DOCSLIB.ORG

Faﻣ ﺪùﻬﺷ »ﻞuوﺮﮑﺳﺎp دراوﺎﻫ« ﻪﻣﺎﻨﯿﮔﺪﻧز ﺖùﻃو Howard C. Baskerville: Bqﻮﺧ

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Faﻣ ﺪùﻬﺷ »ﻞuوﺮﮑﺳﺎp دراوﺎﻫ« ﻪﻣﺎﻨﯿﮔﺪﻧز ﺖùﻃو Howard C. Baskerville: Bqﻮﺧ زﻧﺪﮔﯿﻨﺎﻣﻪ «ﻫﺎوارد jﺎﺳﮑﺮوnﻞ» ﺷﻬZﺪ ﻣ st ﺖZﻃو :Howard C. Baskerville ﯾﻮﺳﻒ ﻋnyﺰی ﻧﮋاد ﺧﻮ•~ Martyr of Constitutionalism ﺎ ‰ ەﺎ ﺧ†…ی ﻠﺤﺗ Z• ﺎﻤﻧ ﻧ ﻪﻣﺎ By Yousef Aziz-Nejad Khoi ۲۱•۰۹•۱۳۹۸ Translated by the Baskerville Institute The Constitutional Revolution in Iran (1905-1911) is one of the most prominent events in the history of Iran and Asia and had a great impact on the emergence of movements in other Asian countries1 . Many freedom fighters from other countries were encouraged by the development and came to Iran to fight alongside the Iranians for their Constitutional movement ( 1905-1910).• When despotic forces (Istebdad) with the support of Tsarist Russia, were pressuring the constitutionalist forces, famous foreigners held rallies in support of the Iranian freedom fighters. For example, Zia al-Din, son of Mahmud Pasha, organized and chaired meetings with allies in Istanbul supporting the efforts of the Iranian freedom fighters.2 Apart from these regional activities, other freedom fighters from faraway countries took notice of Iran and joined the constitutionalists. Their names have been recorded in Iran for their bravery. Such as German Fyodor, a Mojahedin artilleryman in the Gilan province, Aliev Shalatov, a naval sailor, Patomectin, a national army gunner, Fonarov, a fugitive Russian soldier, and Charles Semino, a Frenchman who died and left his mark on the history of the Constitutional Revolution. Another person, Saeed Salmasi, 2 was able to mobilize a large number of young Ottoman Turks to join the other fighters defending the constitutionalism of Azerbaijan.• Perhaps the name of Panov, a member of the Russian Social Democratic Party, and his clever actions in constitutionalist propaganda are one of the shining *Pictures & illustrations added to the translation by the Baskerville Institute. 1 Mehrab Mohammad, 100th Anniversary of the Constitution, Special Issue, Akhtar magazine, P. 24 • Translator note: For more on Iran’s Constitutional Revolution see H.E. Chehabi, and Vanessa Martin, edited , Iran's constitutional revolution : popular politics, cultural transformations and transnational connections, I. B. Tauris, 2010 2 Ibid.. Among the wealthy and powerful people of Azerbaijan, cooperation with Haidar Amu Oghli in the uprisings of Khoy and Tabriz, and with the Ottoman Union and Progress Society helped the constitutionalists and the Mujahideen of Khoy, and the Kurds in Khoy • Trans.note: On June 24, 1908, Sayyid Hassan Taqizadeh, a prominent constitutionalist intellectual fled and took refuge in Istanbul, joining others who had fled earlier and forming alliances with their Turkish colleagues. pages of constitutionalism. In sum, forty-two pro-freedom world revolutionaries were killed or wounded during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. One of these anonymous and devoted personalities was Mr. Howard C. Baskerville, a young freedom- loving American teacher. Howard Baskerville (1885-1909), was born in North Platte, Nebraska, graduated from Princeton University in 1907( 1286). He came to Iran to teach at the American Boys' School in Tabriz, which was part of the organization of American Presbyterian missionaries in this city. Baskerville, 24, taught history and international law. 3 Before the constitutional movement, as well as in its early years, the American School in Tabriz (Memorial School)4 was popular with constitutionalists. Because it was the only place where English and European sciences were taught, and many young smart Iranians attended this school.5 Baskerville’s registration with U.S. Consulate in Tabriz, September 5, 1908 The solidarity of the school and the Constitutional Movement was due to one teacher in that school, and this is the story of Mr. Baskerville joining the Tabriz Mojahedin. According to Ahmad Kasravi: "It was Baskerville, a 25-year-old who arrived in Tabriz shortly before the Tabriz War to teach from the United States. He had taken and his first job was to come to teach in this school after receiving his B.A. from 3 Janet Afary, Iranian Constitutional Revolution, ( translated by Reza Rezai), Bisetoon Press, 1379, P. 494 4 American Memorial School of Tabriz established in 1881 was one of the most prominent schools of its kind. Hundreds of Iranian received their secondary education in Memorial School. The school had 12 classes. Its official language was English and it had its own program. n 1935-1936 following the order of Reza Shah to nationalize all of the private school. In 1908 98 percent of the Iranian population were illiterate, three-fourth lived in rural areas. 