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Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 41
Mon-Khmer Studies VOLUME 42 The journal of Austroasiatic languages and cultures Established 1964 Copyright for these papers vested in the authors Released under Creative Commons Attribution License Volume 42 Editors: Paul Sidwell Brian Migliazza ISSN: 0147-5207 Website: http://mksjournal.org Published in 2013 by: Mahidol University (Thailand) SIL International (USA) Contents Papers (Peer reviewed) K. S. NAGARAJA, Paul SIDWELL, Simon GREENHILL A Lexicostatistical Study of the Khasian Languages: Khasi, Pnar, Lyngngam, and War 1-11 Michelle MILLER A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography 12-25 Elizabeth HALL A phonological description of Muak Sa-aak 26-39 YANIN Sawanakunanon Segment timing in certain Austroasiatic languages: implications for typological classification 40-53 Narinthorn Sombatnan BEHR A comparison between the vowel systems and the acoustic characteristics of vowels in Thai Mon and BurmeseMon: a tendency towards different language types 54-80 P. K. CHOUDHARY Tense, Aspect and Modals in Ho 81-88 NGUYỄN Anh-Thư T. and John C. L. INGRAM Perception of prominence patterns in Vietnamese disyllabic words 89-101 Peter NORQUEST A revised inventory of Proto Austronesian consonants: Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic Evidence 102-126 Charles Thomas TEBOW II and Sigrid LEW A phonological description of Western Bru, Sakon Nakhorn variety, Thailand 127-139 Notes, Reviews, Data-Papers Jonathan SCHMUTZ The Ta’oi Language and People i-xiii Darren C. GORDON A selective Palaungic linguistic bibliography xiv-xxxiii Nathaniel CHEESEMAN, Jennifer -
Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia
Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia Geographically, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are situated in the fastest growing region in the world, positioned alongside the dynamic economies of neighboring China and Thailand. Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia compares the postwar political economies of these three countries in the context of their individual and collective impact on recent efforts at regional integration. Based on research carried out over three decades, Ronald Bruce St John highlights the different paths to reform taken by these countries and the effect this has had on regional plans for economic development. Through its comparative analysis of the reforms implemented by Cam- bodia, Laos and Vietnam over the last 30 years, the book draws attention to parallel themes of continuity and change. St John discusses how these countries have demonstrated related characteristics whilst at the same time making different modifications in order to exploit the strengths of their individual cultures. The book contributes to the contemporary debate over the role of democratic reform in promoting economic devel- opment and provides academics with a unique insight into the political economies of three countries at the heart of Southeast Asia. Ronald Bruce St John earned a Ph.D. in International Relations at the University of Denver before serving as a military intelligence officer in Vietnam. He is now an independent scholar and has published more than 300 books, articles and reviews with a focus on Southeast Asia, -
A New Method of Classification for Tai Textiles
A New Method of Classification for Tai Textiles Patricia Cheesman Textiles, as part of Southeast Asian traditional clothing and material culture, feature as ethnic identification markers in anthropological studies. Textile scholars struggle with the extremely complex variety of textiles of the Tai peoples and presume that each Tai ethnic group has its own unique dress and textile style. This method of classification assumes what Leach calls “an academic fiction … that in a normal ethnographic situation one ordinarily finds distinct tribes distributed about the map in an orderly fashion with clear-cut boundaries between them” (Leach 1964: 290). Instead, we find different ethnic Tai groups living in the same region wearing the same clothing and the same ethnic group in different regions wearing different clothing. For example: the textiles of the Tai Phuan peoples in Vientiane are different to those of the Tai Phuan in Xiang Khoang or Nam Nguem or Sukhothai. At the same time, the Lao and Tai Lue living in the same region in northern Vietnam weave and wear the same textiles. Some may try to explain the phenomena by calling it “stylistic influence”, but the reality is much more profound. The complete repertoire of a people’s style of dress can be exchanged for another and the common element is geography, not ethnicity. The subject of this paper is to bring to light forty years of in-depth research on Tai textiles and clothing in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Thailand and Vietnam to demonstrate that clothing and the historical transformation of practices of social production of textiles are best classified not by ethnicity, but by geographical provenance. -
Gunboat Diplomacy: Political Bias, Trade Policy, And
