Final Basic Assessment Report for the Proposed Greengate Extension 59 on Portion 19 of the farm Rietvallei 180 IQ

Reference No: Gaut: 002/14-15/0212

November 2015 BOKAMOSO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS & ENVIRONMENTALCONSULTANTS P.O. BOX 11375 MAROELANA 0161 TEL: (012) 346 3810 Fax: 086 570 5659 Email:[email protected] Vegetation diversity & riparian delineation – Rietvallei 180 IQ –

CONSERVA VEGETATION GROWTH COMMON NAME SOCIAL SPECIES NAME FAMILY -TION UNIT FORM USE ENGLISH STATUS 1 2 3 4 Herb, Narrow-leaved Wild Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich. FABACEAE Wilde-ertjie M/F X climber Sweetpea Wahlenbergia undulata DC. CAMPANULACEAE Herb Highveld Bellflower X

48 A.R. Götze – February 2014 Vegetation diversity & riparian delineation – Rietvallei 180 IQ – Muldersdrift

11 APPENDIX B: Photographs taken in February 2014.

Figure 14: Natural grassland in a good rainy season (VU1)

Figure 15: Riparian Zone (VU2) after recent floods

49 A.R. Götze – February 2014 Vegetation diversity & riparian delineation – Rietvallei 180 IQ – Muldersdrift

Figure 16: Old cultivated field (VU3) after good rains

Figure 17: Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Pompom weed – pink flowers) infestation in VU 3 – not recorded in Oct 2011.

50 A.R. Götze – February 2014 Mammalia and Herpetofauna Report

SPECIALIST REPORT

MAMMALIA & HERPETOFAUNA

(ORIGINAL REPORT OF OCTOBER 2011 UPDATED AND REVISED FEBRUARY 2014)

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT:

FARM RIETVALLEI 180 IQ, MOGALE CITY MUICIPALITY, PROVINCE.

COMPILED BY:

JJ Kotzé MSc (Zoology)

Zoological Consulting Services (ZCS)

Private Bag X37, Lynnwood Ridge, 0040 ()

Mobile: +27 82 374 6932

Fax: +27 86 600 0230

E-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENT

PROFESSIONAL DECLARATION ...... 2

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3

1.1 Objectives of the faunal surveys ...... 3

1.2 Scope of study ...... 3

2 METHODS AND CONSTRAINTS ...... 3

3 DESCRIPTIONS OF ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND STUDY AREA ...... 4

4 FIELD SURVEYS ...... 6

5 RESULTS OF FAUNAL SURVEYS ...... 6

5.1 Sensitive or Endangered Species ...... 6 ...... 6 Juliana’s golden mole (Bronberg sub-population) (Neamblysomus julianae) ...... 6 Southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis) ...... 7 Spotted-necked otter (Lutra maculicollis) ...... 7 White tailed mouse (Mystromys albicaudutus) ...... 7 Rusty pipistrelle/ ( rusticus) ...... 7 Blasius’s/Peak-saddle horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) ...... 8 Darling’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus darlingi) ...... 8 Geffroy’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus clivosus) ...... 8 Hildebrandt’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii) ...... 8 Scheiber’s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) ...... 8 Temminck’s hairy bat (Myotis tricolo) ...... 8 Welwitsch’s hairy bat (Myotis welwitschii) ...... 8 African marsh rat (Dasymys incomtus) ...... 9 Herpetofauna ...... 9 Striped Harlequin Snake (Homoroselaps dorsalis) ...... 9 Giant Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) ...... 9 Southern African Python (Python natalensis) ...... 10

6 EFFECTS ON THE IMMEDIATE AND SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT ...... 10

6.1 Effects ...... 10

6.2 Mitigation and recommendations ...... 11

7 RECOMMENDED FURTHER STUDIES ...... 12

8 REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION ...... 12

APPENDIX 1 ...... 14

Faunal study Rietvallei 180 IQ

PROFESSIONAL DECLARATION

 At the time of conducting the study and compiling this report I did not have any interest, hidden or otherwise, in the proposed development that this study has reference to, except for financial compensation for work done in a professional capacity.  Work performed for this study was done in an objective manner. Even if this study results in views and findings that are not favorable to the client/applicant, I will not be affected in any manner by the outcome of any environmental process of which this report may form a part, other than being a member of the general public.  I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing this specialist investigation. I do not necessarily object to or endorse the proposed development, but aim to present facts, findings and recommendations based on relevant professional experience and scientific data.  I do not have any influence over decisions made by the governing authorities.  Should I, at any point, consider myself to be in conflict with any of the above declarations, I shall formally submit a Notice of Withdrawal to all relevant parties and formally register as an Interested and Affected Party.  I have expertise and experience in conducting specialist reports relevant to this application, including knowledge of the Act, regulations and any guidelines that have relevance to the proposed activity.  I will comply with the Act, regulations and all other applicable legislation.  I undertake to disclose all material information in my possession that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing any decision to be taken with respect to the application by a competent authority to such a relevant authority and the applicant.  This document and all information contained herein are and will remain the intellectual property of Zoological Consulting Services CC and the specialist investigator responsible for conducting the study. This document, in its entirety or any portion thereof, may not be altered in any manner or form, for any purpose without the specific and written consent of the specialist investigator.  I realise that a false declaration is an offence in terms of Regulation 71 of NEMA and is punishable in terms of section 24F of the Act.

JJ Kotze MSc (Zoology)

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1 INTRODUCTION

The fauna surveys focused on the current status of threatened species occurring, or likely to occur, within the proposed development area, and on describing the available and sensitive habitats and any potential impacts posed by the proposed development to these habitats.

1.1 Objectives of the faunal surveys

• To provide a description of the fauna occurring at and in close proximity to the proposed development area.

• To identify faunal species of conservation importance.

• To determine potential impacts of the proposed development on the fauna

• To provide management recommendations to mitigate negative and enhance positive impacts.

1.2 Scope of study

• Amphibian, reptile and small surveys, recording sightings and/or evidence of existing fauna.

• An assessment of the ecological habitats, evaluating conservation importance and significance, with special emphasis on the current status of threatened species (Red Data species), within the proposed development area.

• Literature investigations with which to augment field data where necessary.

• Identification of potential ecological impacts that could occur as a result of the development and assess the significance of these, where possible.

• Investigate feasible and practical management recommendations that should be implemented to reduce or minimise the impacts, should the project be approved.

• Documentation of the findings of the study in a report.

2 METHODS AND CONSTRAINTS

The faunal surveys focused on the current status of threatened species occurring or likely to occur, within the proposed development area and on describing the available and sensitive habitats. Due to the fact that a considerable portion of the area is already disturbed, the faunal surveys focused on the availability of suitable habitat within the proposed development area.

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Constraints or limitations to the faunal surveys included:

 Being limited to a base-line ecological survey - one day in a single season.

 The majority of threatened species are extremely secretive and difficult to observe during field surveys.

 The limitations of historic data and available data-bases. Insufficient knowledge is available on the specific habitat requirements (migratory, foraging and breeding) of the majority of threatened species.

 The presence of threatened species on site is assessed mainly on habitat availability and suitability as well as a desk-top study (literature, personal records, and previous surveys).

3 DESCRIPTIONS OF ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND STUDY AREA

The proposed development area (Figure1) is situated within the Vegetation Type classified as Gm 10 Egoli Granite Grassland. The Vegetation Type extends from northern in the south, and from near Lanseria Airport and Centurion (south of Pretoria) to the north, westwards to about Muldersdrif and eastwards to Tembisa (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).

The Egoli Granite Grassland is regarded as a Threatened Ecosystem, with the status Endangered (SANBI & DEAT 2009).

This tall grassland occurs over vast areas, on shallow, leached soils on the Johannesburg granite dome. Disturbed grassland or other disturbed areas such as road reserves or old fields, not cultivated for some years, are also usually Hyparrhenia-dominated and low in species richness. Although some of these tall grasslands appear to be quite natural, they are mostly associated with an anthropogenic influence from recent or even iron-age times. These grasslands are characterised by the tall growing dominant grass Hyparrhenia hirta and the invader dwarf shrub Stoebe vulgaris, indicating its low successional status or degraded condition. Hyparrhenia-dominated grassland mostly has low species richness, with only a few other species able to establish or survive in the shade of the dense sward of tall grass. Most of these species are relict pioneers or early seral species (Bredenkamp & Brown 2003).

The most prominent species include the grasses Hyparrhenia hirta, Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis chloromelas, E. curvula and Aristida congesta. Forbs are rarely encountered, though a few individuals of species such as Anthospermum hispidulum, Pseudognaphalium luteo-album, Conyza albida, C. podocephala, Helichrysum nudifolium and H. rugulosum are often present. The woody layer, which has a very low cover, consists of small clumps of indigenous trees and shrubs widely scattered within this grassland. Woody species include the trees

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Searsia pyroides and Ziziphus mucronata, together with the scandent shrub Ziziphus zeyheriana. Exotic species and planted ornamentals such as Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus species and Pinus species are often present (Bredenkamp & Brown 2003).

The bottomland areas and wetlands within the Egoli Granite Grassland provide suitable habitat for various sensitive fauna species such as the Red Listed Grass Owl and the Near Threatened Giant Bullfrog (Bredenkamp & Brown 2003).

The proposed development area was surveyed with a special emphasis on identifying any sensitive habitats still in existence, and the possible occurrence of threatened or endangered fauna. Existing impacts on the remaining habitats in the proposed development area include:

* Frequent burning.

* Reed invasion on the banks of the Crocodile River.

* The occurrence of extensive grazing and grass harvesting/cutting.

* The area is bisected by footpaths.

* Considerable quantities of rubbish have been dumped.

Farm Rietvallei 180 IQ

Figure 1: Google image of the study area.

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4 FIELD SURVEYS

The initial field surveys were conducted on 11 October 2011 and the report compiled by the end of the same month. The assessment report was reassessed and revised by the specialist on 26 June 2013 and on request again on 7 February 2014.

Visual observations, tracks and signs were used to compile the species lists of the amphibians, reptiles and small mammals by walking transverse transects through the study area. Desktop studies of species that could possibly occur at the proposed development site and adjacent areas were also done and added to the species lists (Appendix 1).

The bat species list, compiled from a desktop study, gave a diverse list with species associated with human habitation. Due to the elusive habit of , and the extent of the area, the given bat species list is thought to be representative and would only be extended by a dedicated and specialized bat survey.

5 RESULTS OF FAUNAL SURVEYS

It must be stressed that no comprehensive faunal surveys were undertaken. Instead fieldwork was augmented with previous surveys in similar habitats as well as published data. All feral mammal species expected to occur on the study site (e.g. house mice, house rats, dogs and cats) were omitted from the assessment since these species normally associate with human settlements.

5.1 Sensitive or Endangered Species

According to the Technical Report, Gauteng Conservation Plan Version 3.3 (C- Plan 3.3) October 2011, revised December 2013, the discussed hereafter are sensitive or endangerd in Gauteng and none of them were observed during the surveys but do not exclude the possibility that they may be found in the area.

Mammals

Juliana’s golden mole (Bronberg sub-population) (Neamblysomus julianae)

The species is endemic to South and is listed as Vulnerable with the Bronberg subpopulation listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. The species is known from three geographically isolated sub-populations (Bronberg ridge, Nylsvley Nature Reserve and Kruger National Park). Habitat loss due to urbanization and sand mining are major threats for this species. DNA and dental analyses suggest that the Kruger National park population could be a different species; which would bring the known populations of this species to only two.

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Southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis)

Listed as Near Threatened by the South African Red Data Book for mammals, the southern African hedgehog occurs in such a wide variety of habitats, such that it is a challenge to assess their habitat requirements. In Gauteng, they are confined in the grassland biome. The species is listed as a Protected Species in the TOPS regulations. Hedgehogs are under threat due to habitat destruction, road kills and direct persecution by humans or/and domestic animals.

Spotted-necked otter (Lutra maculicollis)

Listed as Near Threatened by the South African Red Data Book, the Spotted- necked otter is an aquatic species and spends very little time in dry land compared to its counterpart the African clawless otter. It is listed as a Protected Species in the TOPS regulations. Because they use sight to hunt their diet of fish, crabs and other aquatic invertebrates, they cannot survive in polluted water. Like all other aquatic and semi-aquatic species, the Spotted-necked otter’s habitat is under threat from wetland drainages and extraction of water from rivers for agriculture. They are also killed by humans for food and medicinal purposes.

White tailed mouse (Mystromys albicaudutus)

The white-tailed mouse is endemic to and is currently listed as Endangered. Predominantly a grassland species, but not confined to this biome, the white-tailed mouse is a low density species and is under threat from habitat fragmentation. The population is recorded as declining as a result of grazing and agricultural pressures.

Rusty pipistrelle/bat (Pipistrellus rusticus)

The Rusty pipistrelle is known from only two discrete populations – the northern population in parts of West Africa and the southern population in and the northern parts of the southern African subregion. A savanna woodland species, it has been recorded in parts of Gauteng, Limpopo and provinces. There is very little known of this species’ habitat preferences and densities but they have been found in crevices of trees, under the bark of dead Acacia trees, and once in an old building, caves and other substantial shelter such as mine adits.

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Blasius’s/Peak-saddle horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii)

Darling’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus darlingi)

Geffroy’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus clivosus)

Hildebrandt’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii)

With the exception of R. blasii which is listed as Vulnerable, these horseshoe bats are listed as Near Threatened by the South African Red Data Book for mammals. They are savanna woodland species and exclusively roost in caves. Roost sites are extremely important and sensitive as they are focal areas of activity. In addition to daily roosting they are used for hibernating, mating and rearing of young. Even minor disturbances to these roost sites can have dramatic effects on the overall bat population. Rhinolophus species are very specific in the environment of the caves they occupy and slight changes in temperature and humidity could deem the cave inhabitable. Climate change and human disturbance to roosting site (caves) are the biggest threats to the populations.

Scheiber’s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersii)

The Schreiber’s long-fingered bat is listed as Near Threatened in the South African Red Data Book for Mammals. The species is a cave dweller and the availability of caves or other substantial shelter such as mine adits is an essential habitat requirement. The species occurs in immense colonies with numbers reaching up to 300 000. Roost sites are extremely important and sensitive as they are focal areas of activity. In addition to daily roosting they are used for hibernating, mating and rearing of young. Even minor disturbances to these roost sites can have dramatic effects on the overall bat population. The species’ roosting sites can be negatively affected by the climate change, which may result in some of the caves being inhabitable. Cave destruction by human activities is also a huge threat to their survival.

Temminck’s hairy bat (Myotis tricolo)

Welwitsch’s hairy bat (Myotis welwitschii)

Listed as Near Threatened by the South African red Data Book for mammals, the Temminck’s hairy bat’s distribution is not well documented as very few and scattered recordings of the species are available. The Welwitsch’s is also listed as Near Threatened. Both species are savanna woodland species and roost in caves. Roost sites are extremely important and sensitive as they are focal areas of activity. In addition to daily roosting they are used for hibernating, mating and rearing of young. Even minor disturbances to these roost sites can have dramatic effects on the overall bat population. Roosting sites are threatened by climate change and human disturbance.

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African marsh rat (Dasymys incomtus)

The African marsh rat is listed as Near Threatened by the South African Red Data Book and is confined to marshland. It is associated with reedbeds and semi-aquatic grasses throughout its known distribution, is ependent on open water and occurs in very low densities. The biggest threat to the survival of the African marsh rat is the destruction of the aquatic habitats through extraction of water for agricultural purposes.

Herpetofauna

Striped Harlequin Snake (Homoroselaps dorsalis)

The Striped Harlequin Snake (Homoroselaps dorsalis) is distributed from Limpopo through Mpumalanga,Gauteng, the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and even occurs in Swaziland. Records of H. dorsalis are very infrequent giving the species' distribution a patchy and disjointed appearance. The species was listed as Rare and will probably be listed as Near Threatened in the revision of the red list .

Gauteng represents approximately 10 % of the total extent of occurrence for the species, meaning 10 % of 11 populations need to be protected in Gauteng in order to prevent H. dorsalis from becoming listed as Vulnerable, which is effectively one population. Homoroselaps dorsalis occurs in close proximity to the Egoli Granite Grassland (EGG) Nature Reserve, and if it is found there during surveys or by chance encounters, the local population should also be protected but the recommended minimum target is the protection and conservation of the Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve population.

Giant Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus)

The Giant Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) was listed as Near Threatened in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. In certain parts of Gauteng, it is estimated that there have been declines of up to 80 % in P.adspersus numbers (du Preez and Cook, 2004) but data on declines are restricted to a few localities that have undergone severe habitat transformation. Globally, P. adspersus is considered as Least Concern. Records of P. adspersus are known for five of the six provincial protected areas, but the best habitat for P. adspersus is found in Abe Bailey Nature Reserve, Merafong City , Leeuwfontein Collaborative Nature Reserve and Nokeng tsa Taemane Local Municipality.

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Southern African Python (Python natalensis)

The Southern African Python (Python natalensis) was listed as Vulnerable. The recent revision of the red list status of P. natalensis during the Southern African Reptile Conservation Assessment (SARCA) will lead to a listing of Least Concern. As with the Giant Bullfrog (Pyxicpehalus adspersus), the species no longer warrants specific consideration of its conservation in C-Plan 3, but must be protected by habitat protection. The difference is that P. natalensis does not occur throughout Gauteng Province, as it reaches a range edge that appears to be related to high altitude. Suitable habitat for P. natalensis in Gauteng is found in the Metsweding District Municipality in north-eastern Gauteng. The species occurs in two of the provincial protected areas in Metsweding i.e., Leeuwfontein Collaborative Nature Reserve, Nokeng tsa Taemane Local Municipality and Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve, Kungwini Local Municipality. The species is also known to occur in Tswaing Nature Reserve, City of Tshwane District Muncipality and in the District Municipality in and around the Mountains.

Habitat protection in the provincial protected area network and the prevention of urban sprawl are two of the key mechanisms for protecting the populations of P. natalensis still extant in Gauteng. The recent breeding of P. natalensis in Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve is a positive sign for the future of the species in Gauteng but the species does need to be considered a candidate for protection via stewardship agreements and incentives.