5 Ahmad Kasravi, Iran’s Constitutional Revolution, Amir Kabir Press, P. 897 Princeton University. When the pure-hearted young man arrived in Tabriz and found the whole city in turmoil, his blood boiled and he became attached to the freedom of Iran."6 Baskerville, who lived in complete freedom and comfort, and had never tasted oppression in his life, suddenly entered an environment dominated by political oppression and abuse. In this case, it was not surprising that he was moved by great exuberance for change. Seeing the oppression of the youth and hearing the speeches of the late Sharifzadeh and Rezazadeh Shafaq7, this free-spirited young man became very attached to the constitution, and especially the killing of the late Sharifzadeh, shook the heart of this young American and made him very uneasy. After watching the misconduct of foreign agents such as the Russian and British consuls, Baskerville could not stay indifferent, he wanted to do something. He therefore became acquainted himself with English-speaking freedom fighters and in conversing with them he expressed his interest to help the freedom fighters. Because he had completed his military service in the United States and had training, he recruited young people to train them for the fight.8 Watching Baskerville in revolutionary Mojahedin uniform created a strange excitement in Tabriz. Some young people from Tabriz, as well as businessmen who had not taken up arms until that day, appeared in the square in battle uniforms and carried Baskerville's orders with their necks stretched, even though observers knew more or less that Baskerville had a formidable task, and he was unaware of the forces in the civil war, the tribes and nomads, and that he would soon perish and this will intimidate other young people [ from joining the Constitutional Movement], but as long as he taught military training, many benefits from his leadership example.9 6 Ibid. 7 Rezazadeh Shafaq, born in 1310 (AH ) in Tabriz, had completed his primary and secondary education in Islamic sciences and English at the American School and the Russian and French language courses in Tabriz. He published a newspaper called Shafaq. 8 Kasravi, op.cit., P. 891 ( translator note: He chose Kasravi ( 1889-1945) was a prominent an Iranian historian, linguist, researcher, jurist, and a nationalist thinker.] He was a nationalist professor of law at the University of Tehran and a lawyer in Tehran. He is the author of more than 70 volumes in Persian and Arabic. His book on the history of Iran's constitutional movement was published in 1939. This book has also been translated into English by Evan Siegel ( Mazda Press 2006.) 9 Karim Taherzadeh Behzad,, Azerbaijan Uprising in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, pp. 266 and 267. According to sources, it was from February that Baskerville became acquainted with these young men and was determined to teach them military service, so he worked from those days and, so that the American consul and the American school would not be aware, set up the Ark Field for military training of this recruits.• Every day at dusk, young people would gather there and practice. In this way, Baskerville's work progressed, and during his training, hundreds of well-known merchants came to the training ground and looked at him with admiration and praise. According to Kasravi: "A simple young man has a great dream in his heart."10 Baskerville made a pact with each of the forces under his command to be at the forefront of the battle, and as they approached the enemy, they should gallantly push forward, kill and be killed by the enemy. The same young people, after receiving the required training, trained others as trained instructors. Young people trained directly under Baskerville were called "rescue regiments.” ( Fouj’e Nejat) Baskerville’s “Rescue Regiment.” Baskerville’s friend, Sadeq Rezazadeh Shafaq, 3rdman standing from the left • Trans.note: On February 4, 1909, Russian forces surrounded Tabriz and its neighborhood, preventing people and food supplies from entering the city. This is known as the Tabriz siege. 