Gunboat Diplomacy Political Bias, Trade Policy, and War∗ Brendan Cooley† 13 November 2019 Abstract Countries with deep trading relationships rarely ght wars with one another. Here, I develop a theory of trade, war, and political bias, in which both trade and war are endogenous objects. Governments can rectify poor market access conditions abroad through war and subsequent regime change, in which the victorious country installs a liberal “puppet” government abroad. Trade policy bargaining is therefore conducted “in the shadow of power,” with counterfactual wars shaping the policy choices that prevail in times of peace. When peace prevails, militarily weak countries are more open to trade than powerful ones, all else equal. Equilibrium trade policies balance domestic interests against military threats from abroad. War is less likely between liberal governments because they prefer less protectionist trade policies. As a result, trade ows and the probability of peace are positively correlated in equilibrium, even though trade does not cause peace. JEL Classication Codes: D72, D74, F13, F51, F52, F54 ∗Ph.D. candidate, Department of Politics, Princeton University. Previous versions of this paper were circulated under the titles “Trade Wars, Hot Wars, and the Commercial Peace” and “Trade Policy in the Shadow of Power.” For helpful comments and discussions on earlier drafts of this paper, I thank Timm Betz, Adrien Bilal, Tyson Chatagnier, Rob Carroll, Andrew Coe, Noel Foster, Erik Gartzke, Kishore Gawande, Dan Gibbs, Joanne Gowa, Gene Grossman, -
Northern Economic Corridor in the Lao People's
SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT NORTHERN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR IN THE LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC August 2002 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 18 July 2002) Currency Unit – Kip (KN) KN1.00 = $0.0000993 $1.00 = KN10,070 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AP – affected person DOR – Department of Roads EIA – environmental impact assessment EIRR – economic internal rate of return EMP – Environment Management Plan HIV/AIDS – human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome Lao PDR – Lao People’s Democratic Republic MAF – Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MCTPC – Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post, and Construction NBCA – national biodiversity conservation area NPA – national protected area PRC – People’s Republic of China SEIA – summary environmental impact assessment STEA – Science, Technology and Environment Agency NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. CONTENTS Page MAP ii I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2 A. Houayxay to Ban Nam Ngeun 2 B. Ban Nam Ngeun to the Louang Namtha Bypass 3 C. Southern End of Louang Namtha Bypass to Boten 3 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 4 A. Physical Resources 4 B. Ecological Resources 4 C. Human and Economic Development 5 D. Quality of Life Values 6 IV. ALTERNATIVES 7 V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 8 A. Soil Erosion 8 B. Loss of Vegetation and Habitat 9 C. Impacts on Wildlife 9 D. Impacts on Wildlife Through Increased Pressure from Illegal Trade 9 E. Overexploitation of Forest Resources Through Unsustainable Logging 9 F. Dust and Air Pollution 10 G. Noise 10 H. Loss of Agricultural Land 10 I. Encroachment on Irrigation Structures 11 J. -
Gunboat Diplomacy of the Great Powers on the Ottoman Empire
Journal of International Eastern European Studies/Uluslararası Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol./Yıl. 2, No/Sayı. 2, Winter/Kış 2020) ISSN: 2687-3346 Araştırma Makalesi Gunboat Diplomacy of the Great Powers on the Ottoman Empire: With Particular Reference to the Salonika Incident (1876) and Armenian Reform Demands (1879-80) Fikrettin Yavuz* (ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3161-457X) Makale Gönderim Tarihi Makale Kabul Tarihi 01.12.2020 08.12.2020 Abstract Throughout history, gunboat, a small vessel of a naval force, has been turned into a term of coercive diplomacy. Gunboat diplomacy, associated with chiefly the activities of the Great Powers, means the use of naval power directly or indirectly as an aggressive diplomatic instrument. It seems highly probable to see many examples of this coercive diplomacy in the world history, particularly after the French Revolution. Naturally, the Ottoman Empire, always attracted attention of the Great Powers, was exposed to this policy of the Powers. During the nineteen century, the rivalry among the European Powers on the Ottoman territorial integrity became a common characteristic that led them to implement gunboat diplomacy on all occasions. In this context, this article firstly offers a critical analysis of gunboat diplomacy of the Great Powers on the Ottoman Empire within the dimension of two specific examples: The Salonika Incident and Armenian reform demands. In addition, it aims to contribute to the understanding of gunboat diplomacy of the Great Powers and Ottoman response by evaluating it from native and foreign literatures. Keywords: European Powers, Ottomans, Gunboat Diplomacy, Salonika, Armenian, Reform * Assoc. Prof. Dr., Sakarya University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of History, Turkey, [email protected]. -
