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The Netherlands Telefoon +31 30 253 1399 Fax +31 30 253 2037 E-Mail R.Vankempen@Geog.Uu.Nl Large Housing Estates in United Kingdom Policies and practices All publications in this series are published on the RESTATE-website http://www.restate.geog.uu.nl and are available on paper at: Urban and Regional research centre Utrecht P.O. Box 80.115 3508 TC Utrecht the Netherlands telefoon +31 30 253 1399 fax +31 30 253 2037 e-mail [email protected] Copyright © Urban and Regional research centre Utrecht, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University 2004. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print or photo print, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. 2 Large Housing Estates in United Kingdom Policies and practices RESTATE report 3j Stephen Hall Alan Murie Rob Rowlands Siân Sankey RESTATE Restructuring Large-scale Housing Estates in European Cities: Good Practices and New Visions for Sustainable Neighbourhoods and Cities Utrecht 2004 Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University 3 4 RESTATE RESTATE is an acronym of the international research project Restructuring Large-scale Housing Estates in European Cities: Good Practices and New Visions for Sustainable Neighbourhoods and Cities. The project is funded under Key Action 4: ‘City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage’ in the ‘Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development’ programme within the Fifth Framework Programme of the European Union (contract no. EVK4-CT-2002-00085). Coordination: Ronald Van Kempen Urban and Regional research centre Utrecht Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University Participants: the Netherlands: Karien Dekker (Utrecht University) Ellen Van Beckhoven (Utrecht University) Wanda Verwey (Utrecht University) Sako Musterd (University of Amsterdam) Wim Ostendorf (University of Amsterdam) Manuel Aalbers (University of Amsterdam) France: Nicole Commerçon (UMR 5600-CNRS, Institute of Human Sciences) Franck Chignier-Riboulon (UMR 5600-CNRS, Institute of Human Sciences) Marcus Zepf (UMR 5600-CNRS, Institute of Human Sciences) Fatiha Belmessous (UMR 5600-CNRS, Institute of Human Sciences) Marcele Trigueiro (UMR 5600-CNRS, Institute of Human Sciences) Christine Chemin (UMR 5600-CNRS, Institute of Human Sciences) Germany: Thomas Knorr-Siedow (Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning) Christiane Droste (Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning) Hungary: Iván Tosics (Metropolitan Research Institute) Éva Gerőházi (Metropolitan Research Institute) Hanna Szemző (Metropolitan Research Institute) 5 Italy: Francesca Zajczyk (University of Milano-Bicocca) Silvia Mugnano (University of Milano-Bicocca) Poland: Grzegorz Węcławowicz (Polish Academy of Science) Anna Guszcza (Polish Academy of Science) Stanislaw Kozłowski (Polish Academy of Science) Slovenia: Barbara Černič Mali (Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia) Richard Sendi (Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia) Zlata Ploštajner (Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia) Nina Goršič (Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia) Ružica Boškić (Institute of Social Sciences) Maša Filipović (Institute of Social Sciences) Spain: Montserrat Pareja Eastaway (Universitat de Barcelona) Brechtje Van Boxmeer (Universitat de Barcelona) Lídia Garcia Ferrando (Universitat de Barcelona) Teresa Tapada Berteli (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Sweden: Roger Andersson (Uppsala University) Irene Molina (Uppsala University) Emma Holmqvist (Uppsala University) Eva Öresjö (Blekinge Institute of Technology) Christina Siwertsson (Blekinge Institute of Technology) Lars Pettersson (Jönköping International Business School) United Kingdom: Alan Murie (University of Birmingham) Stephen Hall (University of Birmingham) Rob Rowlands (University of Birmingham) Siân Sankey (University of Birmingham) 6 Table of contents 1 Introduction.............................................................................. 9 2 The estates ............................................................................. 10 2.1 Bow HAT, Tower Hamlets, London ................................................ 10 2.2 Poplar HARCA, Tower Hamlets, London ......................................... 10 2.3 The Central estates, Birmingham ................................................. 11 2.4 Hodge Hill estate, Eastern Corridor, Birmingham ............................ 11 3 Relevant policies..................................................................... 13 3.1 Background............................................................................... 13 3.2 The Thatcher government 1979 to 1990........................................ 16 3.3 The Major government 1990 to 1997 ............................................ 23 3.4 The Blair government 1997 to present .......................................... 30 3.5 Conclusions............................................................................... 34 4 Housing and the built-environment......................................... 36 4.1 Bow HAT .................................................................................. 36 4.2 Poplar HARCA............................................................................ 41 4.3 Central estates, Birmingham ....................................................... 45 4.4 Hodge Hill, Birmingham .............................................................. 48 5 Employment and economy ...................................................... 56 5.1 Bow HAT .................................................................................. 56 5.2 Poplar HARCA............................................................................ 57 5.3 Central estates, Birmingham ....................................................... 58 5.4 Hodge Hill, Birmingham .............................................................. 59 6 Safety ..................................................................................... 62 6.1 Bow HAT .................................................................................. 62 6.2 Poplar HARCA............................................................................ 62 6.3 Central estates, Birmingham ....................................................... 63 6.4 Hodge Hill, Birmingham .............................................................. 63 7 Education and skills ................................................................ 65 7 7.1 Bow HAT .................................................................................. 65 7.2 Poplar HARCA............................................................................ 66 7.3 Central estates, Birmingham ....................................................... 67 7.4 Hodge Hill, Birmingham .............................................................. 68 8 Health and well-being ............................................................. 70 8.1 Bow HAT .................................................................................. 70 8.2 Poplar HARCA............................................................................ 70 8.3 Central estates, Birmingham ....................................................... 70 8.4 Hodge Hill, Birmingham .............................................................. 70 9 Social aspects ......................................................................... 72 9.1 Bow HAT .................................................................................. 72 9.2 Poplar HARCA............................................................................ 72 9.3 Hodge Hill, Birmingham .............................................................. 72 10 Governance, organisation, involvement .................................. 73 10.1 Bow HAT .................................................................................. 73 10.2 Poplar HARCA............................................................................ 75 10.3 Central estates, Birmingham ....................................................... 76 10.4 Hodge Hill, Birmingham .............................................................. 77 11 Conclusions............................................................................. 79 References......................................................................................... 81 8 1 Introduction This report considers the key questions of Work Packages 3 and 4 and applies them to an English context, specifically: • What is the philosophy behind the different existing policies with regard to large-scale housing estates in different cities? What are the main aims? What are the main activities included in policies and what is the balance between these activities? • How are these policies organised? Who participates in the policy and who has decided about this participation? Can the policy be seen as a top-down or as a bottom-up process? What are the advantages and the disadvantages of these approaches? Has the policy, the way that it is organised and the way that it is perceived by residents and others changed over the time period that it has been in place? 9 2 The estates 2.1 Bow HAT, Tower Hamlets, London Bow (HAT), Tower Hamlets, Inner East London is one of six HATs established by the Housing Act 1988. Tower Hamlets, according to the Index of Local Deprivation (2000) ‘Rank of Average of Ward Scores’ is the most deprived local authority district in England. The HAT is a Non-Departmental Public Body (i.e. qango) to which three estates, formerly belonging to the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, were transferred in 1993 (following a ballot of tenants). The HAT's housing stock was,
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