10 Kasravi, op.cit., During training of his men Baskerville noticed a handful of inexperienced wealthy young people. Taherzadeh Behzad writes in this regard: "Most of the trainees were not interested in going to war, but wanted to wear special clothes and train with bullets and walk the streets of Tabriz. So after Baskerville, none of them stayed in the battlefield."11 During Baskerville's training, the American consul became aware of his work and became concerned. One evening, when the barracks was full of people and Sattar Khan Sardar and a number of representatives of the association were there, the consul came to the barracks, and when he met Baskerville, he reminded him that his involvement in the Constitutional Revolution in Iran was a violation of America law.• He told him that his actions would lead to punishment , and he threatened Baskerville and asked him to return to teaching at school. At this point, Baskerville took out his American passport and returned it to the consul. Sardar Khan and the representatives of the association who were present and watching the incident, addressed him: We are very happy with you, but we do not want you to be harmed in the way of the liberation of Iran and we would like you to return to your place in the school.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations Until the Obama
    MIT International Review | web.mit.edu/mitir 1 of 5 HISTORY BRIEF: TIMELINE OF US‐IRAN RELATIONS UNTIL THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Key Facts & Catalysts By Sam Sasan Shoamanesh Looking back at key events in this US‐Iran chronicle is helpful in understanding some of the traditional causes of friction and mistrust between Tehran and Washington. A reference to the annals of US‐Iran relations will also be valuable in appreciating that the policies of the past sixty years have not been advantageous to US interests and on the contrary, have resulted in blowbacks, which still vex the relations to this day. 1856: Genesis of Formal Relations | Diplomatic relations between Iran and the United States began in 1856. 1909: American Lafayette in Iran | In 1909, Howard Baskerville, an American teacher and Princeton graduate on a Presbyterian mission in Tabriz, Iran, instantly becomes an Iranian national hero where after joining the Constitutionalists during the Constitutional Revolution of 1905‐1911, loses his young life while fighting the Royalists and the forces of the Qajar king, Mohmmad Ali Shah’s elite Cossack brigade. He is remembered as saying: ʺ[t]he only difference between me and these people is my place of birth, and this is not a big difference.ʺ To this day he is revered by Iranians. Second World War | Until the second World War, the US had no interest or an active policy vis‐à‐vis Iran and relations remained cordial. 1953 C.I.A. Coup | In 1951, Prime Minister Mossadegh and his National Front party (“Jebhe Melli”), a socio‐democratic, liberal‐secular nationalist party in Iran, nationalize the country’s oil industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
    Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism Mohammad Rezaie Yazdi A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham March 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran was based and formed upon the concept of Khomeinism, the religious, political, and social ideas of Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the Iranian revolution was carried out with the slogans of independence, freedom, and Islamic Republic, Khomeini's framework gave it a specific impetus for the unity of people, religious culture, and leadership. Khomeinism was not just an effort, on a religious basis, to alter a national system. It included and was dependent upon the projection of a clash beyond a “national” struggle, including was a clash of ideology with that associated with the United States. Analysing the Iran-US relationship over the past century and Khomeini’s interpretation of it, this thesis attempts to show how the Ayatullah projected "America" versus Iranian national freedom and religious pride.