6 EFFECTS ON THE IMMEDIATE AND SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Effects

Development activities will definitely have a low negative, long-term impact on the remaining (albeit limited) faunal component, residing in or utilising the natural open spaces. The conversion of open grasslands for development will be accompanied by disturbances, which will have an impact on the remaining habitats at the sites, and ultimately the displacement of species with narrow tolerance limits. Alteration of the vegetation in the proposed development areas will directly, and indirectly, impact the smaller sedentary species (insects, arachnids, reptiles, amphibia and mammals) adapted to arboreal or ground dwelling habitats. Larger, more agile species (birds and mammals) will try and re- locate in suitable habitats away from the development areas. In addition, heavy construction machinery, vehicles and the anticipated increased human population density, will most likely indirectly result in the short-term alteration of the faunal composition in the development and surrounding areas. A further indirect long-term, negative impact which is likely to affect the remaining fauna is uncontrolled hunting (“poaching”) on the site and surrounding areas. This will naturally have the effect of reducing affected animal species on the site and surrounding areas.

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Fencing off of residential areas and private property also plays a critical role in impeding the natural migration of the majority of animal species. A trade off thus exists between human safety and security on the one hand and movement of animal species on the other. Artificial lighting will most likely result in a moderate to high negative short, medium and long- term impact on all nocturnal animal species. Numerous species will be attracted towards the light sources and this will result in the disruption of natural cycles, such as the reproductive cycle and foraging behaviour. The lights may destabilise insect populations, which may alter the prey base, diet and ultimately the well-being of nocturnal insectivorous fauna. The lights may attract certain nocturnal species to the area, which would not normally occur there, leading to competition between sensitive and the more common species.

6.2 Mitigation and recommendations

During the development phase, workers must be limited to areas under construction and access to neighboring undeveloped areas (especially open grasslands and wooded areas) must be strictly regulated, preventing uncontrolled hunting, poaching and gathering of firewood and medicinal plants. Increased pressure on an already impacted environment could result in major environmental degradation if environmentally sensitive practices are not followed and maintained. Building should be limited, where practical, to the daylight hours preventing disturbances to the nocturnal activities of certain species. This will also minimise disturbances to sensitive and secretive species.

All remaining large indigenous tree species (dead and alive) should be retained or replaced wherever possible as they form vital habitat for numerous insectivorous predators, which control deleterious insect (grasshoppers), birds (queleas) and mammal (rodents) populations. Trees and stumps are vital habitats for numerous arboreal reptiles (chamaeleons, snakes, agamas, geckos and monitors) as they are used for refuge sites as well as foraging areas. Trees play a vital role in erosion and bank stabilisation by binding the soils in their root systems. Weeds and alien vegetation should be removed and prevented from spreading into newly disturbed areas or areas cleared of vegetation. Top soil obtained from the bulldozing activity on the development sites should be stored and used for landscaping after the completion of the residential development. This will ensure a seed bank representing the native flora, and will also be suited to the diet of the native mammal and bird species.

Where practical, termite mounds, dead trees, branches, scattered low rocky outcrops, loose rocks, leaf and organic litter should be left undisturbed as these special niches provide essential foraging, roosting and nesting sites for

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numerous animal species. All temporary stockpile areas litter and rubble must be removed on completion of the development activities.

The preservation, maintenance and creation of tracts of natural vegetation (biological corridors) in all stages of ecological succession, interconnected by corridors or green belts for escape, foraging, breeding and exploratory movements needs to be considered.

Artificial lighting should be directed away from the open grasslands and sensitive habitats in order to minimize the potential negative effects of the lights on the natural nocturnal activities of animals. Where lighting is required for safety or security reasons, this should be targeted at the areas requiring attention.

7 RECOMMENDED FURTHER STUDIES

Comprehensive follow-up surveys should be conducted one year after the completion of the development, and there after with specified intervals, to measure the impact on the fauna.

8 REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION

BREDENKAMP, G.J. & BROWN, L.R. 2003. A reappraisal of Acocks’ Bankenveld: origin and diversity of vegetation types. S. Afr. J. Bot. 69: 7-26.

DU PREEZ, L. & CARRUTHERS, V. 2009. A Complete Guide to the Frogs of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 488 pp.

DE GRAAF, G. 1981. The Rodents of Southern Africa. Butterworth Press, Pretoria.

FRIEDMANN, Y. AND DALY, B. (eds.) 2004. Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa: A Conservation Assessment. CBSG Southern Africa, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSG/IUCN). Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa. 722p.

LOW, A.B. and REBELO, A.G. 1998. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. D.E.A.T., Pretoria.

MEESTER, J. 1972. A new Golden Mole from the (Mammalia: Chrysochloridae). Ann.Trans.Mus. 28: 35-46.

MUCINA, L. & RUTHERFORD, M.C. (eds) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

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ROBERTS, A. 1951. The mammals of South Africa. Central News Agency, Cape Town.

ROWE-ROWE, D.T. 1990. The African Weasel: A Red Data Book species in South Africa.

SANBI & DEAT. 2009. Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps. DRAFT for Comment. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.

SKINNER, J.D. and SMITHERS, R.H.N. 1990. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.

SMITHERS, R.H.N. 1986. South African Red Data Book-Terrestrial Mammals. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No.125: 1-214.

YETMAN, C.A. 2004. What you need to know about Bullfrogs. Endangered Wildlife Trust. Giant Bullfrog Project.

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APPENDIX 1

TABLES OF FAUNAL SPECIES OCCURRING, OR EXPECTED TO OCCUR, AT THE FARM RIETVALLEI 180 IQ, MOGALE CITY MUNICIPALITY, GAUTENG PROVINCE

Table 1: Amphibians and reptiles occurring or expected to occur in the study area and adjacent areas.

SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE CLASS: AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIANS Order: ANURA FROGS Family: Bufonidae Toads Bufo gutturalis Guttural Toad Medium Bufo rangeri Ranger's Toad Low Schismaderma carens Red Toad Medium Family : Ranidae Common Frogs Pyxicephalus adspersus Giant Bullfrog Low Tomopterna cryptotis Tremolo Sand Frog Medium Tomopterna natalensis Natal Sand Frog Low CLASS: REPTILIA REPTILES Order: SQUAMATA SCALE-BEARING REPTILES Sub-order: Lacertilia Lizards Family: Gekkonidae Geckos Pachydactylus affinis Transvaal Thick-toed Gecko Low Pachydactylus capensis Cape Thick-toed Gecko Low Family: Agamidae Agamids Agama aculeata distanti Distant’s Ground Agama Low Family: Scincidae Skinks Trachylepis punctatissimus Speckled Skink Low Trachylepis varia Variable Skink Low Panaspis wahlbergii Wahlberg's Snake-eyed Skink Low Family: Gerrhosauridae Plated Lizards Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Lizard Low Suborder: SERPENTES SNAKES Family: Typhlopidae Blind Snakes Typhlops bibronii Bibron's Blind Snake Low Family: Leptotyphlopidae Thread Snakes Leptotyphlops scutifrons Peters' Thread Snake Medium Leptotyphlops incognitus Eastern Thread Snake Low

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Family: Atractaspididae African Burrowing Snakes Atractaspis bibronii Bibron’s Stiletto Snake Low Aparallactus capensis Cape Centipede-eater Low Family: Colubridae Typical Snakes Lamprophis capensis Brown House Snake Low Lycophidion capense Cape Wolf Snake Medium Prosymna sundevallii Sundevall's Shovel-snout Medium Psammophis brevirostris Short-snouted Sand Snake Low Psammophis crucifer Cross-marked Sand Snake Low Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Red-lipped or Herald Snake Medium Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Egg-eater Medium Family: Elapidae Cobras, Mambas, other Elapids Elapsoidea media Highveld Garter Snake Low Hemachatus haemachatus Rinkhals Low Family: Viperidae Adders Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Night Adder Low

Table 2: Small mammals occurring or expected to occur in the study area and adjacent areas.

SPECIES ENGLISH NAME PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE Lepus saxatilis Scrub hare High Cryptomys hottentotus African mole rat High Rhabdomys pumilio Four-striped grass mouse Medium Mus minutoides Pygmy mouse Low Mastomys natalensis Natal multimammate mouse Medium Mastomys coucha Southern multimammate mouse Medium Aethomys ineptus Tete veld rat Medium Tatera brantsii Highveld gerbil Low Dendromus melanotis Grey pygmy climbing mouse Low Dendromus mesomelas Brants’ climbing mouse Low Dendromus mystacalis Chestnut climbing mouse Low Tadarida aegyptiaca Egyptian free-tailed bat Low capensis Cape serotine bat High dinganii African yellow house bat High Scotophilus viridis Greenish yellow house bat High Cynictis penicillata Yellow mongoose Medium Galerella sanguinea Slender mongoose Medium

Compiled by JJ Kotze 15 Updated & Revised February 2014 Specialist Report on Birds ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

SPECIALIST STUDY: BIRDS

FOR THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ON THE FARM RIETVALLEI 180 IQ WITHIN THE MOGALE CITY MUNICIPALITY, GAUTENG PROVINCE

CARRIED OUT ON 22ND OCTOBER 2011 REASSESSED ON 25 JUNE 2013 FURTHER REASSESSED ON 8 MARCH 2014

COMPILED BY:

Prof Ray Jansen (PhD Ornithology) Private Bag X680 Pretoria 0001 Tel: (012) 382 6347 E-mail: [email protected]

- 1 - INTRODUCTION

This particular study addresses birds alone where specific focus was directed on the species of birds encountered and the number of individuals recorded for each of these species on the site. In addition, special note was taken if rare or threatened species were located, their individual conservation status and endemism to South Africa. The initial assessment took place on the 22nd October 2011, again on the 25th June 2013 and a further assessment on the 8th March 2014; the additional species observed are now indicated in bold on the species list in Appendix 1.

METHODS

Site The study site is located just off the highway in the Muldersdrift vicinity. A census for birds was taken over the remainder of portion 19 of the farm Rietvallei 180 IQ (location of existing dwellings and buildings; 2.2418 ha) and the proposed subdivision which represents portion 1 of portion 19 (2.6019 ha).

Species presence Following the establishment of the boundaries of the study area, non-overlapping transects were traversed on foot over the study site in addition to stationary timed species counts where birds were identified and an estimate of the number of individuals of each species recorded. Where birds were heard but not seen, and their call was a clear indication of the species, they too were recorded. Birds flying overhead were only recorded if they were actively utilizing the habitat - such as swifts hawking for insects. Aquatic bird species utilizing the river and river bank habitat where also included if they were seen to make use of the riparian habitat that fell within the property. Identification of birds to species level follow the field identification guide of Hockey, Tarboton and Sinclair (2002) and taxonomic classification follow the recent names changes proposed by Hockey, Dean and Ryan (2005).

Likelihood of other species As it is highly unlikely that all the species will be recorded that may occur within the study site, a desktop investigation was carried out to provide a list of bird species that may well occur within this habitat that was not observed during the survey. This list is divided into two parts; those species that have a high likelihood of being observed and those that have a very low likelihood of being observed. Those species that are not likely to be observed are not listed. Species distribution and potential occurrence within this particular region follows distributional species plots as presented in the publications from Hockey, et al. (2005) and Harrison et al. (1987a, 1987b).

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RESULTS

Description of habitat This description follows a “bird’s point of view” of the current status of the habitat within the study site and is not a compositional analyses. The study site falls within Acocks (1988) Bankenveld (veld type 61) classification or Mucina & Rutherfords (2006) more recent classification of Egoli Granite Grassland (Gm 10). The habitat is primarily grassland interspersed with exotic stands of Saringa, Eucyluptus and Poplar trees (Figure 1a and b). The Crocodile River makes up the South Eastern boundary. The condition of the habitat can be regarded as extensively and irreversibly transformed, where very little remains of the original pristine Egoli Granite Grassland habitat. There are signs of previous earthmoving activities, crop agriculture and dilapidated dwellings (Figures 2 a and b). The river bank is densely populated with Poplar trees to the point that access to the river is problematic. This extensive transformation will severely impact on the avifauna that should occur within this site.

Figure 1 a: The study site is primarily grassland b: interspersed with exotic trees primarily on the river bank

Figure 2 a: Fallow lands b: Old ruins

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Presence of bird species A full description of the species encountered and those that are likely to occur within this habitat is presented under Appendix 1.

Of the 43 species of birds identified, no endemic, vulnerable or threatened species were encountered. Following a desktop study, a further 40 species have a high likelihood to very well occur within this site and an additional 48 species have a low likelihood of occurrence.

The number of bird species identified is considered low and more than likely as an account of the poor condition of the habitat. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of species recorded would not adversely be affected by the proposed development of this nature as these species observed generally capitalize on human residential developments.

RECOMMENDATIONS

It is therefore my recommendation that development would not have an adverse impact on the avifauna community in the proposed site. Due to the extreme poor quality of the habitat, the presence of ruins, old crop lands and invasive exotic trees; development would not negatively impact on the residing bird species and I recommend this application be approved on both the sites proposed.

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REFERENCES

Acocks, J.P.H. 1988. Veld types of South Africa, 3rd ed. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 57: 1-146 Harrison, J.A., Allan, D.G., Underhill, L.G., Herremans, M., Tree, A.J., Parker, V. & Brown, C.J. (eds). 1997a. The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 1: Non- passerines. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg. Harrison, J.A., Allan, D.G., Underhill, L.G., Herremans, M., Tree, A.J., Parker, V. & Brown, C.J. (eds). 1997b. The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 2: Passerines. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg. Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J. & Ryan, P.G. (eds) 2005. Roberts – Birds of Southern Africa, VIIth ed. The Trustees of the John Voelker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town. Hockey, P.A.R., Tarboton, W. & Sinclair, I. 2002. Sasol birds of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town. Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

- 5 - APPENDIX 1: Bird species encountered in the survey and those not observed but expected in this particular habitat

Roberts Observed high likelihood low likelihood impact from Common Common names Scientific names number status* of occurrence of occurrence development habitat

199 Swainson's Spurfowl Pternistis swainsonii √ yes generalist 200 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix √ yes grassland 203 Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris high yes generalist 102 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca low no generalist 205 Kurrichane Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus √ yes grassland 489 Red-throated Wryneck Jynx ruficollis √ yes woodland Golden-tailed √ yes woodland 483 Woodpecker Campethera abingoni 486 Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens √ yes woodland 464 Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus low no woodland 473 Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii low no woodland 451 African Hoopoe Upupa africana √ no savanna 452 Green Wood-Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus low yes woodland 457 African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus low yes savanna 431 Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata √ no watercourse 429 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maximus √ no watercourse 428 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis √ no watercourse 443 White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides √ no watercourse 444 Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus √ no watercourse 438 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster √ no generalist 424 Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus high yes savanna 426 Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus √ yes savanna 377 Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius √ yes woodland 386 Diderick Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius √ yes savanna 391 Burchell's Coucal Centropus burchellii low yes woodland 421 African Palm-Swift Cypsiurus parvus high no generalist 417 Little Swift Apus affinis high no generalist 415 White-rumped Swift Apus caffer high no generalist 373 Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor medium yes savanna

i 392 Barn Owl Tyto alba √ yes generalist 401 Spotted Eagle-Owl Bubo africanus √ yes generalist 405 Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis √ yes savanna 348 Rock Dove Columba livia √ no generalist 349 Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea √ no generalist 355 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis high no generalist 354 Cape Turtle-Dove Streptopelia capicola medium no generalist 352 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata high no generalist 213 Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostris √ yes watercourse 297 Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis medium yes savanna 258 Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus medium no watercourse 260 African Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus √ no watercourse 255 Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus low no generalist 127 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus low yes savanna 157 Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus √ yes woodland 158 Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus √ yes woodland 67 Little Egret Egretta garzetta √ yes watercourse 68 Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia √ yes watercourse 66 Great Egret Egretta alba √ yes watercourse 62 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea √ yes generalist 63 Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala √ yes generalist 64 Goliath Heron Ardea goliath √ yes watercourse 71 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis √ yes generalist 72 Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides √ yes watercourse 74 Green-backed Heron Butorides striata √ yes watercourse Black-crowned Night- √ yes watercourse 76 Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 78 Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus √ yes watercourse 81 Hamerkop Scopus umbretta √ yes watercourse 94 Hadeda Ibis Bostrychia hagedash medium no generalist 91 African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus √ no generalist 84 Black Stork Ciconia nigra √ yes generalist 83 White Stork Ciconia ciconia √ yes generalist 545 Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus √ yes woodland

ii 541 Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis √ yes savanna African Paradise- √ yes woodland 710 Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis 736 Southern Boubou Laniarius ferrugineus low yes woodland Grey-headed Bush- √ yes woodland 751 Shrike Malaconotus blanchoti 701 Chinspot Batis Batis molitor √ yes woodland 547 Cape Crow Corvus capensis √ no generalist 548 Pied Crow Corvus albus low no generalist 732 Common Fiscal Lanius collaris low yes generalist 554 Southern Black Tit Parus niger low yes woodland 533 Brown-throated Martin Riparia paludicola low no generalist 518 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica √ yes generalist 520 White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis √ yes generalist 523 Pearl-breasted Swallow Hirundo dimidiata √ yes generalist 526 Greater Striped Swallow Hirundo cucullata √ yes generalist 527 Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica √ yes generalist 524 Red-breasted Swallow Hirundo semirufa √ yes savanna 529 Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula √ no quarries 568 Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor high yes savanna 651 Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens √ yes woodland 656 Burnt-necked Eremomela Eremomela usticollis √ yes savanna 638 Little Rush-Warbler Bradypterus baboecala √ yes watercourse 631 African Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus baeticatus √ yes watercourse 635 Lesser Swamp-Warbler Acrocephalus gracilirostris √ yes watercourse 643 Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus √ yes woodland 560 Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii medium yes savanna 796 Cape White-eye Zosterops virens high yes savanna 672 Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana √ yes generalist 677 Levaillant's Cisticola Cisticola tinniens √ yes watercourse 681 Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla √ yes generalist 664 Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis low yes grassland 683 Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava high yes generalist 685 Black-chested Prinia Prinia flavicans √ yes generalist 645 Bar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracica √ yes woodland

iii 494 Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana √ yes grassland 576 Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus low yes woodland 698 Fiscal Flycatcher Sigelus silens √ yes savanna 601 Cape Robin-Chat Cossypha caffra low yes woodland 599 White-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini √ yes woodland 596 African Stonechat Saxicola torquatus √ yes grassland 764 Cape Glossy Starling Lamprotornis nitens low yes generalist 758 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis high no generalist 769 Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio high no generalist Greater Double-collared √ yes woodland 785 Sunbird Cinnyris afer 787 White-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris talatala √ yes savanna 806 Scaly-feathered Finch Sporopipes squamifrons √ yes generalist 815 Lesser Masked-Weaver Ploceus intermedius medium yes generalist 810 Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis √ yes generalist 813 Cape Weaver Ploceus capensis √ yes generalist Southern Masked- high yes generalist 814 Weaver Ploceus velatus 811 Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus medium yes watercourse 821 Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea √ yes generalist 826 Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer √ yes watercourse 824 Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix √ yes watercourse White-winged medium yes grassland 829 Widowbird Euplectes albonotatus 847 Black-faced Waxbill Estrilda erythronotos √ yes savanna 846 Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild low yes savanna 844 Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis √ yes savanna 857 Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullatus √ yes savanna 860 Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura √ yes savanna 801 House Sparrow Passer domesticus medium no generalist 803 Cape Sparrow Passer melanurus √ no generalist Southern Grey-headed high no generalist 804 Sparrow Passer diffusus 713 Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis low yes watercourse 727 Cape Longclaw Macronyx capensis √ yes grassland

iv 716 African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus √ yes grassland 869 Yellow-fronted Canary Crithagra mozambicus √ yes savanna 870 Black-throated Canary Crithagra atrogularis √ yes savanna Streaky-headed √ yes savanna 881 Seedeater Crithagra gularis Cinnamon-breasted √ yes generalist 886 Bunting Emberiza tahapisi √ yes generalist 884 Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris

