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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR WALTER L. CUTLER Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: September 15, 1989; updated July 19, 2 1 Copyright 2 13 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Raised in Amherst Massachusetts Wesleyan and Fletcher President of International Relations Club US Army USIA Entered Foreign Service 195, -aounde Cameroons 195.-1959 Consular officer Transition from French to local rule 0ittle US interest 0ocal politics Soviet supported radical nationalists 1UPC2 Department of State 1959-19,2 E4ecutive Secretariat and office of the Secretary Impressions of SecState Dean Rusk Algiers Algeria 19,3-19,5 Political officer Independence and instability Political personalities Nasser fervor Problems in dealing with the Algerians Tabri8 Iran 19,5-19,. Consul 0anguage difficulties Shah9s White Revolution SA:AK watches the Mullahs 1 Seoul Korea 19,.-19,9 Political-Military officer North Korea9s abortive —Blue House Raid“ Capture of the Pueblo Problems of dealing with high-ranking US brass Saigon :ietnam 19,9-19.1 Chief E4ternal Affairs Unit of Political Section Conflict confined to borders Problems with South :ietnamese government officials Attitude of :ietnamese towards the war Ambassador Bunker Contingency planning for peace State Department: Special Assistant Bureau of East 19.1-19.3 Asian Affairs Ambassador Bill Sullivan Paris Peace Talks Henry Kissinger Ambassador Bill Porter North :ietnam policy Pentagon Papers Daniel Ellsberg 0aos :ietnam options Early thought on :ietnam outcome Kent State Domino theory International Control Commission Signing Peace Treaty in Paris South :ietnam government problems 0ack of motivation for war Senior Seminar 19.3-19.4 Course content and appraisal Research on Tan8ania9s Tan-Zam railroad State Department: Director of Central African Affairs 19.4-19.5 Zaire Countries covered Angola Soviets Kinshasa Zaire 19.5-19.9 Ambassador 2 Attitudes toward Mobutu US policy considerations US aid dilemma Carter9s human rights policy Katanga Province threatened by invaders from Angola US provides —non-lethal“ assistance Russian-Cuban involvementA Profile of Zaire Embassy and Peace Corps staffing USIA Named ambassador to Teheran Iran 19.9 Congress condemns Khomeini9s e4ecutions Iranians put agreement on hold Bruce 0aingen named ChargB Embassy taken by mob and staff taken hostage Department of State 19.9-19C1 Asst. Secy. For Congressional Relations 1H2 Operations in —H“ Dealing with Congress on issues Board of E4aminers Committee on personnel policy Tunis Tunisia 19C2-19C4 Ambassador Aging Bourguiba Neighbor Eaddafi Tunisia takes in Arafat after Israeli invasion of 0ebanon Tunis is Arab 0eague headFuarters Abortive union with 0ibya 1Djerba Agreement2 Hooker Doolittle fondly remembered by Bourguiba Thoughts re US dealing with Arab 0eague Palestine P0O HeadFuarters in Tunis United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia 19C4-19C. Non-professional ambassadors American Israel Action Committee 1AIPAC2 Relations Oil Security and stability US arms sales AWACs IraF-Iran War 3 Oil concerns Soviets in Afghanistan Geddah Embassy compound Saudi students in US 0ocal hospitality Mi4ing in local society E4pansion of Soviet power Status of women American community Religious restrictions US embassy in Israel Saudi reaction Saudi8ation of ARAMCO Saudi use of oil wealth Fluctuating oil price Distribution of wealth US technical assistance program Saudi government and officials King Fahd Ambassador Prince Bandar Foreign Minister Prince Saud al Faisal Saddam Hussein Kuwait Iran Diplomat in Resident Heorgetown University 19C.-19CC Seminar on diplomacy United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia 19CC-19C9 Circumstances surrounding appointment Resumption of Saudi-US relationship Saudi purchase of Chinese missiles Ambassador Hume Horan Retirement 19C9 President of Meridian International Center 19C9-200, Description of programs staff support INTERVIEW 4 ': (alt, I wonder if you could just give a little bac,ground before we get to the Foreign Service. (here did you come from/ CUT0ER: IJm a New Englander. Born in Boston but grew up in the college town of Amherst in western Massachusetts. ': Midwestern Massachusetts. I went to (illiams, so that we... CUT0ER: Well I tell you I grew up in Amherst because my father had been on the faculty at the University of Massachusetts. SubseFuently my step-father was also on the faculty at the University of Massachusetts my brother went to Amherst College and I didnJt want to be a Ktownie K so I went to Wesleyan completing the 0ittle Three. I thought about Williams but it was a little too far in the woods. ': It