Iron Man of Laos Prince Phetsarath Ratanavongsa the Cornell University Southeast Asia Program
* fll!!I ''{f'':" ' J.,, .,.,Pc, IRON MAN OF LAOS PRINCE PHETSARATH RATANAVONGSA THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM The Southeast Asia Program was organized at Cornell University in the Department of Far Eastern Studies in 1950. It is a teaching and research program of interdisciplinary studies in the humanities, social sciences, and some natural sciences. It deals with Southeast Asia as a region, and with the individual countries of the area: Brunei, Burma, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The activities of the Program are carried on both at Cornell and in Southeast Asia. They include an undergraduate and graduate curriculum at Cornell which provides instruction by specialists in Southeast Asian cultural history and present-day affairs and offers intensive training in each of the major languages of the area. The Program sponsors group research projects on Thailand, on Indonesia, on the Philippines, and on linguistic studies of the languages of the area. At the same time, individual staff and students of the Program have done field research in every Southeast Asian country. A list of publications relating to Southeast Asia which may be obtained on prepaid order directly from the Program is given at the end of this volume. Information on Program staff, fellowships, requirements for degrees, and current course offerings is obtainable· from the Director, Southeast Asia Program, 120 Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. 11 IRON MAN OF LAOS PRINCE PHETSARATH RATANAVONGSA by "3349" Trc1nslated by .John B. �1urdoch F.di ted by · David K. \-vyatt Data Paper: Number 110 -Southeast Asia Program Department of Asian Studies Cornell University, Ithaca, New York .November 197·8 Price: $5.00 111 CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM 1978 International Standard Book Number 0-87727-110-0 iv C.ONTENTS FOREWORD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . -
Basic Design Study Report on the Project of Preparation for Conservation of Vat Phou Archaeological Site in Lao People’S Democratic Republic
NO BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORT ON THE PROJECT OF PREPARATION FOR CONSERVATION OF VAT PHOU ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC DECEMBER 2001 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. GR2 CR(1) 01-210 Preface In response to a request from the Government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Government of Japan decided to conduct a basic design study on The Project of Preparation for Conservation of Vat Phou Archaeological Site and entrusted the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA sent a study team to Laos from the 4th of June to the 16th of July, 2001. The team held discussions with the officials concerned from the Government of Laos, and conducted a field study at the study area. After the team returned to Japan, further studies were made. Then, a mission was sent to Laos in order to discuss a basic design, and as a result, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned from the Government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic for their close cooperation extended to the teams. December 2001 Takao Kawakami President Japan International Cooperation Agency List of figures & Tables Figure 2-1 Present Rainwater Flowing Routes...................................................................2-4 Figure 2-2 Location Map of Candidate Sites for Repository ...............................................2-9 -
Epr Atlas 1080
Laos Ethnicity in Laos Group selection Laos is a multi-ethnic country officially encompassing 49 ethnic groups (2910), which have been grouped primarily by language and 2910 [National Statistics Center of the Lao PDR, 2006] location into one of three categories: the Lao Loum (Lowland Lao), and the hill tribes constituting of the Lao Theung (Upper Lao) and the Lao Sung (Highland Lao) (2911; 2912, 247-248). Based on this 2911 [National Statistics Center of the Lao PDR, 2006] classification and linguistic considerations, we identify the following 2912 [Levinson, 1998] politically relevant groups: • The Lao (incl. Phuan) make up just over half of the total population according to the 2015 census and tend to be con- centrated in the flatlands and valleys (2913). They speak Lao, a 2913 [Minority Rights Group International, 2018a] Tai-language, and are the largest and most important Lao Loum group (2914, 247). Most people from this group are Theravada 2914 [Levinson, 1998] Buddhists (2915). 2915 [Minority Rights Group International, 2018a] • The remaining Lao Tai speakers include the lowland Phu Tai and several tribes who live in the higher valleys and on the middle slopes of the mountains in northern Laos. The tribes are usually categorized according to their traditional costumes, e.g. the Tai Dam (Black Tai). They are regarded as inferior by lowland Lao, and Tai, in turn, look down on lowland Lao for having failed to maintain Tai tradition and culture (2916). 2916 [Minority Rights Group International, 2018b] • The Lao Theung, sometimes called Lao Thoeng tend to inhabit mid-level slopes and speak numerous Mon-Khmer languages. -