*observed status: high: more than 5 individuals located, med: 3 to 4 individuals located, low: 1 to 2 individuals located Additional species located in the March 2014 census are indicated in bold.

v 1 SPECIALIST INVESTIGATOR

Specialist investigator: Raymond Jansen (Pr.Sci.Nat.) Highest tertiary qualification: PhD Zoology (Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, UCT) Professional affiliation: SACNASP Registration number: 400091/09 Registered field of practice: Ecological Science

2 PROFESSIONAL DECLARATION

The specialist investigator responsible for conducting this particular specialist vegetation study declares that:  I consider myself bound to the rules and ethics of the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP);  at the time of conducting the study and compiling this report I did not have any interest, hidden or otherwise, in the proposed development that this study has reference to, except for financial compensation for work done in a professional capacity;  Work performed for this study was done in an objective manner. Even if this study results in views and findings that are not favorable to the client/applicant, I will not be affected in any manner by the outcome of any environmental process of which this report may form a part, other than being a member of the general public;  I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing this specialist investigation. I do not necessarily object to or endorse the proposed development, but aim to present facts, findings and recommendations based on relevant professional experience and scientific data;  I do not have any influence over decisions made by the governing authorities;

vi  should I, at any point, consider myself to be in conflict with any of the above declarations, I shall formally submit a Notice of Withdrawal to all relevant parties and formally register as an Interested and Affected Party;  I have expertise and experience in conducting specialist reports relevant to this application, including knowledge of the Act, regulations and any guidelines that have relevance to the proposed activity;  I will comply with the Act, regulations and all other applicable legislation;  I undertake to disclose all material information in my possession that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing any decision to be taken with respect to the application by a competent authority to such a relevant authority and the applicant;  this document and all information contained herein is and will remain the intellectual property Louzan Trading 1 cc t/a Environment Research Consulting and the specialist investigator responsible for conducting the study. This document, in its entirety or any portion thereof, may not be altered in any manner or form, for any purpose without the specific and written consent of the specialist investigator.  all the particulars furnished by me in this document are true and correct; and  I realise that a false declaration is an offence in terms of Regulation 71 of NEMA and is punishable in terms of section 24F of the Act.

R Jansen (PhD; Pr, Sci, Nat.) 11th March 2014

vii Correspondence with GDARD regarding Heritage Sites in the surrounding area

and

Heritage Impact Assessment

Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment for the proposed Greengate X59 that is situated on Portion 19 of the Farm Rietvallei 180 IQ. Muldersdrift, Gauteng Province

Leonie Marais-Botes Heritage Practitioner

868 Endeman Street Wonderboom South Pretoria 0084 Mobile: 082 576 6253 E-mail: [email protected]

BA (Cultural History and Archaeology) (UP), BA (Hons) Cultural History (UP), Post Grad Dip Museology (UP), Cert Conservation of Traditional Buildings (Univ of Canberra) Post Grad Dip: Heritage (Wits) Accredited member: SA Society for Cultural History (CH002)

For:

Bokamoso Environmental PO Box 11375 MAROELANA 0161

July 2015

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© Copyright Leonie Marais-Botes Heritage Practitioner/. The information contained in this report is the sole intellectual property of Leonie Marais-Botes Heritage Practitioner. It may only be used for the purposes it was commissioned for by the client.

DISCLAIMER:

Although all possible care is taken to identify/find all sites of cultural importance during the initial survey of the study area, the nature of archaeological and historical sites are as such that it is always possible that hidden or sub-surface sites could be overlooked during the study. Leonie Marais-Botes Heritage Practitioner will not be held liable for such oversights or for the costs incurred as a result thereof.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Australia ICOMOS. The Burra Charter.

Bergh, J.S. Geskiedenis Atlas van Suid-Afrika. Die vier Noordelike Provinsies. Van Schaik Uitgewers, 1998.

Beyers C.J. (Editor-in-Chief). Dictionary of South African Biography (Vol I – V). Pretoria, 1987.

Coertze, P.J. & Coertze, R.D. Verklarende vakwoordeboek vir Antropologie en Argeologie. Pretoria, 1996.

Huffman, T.N. A Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre- Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2007

Human Tissues Act (Act 65 of 1983 as amended)

Government Printers. 1: 50 000

National Heritage Legislation (Act 25 of 1999)

National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998)

Ordinance on Exhumations (no 12 of 1980)

Potgieter, D.J. (editor-in-chief) Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. London 1971.

Rosenthal E. (Editor) Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, 1973

The National Archives of South Africa databases.

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Contents page

Contents Page

ABOUT THIS REPORT 5 DEFINITION OF TERMS 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 1.1 INTRODUCTION 10 1.2 LOCATION AND STUDY AREA 10 1.3 METHOD 10 1.4 BACKGROUND HISTORY GREATER STUDY AREA 11 1.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF THE SITE EARMARKED FOR DEV 13

2. FINDINGS 18

2.1Pre-Colonial Heritage Sites 18

2.2Historical Period Heritage sites 18

2.3Original Landscape 19

2.4Intangible Heritage 19

3. CATEGORIES OF HERITAGE VALUE 19

3.1 HERITAGE VALUE WEIGHED AGAINST CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 21 CATEGORIES

3.2 SPECIFIC CATEGORIES INVESTIGATED AS PER SECTION 3 (1) AND (2) OF THE NATIONAL HERITAGE LEGISLATION (ACT 25 OF 1999) 21

4. OPPORTUNITIES, RETRICTIONS, IMPACTS 24

5. THE WAY FORWARD 24

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ABOUT THIS REPORT

The heritage report must reflect that consideration has been given to the history and heritage significance of the study area and that the proposed work is sensitive towards the heritage resources and does not alter or destroy the heritage significance of the study area.

The heritage report must refer to the heritage resources currently in the study area.

The opinion of an independent heritage consultant is required to evaluate if the proposed work generally follows a good approach that will ensure the conservation of the heritage resources.

The National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999), the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998), Ordinance on Exhumations (no 12 of 1980) and the Human Tissues Act (Act 65 of 1983 as amended) are the guideline documents for a report of this nature.

Leonie Marais-Botes Heritage Practitioner/Archaetnos Archaeologists and Heritage Consultants was appointed by Bokamoso Environmental to carry out a Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) for the proposed Greengate X 59 that is situated on Portion 19 of the Farm Rietvallei 180 IQ, Muldersdrift, Gauteng Province. The site investigation was conducted on 26 May 2015.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS:

‘‘alter’’ means any action affecting the structure, appearance or physical properties of a place or object, whether by way of structural or other works, by painting, plastering or other decoration or any other means.

“archaeological’’ means— (a) material remains resulting from human activity which are in a state of disuse and are in or on land and which are older than 100 years, including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures; (b) rock art, being any form of painting, engraving or other graphic representation on a fixed rock surface or loose rock or stone, which was executed by human agency and which is older than 100 years, including any area within 10m of such representation; (c) wrecks, being any vessel or aircraft, or any part thereof, which was wrecked in South Africa, whether on land, in the internal waters, the territorial waters or in the maritime culture zone of the Republic, as defined respectively in sections 3, 4 and 6 of the Maritime Zones Act, 1994 (Act No. 15 of 1994), and any cargo, debris or artefacts found or associated therewith, which is older than 60 years or which SAHRA considers to be worthy of conservation; and (d) features, structures and artefacts associated with military history which are older than 75 years and the sites on which they are found.

‘‘conservation’’, in relation to heritage resources, includes protection, maintenance, preservation and sustainable use of places or objects so as to safeguard their cultural significance.

‘‘cultural significance’’ means aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or technological value or significance.

‘‘development’’ means any physical intervention, excavation, or action, other than those caused by natural forces, which may in the opinion of a heritage authority in any way result in a change to the nature, appearance or physical nature of a place, or influence its stability and future well- being, including— (a) construction, alteration, demolition, removal or change of use of a place or a structure at a place; (b) carrying out any works on or over or under a place; (c) subdivision or consolidation of land comprising, a place, including the structures or airspace of a place; (d) constructing or putting up for display signs or hoardings; (e) any change to the natural or existing condition or topography of land; and (f) any removal or destruction of trees, or removal of vegetation or topsoil; object that is specifically designated by that state as being of importance.

‘‘grave’’ means a place of interment and includes the contents, headstone or other marker of such a place, and any other structure on or associated with such place.

‘‘heritage resource’’ means any place or object of cultural significance.

‘‘heritage resources authority’’ means the South African Heritage Resources Agency, or in respect of a province, a provincial heritage resources authority.

‘‘heritage site’’ means a place declared to be a national heritage site by SAHRA or a place declared to be a provincial heritage site by a provincial heritage resources authority.

‘‘improvement’’, in relation to heritage resources, includes the repair,

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restoration and rehabilitation of a place protected in terms of Act 25 of 1999. ‘‘living heritage’’ means the intangible aspects of inherited culture, and may include— (a) cultural tradition; (b) oral history; (c) performance; (d) ritual; (e) popular memory; (f) skills and techniques; (g) indigenous knowledge systems; and (h) the holistic approach to nature, society and social relationships.

‘‘local authority’’ means a municipality as defined in section 10B of the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act No. 209 of 1993).

‘‘management’’, in relation to heritage resources, includes the conservation, presentation and improvement of a place protected in terms of Act 25 of 1999.

‘‘meteorite’’ means any naturally-occurring object of extraterrestrial origin.

‘‘object’’ means any movable property of cultural significance which may be protected in terms of any provisions of Act 25 of 1999, including— (a) any archaeological artefact; (b) palaeontological and rare geological specimens; (c) meteorites; and (d) other objects.

‘‘palaeontological’’ means any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other than fossil fuels or fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such fossilised remains or trance.

‘‘place’’ includes— (a) a site, area or region; (b) a building or other structure which may include equipment, furniture, fittings and articles associated with or connected with such building or other structure; (c) a group of buildings or other structures which may include equipment, furniture, fittings and articles associated with or connected with such group of buildings or other structures; (d) an open space, including a public square, street or park; and (e) in relation to the management of a place, includes the immediate surroundings of a place.

‘‘presentation’’ includes— (a) the exhibition or display of; (b) the provision of access and guidance to; (c) the provision, publication or display of information in relation to; and (d) performances or oral presentations related to, heritage resources protected in terms of Act 25 of 1999.

‘‘public monuments and memorials’’ means all monuments and memorials— (a) erected on land belonging to any branch of central, provincial or local government, or on land belonging to any organisation funded by or established in terms of the legislation of such a branch of government; or (b) which were paid for by public subscription, government funds, or a public-spirited or military organisation, and are on land belonging to any private individual.

‘‘site’’ means any area of land, including land covered by water, and including

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any structures or objects thereon. ‘‘structure’’ means any building, works, device or other facility made by people and which is fixed to land, and includes any fixtures, fittings and equipment associated therewith. ‘‘victims of conflict’’ means— (a) certain persons who died in any area now included in the Republic as a direct result of any war or conflict as specified in the regulations, but excluding victims of conflict covered by the Commonwealth War Graves Act, 1992 (Act No. 8 of 1992); (b) members of the forces of Great Britain and the former British Empire who died in active service in any area now included in the Republic prior to 4 August 1914; (c) persons who, during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) were removed as prisoners of war from any place now included in the Republic to any place outside South Africa and who died there; and (d) certain categories of persons who died in the ‘‘liberation struggle’’ as defined in the regulations, and in areas included in the Republic as well as outside the Republic.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This project may impact on any types and ranges of heritage resources that are outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999). Consequent a Heritage Impact Assessment was commissioned by Bokamoso Environmental and conducted by Leonie Marais-Botes.

It is important to note that all graves and cemeteries are of high significance and are protected by various laws. Legislation with regard to graves includes the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999) whenever graves are 60 years and older. Other legislation with regard to graves includes those when graves are exhumed and relocated, namely the Ordinance on Exhumations (no 12 of 1980) and the Human Tissues Act (Act 65 of 1983 as amended).

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed project is for the establishment of the Greengate Extension 59 Township which will include Residential, Special (for dwelling units, offices, retail activities, storage facilities, guest house, tea garden, private road and access purposes) and Private Open Space.

1.2 LOCATION AND STUDY AREA

The study area is situated south of the and R114 intersection in the Muldersdrift area. The study area is located to the east of the N14 highway.

Figure 1: Locality Map

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Figure 2: Aerial Map

1.3 METHOD

The objective of this Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) was to gain an overall understanding of the heritage sensitivities of the area and indicate how they may be impacted on through development activities. The survey took place on 26 May 2015.

In order to establish heritage significance the following method was followed:

 Investigation of primary resources (archival information)  Investigation of secondary resources (literature and maps)  Physical evidence (site investigation)  Determining Heritage Significance

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1.4 BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE GREATER STUDY AREA

Muldersdrift, on the West Rand is approximately 30 minutes from Johannesburg and Pretoria. In 1896 Dr Leander S. Jameson was captured at Muldersdrift after the failed .

By 1895 Britain was getting more confident about taking action in South Africa. Joseph Chamberlain was appointed Colonial Secretary. He joined forces with Rhodes to try to develop and promote the British Empire in South Africa.

In September and October 1895 the Drift Crisis between the Cape Colony and the Transvaal or ZAR (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) developed. The Cape had finished building a railway line to Johannesburg and tried to get as much of the Transvaal's railway traffic as it could by reducing its rates. It was aware that the Transvaal's Delagoa Bay line was almost complete. The Transvaal government increased the rates on the part of the railway that ran through the Transvaal once it had crossed the Vaal River. In answer to this, goods were taken to the Vaal River by train, and then taken further by wagon to avoid paying the higher prices in the Transvaal. Kruger reacted by blocking access to the Transvaal, closing the drifts on the Transvaal side. The British government demanded that Kruger open the drifts and used the situation to involve itself directly in Transvaal affairs.

In addition to the Drift crisis the Jameson Raid was the culmination of the activities of the Reform Movement, which a number of successful mining and business personalities started in the turbulent early days of Johannesburg, with the support of Cecil John Rhodes. British and Jewish Businessmen protested against what they felt to be the Boer Transvaal Government's discriminatory attitude to the Uitlanders (foreigners) in Johannesburg, who had contributed in no small measure to the growth of the mining town. The Kruger government had been putting pressure on the mining companies in the form of taxes, and they maintained monopolies over items such as the dynamite needed for deep-level blasting and for railway construction which led to high transport tariffs. As no attempt was made to solve the Uitlanders' grievances by peaceful discussion and negotiations, Rhodes began planning an uprising of Uitlanders in Johannesburg, and the Reform Movement decided to overthrow the government by taking up arms. The uprising was timed to coincide with an invasion of the Transvaal from Bechuanaland (present day ), by Dr Leander Starr Jameson. Rhodes wanted to take over the government of the Transvaal and turn it into a British colony that would join all the other colonies in a federation. Chamberlain helped plan the Jameson Raid.

The Raid The raid was launched on 29 December 1895, when Jameson and armed forces crossed the border from Bechuanaland (Botswana). Jameson, however, had been too hasty. Earlier, while Jameson waited on the border, the Uitlander leaders in Johannesburg were arguing among themselves about the kind of government to be put into place after the invasion. Many of the Uitlanders had no interest in violent uprising. Rhodes had actually decided to call off the raid, but by that time it was too late as Jameson and his party had already crossed into the Transvaal. Communication was lacking and plans were botched when all telegraph lines were not cut as had been planned. Consequently, the Boers received warning of the attack, and Jameson was forced to surrender on 2 January 1896 at near Krugersdorp. The raid had been a failure.

The prisoners were handed over to their own government and the Uitlander leaders who had been part of the plot were put to trial in Johannesburg. Some of them were condemned to death, but the sentences were later reduced to large fines.

12

Rhodes was forced to resign as the premier of the Cape Colony and the political problems between Afrikaans and English-speaking people became worse than ever in the colony. The Orange Free State co-operated more closely with the Transvaal. Transvaal residents felt that they were being threatened and Uitlanders were treated with more suspicion than ever before. The raid was an attempt to capture Johannesburg from the Boers and allow Cecil John Rhodes to take over political power1

1.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF AREA EARMARKED FOR DEVELOPMENT

Figure 3: South view of site earmarked for development, photograph taken from the north.

1 E. Rosenthal (Editor), Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, p. 275.

13

Figure 4: Centre section of site earmarked for development, photograph taken towards the north.

