IRAN in the Twentieth Century
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Women's Ijtihad and Lady Amin's Islamic Ethics on Womanhood and Motherhood
religions Article Women’s Ijtihad and Lady Amin’s Islamic Ethics on Womanhood and Motherhood Ladan Rahbari Centre for Research on Culture and Gender, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium; [email protected] Received: 13 December 2019; Accepted: 10 February 2020; Published: 13 February 2020 Abstract: Women’s position, identity, and value in Islam have been affected by androcentric interpretations of the Qur’an and hadith throughout Islamic history. Women’s roles in society, as well as their position vis-à-vis Islamic sources and authority, have been shaped by these interpretations. In Shi’a Islam, due to the majority male clergy’s resistance, women have rarely reached the highest loci of Shi’i authority and jurisprudence. However, there have been women scholars who have transgressed these normative frameworks. Lady Amin, who was one of the most prominent Iranian theologians of the 19th and 20th centuries, is a notable example. Lady Amin had great knowledge of jurisprudence and gained the status of mujtahida at the age of forty. Her scholarly work addressed not only interpretations of the Qur’an and hadith, but also women’s issues and gender politics of her time. This study addresses women’s ijtihad in Shi’a Islam and investigates Lady Amin’s teachings on the topics of womanhood and motherhood. This study focuses on Lady Amin’s book of Islamic ethics, titled Ways of Happiness: Suggestions for Faithful Sisters, written as a Shi’i source of guidance with a specific focus on women and gender in Shi’a Islam. Keywords: Women’s ijtihad; Islamic feminism; Lady Amin; motherhood; Shi’a Islam; womanhood 1. -
Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P. -
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism Mohammad Rezaie Yazdi A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham March 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran was based and formed upon the concept of Khomeinism, the religious, political, and social ideas of Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the Iranian revolution was carried out with the slogans of independence, freedom, and Islamic Republic, Khomeini's framework gave it a specific impetus for the unity of people, religious culture, and leadership. Khomeinism was not just an effort, on a religious basis, to alter a national system. It included and was dependent upon the projection of a clash beyond a “national” struggle, including was a clash of ideology with that associated with the United States. Analysing the Iran-US relationship over the past century and Khomeini’s interpretation of it, this thesis attempts to show how the Ayatullah projected "America" versus Iranian national freedom and religious pride. -
Women's Ijtihad and Lady Amin's Islamic Ethics On
Article Women’s Ijtihad and Lady Amin’s Islamic Ethics on Womanhood and Motherhood Ladan Rahbari Centre for Research on Culture and Gender, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium; [email protected] Received: 13 December 2019; Accepted: 10 February 2020; Published: 13 February 2020 Abstract: Women’s position, identity, and value in Islam have been affected by androcentric interpretations of the Qur’an and hadith throughout Islamic history. Women’s roles in society, as well as their position vis‐à‐vis Islamic sources and authority, have been shaped by these interpretations. In Shi’a Islam, due to the majority male clergy’s resistance, women have rarely reached the highest loci of Shi’i authority and jurisprudence. However, there have been women scholars who have transgressed these normative frameworks. Lady Amin, who was one of the most prominent Iranian theologians of the 19th and 20th centuries, is a notable example. Lady Amin had great knowledge of jurisprudence and gained the status of mujtahida at the age of forty. Her scholarly work addressed not only interpretations of the Qur’an and hadith, but also women’s issues and gender politics of her time. This study addresses women’s ijtihad in Shi’a Islam and investigates Lady Amin’s teachings on the topics of womanhood and motherhood. This study focuses on Lady Amin’s book of Islamic ethics, titled Ways of Happiness: Suggestions for Faithful Sisters, written as a Shi’i source of guidance with a specific focus on women and gender in Shi’a Islam. Keywords: Women’s ijtihad; Islamic feminism; Lady Amin; motherhood; Shi’a Islam; womanhood 1. -
The Muslim Revivalist Movements: the Role of Imam Khomeini in Its
SocialThe Muslim Order andRevivalist Security Movements: in the Holy The Quran Role of and Imam Islamic Khomeini Tradition in ... 1217 IslamicIslamic Political Political Thought Thoughts (IPT), (IPT), Vol.3, Vol.2, No.2, No.1, Serial Serial 6, Autumn 4, Autumn 2016 && WinterWinter 2017,2017, pppp 7-34121-159 The Muslim Revivalist Movements: The Role of Social Order and Security in the Holy Quran and Islamic Imam Khomeini in its Development and Continuity Tradition 1 Kobra Lashkari received: 2016/11/30 Naser Jamalzadeh1 accepted: 2017/01/17 Abstract AbstractThe universality of Islamic teaching in fulfilling the needs of human Orderlife and and managing security humanand their society dimensions have always in Islamic been verses an interest and tra of- ditionreligious are scholars individual and and researchers. social necessities In this regard,being in preservation the center of and the trueexpansion religion of ofIslam Islam’s has preoccupiedattention. Order Ulama’s and securitymind throughout are interde the- pendent.history. For Security this reason, comes theas arevival result of Islamicorder, and values with and security, thoughts or- derhas continues.been recognized God has as created a crucial human issue beings for and and a knowsheavy everythingburden on aboutMuslim’s their scholars. inner and Imam outer Khomeini needs, therefore, has achieved he is aware successes of the in order con- andtinuance security of the man movement needs to of reachreligious peace revivalism, and tranquility. that other Thus, Islamic we shouldreformists search have for achieved the characteristics less. Imam ofKhomeini the secure is society,one of significantin the dis- courserevivalists of God who and led histhe ProphetsIslamic revolution and Imams. -
Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946)
Revista Humanidades ISSN: 2215-3934 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Soleimani Amiri, PhD. Mohammad Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Revista Humanidades, vol. 10, no. 1, 2020 Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=498060395015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 Todos los derechos reservados. Universidad de Costa Rica. Esta revista se encuentra licenciada con Creative Commons. Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Costa Rica. Correo electrónico: [email protected]/ Sitio web: http: //revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/humanidades This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri. Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Desde las ciencias sociales, la filosofía y la educación Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Partido Demócrata de Azerbaiyán: altibajos (1945-1946) PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 University of Sapienza, Italia Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=498060395015 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-6964 Received: 19 June 2019 Accepted: 23 November 2019 Abstract: Democratic Party of Azerbaijan's movement is one of the most important events in the history of Iran and the world. It was for the first time in the history of Iran that a political party seriously stressed the issue of autonomy. In addition, this movement as liberation movement prioritized several decisive and fundamental reform. -
Iran March 2009
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT IRAN 17 MARCH 2009 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE IRAN 17 MARCH 2009 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAN, FROM 2 FEBRUARY 2009 TO 16 MARCH 2009 REPORTS ON IRAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 2 FEBRUARY 2009 TO 16 MARCH 2009 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.03 Iran............................................................................................. 1.03 Tehran ....................................................................................... 1.04 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................ 2.01 Sanctions ...................................................................................... 2.13 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 Calendar ........................................................................................ 3.02 Pre 1979......................................................................................... 3.03 1979 to 1999 .................................................................................. 3.05 2000 to date................................................................................... 3.16 Student unrest ............................................................................. -
A Review of Journalism in Iran
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1996 A review of journalism in Iran: the functions of the press and traditional communication channels in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran Ali Asghar Kia University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Kia, Ali Asghar, A review of journalism in Iran: the functions of the press and traditional communication channels in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Graduate School of Journalism, University of Wollongong, 1996. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1882 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] A REVIEW OF JOURNALISM IN IRAN: THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESS AND TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION OF IRAN A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by ALI ASGHAR KIA FACULTY OF CREATIVE ARTS GRADUATE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM 1996 ii CERTIFICATION I certify that the work analysed in the functions of the press and traditional communication channels in the Constitutional revolution of 1906 in Iran is entirely my own work. References to the work of others are indicated in the text. This work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any other university. AH AsgharKia August 1996 iii ABSTRACT THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESS AND TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION OF IRAN This thesis is essentially a study of the development of the Iranian press, principally in the latter 19th Century and early 20th Century, and its relationship with traditional Communications systems during the broad period of the Constitutional Revolution, a seminal event in contemporary Iranian history. -
'Internationalism from Below' Approach
INTERNATIONALISM FROM BELOW Volume 3 REVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY, NATION-STATES AND NATIONALISM IN THE AGE OF HIGH IMPERIALISM AND THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL (1889-1916) Allan Armstrong 1 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE IMPACT OF HIGH IMPERALISM A. The triumph of the High Imperialism i) Mercantile, Free Trade and Monopoly Capitalist Imperialism ii) A world divided into ‘nation’-states with their colonies iii) From territorial division to redivision; from international diplomacy to the possibility of world war iv) The political impact of Imperialist populism v) The victims and the resistance B. The Development of Orthodox Marxism and the ‘National Question’ i) The Positivist-Materialist and Idealist philosophical split amongst pre-First World War One, Social Democrats and its application to the ‘National Question’ ii) From Positivist-Materialist philosophy to mechanical economic determinist theory iii) Kautsky and the Austro-Marxists set the terms of the debate on the issue of nationality, nations and nationalism C. Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz takes on the Orthodox Marxists i) Luxemburg and Kelles-Krauz and the division over Poland in the Second International ii) Luxemburg and Kelles-Krauz take their differences over Poland to the 1896 Congress of the Second International in London iii) Luxemburg and Kelles-Krauz continue their struggle at the 1900 Congress of the Second International in Paris 2 iv) Kelles-Krauz challenges Luxemburg’s Radical Left and Auer and Winter’s Right social chauvinist alliance in the SDPD v) Kelles-Krauz takes on Kautsky of the SDPD and Renner of the SDPO vi) Kelles-Krauz’s contribution on the issue of national minorities - the case of the Jews vii) Kelles-Krauz and organisation amongst oppressed minorities viii) Kelles-Krauz’s theory of nation and nationality formation D. -