was, in those days. How did you become interested in foreign affairs/ CUT0ER: Hood Fuestion. I think I trace it back to stamp collecting when I was a very small child. Stamp collecting gave me an interest in and knowledge of world geography where these countries are capitals etc. And then the other factor was the Second World War. I was about ten years old when it started so from age 10 to 14 roughly I like everybody was caught up in the war. ': It was the greatest story that any young person who was interested could have followed. Every day, there was something. CUT0ER: We all had maps up in our rooms with pinsL we followed the fighting of the North African campaign going into Europe and then there was the Pacific. This naturally breeds an interest in world affairs. Otherwise I really donJt think I would have headed in that direction because I had no reason to. There was no international connection in my family. ': (hat was your major in college/ CUT0ER: Hovernment. ': How did you get into the Foreign Service/ CUT0ER: At Wesleyan this interest in international affairs continued. For e4ample I was President of the International Relations Club that sort of thing. And then I went on to Fletcher primarily because one of my professors at Wesleyan Sigmund Neumann who was a fairly well-known political scientist taught also at Fletcher. He interested me in the school and that threw me even more directly and deeply into foreign affairs studies. 5 I always had it in my mind that I would at least take the Foreign Service e4am so while still in the Army in San Francisco I took the e4am. And then I was discharged and came back East to look for a job. I think like many FSOs I had had very much in my mind either going into public service that is the Foreign Service or perhaps going on for a Ph.D. and teaching. My father and step- father had been professors and so that was very much in the family. But like many FSOs when the time came to go for the doctorate I thought: -ou know IJm not sure if I want to spend that much time and IJm not sure if I want to teach and so maybe I will try the Foreign Service. And so I went into it with the idea: IJll try it for a couple of years and see what happens. ': 3ou came in when/ CUT0ER: I came in in 195,. I came as I said back to the East Coast. In those days 1and maybe itJs not so different now2 one waited a long time just for the results of your written e4am. So even though I had taken it in San Francisco while still in the military service by the time I was discharged and returned home I still didnJt know whether I had passed it or not. So I came to Washington and the first Gunior Officer training course for USIA was being organi8ed. A friend of mine from Fletcher was among the entering officers and he advised me to take a close look at this which I did. There was no written e4am reFuired in those days for entering USIA just an oral. So I took the oral passed and they offered me a place in that course. Mind you I still didnJt know whether I had passed the Foreign Service e4am or not. So I had a tough decision to make and I decided that I might as well start with USIA which I did. And the very day I started I got the results of my Foreign Service e4am. I had passed. I stayed with USIA I think a matter of five or si4 weeks in their training program while I then took my oral e4amination for the Foreign Service. I passed that and then I had another decision to make. And I decided: Well if IJm truly interested in the Foreign Service I might as well go over to the State Department now. I had some regrets. I was already assigned as a Public Affairs officer in 0aos and that appealed to me a good deal. I had visions of going down the Mekong on a boat with a loud speaker and a movie screen. But anyway friends in the State Department said K0ook youJd better come now. -ou never know what may happen later.K So I did I dropped out. ': 3our first assignment was to the Cameroon. (as it Cameroon or Cameroons in those days/ 6 CUT0ER: Well it was the French Cameroons. At least thatJs the way I think the postage stamp had it. Otherwise it was Cameroun the French way. ': 3ou were at the capital of 3aound4. Could you describe the situation there at the time/ 1ow did we see it at the time/ CUT0ER: As I recall the Department in 195, looking ahead at what was happening in Africa and reali8ing that most if not all of these British and French colonies and trust territories were going to become independent fairly rapidly did some prioriti8ing and came out with four countries or countries-to- be in which it was decided we had better get a foothold because they were likely to develop into something of importance in Africa.
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