Figure 5: River view, southern section of site earmarked for development, photograph taken towards the north.

14

Figure 6: Western section of site earmarked for development, photograph taken from the east.

Figure 7: Northern section of site earmarked for development, photograph taken from the south.

15

Figure 8: Far northern section of site earmarked for development.

Figure 9: Structures situated to the west of development area.

16

Figure 10: Structures situated to the west of the development area.

17

2. FINDINGS

2.1 PRE-COLONIAL HERITAGE SITES

Possibilities: Greater study area taken into account.

Stone Age

The Stone Age is the period in human history when stone material was mainly used to produce tools2. In South Africa the Stone Age can be divided in three periods3;  Early Stone Age 2 000 000 – 150 000 years ago  Middle Stone Age 150 000 – 30 000 years ago  Late Stone Age 40 000 years ago - +/- 1850 AD

Iron Age

The Iron Age is the period in human history when metal was mainly used to produce artefacts4. In South Africa the Iron Age can be divided in three periods;

 Early Iron Age 250-900 AD  Middle Iron Age 900-1300 AD  Late Iron Age 1300-1840 AD5

There are no pre-colonial heritage sites evident in the study area.

2.2 HISTORICAL PERIOD HERITAGE SITES

Possibilities: Greater study area taken into account.

 Pioneer sites (Voortrekker sites cc 1836-1850’s)  Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) sites.  Structures older than 60 years.  Graves.

There is a structures older than 60 years situated to the west of the site earmarked for development.

2 P. J. Coertze & R.D. Coertze, Verklarende vakwoordeboek vir Antropologie en Argeologie. 3 S.A. Korsman & A. Meyer, Die Steentydperk en rotskuns in J.S. Bergh (red) Geskiedenisatlas van Suid- Afrika. Die vier noordelike provinsies. 4 P.J. Coertze & R.D. Coertze, Verklarende vakwoordeboek vir Antropologie en Argeologie. 5 M.M. van der Ryst & A Meyer. Die Ystertydperk in J.S. Bergh (red) Geskidenisatlas van Suid-Afrika. Die vier noordelike provinsies and T.N Huffman, A Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre- Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa.

18

Figure 11: Structures older than 60 years, situated west of site earmarked for development.

2.3 ORIGINAL LANDSCAPE

Previous farming and other infra-structure development activities have altered the original landscape considerably.

2.4 INTANGIBLE HERITAGE

The intangible heritage of the greater study area can be found in the stories of past and present inhabitants.

3 CATEGORIES OF HERITAGE VALUE (ACT 25 OF 1999)

The National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999) identifies the following categories of value under section 3(1) and (2) of the Act under the heading “National Estate”:

“3 (1) For the purpose of this Act, those heritage resources of South Africa which are of cultural significance or other special value for the present community and for future generations must be considered part of the national estate and fall within the sphere of operations of heritage resources authorities.

(2) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), the national estate may include- (a) places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance; (b) places which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; (c) historical settlements and townscapes; (d) landscapes and natural features of cultural significance; (e) geological sites of scientific or cultural importance; (f) archaeological and palaeontological sites;

19

(g) graves and burial grounds, including- (i) ancestral graves; (ii) royal graves and graves of traditional leaders; (iii) graves of victims of conflict; (iv) graves of individuals designated by the Minister by notice in the Gazette (v) historical graves and cemeteries; and (vi) other human remains which are not covered in terms of the Human Tissue Act, 1983 (Act No. 65 of 1983); (h) sites of significance relating to the history in South Africa; (i) movable objects, including- (i) objects recovered from the soil or waters of South Africa including archaeological and palaeontological objects and material, meteorites and rare geological specimens; (ii) objects to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; (iii) ethnographic art and objects; (iv) military objects (v) objects of decorative or fine art; (vi) objects of scientific or technological interests; and (vii) books, records, documents, photographic positives and negatives, graphic, film or video material or sound recordings, excluding those that are public records as defined in section I (xiv) of the National Archives of South Africa Act, 1996 (Act No. 43 of 1996). (3) Without limiting the generality of the subsections (1) and (2), a place or object is to be considered part of the national estate if it has cultural significance or other special value because of- (a) It is importance in the community, or pattern of South Africa’s history; (b) Its possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage; (c) Its potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage; (d) Its importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of South Africa’s natural or cultural objects; (e) Its importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group; (f) Its importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period; (g) Its strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons; (h) Its strong or special association with the life and work of a person, group or organisation of importance in the history of South Africa; and (i) Sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa.”

20

3.1 HERITAGE VALUE OF WEIGHED AGAINST CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE CATEGORIES

3.1.1 Spiritual value During the site visit/field work no indication of any spiritual activity was observed on/near the proposed site. Thus no sites of spiritual value will be impacted on by the proposed project.

3.1.2 Scientific value No sites of scientific value was observed on or near the site earmarked for development.

3.1.3 Historical value No historical value associated with the proposed site could be found in primary and secondary sources.6

3.1.4 Aesthetic value No heritage item with exceptional aesthetic (architectural) value was identified in the study area.

3.1.5 Social value Social value is attributed to sites that are used by the community for recreation and formal and informal meetings regarding matters that are important to the community. These sites include parks, community halls, sport fields etc. Visually none of the above is evident in the study area.

3.2 SPECIFIC CATEGORIES INVESTIGATED AS PER SECTION 3 (1) AND (2) OF THE NATIONAL HERITAGE LEGISLATION (ACT 25 OF 1999)

3.2.1 Does the site/s provide the context for a wider number of places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance? The study area does not provide context for a wider number of places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance. The reason is the low density of heritage structures/sites in the study area, near or on the proposed site.

6 Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa and the Transvaalse Argiefbewaarplek (TAB) database at the National Archives, Pretoria; J.S. Bergh (red), Geskiedenisatlas van Suid-Afrika: Die Vier Noordelike Provinsies.

21

3.2.2 Does the site/s contain places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage? Places to which oral traditions are attached or associated with living heritage are usually find in conjunction with traditional settlements and villages which still practises age old traditions. None of these are evident near or on the proposed site.

3.2.3 Does the site/s contain historical settlements? No historical settlements are located on or near the proposed site.

3.2.4 Does the site/s contain landscapes and natural features of cultural significance? Due to previous infra-structure development activities the original character of the landscape have been altered significantly in the greater study area. In the specific study area some remnants of the original landscape are still evident.

3.2.5 Does the site/s contain geological sites of cultural importance? Geological sites of cultural importance include meteorite sites (Tswaing Crater and Vredefort Dome), fossil sites (Karoo and Krugersdorp area), important mountain ranges or ridges (, Drakensberg etc.). The proposed site is not located in an area known for sites of this importance.

3.2.6 Does the site/s contain a wide range of archaeological sites? The proposed site does not contain any surface archaeological deposits.

The possibility of sub-surface findings always exists and should be taken into consideration in the Environmental Management Plan.

If sub-surface archaeological material is discovered work must stop and a heritage practitioner preferably an archaeologist contacted to assess the find and make recommendations.

3.2.7 Does the site/s contain any marked graves and burial grounds? The site does not contain marked graves. The possibility of graves not visible to the human eye always exists and this should be taken into consideration in the Environmental Management Plan. It is important to note that all graves and cemeteries are of high significance and are protected by various laws. Legislation with regard to graves includes the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999) whenever graves are 60 years and older. Other legislation with regard to graves includes those when graves are exhumed and relocated, namely the Ordinance on Exhumations (no 12 of 1980) and the Human Tissues Act (Act 65 of 1983 as amended).

If sub-surface graves are discovered work should stop and a professional preferably an archaeologist contacted to assess the age of the grave/graves and to advice on the way forward.

22

3.2.8 Does the site/s contain aspects that relate to the history of slavery? This is not an area associated with the history of slavery like the Western Cape Province.

3.2.9 Can the place be considered as a place that is important to the community or in the pattern of South African history? In primary and secondary sources the proposed site is not described as important to the community or in the pattern of South African history.7

3.2.10 Does the site/s embody the quality of a place possessing uncommon or rare endangered aspects of South Africa’s natural and cultural heritage? The proposed site does not possess uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa’s natural and cultural heritage. These sites are usually regarded as Grade 1 or World Heritage Sites.

3.2.11 Does the site/s demonstrate the principal characteristics of South Africa’s natural or cultural places? The proposed site does not demonstrate the principal characteristics of South Africa’s natural or cultural places. These characteristics are usually associated with aesthetic significance.

3.2.12 Does the site/s exhibit particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community or cultural groups? This part of the greater study area does not exhibit particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community or cultural groups. The reason being the low density of heritage buildings and structures located in the greater study area.

3.2.13 Does the site/s contain elements, which are important in demonstrating a high degree of creative technical achievement? The site does not contain elements which are important in demonstrating a high degree of creative technical achievement. Reason being none of the above evident on site.

3.2.14 Does the site/s have strong and special associations with particular communities and cultural groups for social, cultural and spiritual reasons? The proposed site does not have a strong or special association with particular communities and cultural groups for social, cultural and spiritual reasons, the reason being that the particular site is located on mainly developed land and it is evident that the site is not utilised for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

7 Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa and the Transvaalse Argiefbewaarplek (TAB) database at the National Archives, Pretoria. J.S. Bergh (red), Geskiedenisatlas van Suid-Afrika. Die Vier Noordelike Provinsies.

23

3.2.15 Does the site/s have a strong and special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation? The site does not have a strong and special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation.

4. OPPORTUNITIES, RESTRICTIONS, IMPACTS

 There are no visible restrictions or negative impacts in terms of heritage associated with the site. In terms of heritage this project can proceed.  3.2.6 and 3.2.7 must be taken into account in the Environmental Management Plan.

5. THE WAY FORWARD

 Submit this report as a Section 38 application to the Gauteng Heritage Resources Authority (PHRAG) for comment/approval.

24 Mary-Lee

From: Bokamoso Sent: 30 March 2015 10:17 AM To: [email protected] Cc: [email protected] Subject: FW: GAUT: 002/14-15/0081 AND GAUT: 002/14-15/0212

From: KAPSOSIDERIS, ARISTOTELIS (GDARD) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: 30 March 2015 10:02 AM To: Bokamoso Subject: RE: GAUT: 002/14-15/0081 AND GAUT: 002/14-15/0212

Good day Mary –Lee

Apologies – it appears as if I had investigated your query but did not respond.

From our information neither the two Honingklip sites not the site in Rietvallei are within the . Depending on your intention though there may be some factors that could make some proposed activities listed due to their close proximity to the Cradle area.

Regards.

Ari.

From: Bokamoso [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: 30 March 2015 09:00 AM To: KAPSOSIDERIS, ARISTOTELIS (GDARD) Subject: RE: GAUT: 002/14-15/0081 AND GAUT: 002/14-15/0212

Good morning,

I would like to follow up on the requests as sent below.

Kind Regards,

Mary-Lee van Zyl Senior Environmental Assessment Practitioner

Landscape Architects & Environmental Consultants cc

T: (+27)12 346 3810 l F: (+27) 86 570 5659 l E: [email protected] l www.bokamoso.biz 36 Lebombo Street, Ashlea Gardens, Pretoria l P.O. Box 11375 Maroelana 0161

1 Please consider the environment before printing this email

From: Mary-Lee [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: 05 March 2015 03:58 PM To: Aristotelis Kapsosideris Subject: RE: GAUT: 002/14-15/0081 AND GAUT: 002/14-15/0212

Good afternoon,

Apologies for that. Please see if the attached shapefiles will work.

Thank you.

Kind Regards,

Mary-Lee van Zyl Senior Environmental Assessment Practitioner

Landscape Architects & Environmental Consultants cc

T: (+27)12 346 3810 l F: (+27) 86 570 5659 l E: [email protected] l www.bokamoso.biz 36 Lebombo Street, Ashlea Gardens, Pretoria l P.O. Box 11375 Maroelana 0161

Please consider the environment before printing this email

From: KAPSOSIDERIS, ARISTOTELIS (GDARD) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: 05 March 2015 03:29 PM To: Bokamoso Subject: RE: GAUT: 002/14-15/0081 AND GAUT: 002/14-15/0212

Hi Mary-Lee

Unfortunately I am not able to open the two documents. Could you please resend or try another format.

Regards.

Ari.

From: Bokamoso [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: 04 March 2015 03:59 PM To: KAPSOSIDERIS, ARISTOTELIS (GDARD) Subject: GAUT: 002/14-15/0081 AND GAUT: 002/14-15/0212

UID09duf63i2bd

PROPOSED HONINGKLIP STORAGE FACILITIES ON THE REMAINDER OF PORTION 15 AND PORTION 65 OF THE FARM HONINGKLIP NO 178 IQ [REFERENCE NUMBER: GAUT 002/14-15/0081]

2 AND

PROPOSED TOWNSHIP GREENGATE EXTENSION 59: [REFERENCE NUMBER: GAUT 002/14-15/0212]

Good day,

Could you kindly confirm for us that the two projects, as mentioned above, is not in the Cradle of Humankind.

Attached to this email is kml files and images of the two project areas.

Your assistance in this regard will be greatly appreciated.

Kind Regards,

Mary-Lee van Zyl Senior Environmental Assessment Practitioner

Landscape Architects & Environmental Consultants cc

T: (+27)12 346 3810 l F: (+27) 86 570 5659 l E: [email protected] l www.bokamoso.biz 36 Lebombo Street, Ashlea Gardens, Pretoria l P.O. Box 11375 Maroelana 0161

Please consider the environment before printing this email

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4 Town Planning Memorandum PROPOSED APPLICATION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A TOWNSHIP ON PORTION 19 OF THE FARM RIETVALLEI NO. 180 IQ, MOGALE CITY: GREENGATE EXTENSION 59

1. INTRODUCTION

This application is for the establishment of a township on Portion 19 of the farm Rietvallei 180 IQ, Mogale City to establish three erven zoned as “Residential 3, three erven zoned as "Special" and one erf zoned “Private Open Space”.

This application is lodged in terms of the Ordinance on Town Planning and Townships, 1986 (Ordinance 15 of 1986).

2. PARTICULARS CONCERNING THE APPLICATION

2.1 Locality of the property

The property is situated on the eastern side of the N14 Provincial Road between Krugersdorp and Pretoria. The property is situated south and adjacent to the Spar retail business in Muldersdrift. The property is situated approximately 1,3km north of the Pinehaven intersection of Hendrik Potgieter Road Extension and the N14 Road to Pretoria. (See Layout plan)

2.2 Access to the property

Access to the property is gained from the service road next to the N14 Provincial Road.

2.3 Size of the properties

The total size of Portion 19 is 5,2463 hectares.

2.4 Owners of the property

Portion 19 is registered in the name of Jarques Mulder Treptow.

2.5 Deed of Transfer

Portion 19 is held under Deed of Transfer number T28430/2003.

1 2.6 Registered Bond

There is a bond registered against the property. As soon as the consent from the bond holder has been received, it will be forwarded to the Council.

2.7 Mineral Rights

The mineral rights are not separated from the property.

3. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE PROPERTY

3.1 Topography

The natural ground slopes from a Northwest to Southeast direction at an average slope of 2,5%.

3.2 Drainage

All storm water and rainwater drains with the natural slope of the land to the Crocodile river on the eastern boundary of the township. Storm water will be dealt with as part of the provision of engineering services in the township, and will be installed in such a manner that it does not cause any harm to the natural environment.

3.3 Geological Survey

A geological survey for the property for township establishment purposes has been completed and is attached hereto for information purposes.

The majority of the site is classified as Class C2 where greater than 10mm consolidation and collapse settlement is anticipated.

The soil formation seems to be in order, if one looks at the existing buildings on the properties and developments on the surrounding properties. The soil report makes certain suggestions as to the development of the property in some areas.

2 4. EXISTING USE AND ZONING

4.1 Existing zoning

In terms of the Krugersdorp Town planning Scheme 1980, the property is zoned “Agricultural”.

4.2 Existing use of the property

The property is currently developed with a dwelling house and outbuildings and is used for rural residency and offices for Drift Reaction Services.

4.3 Surrounding land uses

Directly north of the property is the Spar retail center in Muldersdrift, with the rest of Muldersdrift township further to the north-east of the property. Directly west of the property is the N14 Provincial Road with farm portions used for a variety of land uses such as commercial activities, guest houses and wedding villages. Further east of the property is a sand quarry in Muldersdrift. No agricultural activities are found in this direct area.

4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment

An application has been lodged to the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for environmental authorization. The Record of Decision of GDARD will be forwarded to the Council as soon as it is available.

5. THE PROPOSED TOWNSHIP

5.1 The township lay-out

Erf 1:

Erf 1 will be zoned “Special” for dwelling units, offices, retail activities, conference facilities, storage facilities and related uses, for the purpose of facilitating a mixed use development on the property. The erf will gain access from Erf 6 which in turn will obtain access from the service road next to the N14 Provincial Road.

The size of Erf 1 will be approximately 0,2202ha. The following development controls are proposed:

3 Height: 2 storeys Coverage: 50% FAR: 0,8 Density: 40 dwelling units per hectare Parking: As per Scheme

Erf 2:

Erf 2 will be zoned “Special” for dwelling units, offices, guest house, tea garden and related uses, for the purpose of converting the existing dwelling house into a guest house and tea garden, to make provision for the existing offices and to develop some dwelling units for a mixed development on the property. The erf will gain access from Erf 6, which in turn will gain access from the existing service road next to the N14 Provincial Road.

The erven will all be approximately 1,0240ha in size. The following development controls are proposed:

Height: 2 storeys Coverage: 50% FAR: 0,8 Density: 40 dwelling units per hectare Parking: As per Scheme

Erven 3,4 and 5:

Erven 3, 4 and 5 will be zoned “Residential 3” with the purpose of developing residential dwelling units on each erf. The boundaries of the erven will be above the 1:100 year flood line and the proposed bulk sewer pipeline to be installed over the property. The erven will gain access from Erf 6, which in turn will gain access from the existing service road next to the N14 Provincial Road.

