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Unit 18 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Mohammad Iqbal, M.A

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UNIT 18 SIR SYED AHMED KHAN, MOHAMMAD IQBAL, M.A. JINNAH AND ABUL KALAM AZAD Structure t Objectives Introduction Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 18.2.1 Aligarh Monment 18.2.2 Political Thought Mohammad Iqbal- 18.3.1 Islam and Ego 18.3.2 Cardinal Principles of Iqbal's Political Thought 18.3.3 Nationalistn 18.3.4 Democracy 18.3.5 Islamic Democracy 18.3.6 Socialism 18.3.7 Individual M.A. Jinnah 18.4.1 Liberalism and Jinnah 18.4.2 Nationalism 18.4.3 TweNation Theory Abul Kalam Azad 18.5.1 Romantic Phase of his Ideas 18.5.2 Nat~onallsm 18.5.3 Democracy 18.5.4 Post-Romantic Phase pf his Ideas Let Us Sum Up Some Useful Books Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 18.0 OBJECTIVES This unit deals with the political thoughts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Mohammad Iqbal, M.A. Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad. 'The unit will enable you to know their views on: a Relationships between lslam and Hinduioim Relationships between Hindus and Muslims Relationships between Islam and Politirs, and senets of democracy a Nationalism. I 18.1 INTRODUCTION British colonial rule brought about a number of changes in Indian society along with the spread of modern education whicd generated consciousness of nationa%sm in Indians of all religions. Nationalistic leelings found expression through political, socio-cultural and religious processes and activities. The enlightened individuals belonging to the Hindu and the M~slimcommunities generated.consciousness in society and particularly in their respective communities. In the latter part of the nineteenth and first half of the tyentieth centuries there emerged several social, re!iglot~, cuirural and political dovements and organisations in India. These movements were mostly led by the Hindu and Muslim leaders in their respective communities. Sir Syed AhmedIKhan, Mohammad Iqbal, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad were amo& many others who influenced Indian society significantly. These leaders deve.loped their political thought regarding the. Sir Syed ~hmcdKhan, relationship between religion and politics, democracy and rights of individuals, Mohamrnad Iqbal, M.A. Jinnah sovereignty and nationalism. Islam has been the hub of their views. But they did not a"d PbU'Ka'm .make what can be termed as original contribution to political thought. 18.2 SIR SYED AHMED KHAN 18.2.1 Aligarh 'Movement Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded the Aligarh movement. This movement aimed at spreading modern education and creating political consciousness among the Indian Muslims. .The first national awakening among the Muslims found expressi~onthrough this movement. He was assisted in his movement by able persons like Khwaja Altaf Hussain Ali, Maulvi Wazir Ahmed and Maulvi Shib!i Numami. This move:ment is known as 'Aligarh movement' because it had started at Aligarh. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established Mohammedan Anglo Oriental (MAO) College at Aligarh in 1875. This college developed into Aligarh University in 1890. The Aligark movement aimed at spreading Western education among the Muslims without weakening their allegiance to Islam. The movement also aimed at introducing social reforms among Indian Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan condemned polygamy and social ban on widow remarriage. Widow remarriage was permitted by !c!.-m Thc Alizarh movement was based on the liberal interpretation of Quran. It strived to harmonise . Islam with modern liberal culture. 18.2.2 Political Thought The political thought of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan can be divided into two phases: First phase spanned up to 1887, and the second phase startcd after 1887. During the first phase Sir Syed Ahmed Khan stood for Hindu-Muslim unity. Expressing the need for Hindu-Muslim unity he said that for "centuries we have been living on the same soil, eating the same fruit on the same land ..... breathing the air of the same country." In 1873, he declared that religion should not be an obstacle for nationalism. He advocated separation between religious and political matters. According to him the religious and spiritual matters were not linked with mundane affairs. As a member of the Viceroy's legislative council he strove for the welfare of both Hinfius and Muslims. In 1884, he made it clear that "by the word qaum, 1 mean both Hindus and Muslims. What we see is that >allof us, whether Hindus or Muslims, lie on one soil, are governed by the one and the same ruler, have the same sources of benefit and equally share the hardships of a famine". He was not a religious bigot or Hindu baiter. He worked closely with the Hindus in the scientific society and the Aligarh British lndia Association. He sought donations from the Hindu Rajas and Zamindars for MA0 College. Hindus were well represented in the management and the teaching community. In the initial years of the college, the Hindu students