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Loh & NIAS Democracy in Asia series, 10 Öjendal (eds) SOUTHEAST ASIAN RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION Restructuring Governance and Deepening Democracy SOUTHEAST ASIAN RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah and Joakim Öjendal It is now apparent, especially in the aftermath of the regional financial crisis of 1997, that globalization has been impacting upon the Southeast Asian economies and societies in new and harrowing ways, a theme of many SOUTHEAST ASIAN recent studies. Inadvertently, these studies of globalization have also high- lighted that the 1980s and 1990s debate on democratization in the region Responses to – which focused on the emergence of the middle classes, the roles of new social movements, NGOs and the changing relations between state and civil society – might have been overly one-dimensional. GLOBALIZATION This volume revisits the theme of democratization via the lenses of globalization, understood economically, politically and culturally. Although globalization increasingly frames the processes of democracy and develop- restructuring governance and ment, nonetheless, the governments and peoples of Southeast Asia have deepening democracy been able to determine the pace and character – even the direction of these processes – to a considerable extent. This collection of essays (by some distin- guished senior scholars and other equally perceptive younger ones) focuses on this globalization–democratization nexus and shows, empirically and ana- lytically, how governance is being restructured and democracy sometimes deepened in this new global era. A historical review introduces the volume while an analytical assessment of the ten case-studies concludes it. Politics, Sociology, Development Studies, Southeast Asian Studies Institute of Southeast Asian Studies edited by ISBN 981-230-324-3 FRANCIS LOH KOK WAH AND JOAKIM ÖJENDAL 9 7 8 9 8 1 2 3 0 3 2 4 0 Loh2_pbk_cover.indd 1 13/4/05 17:23:16 Loh-Ojendal_pbk-prelims.fm Page i Wednesday, April 6, 2005 4:00 PM SOUTHEAST ASIAN RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION Loh-Ojendal_pbk-prelims.fm Page ii Wednesday, April 6, 2005 4:00 PM The Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) is a research and service institute located in Copenhagen where it collaborates closely with Copenhagen University and the Copenhagen Business School as well as with Lund University in Sweden and the wider Nordic Asian Studies community. Funded in part by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers and in part directly by the Nordic scholarly community, NIAS works to encourage and support Asian Studies in the Nordic countries as well as actively participating in the international scholarly community in its own right. In so doing, NIAS has published books since 1969 and in 2002 launched NIAS Press as an independent, not-for-profit publisher aiming at a premium reputation among authors and readers for relevant and focused, quality publishing in the field of Asian Studies. The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security and economic trends and develop- ments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). ISEAS Publications, an established academic press, has issued more than 1,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publica- tions works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. Loh-Ojendal_pbk-prelims.fm Page iii Wednesday, April 6, 2005 4:00 PM Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization Restructuring Governance and Deepening Democracy EDITED BY Francis Loh Kok Wah and Joakim Öjendal INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES Singapore Loh-Ojendal_pbk-prelims.fm Page iv Wednesday, April 6, 2005 4:00 PM Democracy in Asia series, 10 First published in 2005 by NIAS Press Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Leifsgade 33, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark tel: (+45) 3532 9501 • fax: (+45) 3532 9549 E–mail: [email protected] • Website: www.niaspress.dk First published in 2005 in Singapore by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Pasir Panjang, Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] • Website: http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg for distribution in the ASEAN countries, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand. © Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2005 All rights reserved. While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, copyright in the individual papers belongs to their authors. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Southeast Asian responses to globalization : restructuring governance and deepening democracy. - (Democracy in Asia series ; 10) 1.Democratization - Asia, Southeastern 2.Asia, Southeastern - Politics and givernment - 1945- I.Loh, Francis Kok-Wah, 1951- II.Ojendal, Joakim 321.8’0959 ISBN 87-91114-43-8 (NIAS hbk edition) ISBN 87-91114-44-6 (NIAS pbk edition) ISBN 981-230-324-3 (ISEAS edition) Typesetting by Thor Publishing Printed and bound in Singapore 00_Prelims2.fm Page v Thursday, January 13, 2005 2:26 PM CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii List of Contributors ix Abbreviations xii INTRODUCTION 1 Francis Loh Kok Wah and Joakim Öjendal 1 Globalization, Development and Democratization in Southeast Asia1 17 Francis Loh Kok Wah PART ONE: RESTRUCTURING GOVERNANCE 2 Liberalization without Democratization: Singapore in the Next Decade 57 Chua Beng Huat 3 Globalization, Capital Controls and Reformasi: Crises and Contestations over Governance 83 Khoo Boo Teik 4 Human Rights in Malaysia: Globalization, National Governance and Local Responses 110 Saliha Hassan and Carolina López 5 Global Civil Society in One Country? Class Formation and Business Activism in the Philippines 138 Eva-Lotta E. Hedman 6 Globalization, Inequitable Development and Disenfranchisement in Sarawak 173 Andrew Aeria 7 The Fall of Suharto: Understanding the Politics of the Global 201 Dewi Fortuna Anwar v 00_Prelims2.fm Page vi Thursday, January 13, 2005 2:26 PM Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization PART TWO: DEEPENING DEMOCRACY 8 Filling the Democratic Deficit: Deliberative Forums and Political Organizing in Indonesia 233 Hans Antlöv 9 Democracy and the Mainstreaming of Localism in Thailand 259 Michael Kelly Connors 10 A New Local State in Cambodia? Decentralization as a Political Commodity 287 Joakim Öjendal 11 Democracy among the Grassroots: Local Responses to Democratic Reforms in Vietnam 316 Bent Jørgensen CONCLUSION 12 Democratization amidst Globalization in Southeast Asia: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Reflections 345 Joakim Öjendal Index 373 TABLES 1 Average Annual GDP, Sarawak, 1970–2000 174 2 Major Political Party Funders, Sarawak, 1963–69 179 vi 00_Prelims2.fm Page vii Thursday, January 13, 2005 2:26 PM Acknowledgements This book is yet another publication emanating from the multi- country research project ‘Discourses and Practices of Democracy in Southeast Asia’, which was funded by the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA) and the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC). We sincerely thank SIDA/SAREC for their generous support which sustained the research activities and workshops that facilitated the completion of this book project. The research project itself involved the Centre for East and South East Asian Studies (GESEAS, now Center for Asian Studies, CEAS) of Göteborg University, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cambodian Researchers for Development (CRD), Institute of Malay- sian and International Studies (IKMAS) of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. We would especially like to thank Hans Antlöv, Sven Cederroth and Wil Burghoorn who as successive directors and project leaders at GESEAS coordinated the project, and offered their assistance, advice and time unstintingly. For the purposes of this comparative book project, it became necessary to include colleagues, not members of the above institutions who were researching other Southeast Asian countries, not covered by the original team of researchers. Thanks to Andrew Aeria, Chua Beng Huat, Bent Jørgensen, Michael Connors, Carolina López and Eva-Lotta Hedman who responded to our invitation, we have been able to extend the scope of coverage of the book. Indeed, thanks to them and the other contributors, who responded to our requests for rewriting and updating promptly and with good cheer, we are able to present a publication not only wide in its coverage, but containing excellent in- depth analysis as well. Suffice to say it was a pleasure working with colleagues like them. vii 00_Prelims2.fm Page viii Thursday, January 13, 2005 2:26 PM Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization We very much appreciate the assistance of Leena Höskuldsson, Gerald Jackson and Janice Leon of NIAS Press, and Teh Gaik Lan
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    04 SEP 1996 Sarawak-Anwar (Fokus Pilihan Raya) ANWAR RANSANGKAN PUSINGAN AKHIR KEMPEN PILIHAN RAYA S'WAK Oleh: Azman Ujang KUCHING, 4 Sept (Bernama) -- Perebutan undi dalam pilihan raya negeri Sarawak pada 7 dan 8 Sept ini telah memasukki pusingan akhir dengan Timbalan Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim turut menyertai kekalutan itu untuk berucap di empat tempat semasa lawatan setengah harinya ke sini esok. Kehadiran Anwar dijangka akan memeriahkan lagi pilihanraya ini yang pada umumnya setakat ini dihiasi dengan kempen-kempen yang kurang bermaya, apa yang disifatkan oleh sesetengah pemimpin Barisan Nasional (BN) sebagai disebabkan oleh "sikap puas hati" berikutan dengan parti pemerintah itu yang telah memenangi 19 kerusi pada hari penamaan calon pada 27 Ogos lepas. Dengan BN yang akan melawan pihak pembangkang yang hanya tinggal 66 calon yang boleh dikatakan ke semuannya bertanding di atas tiket bebas untuk baki 43 kerusi lagi itu, maklumat balas yang didapati dari berbagai kawasan menunjukkan bahawa ia sudah tentu akan mencapai apa yang diramalkan awal-awal oleh Ketua Menteri Tan Sri Abdul Taib Mahmud sebagai kemenangan sapu bersih. Taib, yang juga presiden Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), timbalannya, Tan Sri Alfred Jabu dan presiden Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak, Datuk Leo Moggie adalah antara juru-juru kempen yang kuat, yang telah merentas ke seluruh negeri yang luas ini dengan helikopter, dengan Moggie memberi tumpuan pada hari-hari akhir ini di Belaga, di kawasan jauh di pendalaman Sarawak. Sejurus setibanya di sini esok, Anwar akan terus menaikki helikopter untuk ke Simunjan, kira-kira 100km dari sini, untuk merasmikan loji rawatan air bandar itu.