The size of Erf 3 will be approximately 0,6379ha; that of Erf 4 approximately 0,5892ha and that of Erf 5 approximately 0,6445ha. The following development controls are proposed:

Height: 2 storeys Coverage: 40% FAR: 0,8 Density: 60 dwelling units per hectare Parking: As per Scheme

4 Erf 6:

Erf 6 be zoned “Special” for a private road and access purposes in order to provide access to the other erven in the township. This is done to give exclusivity and maximum security to the township, by erecting one entrance gate to the total township and then further access to the individual developments.

Erf 6 will be approximately 0,4374ha in extent and will obtain direct access from the existing service road next to the N14 Provincial Road.

Erf 7:

Erf 7 will be zoned “Private Open Space” for the purposes of conservation of the natural vegetation of the demarcated wetland area adjacent to the Crocodile River. This erf will obtain access from Erf 6, which in turn will obtain direct access from the existing service road next to the N14 Provincial Road. The erf will be used for storm water attenuation, outside of the demarcated wetland area, as well as for recreation purposes for the residents of the township. Erf 7 will be approximately 1,6931ha in extent.

5.2 Engineering Services

An engineering services outline scheme report for the proposed township has been compiled and is attached hereto for information purposes.

The proposed township can be provided with water from a 160mm diameter pipe on the north western side of the property. The pipeline has sufficient water pressure and capacity for the proposed development.

There is currently no sewer infrastructure available to service the proposed development, but the Mogale City Local Municipality is busy with the planning to install a bulk outfall sewer pipeline on the south eastern side of the development over Portion 19 of the farm Rietvallei No 180 IQ. The timing for the installation of the pipeline is not fixed, but until the line has been installed, the development can make use of a package plant.

Storm water runoff will be collected in a piped system in the township and collected in a storm water attenuation system in the

5 township and then slowly released into the river on the south eastern side of the development.

Electricity to the township will be provided by the Mogale City Local Municipality, once the local network has been upgraded through a collective agreement between different property developers and the municipality.

Due to the locality of other developments in this direct area, it will be easy to provide this township with the necessary engineering services of water, sewerage and electricity. The detail of this service provision will be negotiated with the Engineering Departments of the Council.

6

6. NECESSITY AND DESIRABILITY

This application can be motivated as necessary and desirable by the following:

6.1 The owner of the property is of the intention to establish a township on the property in order to improve the development potential of the property and to make maximum use of the natural environment and the bulk engineering infrastructure that is being upgraded for the Muldersdrift Area.

6.2 The proposed activities on this property fit in with the surrounding land uses, as there are already several other residential townships in the wider area (Featherbrooke Estate, Ruimsig Country Estate, Pinehaven Country Estate) and the fact that the whole area is mostly used for residential activities and not agricultural purposes, due to poor agricultural soil conditions.

6.3 This township will provide 7 additional erven in Mogale City in a new area of upmarket developments, where a high standard of development can be accomplished, creating an exclusive high density residential development mixed with a mixture of other land use activities. The proposed density for the “Residential 3” erven is 60 dwelling units per hectare.

6.4 Due to the shortage of land available in Mogale City for upmarket residential development, this property is ideally located to provide in the need of this section of housing development in Krugersdorp, especially in terms of accessibility.

6.5 There also exist a need for people working in the cities of , and Pretoria who wishes to live in a more rural and secure type of development, away from the city. This development is ideally suited therefore.

6.6 Due to the locality of the properties, engineering services can easily be provided to the township and is the property very accessible from the service road adjacent to the N14 Provincial Road, which is a main connection route between Krugersdorp and Pretoria. The property is also very accessible from Hendrik Potgieter Road, which is a connection route between Krugersdorp and Johannesburg.

7 6.7 Due to the proposed density of the development and the locality thereof, the proposed activities will not cause any disturbance or inconvenience to the surrounding property owners and will the development not have a negative effect on the environment or on the traffic flow of the area.

6.8 The property is bordered by the N14 Provincial Road on one side and the Crocodile River on the other side, creating an effect of isolation next to the river, which is ideal for a residential township with a country atmosphere.

6.9 The positive development of the property, should be seen as a positive reaction to the economy and investment opportunities of Mogale City, and indicates the trust of the community in the management of municipality.

6.10 The positive development of the property will restrict vagrancy and littering and will definitely improve the general appearance of the area, as one of the unique areas in Mogale City where development can be combined with conservation.

6.11 The approval of this application and the development of the township will provide important employment opportunities to the local community and will contribute favorably to the local economy through investment capital, thereby complying with the local economic policy of the Council.

6.12 The proposed township will also provide valuable residential facilities for the people that are employed at the new Cradlestone Mall and the node that is busy forming around the shopping centre.

Seen against the above motivation and the shortage of land in Mogale City for upmarket residential development, the Council is requested to give this application their favorable consideration.

8 Engineering Services Report

Wetland Delineation Report

REPORT

HYDROPEDOLOGY WETLAND ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT REPORT:

PORTION 19 OF THE FARM RIETVALLEI 180, GAUTENG PROVINCE

5 October, 2015

Compiled by: J.H. van der Waals (PhD Soil Science, Pr.Sci.Nat.) Member of: Soil Science Society of South Africa (SSSSA)

Accredited member of: South African Soil Surveyors Organisation (SASSO)

Registered with: The South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions Registration number: 400106/08

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Declaration

I, Johan Hilgard van der Waals, declare that: • I act as the independent specialist in this application • I will perform the work relating to the application in an objective manner, even if this results in views and findings that are not favourable to the applicant • I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing such work; • I have expertise in conducting the specialist report relevant to this application, including knowledge of the Act, regulations and any guidelines that have relevance to the proposed activity; • I will comply with the Act, regulations and all other applicable legislation; • I have no, and will not engage in, conflicting interests in the undertaking of the activity; • I undertake to disclose to the applicant and the competent authority all material information in my possession that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing - any decision to be taken with respect to the application by the competent authority; and - the objectivity of any report, plan or document to be prepared by myself for submission to the competent authority; • all the particulars furnished by me in this form are true and correct; and • I realise that a false declaration is an offence in terms of Regulation 71 and is punishable in terms of Section 24F of the Act.

J.H. VAN DER WAALS TERRA SOIL SCIENCE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Terms of Reference ...... 1 1.2 Aim of this Report ...... 1 1.3 Disclaimer ...... 1 1.4 Methodology ...... 1 2. SITE LOCALITY AND DESCRIPTION ...... 2 2.1 Survey Area Boundary ...... 2 2.2 Land Type Data ...... 3 2.3 Topography ...... 4 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ...... 4 4. STATUTORY CONTEXT ...... 5 4.1 Wetland Definition ...... 5 4.2 Watercourse Definition ...... 5 4.3 The Wetland Delineation Guidelines ...... 5 4.4 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources ...... 7 4.4.1 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Volume 4: Wetland Ecosystems...... 8 4.4.2 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Generic Section “A” for Specialist Manuals – Water Resource Protection Policy Implementation Process ...... 8 4.4.3 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Appendix W1 (Ecoregional Typing for Wetland Ecosystems) ...... 8 4.4.4 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Appendix W4 IER (Floodplain Wetlands) Present Ecological Status (PES) Method ...... 9 4.4.5 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Appendix W5 IER (Floodplain Wetlands) Determining the Ecological Importance and Sensitivity (EIS) and the Ecological Management Class (EMC) ...... 13 4.5 Summary and Proposed Approach ...... 14 5. CHALLENGES REGARDING WETLAND DELINEATION ON THE HALFWAY HOUSE GRANITE DOME ...... 16 5.1 Pedogenesis ...... 16 5.2 Water Movement in the Soil Profile ...... 16 5.3 Water Movement in the Landscape ...... 20 5.4 The Catena Concept ...... 23 5.5 The Halfway House Granite Dome Catena ...... 24 5.6 Convex Versus Concave Landscapes in the Halfway House Granite Catena ...... 25 5.7 Implications for Wetland Delineation and Application of the Guidelines ...... 27 5.8 Implications for Wetland Conservation in Urban Environments ...... 28 5.9 Soil Erosion on the Halfway House Granite Dome ...... 30 5.10 Detailed Soil Characteristics – Summarising Conclusions ...... 33 5.11 Recommended Assessment Approach – Hydropedology Investigation ...... 34 5.11.1 Hydropedology Background ...... 34

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5.11.2 Hydropedology – Proposed Approach ...... 34 6. METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION ...... 35 6.1 Wetland Context Determination ...... 35 6.2. Aerial Photograph Interpretation ...... 35 6.3 Terrain Unit Indicator ...... 35 6.4 Soil Form and Soil Wetness Indicators ...... 36 6.5 Vegetation Indicator ...... 36 6.6 Artificial Modifiers ...... 36 7. SITE SURVEY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 36 7.1 Wetland Context ...... 36 7.2 Aerial Photograph Interpretation ...... 36 7.3 Terrain Unit Indicator ...... 38 7.4 Soil Form and Soil Wetness Indicators (and Vegetation) ...... 39 7.5 Artificial Modifiers ...... 40 8. WETLAND ASSESSMENT ...... 40 8.1 Proposed Delineation and Buffer ...... 40 8.2 Wetland Classification / Types ...... 41 8.3 Wetland Functionality ...... 41 8.4 Present Ecological Status (PES) Determination ...... 41 9. MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS AND MITIGATION OF STORM WATER ...... 42 10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 43 REFERENCES ...... 43

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HYDROPEDOLOGY WETLAND ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT REPORT: PORTION 19 OF THE FARM RIETVALLEI 180, GAUTENG PROVINCE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE

Terra Soil Science was appointed by Bokamoso to conduct wetland delineation for the proposed Greengate Ext. 59 development (Portion 19 of the Farm Rietvallei 180) in the Gauteng Province.

1.2 AIM OF THIS REPORT

The aim of this report is to provide a wetland delineation and management report for proposed Greengate Ext. 59 development (Portion 19 of the Farm Rietvallei 180) within the context of specific soil, topography and geology conditions.

1.3 DISCLAIMER

This report was generated under the regulations of NEMA (National Environmental Management Act) that guides the appointment of specialists. The essence of the regulations is 1) independence, 2) specialisation and 3) duty to the regulator. The independent specialist has, in accordance with the regulations, a duty to the competent authority to disclose all matters related to the specific investigation should he be requested to do such (refer to declaration above).

It is accepted that this report can be submitted for peer review (as the regulations also allow for such). However, the intention of this report is not to function as one of several attempts by applicants to obtain favourable delineation outcomes. Rather, the report is aimed at addressing specific site conditions in the context of current legislation, guidelines and best practice with the ultimate aim of ensuring the conservation and adequate management of the water resource on the specific site.

Due to the specific legal liabilities wetland specialists face when conducting wetland delineations and assessments this author reserves the right to, in the event that this report becomes part of a delineation comparison exercise between specialists, submit the report to the competent authorities, without entering into protracted correspondence with the client, as an independent report.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

The report was generated through: 1. The collection and presentation of baseline land type and topographic data for the site; 2. The thorough consideration of the statutory context of wetlands and the process of wetland delineation; 1

3. The identification of water related landscape parameters (conceptual and real) for the site; 4. Aerial photograph interpretation of the site; 5. Assessment of historical impacts and changes on the site through the accessing of various historical aerial photographs and topographic maps; 6. Focused soil and site survey in terms of soil properties as well as drainage feature properties; and 7. Presentation of the findings of the various components of the investigation.

2. SITE LOCALITY AND DESCRIPTION

2.1 SURVEY AREA BOUNDARY

The site lies between 26° 02’ 23’’ and 26° 02’ 37’’ south and 27° 50’ 39’’ and 27° 50’ 58’’ east in Muldersdrift in the Gauteng Province (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Locality of the survey site

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2.2 LAND TYPE DATA

Land type data for the site was obtained from the Institute for Soil Climate and Water (ISCW) of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). The land type data is presented at a scale of 1:250 000 and entails the division of land into land types, typical terrain cross sections for the land type and the presentation of dominant soil types for each of the identified terrain units (in the cross section). The soil data is classified according to the Binomial System (MacVicar et al., 1977). The soil data was interpreted and re-classified according to the Taxonomic System (Soil Classification Working Group, 1991).

The site falls into the Bb2 land type (Land Type Survey Staff, 1972 - 2006). Figure 2 provides the land type distribution around the site. The Bb1 land type is restricted to the Halfway House Granite Dome with the typical bleached sandy soils and the Ab1 and Ab2 land types are dominated by dolomite and chert. The Bb1 land type is discussed in more detail later in the report.

3 Figure 2 Land type map for the survey site and surrounding area 2.3 TOPOGRAPHY

The topography of the site is undulating with an incised drainage feature. Contours for the site were used to generate a digital elevation model (DEM) (Figure 3). The topographic data was further interpreted and the approaches and results are discussed later in the report.

Figure 3 Digital elevation model for the survey site

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The delineation of wetland in the HHGD area is challenging due to a range of factors that lead to difficulty in distinguishing between wetland and terrestrial zones. One of the main factors contributing to the difficulty is the specific geological context of the HHGD. From a soil form and wetness perspective the specific land type exhibits some form of “wetland” characteristic, according to the present wetland delineation guidelines (DWAF, 2005), in at least 75 % of the

4 landscape. This aspect has led to significant challenges and friction regarding the interpretation of the guidelines as well as the specific soils in the area. The following section provides a perspective of the statutory as well as biophysical context of wetland delineation in the HHGD area. This investigation will therefore focus on the delineation of the wetland features based on soil hydromorphy, landscape hydrology as well as various historical modifiers through a dedicated assessment and elucidation of hydropedological processes experienced in the catchment and on the site.

4. STATUTORY CONTEXT

The following is a brief summary of the statutory context of wetland delineation and assessment. Where necessary, additional comment is provided on problematic aspects or aspects that, according to this author, require specific emphasis.

4.1 WETLAND DEFINITION

Wetlands are defined, in terms of the National Water Act (Act no 36 of 1998) (NWA), as:

“Land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water, and which land in normal circumstances supports or would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soil.”

4.2 WATERCOURSE DEFINITION

“Catchment” is defined, in terms of the National Water Act (Act no 36 of 1998) (NWA), as:

“…, in relation to a watercourse or watercourses or part of a watercourse, means the area from which any rainfall will drain into the watercourse or watercourses or part of a watercourse, through surface flow to a common point or common points;”

“Watercourse” is defined, in terms of the National Water Act (Act no 36 of 1998) (NWA), as:

“(a) a river or spring; (b) a natural channel in which water flows regularly or intermittently; (c) a wetland, lake or dam into which, or from which, water flows; and (d) any collection of water which the Minister may, by notice in the Gazette, declare to be a water course, and a reference to a watercourse includes, where relevant, its bed and banks;”

4.3 THE WETLAND DELINEATION GUIDELINES

5 In 2005 the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry published a manual entitled “A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetland and riparian areas” (DWAF, 2005). The “…manual describes field indicators and methods for determining whether an area is a wetland or riparian area, and for finding its boundaries.” The definition of a wetland in the guidelines is that of the NWA and it states that wetlands must have one or more of the following attributes:

• “Wetland (hydromorphic) soils that display characteristics resulting from prolonged saturation” • “The presence, at least occasionally, of water loving plants (hydrophytes)” • “A high water table that results in saturation at or near the surface, leading to anaerobic conditions developing in the top 50cm of the soil.”

The guidelines further list four indicators to be used for the finding of the outer edge of a wetland. These are:

• Terrain Unit Indicator. The terrain unit indicator does not only identify valley bottom wetlands but also wetlands on steep and mild slopes in crest, midslope and footslope positions. • Soil Form Indicator. A number of soil forms (as defined by MacVicar et al., 1991) are listed as indicative of permanent, seasonal and temporary wetland zones. • Soil Wetness Indicator. Certain soil colours and mottles are indicated as colours of wet soils. The guidelines stipulate that this is the primary indicator for wetland soils. (Refer to the guidelines for a detailed description of the colour indicators.) In essence, the reduction and removal of Fe in the form of “bleaching” and the accumulation of Fe in the form of mottles are the two main criteria for the identification of soils that are periodically or permanently wet. • Vegetation Indicator. This is a key component of the definition of a wetland in the NWA. It often happens though that vegetation is disturbed and the guidelines therefore place greater emphasis on the soil form and soil wetness indicators as these are more permanent whereas vegetation communities are dynamic and react rapidly to external factors such as climate and human activities.

The main emphasis of the guidelines is therefore the use soils (soil form and wetness) as the criteria for the delineation of wetlands. The applicability of these guidelines in the context of the survey site will be discussed in further detail later in the report.

Due to numerous problems with the delineation of wetlands there are a plethora of courses being presented to teach wetland practitioners and laymen the required techniques. Most of the courses and practitioners focus on ecological or vegetation characteristics of landscapes and soil characteristics are often interpreted incorrectly due to a lacking soil science background of these practitioners. As such this author regularly presents, in conjunction with a colleague (Prof. Cornie van Huysteen) from the University of the Free Sate, a course on the aspects related to soil classification and wetland delineation.

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4.4 THE RESOURCE DIRECTED MEASURES FOR PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES

The following are specific quotes from the different sections of the “Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources.” as published by DWAF (1999).

7 4.4.1 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Volume 4: Wetland Ecosystems.

From the Introduction:

“This set of documents on Resource Directed Measures (RDM) for protection of water resources, issued in September 1999 in Version 1.0, presents the procedures to be followed in undertaking preliminary determinations of the class, Reserve and resource quality objectives for water resources, as specified in sections 14 and 17 of the South African National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998).

The development of procedures to determine RDM was initiated by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in July 1997. Phase 3 of this project will end in March 2000. Additional refinement and development of the procedures, and development of the full water resource classification system, will continue in Phase 4, until such time as the detailed procedures and full classification system are ready for publication in the Government Gazette.

It should be noted that until the final RDM procedures are published in the Gazette, and prescribed according to section 12 of the National Water Act, all determinations of RDM, whether at the rapid, the intermediate or the comprehensive level, will be considered to be preliminary determinations.”

4.4.2 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Generic Section “A” for Specialist Manuals – Water Resource Protection Policy Implementation Process

“Step 3: Determine the reference conditions of each resource unit”

“What are reference conditions?”