    [Show full text]
  • Business in Iran After the Nuclear Deal
    Presenting a live 90-minute webinar with interactive Q&A Back to Business in Iran After the Nuclear Deal: Maximizing Opportunity and Minimizing Liability Risks Navigating Remaining Sanctions and Customs Controls, Obtaining Necessary Licenses, and International Tax Planning TUESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2015 1pm Eastern | 12pm Central | 11am Mountain | 10am Pacific Today’s faculty features: Mehrdad Ghassemieh, Partner, Harlowe & Falk, Tacoma, Wash. Nnedinma C. Ifudu Nweke, Senior Counsel, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, Washington, D.C. Barbara D. Linney, Member, Miller & Chevalier Chartered, Washington, D.C. David B. Woodward, President & CEO, Associates in Cultural Exchange, Seattle The audio portion of the conference may be accessed via the telephone or by using your computer's speakers. Please refer to the instructions emailed to registrants for additional information. If you have any questions, please contact Customer Service at 1-800-926-7926 ext. 10. Tips for Optimal Quality FOR LIVE EVENT ONLY Sound Quality If you are listening via your computer speakers, please note that the quality of your sound will vary depending on the speed and quality of your internet connection. If the sound quality is not satisfactory, you may listen via the phone: dial 1-866-570-7602 and enter your PIN when prompted. Otherwise, please send us a chat or e-mail [email protected] immediately so we can address the problem. If you dialed in and have any difficulties during the call, press *0 for assistance. Viewing Quality To maximize your screen, press the F11 key on your keyboard. To exit full screen, press the F11 key again. Continuing Education Credits FOR LIVE EVENT ONLY In order for us to process your continuing education credit, you must confirm your participation in this webinar by completing and submitting the Attendance Affirmation/Evaluation after the webinar.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Not? E Case for an American-Iranian Alliance
    BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Why Not? !e Case for an American-Iranian Alliance Renad Mansour and Ben Hartley In an age of global uncertainty, allies and enemies must be scrutinized, and we must question why we choose to be in con#ict. Iran, as it pursues a nuclear weapon as a security guarantee, is perhaps the most important case to re-examine. "is paper argues that the United States should not only prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon, it should try to make Iran an American ally. What this would look like in practice is di$cult to say. "is paper merely initiates discussion of a scenario long considered impossible, and shows that there is signi%cant mutual interest in pursuing it. While shared trust cannot occur in the current situation, o!ers of cooperation from both sides o!er the only recourse to a future without a prolonged nuclear stando! akin to that with North Korea. "e scope of this paper is con%ned to laying the groundwork for establishing potential areas of cooperation and identifying the mutual bene%ts that would arise as a result. “"e only di!erence between me and these of sanctions, the rial has depreciated people is my place of birth, and this is not a by over 75 percent.2 !e government’s big di!erence.” 1 subsidy program, although moderately — Howard Baskerville e"ective for segments of the population such as the extreme poor, has squeezed Howard Baskerville fought for the middle class. Prices for bread, rice, constitutional democracy in Iran during vegetables, and milk doubled in 2012, the 1930s, dying at the age of 24 while leaving Iranians without money for food leading revolutionary forces against and shelter.3 Unemployment is believed the Qajar royalists.
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946)
    Revista Humanidades ISSN: 2215-3934 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Soleimani Amiri, PhD. Mohammad Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Revista Humanidades, vol. 10, no. 1, 2020 Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=498060395015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 Todos los derechos reservados. Universidad de Costa Rica. Esta revista se encuentra licenciada con Creative Commons. Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Costa Rica. Correo electrónico: [email protected]/ Sitio web: http: //revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/humanidades This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri. Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Desde las ciencias sociales, la filosofía y la educación Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Partido Demócrata de Azerbaiyán: altibajos (1945-1946) PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 University of Sapienza, Italia Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=498060395015 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-6964 Received: 19 June 2019 Accepted: 23 November 2019 Abstract: Democratic Party of Azerbaijan's movement is one of the most important events in the history of Iran and the world. It was for the first time in the history of Iran that a political party seriously stressed the issue of autonomy. In addition, this movement as liberation movement prioritized several decisive and fundamental reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Kiyaei, Mousavian Discuss Nuclear Deal and Iran's Future As Regional
    11/6/2015 Kiyaei, Mousavian discuss nuclear deal and Iran’s future as regional power | The Chautauquan Daily • • • Morning Lecture, Morning Lecture Recaps Kiyaei, Mousavian discuss nuclear deal and Iran’s future as regional power Sam Flynn on August 22, 2015 / 0 comments The Iran nuclear deal has stirred much debate and controversy in the United States over the last two months. Seyed Hossein Mousavian and Emad Kiyaei, two Iranians, teamed up to shed light on the nuclear deal and Iran’s perspective on the global landscape. Mousavian, a former diplomat and Iranian nuclear negotiator, and Kiyaei, executive director of the American-Iranian Council, were the final morning lecturers of Week Eight, “The Middle East Now and Next.” Mousavian is a pro-U.S. Iranian and the co-author of Iran and the United States, An Insider’s View on the Failed Past and the Road to Peace, which was published last year and chronicles U.S.-Iran relations from 1856 to the present day. The two men took the Amphitheater stage sans Mousavian’s son, Mohammed, who was scheduled to appear. Mohammed was held up by a delayed flight from Philadelphia, where he is a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania. Kiyaei questioned Mousavian on the deal, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, its implications, significance and whether it was a good or bad deal. According to Mousavian, the international consensus is that the U.S. and its allies, the P5+1 consisting of Germany, France, the United Kingdom, China and Russia, achieved their objective: to prevent every path that Iran could take to a nuclear bomb.