outnumbered the Muslims. Cow slaughter was banned in the college. Along with Surendra Nath Banerjee he demanded restoration of age for civil services examination from 18 to 21 years. He revived the British Association at Aligarh for , his purpose. ~htsurprisingly during the second phase Sir Syed Ahmed Khan changed his vi6ws (in December 1887). Until then he had a background which was almost similar to that of the Congress. But during this phase imperialist thought found expression in his writings. They were based on the "emancipatory", "democratic" and "progressive" characterisation of the British rule. Unlike before he opposed the application of principles of representative and ~arliamentarygovernment. He held that the western form of democracy and nationalism would not operate in India. He said that in a - country like lndia which was complex and full of diversities of castes, religions and races, the system of representative form of government would not satisfy the principles of equality. Democracy believes in the rule of the.majority. In his opinion such a system would lead to the domination of the more educated and mbre ' numerous Hindus over the less educated and less numerous Muslims. Helopined that '&e Congress demand for a representative form of government would hurt the Muslims most. .. ' Politics and Religion in . He said that so long as the.religious, castiest and racial differences exist In India, the Modern lndia : the interface western model of democracy could not be established. Hie felt that if thq western model of democracy was adopted in lndia, "the large conlmunity would totally override the interests of the smaller community." This argument was carried for~aard by the communalists who believed in the two-nation the0r.y. According to this theory Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations which had separate econorr,ic, political and scocial interests and different cultural and historical background, and who cannot form a single nation and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan\ was averse, to the process of elections. ln 1888 he said that the system of electiton would, put the legislation into the hands of "Bengalis or Hindus of Bengali 'type', a condition of utmost degradation" and the Muslims would become slaves of Hindus. On similar grounds, he rejected the applicability of the Self-government in India, which in his opinion woultj result in the "maltreatment" of Muslims. He even opposed the freedom of speech and the press. He openly su~pportedthe Lyttous attack on the freedom of press. Sir Syed Ahnled Khan was even opposed to [political agitations. Iie argued that they would tantamount to sedition and being anti-government or at least it would arouse the suspicion of disloyalty in the official mind. He exhorted hdv~slimsto shun politics and remain non-political and non-agitationaIl..or politically passive and "complete a breach" between the Muslims and the Benga.11-dominated Congress. He sought to establish Anglo-Muslim alliance to arouse the Muslim feelings against the Congress. He changed his views because of the influence of British officirils on him. He required the help of the government for the: college founded by him. The British officials took advantage of Sir Syed Ahmeld Khan's desperatia~n.They influenced his views to the extent that he became a man of ideas which were totally different from those he had cherished earlier. The MA0 c:ollege principal, T11,eodore Beck, influenced himthe most. Beck set out to counter the "evil" ir luence of Congress by counterposing Sir Syed Ahmed Khan against it. He worked1 hard to cregte a "strong conservative school of thoughtn and "complete a breachn between the Muslims and the Bengali dominated Congress. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan relented under the influence of Beck. He turned against Congress. The growth of Hindu revivalism and its links with tthe Congress intensified his anti-Congress feelings. Sir Syed ~hmedKhan had limited influence on the North-ln~dianMuslims. He catalysed social and educational reforms among sections of Muslims. His influence was not all pervasive. His sustained campaign against the Congress prevented the movement from going beyond Aligarh and its neighbouring, districts. A large number of Muslims remained uninfluenced by him. - Check Your Progress 1 I Note : i) Use the space provided below for your answers. ii) Check your answers with that given at the end of the unit. I) What are the tenets of two-nation theory? ......................................................................................... 2) Explain the views of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan regarding the applicability of concept of democracy. Sir Syed Ahmd Khm, 18.3 MOHAMMAD IOBAL Mohammad Iqbd, M.A. JIIIMII and Abul Kdam Azad Mohammad lqbal attempted to provide a systematic basis for the political ideas of Indian Muslims. He provided a critique of the political ideas of liberal democracy in relation to the Islamic political ideas. For understanding his political ideas, it is necessary to understand his views on lslam and ego.
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