“The determination of reference conditions is a very important aspect of the overall Reserve determination methodology. Reference conditions describe the natural unimpacted characteristics of a water resource. Reference conditions quantitatively describe the ecoregional type, specific to a particular water resource.”

4.4.3 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Appendix W1 (Ecoregional Typing for Wetland Ecosystems)

Artificial modifiers are explained namely:

“Many wetlands are man-made, while others have been modified from a natural state to some degree by the activities of humans. Since the nature of these alterations often greatly influences the character of such habitats, the inclusion of modifying terms to accommodate human influence is important. In addition, many human modifications, such as dam walls and drainage ditches, are visible in aerial photographs and can be easily mapped. The following

8 Artificial Modifiers are defined and can be used singly or in combination wherever they apply to wetlands: Farmed: the soil surface has been physically altered for crop production, but hydrophytes will become re-established if farming is discontinued Artificial: substrates placed by humans, using either natural materials such as dredge spoils or synthetic materials such as concrete. Jetties and breakwaters are examples of Non-vegetated Artificial habitats Excavated: habitat lies within an excavated basin or channel Diked/Impounded: created or modified by an artificial barrier which obstructs the inflow or outflow of water Partially Drained: the water level has been artificially lowered, usually by means of ditches, but the area is still classified as wetland because soil moisture is sufficient to support hydrophytes.“

4.4.4 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Appendix W4 IER (Floodplain Wetlands) Present Ecological Status (PES) Method

In Appendix W4 the methodology is provided for the determination of the present ecological status (PES) of a palustrine wetland.

The present ecological state (PES) of the wetland was determined according to the method described in “APPENDIX W4: IER (FLOODPLAIN WETLANDS) PRESENT ECOLOGICAL STATUS (PES) METHOD” of the “Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources. Volume 4: Wetland Ecosystems” as published by DWAF (1999). However, the PES methodology already forms an adaptation from the methodology to assess palustrine wetlands. Hillslope seepage wetlands have a range of different drivers and as such some modification of the criteria has been made by this author to accommodate the specific hydropedology drivers of hillslope seepage wetlands.

The criteria as described in Appendix 4 is provided below with the relevant modification or comment provided as well.

The summarised tasks in the PES methodology are (for detailed descriptions refer to the relevant documentation):

1. Conduct a literature review (review of available literature and maps) on the following: a. Determine types of development and land use (in the catchment in question). b. Gather hydrological data to determine the degree to which the flow regime has been modified (with the “virgin flow regime” as baseline). The emphasis is predominantly on surface hydrology and hydrology of surface water features as well as the land uses, such as agriculture and forestry, that lead to flow modifications. Important Note: The hydropedology of landscapes is not explicitly mentioned in the RDM documentation and this author will make a case for its consideration as probably the

9 most important component of investigating headwater systems and seepage wetlands and areas. c. Assessment of the water quality as is documented in catchment study reports and water quality databases. d. Investigate erosion and sedimentation parameters that address aspects such as bank erosion and bed modification. Important Note: The emphasis in the RDM documentation is again on river and stream systems with little mention of erosion of headwater and seepage zone systems. Again a case will be made for the emphasis of such information generation. e. Description of exotic species (flora and fauna) in the specific catchment in question. 2. Conduct and aerial photographic assessment in terms of the parameters listed above. 3. Conduct a site visit and make use of local knowledge. 4. Assess the criteria and generate preliminary PES scores. 5. Generation of report.

Table 1 presents the scoresheet with criteria for the assessment of habitat integrity of palustrine wetlands (as provided in the RDM documentation).

Table 1 “Table W4-1: Scoresheet with criteria for assessing Habitat Integrity of Palustrine Wetlands (adapted from Kleynhans 1996)” Criteria and attributes Relevance Score Confidence Hydrologic Consequence of abstraction, regulation by impoundments or increased runoff from human settlements or agricultural land. Changes in flow regime (timing, duration, frequency), volumes, Flow modification velocity which affect inundation of wetland habitats resulting in floristic changes or incorrect cues to biota. Abstraction of groundwater flows to the wetland. Consequence of impoundment resulting in Permanent Inundation destruction of natural wetland habitat and cues for wetland biota. Water Quality From point or diffuse sources. Measure directly by laboratory analysis or assessed indirectly from Water Quality Modification upstream agricultural activities, human settlements and industrial activities. Aggravated by volumetric decrease in flow delivered to the wetland Consequence of reduction due to entrapment by impoundments or increase due to land use Sediment load modification practices such as overgrazing. Cause of unnatural rates of erosion, accretion or infilling of wetlands and change in habitats. Hydraulic/Geomorphic

10 Results in desiccation or changes to inundation Canalisation patterns of wetland and thus changes in habitats. River diversions or drainage. Consequence of infilling, ploughing, dykes, trampling, bridges, roads, railwaylines and other Topographic Alteration substrate disruptive activities which reduces or changes wetland habitat directly or through changes in inundation patterns. Biota Consequence of desiccation of wetland and encroachment of terrestrial plant speciesdue to Terrestrial Encroachment changes in hydrology or geomorphology. Change from wetland to terrestrial habitat and loss of wetland functions. Direct destruction of habitat through farming activities, grazing or firewood collection affecting Indigenous Vegetation wildlife habitat and flow attenuation functions, Removal organic matter inputs and increases potential for erosion. Affect habitat characteristics through changes in Invasive plant encroachment community structure and water quality changes (oxygen reduction and shading). Presence of alien fauna affecting faunal community Alien fauna structure. Overutilisation of biota Overgrazing, Over-fishing, etc TOTAL MEAN

Scoring guidelines per attribute: natural, unmodified = 5; Largely natural = 4, Moderately modified = 3; largely modified = 2; seriously modified = 1; Critically modified = 0. Relative confidence of score: Very high confidence = 4; High confidence = 3; Moderate confidence = 2; Marginal/low confidence = 1.

Important Note: The present ecological state (PES) determination is, as discussed earlier in the report, based on criteria originally generated for palustrine and floodplain wetlands. Seepage wetlands very rarely have the same degree of saturation or free water and consequently often do not have permanent wetland zones. These wetlands are therefore often characterised by seasonal or temporary properties and as such a standard PES approach is flawed. The existing criteria is provided below as is a comment on the applicability as well as proposed improvements.

Criteria

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Hydrological Criteria • “Flow modification: Consequence of abstraction, regulation by impoundments or increased runoff from human settlements or agricultural land. Changes in flow regime (timing, duration, frequency), volumes, velocity which affect inundation of wetland habitats resulting in floristic changes or incorrect cues to biota. Abstraction of groundwater flows to the wetland.” Comment: Although the description is wide it is very evident that seepage or hillslope wetlands do not become inundated but rather are fed by hillslope return flow processes. The main criterion should therefore be the surface and subsurface hydrological linkages expressed as a degree of alteration in terms of the surface, hydropedology and groundwater hydrology. • “Permanent inundation: Consequence of impoundment resulting in destruction of natural wetland habitat and cues for wetland biota.” Comment: Mostly not applicable to hillslope seepage wetlands. Water Quality Criteria • “Water quality modification: From point or diffuse sources. Measure directly by laboratory analysis or assessed indirectly from upstream agricultural activities, human settlements and industrial activities. Aggravated by volumetric decrease in flow delivered to the wetland.” Comment: Water quality in this context applies generally but cognisance should be taken of seepage water quality that can be natural but significantly different to exposed water bodies. The main reason for this being the highly complex nature of many redox processes within the hillslope. • “Sediment load modification: Consequence of reduction due to entrapment by impoundments or increase due to land use practices such as overgrazing. Cause of unnatural rates of erosion, accretion or infilling of wetlands and change in habitats.” Comment: This is a very relevant concept but on hillslopes should be linked to erosivity of the soils as well as the specific land use influences. Hydraulic / Geomorphic Criteria • “Canalisation: Results in desiccation or changes to inundation patterns of wetland and thus changes in habitats. River diversions or drainage.” Comment: Again this is a very relevant concept but on hillslopes should be linked to erosivity of the soils as well as the specific land use influences. This concept does however not address the influences on the hydropedology of the hillslope. These aspects shoud be elucidated and contextualised. • “Topographic Alteration: Consequence of infilling, ploughing, dykes, trampling, bridges, roads, railwaylines and other substrate disruptive activities which reduces or changes wetland habitat directly or through changes in inundation patterns.” Comment: Again this is a very relevant concept but on hillslopes should be linked to erosivity of the soils as well as the specific land use influences. This concept does however not address the influences on the hydropedology of the hillslope. These aspects shoud be elucidated and contextualised. Biological Criteria • “Terrestrial encroachment: Consequence of desiccation of wetland and encroachment of terrestrial plant species due to changes in hydrology or geomorphology. Change from wetland to terrestrial habitat and loss of wetland functions.” Comment: Again this is a very

12 relevant concept but on hillslopes should be linked to erosivity of the soils as well as the specific land use influences. This concept does however not address the influences on the hydropedology of the hillslope. These aspects shoud be elucidated and contextualised. • “Indigenous vegetation removal: Direct destruction of habitat through farming activities, grazing or firewood collection affecting wildlife habitat and flow attenuation functions, organic matter inputs and increases potential for erosion.” • “Invasive plant encroachment: Affect habitat characteristics through changes in community structure and water quality changes (oxygen reduction and shading).” • “Alien fauna: Presence of alien fauna affecting faunal community structure.” • “Overutilisation of biota: Overgrazing, Over-fishing, etc.”

Scoring Guidelines Scoring guidelines per attribute: Natural, unmodified = 5 Largely natural = 4 Moderately modified = 3 Largely modified = 2 Seriously modified = 1 Critically modified = 0

Relative confidence of score: Very high confidence = 4 High confidence = 3 Moderate confidence = 2 Marginal/low confidence = 1

4.4.5 The Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources: Appendix W5 IER (Floodplain Wetlands) Determining the Ecological Importance and Sensitivity (EIS) and the Ecological Management Class (EMC)

In Appendix W5 the methodology is provided for the determination of the ecological importance and sensitivity (EIS) and ecological management class (EMC) of floodplain wetlands.

"Ecological importance" of a water resource is an expression of its importance to the maintenance of ecological diversity and functioning on local and wider scales. "Ecological sensitivity" refers to the system’s ability to resist disturbance and its capability to recover from disturbance once it has occurred. The Ecological Importance and sensitivity (EIS) provides a guideline for determination of the Ecological Management Class (EMC).” Please refer to the specific document for more detailed information.

The following primary determinants are listed as determining the EIS: 1. Rare and endangered species 2. Populations of unique species

13 3. Species / taxon richness 4. Diversity of habitat types or features 5. Migration route / breeding and feeding site for wetland species 6. Sensitivity to changes in the natural hydrological regime 7. Sensitivity to water quality changes 8. Flood storage, energy dissipation and particulate / element removal

The following modifying determinants are listed as determining the EIS: 1. Protected status 2. Ecological integrity

4.5 SUMMARY AND PROPOSED APPROACH

When working in environments where the landscape and land use changes are significant (such as urban and mining environments) it is important to answer the following critical questions regarding the assessment and management planning for wetlands:

1. What is the reference condition? 2. What is the difference between the reference condition and the current condition and how big is this difference from a hydrological driver perspective? 3. What are the hydrological drivers (as a function of geology, topography, rainfall and soils) and what are the relative contributions of these drivers to the functioning of the wetland system? 4. What is the intended or planned land use in the wetland as well as terrestrial area and how will these developments impact on the hydrology of the landscape and wetlands? 5. How can the intended land use be plied to secure the best possible hydrological functioning of the landscape in terms of storm water attenuation, erosion mitigation and water quality?

The key to the generation of adequate information lies in the approach that is to be followed. In the next section an explanation about and motivation in favour of will be provided for a hydropedology assessment approach. Due to the detailed nature of the information that can be generated through such an approach it is motivated that all wetland assessments be conducted with the requirements of criminal law in mind. The main reason for this is the fact that many well-meaning administrative exercises often yield not tangible results due to the gap in terms of information that is required should there be a compliance process followed.

To Summarise:

During wetland assessments and delineations it is important to provide a perspective on assessment tools, the original or reference state of the wetland, the assessment process and outcome as well as the intended or possible state of the wetland and site post development. Urban and mining developments are good examples of cases where

14 surrounding developments and land use changes have significant effects on wetland integrity and water quality emanating from the site.

15 5. CHALLENGES REGARDING WETLAND DELINEATION ON THE HALFWAY HOUSE GRANITE DOME

Disclaimer: The following section represents a discussion that I use as standard in describing the challenges regarding wetland delineation and management in the Halfway House Granite Dome (HHGD) area. This implies that the section is verbatim the same as in other reports provided to clients and the authorities. Copyright is strictly reserved.

In order to discuss the procedures followed and the results of the wetland identification exercise it is necessary at the outset to provide some theoretical background on soil forming processes, soil wetness indicators, water movement in soils and topographical sequences of soil forms (catena).

5.1 PEDOGENESIS

Pedogenesis is the process of soil formation. Soil formation is a function of five (5) factors namely (Jenny, 1941): • Parent material; • Climate; • Topography; • Living Organisms; and • Time.

These factors interact to lead to a range of different soil forming processes that ultimately determine the specific soil formed in a specific location. Central to all soil forming processes is water and all the reactions (physical and chemical) associated with it. The physical processes include water movement onto, into, through and out of a soil unit. The movement can be vertically downwards, lateral or vertically upwards through capillary forces and evapotranspiration. The chemical processes are numerous and include dissolution, precipitation (of salts or other elements) and alteration through pH and reduction and oxidation (redox) changes. In many cases the reactions are promoted through the presence of organic material that is broken down through aerobic or anaerobic respiration by microorganisms. Both these processes alter the redox conditions of the soil and influence the oxidation state of elements such as Fe and Mn. Under reducing conditions Fe and Mn are reduced and become more mobile in the soil environment. Oxidizing conditions, in turn, lead to the precipitation of Fe and Mn and therefore lead to their immobilization. The dynamics of Fe and Mn in soil, their zones of depletion through mobilization and accumulation through precipitation, play an important role in the identification of the dominant water regime of a soil and could therefore be used to identify wetlands and wetland conditions.

5.2 WATER MOVEMENT IN THE SOIL PROFILE

In a specific soil profile, water can move upwards (through capillary movement), horizontally (owing to matric suction) and downwards under the influence of gravity.

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The following needs to be highlighted in order to discuss water movement in soil: • Capillary rise refers to the process where water rises from a deeper lying section of the soil profile to the soil surface or to a section closer to the soil surface. Soil pores can be regarded as miniature tubes. Water rises into these tubes owing to the adhesion (adsorption) of water molecules onto solid mineral surfaces and the surface tension of water.

The height of the rise is inversely proportional to the radius of the soil pore and the density of the liquid (water). It is also directly proportional to the liquid’s surface tension and the degree of its adhesive attraction. In a soil-water system the following simplified equation can be used to calculate this rise:

Height = 0.15/radius

Usually the eventual height of rise is greater in fine textured soil, but the rate of flow may be slower (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

• Matric potential or suction refers to the attraction of water to solid surfaces. Matric potential is operational in unsaturated soil above the water table while pressure potential refers to water in saturated soil or below the water table. Matric potential is always expressed as a negative value and pressure potential as a positive value.

Matric potential influences soil moisture retention and soil water movement. Differences in the matric potential of adjoining zones of a soil results in the movement of water from the moist zone (high state of energy) to the dry zone (low state of energy) or from large pores to small pores.

The maximum amount of water that a soil profile can hold before leaching occurs is called the field capacity of the soil. At a point of water saturation, a soil exhibits an energy state of 0 J.kg-1. Field capacity usually falls within a range of -15 to -30 J.kg-1 with fine textured soils storing larger amounts of water (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

• Gravity acts on water in the soil profile in the same way as it acts on any other body; it attracts towards earth’s centre. The gravitational potential of soil water can be expressed as: Gravitational potential = Gravity x Height

Following heavy rainfall, gravity plays an important part in the removal of excess water from the upper horizons of the soil profile and recharging groundwater sources below.

Excess water, or water subject to leaching, is the amount of water that falls between soil saturation (0 J.kg-1) or oversaturation (> 0 J.kg-1), in the case of heavy rainfall resulting in a

17 pressure potential, and field capacity (-15 to -30 J.kg-1). This amount of water differs according to soil type, structure and texture (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

• Under some conditions, at least part of the soil profile may be saturated with water, resulting in so-called saturated flow of water. The lower portions of poorly drained soils are often saturated, as are well-drained soils above stratified (layers differing in soil texture) or impermeable layers after rainfall.

The quantity of water that flows through a saturated column of soil can be calculated using Darcy’s law: Q = Ksat.A.ΔP/L

Where Q represents the quantity of water per unit time, Ksat is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, A is the cross sectional area of the column through which the water flows, ΔP is the hydrostatic pressure difference from the top to the bottom of the column, and L is the length of the column.

Saturated flow of water does not only occur downwards, but also horizontally and upwards. Horizontal and upward flows are not quite as rapid as downward flow. The latter is aided by gravity (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

• Mostly, water movement in soil is ascribed to the unsaturated flow of water. This is a much more complex scenario than water flow under saturated conditions. Under unsaturated conditions only the fine micropores are filled with water whereas the macropores are filled with air. The water content, and the force with which water molecules are held by soil surfaces, can also vary considerably. The latter makes it difficult to assess the rate and direction of water flow. The driving force behind unsaturated water flow is matric potential. Water movement will be from a moist to a drier zone (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

The following processes influence the amount of water to be leached from a soil profile: • Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil pores and becomes soil water. The rate at which water can enter the soil is termed infiltration tempo and is calculated as follows: I = Q/A.t

Where I represents infiltration tempo (m.s-1), Q is the volume quantity of infiltrating water (m3), A is the area of the soil surface exposed to infiltration (m2), and t is time (s).