    [Show full text]
  • America and Securitization of Iran After the Islamic Revolution 1979 Till 2013; Continuation Or Change
    Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume: 11, No 4, Winter 2016 PP 85-116 America and Securitization of Iran after the Islamic revolution 1979 till 2013; continuation or change Mohammad Marandi- Associate Professor of English literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mehrdad Halalkhor- Ph.D Student of North American Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Received: 31/07/2015 Accepted: 30/09/2015 ____________________________________________________________________________ Abstract U.S foreign policy towards Iran has been so uncertain and variable since the beginning of this relation, but alongside of the fluctuation, some kind of consistency is distinguishable. Until the 1979, Islamic revolution Iranian people played a major role in the American anti- communism strategy in the Middle East. The U.S. grand strategy was based on its confrontation with the USSR, and Iran was the key for controlling the Middle East. The process of underpinning Iran’s power as a liberal alliance in the region was the core idea in American consideration towards Iran. After the 1979 revolution, -Iran as a regional actor, had changed its priority and no longer identified itself in the western coalition, based on American foreign policy. On the other hand, America also changed its identification of Iran as a friend and started to demonize Iran’s role in the Middle East and the world. Envisaging these trends, this very fundamental and important question will appear in the minds that: Did America have a turning point in its foreign policy towards Iran after the 1979 revolution, or was the principle of its foreign policy steady or tactical change occurred? In order to answer this question, this article going to examine the history of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Journalism in Iran
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1996 A review of journalism in Iran: the functions of the press and traditional communication channels in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran Ali Asghar Kia University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Kia, Ali Asghar, A review of journalism in Iran: the functions of the press and traditional communication channels in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Graduate School of Journalism, University of Wollongong, 1996. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1882 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] A REVIEW OF JOURNALISM IN IRAN: THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESS AND TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION OF IRAN A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by ALI ASGHAR KIA FACULTY OF CREATIVE ARTS GRADUATE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM 1996 ii CERTIFICATION I certify that the work analysed in the functions of the press and traditional communication channels in the Constitutional revolution of 1906 in Iran is entirely my own work. References to the work of others are indicated in the text. This work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any other university. AH AsgharKia August 1996 iii ABSTRACT THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESS AND TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION OF IRAN This thesis is essentially a study of the development of the Iranian press, principally in the latter 19th Century and early 20th Century, and its relationship with traditional Communications systems during the broad period of the Constitutional Revolution, a seminal event in contemporary Iranian history.
