Mr. Xavier Langlet (Regional Authority for Food, Agriculture, and Forestry, Bretagne). 94 CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY COMMISSION ANNUAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT ENTOMOLOGY Figure 1. France with the region of French Brittany (Bretagne) indicated by the ellipse Figure 2. French Brittany showing the Matignon area of explorations indicated by shaded ellipse In 2012, initial surveys were conducted to locate alfalfa fields that would be suitable for mass collections of lygus bugs and other mirids for this project. Prior to 2012, the last explorations for lygus parasitoids in this region had been made in the 1980’s for release into the northeastern U.S. (unpublished USDA ARS records). Over the past several decades the nature of agricultural production in Brittany (and throughout northern Europe) has changed considerably, and agricultural land is now used mainly for growing wheat, barley, corn, and rapeseed (canola). It has become quite rare to find a plot of alfalfa. The only host plants found during the 2012 surveys were some fields of clover that were grown for breeding goats and occasional volunteer patches of alfalfa within grassy areas. 95 2013 - 2014 RESEARCH PROJECTS During repeat visits to the area during the spring and summer of 2013, European tarnished plant bug nymphs (Lygus rugulipennis) were collected by sweep-netting in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in the area of Henanbihen (Figure 3). Nymphs were placed in containers with fresh green beans as food and the collections were returned to EBCL and held in the laboratory until parasitoid larvae emerged from parasitized lygus nymphs and spun cocoons for pupation. The cocoons of P. digoneutis were placed in dishes with moistened vermiculite and shipped to the USDA ARS Beneficial Insect Introduction Research Unit (BIIR) in Newark, DE via airfreight (SDV LI Montpellier, France) under a current APHIS foreign importation permit. Figure 3. Collection site in Henanbihen, France (photo: D. Coutinot) After arrival at the ARS BIIR laboratory, the material was held in the quarantine facility for emergence of adult parasitoids from the cocoons. Emerged adults were screened for hyperparasitoids and were identified to species. The live, emerged P. digoneutis were sent to Mr. Thomas Dorsey (Director, Philip Alampi Beneficial Insect Laboratory - New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Bureau of Biological Pest Control), for mass rearing at the Alampi Laboratory in Trenton, NJ. A colony of lygus bugs maintained on the Cohen artificial diet provided the nymphs for parasitism by female P. digoneutis. The parasitized nymphs were maintained at the Alampi lamp until emergence of F1 generation adult wasps, which were then shipped to California for field release by UC Santa Cruz research associate Diego Nieto and colleagues in alfalfa trap crops adjacent to strawberry fields in Prunedale, CA. In July 2014, surveys and field collections were again made in the same area of Matignon. Lygus rugulipennis and L. maritimus nymphs were collected from lambs quarters (Chenopodium album) and chamomile (Matricaria species). All cocoons formed are scheduled to be shipped to the U.S. in early August 2014. Additional explorations, collections and exports are planned for September 2014 to increase the gene pool and strengthen the mass-rearing colony in New Jersey. The Alampi lab is scheduled to ship adult P. digoneutis from the Brittany colony to California for field release during the summer and fall of 2014. Shipments of 200 P. digoneutis adults were sent by Thomas Dorsey from the Philip Alampi Laboratory on October 17 and October 24, 2013. These parasitoids were received and released in two strips of alfalfa at an organic strawberry ranch in Prunedale, CA (Figures 4 and 5). These alfalfa rows were continuously maintained (e.g., weeded, fertilized and irrigated), to facilitate colonization resulting from 2013 releases and to encourage high host densities in preparation for releases in 2014. Temperature readings were recorded
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