If the soil is quite dry when exposed to water, the macropores will be open to conduct water into the soil profile. Soils that exhibit a high 2:1 clay content (swelling-shrinking clays) will exhibit a high rate of infiltration initially. However, as infiltration proceeds, the macropores will become saturated and cracks, caused by dried out 2:1 clay, will swell and close, thus leading to a decline in infiltration (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

18

• Percolation is the process by which water moves downward in the soil profile. Saturated and unsaturated water flow is involved in the process of percolation, while the rate of percolation is determined by the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

During a rain storm, especially the down pouring of heavy rain, water movement near the soil surface mainly occurs in the form of saturated flow in response to gravity. A sharp boundary, referred to as the wetting front, usually appears between the wet soil and the underlying dry soil. At the wetting front, water is moving into the underlying soil in response to both matric and gravitational potential. During light rain, water movement at the soil surface may be ascribed to unsaturated flow (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

The fact that water percolates through the soil profile by unsaturated flow has certain ramifications when an abrupt change in soil texture occurs (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983). A layer of course sand, underlying a fine textured soil, will impede downward movement of water. The macropores of the coarse textured sand offer less attraction to the water molecules than the macropores of the fine textured soil. When the unsaturated wetting front reaches the coarse sand, the matric potential is lower in the sand than in the overlying material. Water always moves from a higher to a lower state of energy. The water can, therefore, not move into the coarse textured sand. Eventually, the downward moving water will accumulate above the sand layer and nearly saturate the fine textured soil. Once this occurs, the water will be held so loosely that gravitational forces will be able to drag the water into the sand layer (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

A coarse layer of sand in an otherwise fine textured soil profile will also inhibit the rise of water by capillary movement (Brady and Weil, 1999; Hillel, 1983).

Field observations and laboratory-based analysis can aid in assessing the soil-water relations of an area. The South African soil classification system (Soil Classification Working Group, 1991.) comments on certain field observable characteristics that shed light on water movement in soil. The more important of these are: • Soil horizons that show clear signs of leaching such as the E-horizon – an horizon where predominantly lateral water movement has led to the mobilisation and transport of sesquioxide minerals and the removal of clay material; • Soil horizons that show clear signs of a fluctuating water table where Fe and Mn mottles, amongst other characteristics, indicate alternating conditions of reduction and oxidation (soft plinthic B-horizon); • Soil horizons where grey colouration (Fe reduction and redox depletion), in an otherwise yellowish or reddish matrix, indicate saturated (or close to saturated) water flow for at least three months of the year (Unconsolidated/Unspecified material with signs of wetness); • Soil horizons that are uniform in colouration and indicative of well-drained and aerated (oxidising) conditions (e.g. yellow brown apedal B-horizon).

19 5.3 WATER MOVEMENT IN THE LANDSCAPE

Water movement in a landscape is a combination of the different flow paths in the soils and geological materials. The movement of water in these materials is dominantly subject to gravity and as such it will follow the path of least resistance towards the lowest point. In the landscape there are a number of factors determining the paths along which this water moves. Figure 4 provides a simplified schematic representation of an idealised landscape (in “profile curvature”. The total precipitation (rainfall) on the landscape from the crest to the lowest part or valley bottom is taken as 100 %. Most geohydrologists agree that total recharge, the water that seeps into the underlying geological strata, is less than 4 % of total precipitation for most geological settings. Surface runoff varies considerably according to rainfall intensity and distribution, plant cover and soil characteristics but is taken as a realistic 6 % of total precipitation for our idealised landscape. The total for surface runoff and recharge is therefore calculated as 10 % of total precipitation. If evapotranspiration (from plants as well as the soil surface) is taken as a very high 30 % of total precipitation it leaves 60 % of the total that has to move through the soil and/or geological strata from higher lying to lower lying areas. In the event of an average rainfall of 750 mm per year it results in 450 mm per year having to move laterally through the soil and geological strata. In a landscape there is an accumulation of water down the slope as water from higher lying areas flow to lower lying areas.

To illustrate: If the assumption is made that the area of interest is 100 m wide it follows that the first 100 m from the crest downwards has 4 500 m3 (or 4 500 000 litres) of water moving laterally through the soil (100 m X 100 m X 0.45 m) per rain season. The next section of 100 m down the slope has its own 4 500 m3 of water as well as the added 4 500 m3 from the upslope section to contend with, therefore 9 000 m3. The next section has 13 500 m3 to contend with and the following one 18 000 m3. It is therefore clear that, the longer the slope, the larger the volume of water that will move laterally through the soil profile.

Precipitation (100 %)

Evapotranspiration (< 30 %)

Surface runoff (6 %)

Sub-surface lateral drainage (> 60 %)

Recharge (4 %)

20 Figure 4 Idealised landscape with assumed quantities of water moving through the landscape expressed as a percentage of total precipitation (100 %).

Flow paths through soil and geological strata, referred to as “interflow” or “hillslope water”, are very varied and often complex due to difficulty in measurement and identification. The difficulty in identification stems more from the challenges related to the physical determination of these in soil profile pits, soil auger samples and core drilling samples for geological strata. The identification of the morphological signs of water movement in permeable materials or along planes of weakness (cracks and seams) is a well-established science and the expression is mostly referred to as “redox morphology”. In terms of the flow paths of water large variation exists but these can be grouped into a few simple categories. Figure 5 provides a schematic representation of the different flow regimes that are usually encountered. The main types of water flow can be grouped as 1) recharge (vertically downwards) of groundwater; 2) lateral flow of water through the landscape along the hillslope (interflow or hillslope water); 3) return flow water that intercepts the soil/landscape surface; and 4) surface runoff. Significant variation exists with these flow paths and numerous combinations are often found. The main wetland types associated with the flow paths are: a) valley bottom wetlands (fed by groundwater, hillslope processes, surface runoff, and/or in- stream water); b) hillslope seepage wetlands (fed by interflow water and/or return flow water); and wetlands associated with surface runoff, ponding and surface ingress of water anywhere in the landscape.

a. Precipitation

Surface runoff Recharge

Sub-surface shallow lateral drainage

Sub-surface deep lateral drainage / seepage

Groundwater fed wetland

21 b. Midslope seepage wetland

Footslope seepage wetland

Valley bottom wetland

Figure 5 Different flow paths of water through a landscape (a) and typical wetland types associated with the water regime (b)

Amongst other factors, the thickness of the soil profile at a specific point will influence the intensity of the physical and chemical reactions taking place in that soil. Figure 6 illustrates the difference between a dominantly thick and a dominantly thin soil profile. If all factors are kept the same except for the soil profile thickness it can be assumed with confidence that the chemical and physical reactions associated with water in the landscape will be much more intense for the thin soil profile than for the thick soil profile. Stated differently: The volume of water moving through the soil per surface area of an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of water flow is much higher for the thin soil profile than for the thick soil profile. This aspect has a significant influence on the expression of redox morphology in different landscapes of varying soil/geology/climate composition.

22 Thick soil profile

> 1 m

Fluctuating water table Impermeable layer

< 0.5 m Thin soil profile

Figure 6 The difference in water flow between a dominantly thick and dominantly thin soil profile.

5.4 THE CATENA CONCEPT

Here it is important to take note of the “catena” concept. This concept is one of a topographic sequence of soils in a homogenous geological setting where the water movement and presence in the soils determine the specific characteristics of the soils from the top to the bottom of the topography. Figure 7 illustrates an idealised topographical sequence of soils in a catena for a quartz rich parent material. Soils at the top of the topographical sequence are typically red in colour (Hutton and Bainsvlei soil forms) and systematically grade to yellow further down the slope (Avalon soil form). As the volume of water that moves through the soil increases, typically in midslope areas, periodic saturated conditions are experienced and consequently Fe is reduced and removed in the laterally flowing water. In the event that the soils in the midslope positions are relatively sandy the resultant soil colour will be bleached or white due to the colour dominance of the sand quartz particles. The soils in these positions are typically of the Longlands and Kroonstad forms. Further down the slope there is an accumulation of clays and leaching products from higher lying soils and this leads to typical illuvial and clay rich horizons. Due to the regular presence of water the dominant conditions are anaerobic and reducing and the soils exhibit grey colours often with bright yellow and grey mottles (Katspruit soil form). In the event that there is a large depositional environment with prolonged saturation soils of the Champagne form may develop (typical peat land). Variations on this sequence (as is often found on the Mpumalanga Highveld) may include

23 the presence of hard plinthic materials instead of soft plinthite with a consequent increase in the occurrence of bleached soil profiles. Extreme examples of such landscapes are discussed below.

Hutton Bainsvlei > 1 m Avalon

Longlands

Kroonstad Katspruit Champagne

Fluctuating water table

Increasingly permanent water table

Figure 7 Idealised catena on a quartz rich parent material.

5.5 THE HALFWAY HOUSE GRANITE DOME CATENA

The Halfway House Granite Catena is a well-studied example of a quartz dominated Bb catena. As a result of the elucidation of the wetland delineation parameters and challenges in the specialist testimony in the matter between The State versus 1. Stefan Frylinck and 2. Mpofu Environmental Solutions CC (Case Number 14/1740/2010) it will be discussed in further detail here.

The typical catena that forms on the Halfway House granite differs from the idealised one discussed above in that the landscape is an old stable one, often with extensive subsoil ferricrete (or hard plinthic) layers where perched water tables occur. The parent material is relatively hard and the ferricrete layer is especially resistant to weathering. The quartz rich parent materials have a very low Fe content/”reserve”, and together with the age of the material leads to the dominance of bleached sandy soils. The implication is that the whole catena is dominated by bleached sandy soils with a distinct and shallow zone of water fluctuation. This zone is often comprised of a high frequency of Fe/Mn concretions and sometimes exhibits feint mottles. In lower lying areas the soils tend to be deeper due to colluvial accumulation of sandy soil material but then exhibit more distinct signs of wetness (and pedogenesis). Figure 8 provides a schematic representation of the catena.

The essence of this catena is that the soils are predominantly less than 50 cm thick and as such have a fluctuating water table (mimicking rainfall events) within 50 cm of the soil surface. One of the main criteria used during wetland delineation exercises as stipulated by the guidelines (DWAF, 2005) is the presence of mottles within 50 cm of the soil surface (temporary and seasonal wetland

24 zones). Even from a theoretical point of view the guidelines cannot be applied to the above- described catena as soils at the crest of the landscape would already qualify as temporary wetland zone soils (upon request many such examples can be supplied). The practical implication of this statement as well as practical examples will be discussed in the next section.

Glencoe < 0.5 m Wasbank Wasbank Wasbank

Longlands Katspruit Kroonstad Champagne

Fluctuating water table

Increasingly permanent water table

Figure 8 Schematic representation of a Halfway House Granite catena.

5.6 CONVEX VERSUS CONCAVE LANDSCAPES IN THE HALFWAY HOUSE GRANITE CATENA

An additional factor of variation in all landscapes is the shape of the landscape along contours (referred to a “plan curvature”). Landscapes can be either concave or convex, or flat. The main difference between these landscapes lies in the fact that a convex landscape is essentially a watershed with water flowing in diverging directions with a subsequent occurrence of “dryer” soil conditions. In a concave landscape water flows in converging directions and soils often exhibit the wetter conditions of “signs of wetness” such as grey colours, organic matter and subsurface clay accumulation. Figure 9 presents the difference between these landscapes in terms of typical soil forms encountered on the Halfway House granites. In the convex landscape the subsurface flow of water removes clays and other weathering products (including Fe) in such a way that the midslope position soils exhibit an increasing degree of bleaching and relative accumulation of quartz (E- horizons). In the concave landscapes clays and weathering products are transported through the soils into a zone of accumulation where soils start exhibiting properties of clay and Fe accumulation. In addition, coarse sandy soils in convex environments tend to be thinner due to the removal of sand particles through erosion and soils in concave environments tend to be thicker due to colluvial accumulation of material transported from upslope positions. Similar patterns are observed for other geological areas with the variation being consistent with the soil variation in the catena.

25 Often these concave and convex topographical environments occur in close proximity or in one topographical sequence of soils. This is often found where a convex upslope area changes into a concave environment as a drainage depression is reached (Figure 10). The processes in this landscape are the same as those described for the convex and concave landscapes above.

Convex Landscape

Diverging water flow

Glenrosa Glencoe Glencoe Glencoe Glencoe Wasbank Wasbank

Concave Landscape Converging water flow

Wasbank Wasbank Wasbank Wasbank Longlands Kroonstad / Longlands Estcourt

Figure 9 Schematic representation of the soils in convex and concave landscapes in the Halfway House Granite catena.

26 Glencoe Wasbank Wasbank Wasbank

Longlands Katspruit Kroonstad Champagne

Convex part of landscape Concave part of landscape (Erosion Zone) (Accumulation Zone)

Figure 10 Schematic representation of the soils in a combined convex and concave landscape in the Halfway House Granite catena.

5.7 IMPLICATIONS FOR WETLAND DELINEATION AND APPLICATION OF THE GUIDELINES

When the 50 cm criterion is used to delineate wetlands in the HHGD environment, the soils in convex positions often “qualify” as temporary wetland soils due to their relatively thin profile and the presence of concretions (often weathering to yield “mottles”) within this zone. In conjunction with a low Fe content in the soils and subsequent bleached colours (as defined for E-horizons) in the matrix a very large proportion of the landscape “qualifies” as temporary wetland zones. On the other hand, the soils in the concave environments, especially in the centre of the drainage depression, tend to be thicker and the 50 cm criterion sometimes does not flag these soils as being wetland soils due to the depth of the signs of wetness (mottles) often occurring only at depths greater than 80 cm. Invariably these areas are always included in wetland delineations due to the terrain unit indicator flagging it as a wetland area and drainage feature.

The strict application of the wetland delineation guidelines in the Halfway House Granite area often leads to the identification of 70 % or more of a landscape as being part of a wetland. For this reason a more pragmatic approach is often followed in that the 50 cm criterion is not applied religiously. Rather, distinctly wet horizons and zones of clay accumulation within drainage depressions are identified as distinct wetland soils. The areas surrounding these are assigned to extensive seepage areas that are difficult to delineate and on which it is difficult to assign a realistic buffer area. The probable best practice is to assign a large buffer zone in which subsurface water flow is encouraged and conserved to lead to a steady but slow recharge of the wetland area, especially following rainfall events. In the case where development is to take place within this large buffer area it is preferred that a “functional buffer” approach be followed. This implies that development can take place within the buffer area but then only within strict guidelines regarding

27 storm water management and mitigation as well as erosion prevention in order to minimise sediment transport into stream and drainage channels and depressions.

5.8 IMPLICATIONS FOR WETLAND CONSERVATION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

Whether an area is designated a wetland or not loses some of its relevance once drastic influences on landscape hydrology are considered. If wetlands are merely the expression of water in a landscape due to proximity to the land surface (viz. the 50 cm mottle criterion in the delineation guidelines) it follows that potentially large proportions of the water moving in the landscape could fall outside of this sphere – as discussed in detail above. Figures 11 and 12 provide schematic representations (as contrasted with Figure 5) of water dynamics in urban environments with distinct excavations and surface sealing activities respectively.

Through the excavation of pits (Figure 11) for the construction of foundations for infrastructure or basements for buildings the shallow lateral flow paths in the landscape are severed. As discussed above these flow paths can account for up to 60 % of the volume of water entering the landscape in the form of precipitation. These severed flow paths often lead to the ponding of water upslope from the structure with a subsequent damp problem developing in buildings. Euphemistically we have coined the term “wet basement syndrome” (WBS) to describe the type of problem experienced extensively on the HHGD. A different impact is experienced once the surface of the land is sealed through paving (roads and parking areas) and the construction of buildings (in this case the roof provides the seal) (Figure 12). In this case the recharge of water into the soil and weathered rock experienced naturally is altered to an accumulation and concentration of water on the surface with a subsequent rapid flowing downslope. The current approach is to channel this water into storm water structures and to release it in the nearest low-lying position in the landscape. These positions invariable correlate with drainage features and the result is accelerated erosion of such features due to a drastically altered peak flow regime.

The result of the above changes in landscape hydrology is the drastic alteration of flow dynamics and water volume spikes through wetlands. This leads to wetlands that become wetter and that experience vastly increased erosion pressures. The next section provides a perspective on the erodibility of the soils of the HHGD. It is important to note the correlation between increasing wetness, perching of water and erodibility.

28 a. Precipitation Surface runoff

Sub-surface shallow lateral drainage

Sub-surface deep lateral drainage / seepage Excavation

Recharge

Groundwater fed wetland

b. Wet foundations / damp in walls

Storm water outlet – accelerated erosion

Valley bottom wetland

Excavation

Figure 11 Different flow paths of water through a landscape with an excavated foundation (a) and typical wetland types associated with the altered water regime (b)

29 a. Precipitation Surface runoff

Sub-surface shallow lateral drainage

Sub-surface deep lateral Surface sealing drainage / seepage

Recharge

Groundwater fed wetland

b. Increased and concentrated runoff

Storm water runoff – accelerated erosion

Valley bottom wetland Surface sealing

Figure 12 Different flow paths of water through a landscape with surface sealing (buildings and paving) (a) and typical wetland types associated with the altered water regime (b)

5.9 SOIL EROSION ON THE HALFWAY HOUSE GRANITE DOME

Infiltration of water into a soil profile and the percolation rate of water in the soil are dependent on a number of factors with the dominant one being the soil’s texture (Table 2). Permeability and the percolation of water through the soil profile are governed by the least permeable layer in the soil profile. The implication of this is that soil horizons that overlie horizons of low permeability (i.e. hard rock, hard plinthite, G-horizon) are likely to become saturated with water relatively quickly - particularly if the soil profile is shallow and a large amount of water is added. Another impermeable layer is one that is saturated with water and such a layer acts the same way as the ones mentioned earlier. In cases where internal drainage is hampered by an impermeable layer such as

30 hard rock (the Dresden or Wasbank soil forms) evaporation and lateral water movement are the only processes that will drain the soil profile of water.