غhistorical Presentations in the Lao Textbooks
Historical Presentations in the Lao Textbooks: From the Independent to the Early Socialism Period (1949-1986)1 Dararat Mattariganond Û Yaowalak Apichatvullop This paper presents the presentations of Lao history in the Lao textbooks from the Independent period, starting in 1949 to the Early Socialism period, starting in 1975. We designate the year 1949 as the starting point of our study as it was this year that the Royal Lao Government (RLG) proclaimed independence from France on 19 July. It was also this year that Lao gained international recognition as an independent state, although it was still within the French Union. At the other end, we take the year 1986, as it was the year that the Lao Government declared the new policy çJintanakarn Mai,é which involved a number of changes in Lao 1 Paper presented in First International Conference on Lao Studies, organized by Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, May 20-22, 2005. 88 «“√ “√ —ß§¡≈ÿà¡πÈ”‚¢ß social structures. Our purpose is to show that history was manipulated by the Lao governments of both periods as a mechanism to transfer the national social values to the younger generations through textbooks used in school education. Our analysis is based on the Lao textbooks used during the Independent and the Socialism periods (1949- 1986). Presentations of this paper are in two parts: 1) the Lao history in the Lao textbooks of the Independent period (1949-1975), and 2) the Lao history in the Lao textbooks of the Early Socialism period (1975-1986). 1. Lao History Before 1975 Based on Lao historical documents, the Lan Xang kingdom used to be a well united state during King Fa Ngumûs regime. -
Singing the Lives of the Buddha: Lao Folk Opera As an Educational Medium
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 368 224 FL 800 756 AUTHOR Bernard-Johnston, Jean TITLE Singing the Lives of the Buddha: Lao Folk Opera as an Educational Medium. PUB DATE May 93 NOTE 351p.; Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. PUB TYPE Dissertations/Theses Doctoral Dissertations (041) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; Buddhism; Culture Conflict; English (Second Language); Epistemology; *Folk Culture; *Land Settlement; *Lao; Native Language Instruction; *Opera; Refugees; *Teaching Methods; Uncommonly Taught Languages ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the role of Lao folk opera as a medium for constructively addressing problems of cultural conflict and acculturative stress that have risen among lowland Lao refugees and their children in urban America. The central focus of the inquiry is on the ways Lao folk opera currently functions as a learning medium in the resettlement context. The need for validation of such locally produced endogenous media has become increasingly apparent as long term resettlement issues continue to emerge as threats to linguistic and cultural diversity. The review of literature encompasses the role of oral specialists in traditional societies, Buddhist epistemology in the Theravada tradition, and community education in rural Lao culture. These sources provide the background necessary to an understanding of the medium's capacity for encapsulating culture and teaching ethical values in ways that connect past to present, distant to near. (Author) *********************************************************************** -
Laos Malaria General Malaria Information: Predominantly P
Laos Malaria General malaria information: predominantly P. falciparum. Transmission occurs throughout the year and is highest from May through October. Human P. knowlesi infection has been reported but is rare in travelers. Issues to Consider Factors favoring chemoprophylaxis Location-specific recommendations: • Adventure travel Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for all travelers: throughout the southern half of the country; most lowland areas in the • Risk-averse and vulnerable travelers northern half of the country; all cities and towns within these areas. • Areas subject to infrequent epidemics Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for certain travelers (see Issues to Consider box): all other areas not mentioned above • Immigrants visiting friends and relatives except Vientiane Prefecture and the central urban areas of Luang Prabang and Xam Neua. • Flexible itineraries Insect precautions only are recommended (negligible transmission reported): rural areas of Vientiane Prefecture; the central • Travel longer than 1 month urban areas of Luang Prabang and Xam Neua. • Unreliable medical expertise and/or treatment drugs at destination No preventive measures are necessary (no evidence of transmission exists): the city of Vientiane. Factors against chemoprophylaxis Preventive measures: Evening and nighttime insect precautions are essential in areas with any level of transmission. • Air-conditioned hotels only Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone or generic) and doxycycline are protective in this country. • Urban areas only • Non-transmission season • Minimal