IJEP International Journal of Economics and Politics
International Journal of Economics and Politics 2(1): 63-96, 2021 IJEP International Journal of Economics and Politics The Revolution for Law: A Chronographic Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran 1 Homa Katouzian St Antony’s College, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom* ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper brings together a description and analysis of various aspects of the constitutional revolution, as a revolt Date of submission: 23-10-2020 by society in favour of the law and against arbitrary rule Date of acceptance: 11-12-2020 by the state, rather than by the lower against the upper classes as in European revolutions, this being JEL Classification: characteristic of major Iranian revolts both before and K10 after that event. It includes a discussion of aspects which K12 have generally been neglected, notably the ‘politics of K15 elimination’ pursued by both Mohammad Ali Shah and the radicals of the revolution, how neither side would Keywords: relent until it was too late, and how the revolutionaries Constitutional Revolution rejected the shah's offer of reconciliation, to their later Revolution for Law regret when they became disillusioned by the results, Iran much like many participants of the revolution of February 1979, 70 years later. 1. Introduction n 1906 a constitution laid down the rules and procedures for government I based in law. It was the first time in Iranian history that government was 'conditioned' (mashrut) to a set of fundamental laws which defined the limits of executive power, and detailed the rights and obligations of the state and society. No such revolution had ever happened in Europe, because - as a rule - there had always been legal limits to the exercise of power in European societies, however powerful the government might be, and however narrow, limited and unequal the scope of the law in defining the relationship between the state and society, and among the social classes. -
Statesmen and Public-Political Figures
Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan P R E S I D E N T I A L L I B R A R Y CONTENTS STATESMEN, PUBLIC AND POLITICAL FIGURES ........................................................... 4 ALIYEV HEYDAR ..................................................................................................................... 4 ALIYEV ILHAM ........................................................................................................................ 6 MEHRIBAN ALIYEVA ............................................................................................................. 8 ALIYEV AZIZ ............................................................................................................................ 9 AKHUNDOV VALI ................................................................................................................. 10 ELCHIBEY ABULFAZ ............................................................................................................ 11 HUSEINGULU KHAN KADJAR ............................................................................................ 12 IBRAHIM-KHALIL KHAN ..................................................................................................... 13 KHOYSKI FATALI KHAN ..................................................................................................... 14 KHIABANI MOHAMMAD ..................................................................................................... 15 MEHDİYEV RAMİZ ............................................................................................................... -
The Positioning of Iran and Iranians in the Origins of Western Civilization
University of New England DUNE: DigitalUNE All Theses And Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 4-2017 The Positioning Of Iran And Iranians In The Origins Of Western Civilization Sheda Vasseghi University of New England Follow this and additional works at: https://dune.une.edu/theses Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Educational Leadership Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons © 2017 Sheda Vasseghi Preferred Citation Vasseghi, Sheda, "The Positioning Of Iran And Iranians In The Origins Of Western Civilization" (2017). All Theses And Dissertations. 108. https://dune.une.edu/theses/108 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at DUNE: DigitalUNE. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses And Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DUNE: DigitalUNE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POSITIONING OF IRAN AND IRANIANS IN THE ORIGINS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION by Sheda Vasseghi BA (University of Missouri) 1989 MS (Strayer University) 1998 MA (American Military University) 2008 A DISSERTATION Presented to the Affiliated Faculty of The College of Graduate and Professional Studies at the University of New England Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Education Portland & Biddeford, Maine March, 2017 Copyright by Sheda Vasseghi 2017 ii Sheda Vasseghi March 20, 2017 Educational Leadership The Position of Iran and Iranians in the Origins of Western Civilization Abstract The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how a select sample of college- level history textbooks position Iran and Iranians in the origins of Western Civilization.