    [Show full text]
  • The U.S.-Iran Showdown: Clashing Strategic Universes Amid a Changing Region
    Reports The U.S.-Iran Showdown: Clashing Strategic Universes Amid a Changing Region *Ross Harrison April 16 2020 Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Tel: +974-40158384 [email protected] http://studies.aljazeera.n an MH-60S Sea Hawk helicopter transports cargo from the fast combat support ship USNS Arctic to the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln during a replenishment-at-sea in the Arabian Sea [AP] Figuring out where the U.S.-Iran relationship is today requires that we go deeper than focusing on the immediate issues. This paper will show how the United States and Iran drifted over time into two wildly different strategic universes. The United States for much of its history with Iran has operated within the prism and strategic doctrine of the Cold War, even long after that conflict ended. Within such a doctrine, placing U.S. troops in the region deters Iran and economic sanctions weaken its capabilities to sow regional mischief. Iran’s lens on reality is very different, based on its centuries-old historical experience of having its sovereignty threatened by great powers. Lacking the ability to use conventional means to cope with greater powers directly, it has developed a “whole of region” approach since its 1979 revolution that fuses together ideology with unconventional military means. This paper will also argue that once the Middle East regional order collapsed under the weight of the Arab Spring and the ensuing civil wars, Iran’s view of strategic reality gave it an edge that it lacked during earlier periods of its history. Within this changed regional order, the United States, which had built its doctrine around combatting a global threat from the Soviet Union, found itself flatfooted in dealing with a regional phenomenon like post-revolutionary Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Internationalism from Below' Approach
    INTERNATIONALISM FROM BELOW Volume 3 REVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY, NATION-STATES AND NATIONALISM IN THE AGE OF HIGH IMPERIALISM AND THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL (1889-1916) Allan Armstrong 1 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE IMPACT OF HIGH IMPERALISM A. The triumph of the High Imperialism i) Mercantile, Free Trade and Monopoly Capitalist Imperialism ii) A world divided into ‘nation’-states with their colonies iii) From territorial division to redivision; from international diplomacy to the possibility of world war iv) The political impact of Imperialist populism v) The victims and the resistance B. The Development of Orthodox Marxism and the ‘National Question’ i) The Positivist-Materialist and Idealist philosophical split amongst pre-First World War One, Social Democrats and its application to the ‘National Question’ ii) From Positivist-Materialist philosophy to mechanical economic determinist theory iii) Kautsky and the Austro-Marxists set the terms of the debate on the issue of nationality, nations and nationalism C. Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz takes on the Orthodox Marxists i) Luxemburg and Kelles-Krauz and the division over Poland in the Second International ii) Luxemburg and Kelles-Krauz take their differences over Poland to the 1896 Congress of the Second International in London iii) Luxemburg and Kelles-Krauz continue their struggle at the 1900 Congress of the Second International in Paris 2 iv) Kelles-Krauz challenges Luxemburg’s Radical Left and Auer and Winter’s Right social chauvinist alliance in the SDPD v) Kelles-Krauz takes on Kautsky of the SDPD and Renner of the SDPO vi) Kelles-Krauz’s contribution on the issue of national minorities - the case of the Jews vii) Kelles-Krauz and organisation amongst oppressed minorities viii) Kelles-Krauz’s theory of nation and nationality formation D.
    [Show full text]
  • IJEP International Journal of Economics and Politics
    International Journal of Economics and Politics 2(1): 63-96, 2021 IJEP International Journal of Economics and Politics The Revolution for Law: A Chronographic Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran 1 Homa Katouzian St Antony’s College, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom* ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper brings together a description and analysis of various aspects of the constitutional revolution, as a revolt Date of submission: 23-10-2020 by society in favour of the law and against arbitrary rule Date of acceptance: 11-12-2020 by the state, rather than by the lower against the upper classes as in European revolutions, this being JEL Classification: characteristic of major Iranian revolts both before and K10 after that event. It includes a discussion of aspects which K12 have generally been neglected, notably the ‘politics of K15 elimination’ pursued by both Mohammad Ali Shah and the radicals of the revolution, how neither side would Keywords: relent until it was too late, and how the revolutionaries Constitutional Revolution rejected the shah's offer of reconciliation, to their later Revolution for Law regret when they became disillusioned by the results, Iran much like many participants of the revolution of February 1979, 70 years later. 1. Introduction n 1906 a constitution laid down the rules and procedures for government I based in law. It was the first time in Iranian history that government was 'conditioned' (mashrut) to a set of fundamental laws which defined the limits of executive power, and detailed the rights and obligations of the state and society. No such revolution had ever happened in Europe, because - as a rule - there had always been legal limits to the exercise of power in European societies, however powerful the government might be, and however narrow, limited and unequal the scope of the law in defining the relationship between the state and society, and among the social classes.
    [Show full text]