Table 2 Infiltration/permeability rates for soil textural classes (Wischmeier, Johnson & Cross 1971) Texture class Texture Permeability Rate Permeability Class (mm/hour) Coarse Gravel, coarse sand >508 Very rapid Sand, loamy sand 152 – 508 Rapid Moderately coarse Coarse sandy loam 51 - 152 Moderately rapid Sandy loam Fine sandy loam Medium Very fine sandy loam 15 – 51 Moderate Loam Silt loam Silt Moderately fine Clay loam 5.1 – 15.2 Moderately slow Sandy clay loam Silty clay loam Fine Sandy clay 1.5 – 5.1 Slow Silty clay Clay (>60%) Very fine Clay (>60%) < 1.5 Very slow Clay pan

Infiltration of water into a soil profile is dependent on the factors leading to the downward movement of water. In cases where impermeable layers exist water will infiltrate into the profile until it is saturated. Once this point is reached water infiltration will cease and surface runoff will become the dominant water flow mechanism. A similar situation will develop if a soil has a slow infiltration rate of water due to fine texture, hardened or compacted layers and low hydraulic conductivity. When these soils are subjected to large volumes and rates of rainfall the rate of infiltration will be exceeded and excess water will flow downslope on the soil surface.

The texture, permeability and presence of impeding layers are some of the main determinants of soil erosion. Wischmeier, Johnson and Cross (1971) compiled a soil erodibility nomograph from soil analytical data (Figure 13). The nomograph uses the following parameters that are regarded as having a major effect on soil erodibility: • The mass percentage of the fraction between 0.1 and 0.002 mm (very fine sand plus silt) of the topsoil. • The mass percentage of the fraction between 0.1 and 2.0 mm diameter of the topsoil. • Organic matter content of the topsoil. This “content” is obtained by multiplying the organic carbon content (in g/100 g soil – Walkley Black method) by a factor of 1.724. • A numerical index of soil structure.

31 • A numerical index of the soil permeability of the soil profile. The least permeable horizon is regarded as horizon that governs permeability.

Figure 13 The nomograph by Wischmeier, Johnson and Cross (1971) that allows a quick assessment of the K factor of soil erodibility

Box 1 describes the procedure to use the nomograph.

32 As part of a different study 45 soil samples were collected from 19 points on the HHGD. The samples were described in terms of soil form and analysed with respect to texture (6 fractions) and organic carbon content of the A-horizons (data not presented here but available upon request). The erodibility index and maximum stable slope were calculated for each horizon (according to the method discussed above) in both an unsaturated and saturated soil matrix (data not presented here but available upon request).

The erosion risk is based on the product of the slope (in percentage) and the K-value of erodibility (determined from the Wischmeier, Johnson and Cross (1971) nomograph). This product should not exceed a value of 2.0 in which case soil erosion becomes a major concern. The K-value allows for a “hard” rainfall event but is actually based on scheduled irrigation that allows for infiltration and percolation rates and so-called “normal” rainfall intensity. Soil erosion potential increases with an increase in the very fine sand plus silt fraction, a decrease in the organic matter content, an increase in the structure index and a decrease in permeability. Water quality is assumed not to be a problem for the purposes of the erosion hazard calculations.

Box 1: Using the nomograph by Wischmeier, Johnson and Cross (1971) In examining the analysis of appropriate surface samples, enter on the left of the graph and plot the percentage of silt (0.002 to 0.1 mm), then of sand (0.10 to 2 mm), then of organic matter, structure and permeability in the direction indicated by the arrows. Interpolate between the drawn curves if necessary. The broken arrowed line indicates the procedure for a sample having 65% silt + very fine sand, 5% sand, 2.8% organic matter, 2 of structure and 4 of permeability. Erodibility factor K = 0,31.

Note: The erodibility factor increase due to saturation was also calculated. These results indicated an increase in erodibility of a factor predominantly between 3 and 4 for saturated soil conditions.

5.10 DETAILED SOIL CHARACTERISTICS – SUMMARISING CONCLUSIONS

The following general conclusions can be made regarding the soil characteristics of the HHGD (and the catchment): 1. The site (and catchment) is dominated by shallow to moderately deep sandy soils with deep soils occurring in the drainage features only; 2. The soils are dominantly coarse sandy in texture; 3. On the bulk of the site the soils are underlain by a hard plinthic layer (ferricrete) that acts as an aquaclude under natural conditions; 4. The bulk of the water movement on the site occurs within 50 cm of the soil surface on top of the ferricrete layer in the absence of human impacts; 5. Wetland delineation is a challenging exercise on the HHGD; and 6. The soils of the HHGD, as those of the site, are highly erodible, especially when saturated with water.

33 5.11 RECOMMENDED ASSESSMENT APPROACH – HYDROPEDOLOGY INVESTIGATION

5.11.1 Hydropedology Background

The identification and delineation of wetlands rest on several parameters that include topographic, vegetation and soil indicators. Apart from the inherent flaws in the wetland delineation process, as discussed earlier in this report, the concept of wetland delineation implies an emphasis on the wetlands themselves and very little consideration of the processes driving the functioning and presence of the wetlands. One discipline that encompasses a number of tools to elucidate landscape hydrological processes is “hydropedology” (Lin, 2012). The crux of the understanding of hydropedology lies in the fact that pedology is the description and classification of soil on the basis of morphology that is the result of soil and landscape hydrological, physical and chemical processes. But, the soils of which the morphology are described, also take part in and intimately influence the hydrology of the landscape. Soil is therefore both an indicator as well as a participator in the processes that require elucidation.

Wetlands are merely those areas in a landscape where the morphological indicators point to prolonged or intensive saturation near the surface to influence the distribution of wetland vegetation. Wetlands therefore form part of a larger hydrological entity that they cannot be separated from.

5.11.2 Hydropedology – Proposed Approach

In order to provide detailed pedohydrological information both detailed soil surveys and hydrological investigations are needed. In practice these intensive surveys are expensive and very seldom conducted. However, with the understanding of soil morphology, pedology and basic soil physics parameters as well as the collection and interpretation of existing soil survey information, assessments at different levels of detail and confidence can be conducted. In this sense four levels of investigation are proposed namely:

1. Level 1 Assessment: This level includes the collection and generation of all applicable remote sensing, topographic and land type parameters to provide a “desktop” product. This level of investigation rests on adequate experience in conducting such information collection and interpretation exercises and will provide a broad overview of dominant hydropedological parameters of a site. Within this context the presence, distribution and functioning of wetlands will be better understood than without such information. 2. Level 2 Assessment: This level of assessment will make use of the data generated during the Level 1 assessment and will include a reconnaissance soil and site survey to verify the information as well as elucidate many of the unknowns identified during the Level 1 assessment. 3. Level 3 Assessment: This level of assessment will build on the Level 1 and 2 assessments and will consist of a detailed soil survey with sampling and analysis of representative soils. The parameters to be analysed include soil physical, chemical and mineralogical

34 parameters that elucidate and confirm the morphological parameters identified during the field survey. 4. Level 4 Assessment: This level of assessment will make use of the data generated during the previous three levels and will include the installation of adequate monitoring equipment and measurement of soil and landscape hydrological parameters for an adequate time period. The data generated can be used for the building of detailed hydrological models (in conjunction with groundwater and surface hydrologists) for the detailed water management on specific sites.

For most wetland delineation exercises a Level 2 or Level 3 assessment should be adequate. For this investigation a Level 2 assessment was conducted with a reconnaissance soils survey and field work. Analysis of soils was not conducted but data from other sites with highly similar soils was also used to illustrate the challenges faced on the site and in the broader area.

The process of the hydropedology assessment entails the aspects listed in the methodology description below. These items also correspond with the proposed PES assessment methodology discussed in section 4.4.4. The results of the assessment will therefore be structured under the headings as provided below.

6. METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION

6.1 WETLAND CONTEXT DETERMINATION

For the purposes of the wetland assessment the context of the specific wetland was determined. This was done through the thorough consideration of the geological, topographical, climatic, hydropedological and catchment context of the site. In this sense the relative contribution of water flow from the catchment upstream was compared to the contribution from the slopes on the specific site. The motivation being that the larger the contribution of the catchment upstream the smaller the impacts of the proposed developments on the site would be in terms of modification of the wetland. The elements of context are described in more detail below.

6.2. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION

An aerial photograph interpretation exercise was conducted through the use of Google Earth images and historical aerial photographs of the site. This data was used to obtain an indication of the extent of the wetlands on the site as well as to provide an indication of the artificial modifiers evident on the site and in the catchment.

6.3 TERRAIN UNIT INDICATOR

Detailed contours of the site (filtered to 5 m intervals for the purpose of map production) were used to provide an indication of drainage depressions and drainage lines. From this data the terrain unit indicator was deduced.

35

6.4 SOIL FORM AND SOIL WETNESS INDICATORS

The soil form and wetness indicators were assessed on the site through a dedicated soil survey within the context of the description of the HHGD as provided in sections 5.5 to 5.7. During the soil survey areas of significance were identified and soil auger profile description activities conducted for the specific areas.

Historical impacts were identified as the impacts on the soils are very distinct. Soil characteristics could therefore be used to provide a good indication of the historical impacts on the grounds of a forensic approach. In areas where soil impacts are limited the standard approach in terms of identification of soil form and soil wetness indicators was used.

6.5 VEGETATION INDICATOR

Due to the extent of the historical impacts as well as the timing of the investigation a dedicated vegetation survey for the purpose of wetland delineation was not conducted. Relevant vegetation parameters were noted and these are addressed in the report where applicable.

6.6 ARTIFICIAL MODIFIERS

Artificial modifiers of the landscape and wetland area were identified during the different components of the investigation and are addressed in the context of the wetland management plan.

7. SITE SURVEY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 WETLAND CONTEXT

The land type, topography and geological setting of the site have been elucidated in section 2 of this document. The main wetland feature on the site is limited to a drainage channel associated with the Crocodile River. The channel is incised and fits into a landscape that is predominantly convex in nature, leading to divergent water flow in most areas except the drainage channel itself.

7.2 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION

The aerial photograph interpretation was conducted through the interpretation of Google Earth images dating back to 2004 (Figures 14 to 16). In all of the images the drainage feature constitutes the only wetland signature on the site. It is apparent though that there are some storm water accumulation signatures immediately downslope of the buildings.

36

Figure 14 Google Earth image from 2004/04/13 indicating land use characteristics of the site with the drainage feature on the south-eastern edge

Figure 15 Google Earth image from 2008/09/07 37

Figure 16 Google Earth image from 2010/02/07

7.3 TERRAIN UNIT INDICATOR

From the contour data a topographic wetness index (TWI) (Figure 17) was generated for the site. From extensive experience on the field of hydropedology it is evident that the TWI provides a very accurate indication of water flow paths and areas of water accumulation that are often correlated with wetlands. This is a function of the topography of the site and ties in with the dominant water flow regime in the soils and the landscape (refer to previous section where the concept of these flows was elucidated). Areas in blue indicate concentration of water in flow paths with lighter shades of blue indicating areas of regular water flows in the soils and on the surface of the wetland / terrestrial zone interface.

From the terrain unit indicator it is evident that the only wet feature on the site is the drainage channel of the Crocodile River on the south-eastern edge.

38

Figure 17 Topographic wetness index (TWI) of the survey site

7.4 SOIL FORM AND SOIL WETNESS INDICATORS (AND VEGETATION)

The soils on the site conform to the description provided in sections 5.5 to 5.7 earlier and as such do not exhibit morphological signs of wetness other than the grey matrix discussed in the relevant sections. These soils do not qualify as wetland soils.

The soils of the drainage feature are predominantly altered and eroded due to increased storm water runoff into the Crocodile River. In areas where sediment has accumulated the soils are of the Dundee (orthic A horizon / stratified alluvium) form with a consequent classification as riparian zone soils. The soils exposed by erosion are the ones that are remnants of the historical conditions in the drainage channel before the advent of increased storm water pressures.

39 7.5 ARTIFICIAL MODIFIERS

The artificial modifiers of the drainage feature include establishment of exotic vegetation as well as storm water impacts in the form of erosion and sediment deposition. There are no other historical modifiers of wetlands on the specific site.

8. WETLAND ASSESSMENT

8.1 PROPOSED DELINEATION AND BUFFER

The proposed delineation of the banks of the Crocodile River channel is provided in Figure 18.

Figure 18 Proposed wetland delineation for the survey site

40 8.2 WETLAND CLASSIFICATION / TYPES

Based on the information generated in this document the wetland area is classified as a highly impacted valley bottom wetland system associated with the drainage channel of the Crocodile River. No seepage wetlands occur on the site.

8.3 WETLAND FUNCTIONALITY

The wetland functions as a drainage channel and as such is merely a conduit of water. Due to the rapid nature of water flows there are flood attenuation or water purification functions provided on the site. Due to the occurrence of exotic plant species as well as the eroded nature of the channel the ecological benefits are limited. Water quality was not tested but it is assumed with confidence that the quality of the water in the river is poor.

8.4 PRESENT ECOLOGICAL STATUS (PES) DETERMINATION

Hydrological Criteria: • Flow modification: Moderate modification due to urban infrastructure in the catchment with significant erosion in the channel. Score 3, Confidence 4. • Permanent inundation: Permanent inundation was not part of the reference state and cannot be included as a new aspect. Inundation does take place in areas but this is due to significant human impacts in the form of alteration and rubble dumping. Score 3, Confidence 4. Water Quality Criteria • Water quality modification: Score 1, Confidence 4 • Sediment load modification: Score 1, Confidence 4 Hydraulic / Geomorphic Criteria • Canalisation: Score 3, Confidence 4 • Topographic Alteration: Score 4, Confidence 4 Biological Criteria • Terrestrial encroachment: Score 3, Confidence 3 • Indigenous vegetation removal: Score 1 (for most of the site), Confidence 4 • Invasive plant encroachment: Score 1 (for most of the site), Confidence 4 • Alien fauna: Score 2, Confidence 3 • Overutilisation of biota: Score 1, Confidence 4 Score PES category D

From the data generated as well as the extent of the identified alterations the conclusion is that the wetland drainage system on the site has a PES rating of a D.

41 9. MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS AND MITIGATION OF STORM WATER

It is imperative that the wetland (and other open soil areas on the site) be protected against increased erosion pressures through the implementation of the following: 1. Adequate storm water mitigation throughout the construction site (from start to completion) to prevent large pulses in storm water. 2. Sediment containment structures throughout the site to prevent sediment runoff and accumulation in the wetland area.

It is not the purpose of this document to provide detailed designs for mitigation measures as these should be generated by a suitably qualified engineer in conjunction with a suitably qualified wetland soil specialist. There are a few general pointers though that should be adhered to namely:

1. Subsurface lateral flow of water leads to the interception of such water once foundations are sunk into the soils and weathered rock / hard plinthite. Adequate drainage structures should be constructed to prevent damp problems in structures arising within the soil profiles and landscape start filling with water once rainfall increased during summer months. 2. In many areas it has been found that the water moving downslope in the fractured rock is under positive pressure (due to gravity) with a consequent squirting out from severed preferential flow structures. This implies that in some areas water ingress into foundations and basements can occur from below (leading to the expression of a “wet basement syndrome” as mentioned under section 5.8). Structures constructed in areas with such risks should have additional water removal mechanisms implemented at the structure / ground interface. These can include dedicated containment and drainage features. Where cut and fill operations take place with a consequent large volume of “overburden” material over the soil a specific capillary break layer with associated drainage should suffice. 3. Surface sealing of the landscape through roads, parking areas, roof covered areas and general soil compaction leads to accelerated and increased surface water runoff. In order to mitigate the potential large volumes over a large area numerous small containment structures with choked outflows should be constructed throughout a site. The fewer these structures are the larger other structures have to be to contain the said water. As a minimum requirement these structures should be adequate and enough to contain the standard storm water runoff from a site before it reaches the wetland /drainage feature area. 4. Several soft engineering approaches exist for the successful mitigation of storm water. If these are incorporated into the design and layout of development sites impacts on the wetlands and drainage features can be successfully mitigated. 5. In terms of both the NWA (National Water Act) and NEMA (National Environmental Management Act) landowners have a duty to protect water resources, watercourses and wetlands. In addition, CARA (Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act) and the municipal bylaws address storm water aspects that are of importance to land owners and managers. Insufficient attention to storm water related impacts during the design phase of a

42 development can lead to administrative and criminal liabilities for the developer / land owner post development. 6. Important: In the absence of adequate management of storm water, wetland impacts in terms of erosion will be inevitable therefore exposing the relevant entities involved with the development to unacceptable punitive administrative action or even criminal prosecution.

10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A wetland investigation and soil survey yielded that: 1. The only wetland area on the site is limited to the drainage feature of the Crocodile River. 2. The wetland area and its catchment have been altered significantly through historical human activities. These activities include urban infrastructure development, storm water alteration and increase, dumping of rubble and general degradation of the drainage feature through invasive and exotic plant establishment. 3. A wetland delineation was conducted and 30 m buffer is provided.

REFERENCES

Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.P. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Twelfth edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 2005. A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetland and riparian areas. DWAF, Pretoria.

Hillel, D. 1982. Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, INC. Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Publishers.

Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of soil formation. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company, p 281

Land Type Survey Staff. (1972 – 2006). Land Types of South Africa: Digital map (1:250 000 scale) and soil inventory databases. ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria.

MacVicar, C.N. et al. 1977. Soil Classification. A binomial system for South Africa. Sci. Bull. 390. Dep. Agric. Tech. Serv., Repub. S. Afr., Pretoria.

Soil Classification Working Group. 1991. Soil Classification. A taxonomic system for South Africa. Mem. Agric. Nat. Resour. S.Afr. No.15. Pretoria.

43 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) October EMP for Raslouw X15 Sewer pipeline Gaut: 002/13-14/E0287 2015

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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed Greengate Extension 59, Gauteng Province Ref nr: Gaut: 002/14-15/0212

BOKAMOSO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS & ENVIRONMENTALCONSULTANTS CC P.O. BOX 11375 MAROELANA 0161

TEL: (012) 346 3810 Fax: 086 570 5659 Email: [email protected]

Bokamoso Landscape Architects & Environmental Consultants 1 Author: Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

1 Project Outline

1.1 Background

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC were appointed by Jarques Treptow to compile a Basic Assessment Report and Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Township Greengate Extension 59 development and its associated activities.

1.2 Project description

The proposed development is situated on Portion 19 of the Farm Rietvallei 180 IQ, Tshwane.

The proposed Greengate Extension 59 development entails Special, Residential 3, and Private open space. For Special two erven consist of dwelling units, offices, retail activities, conference facilities, storage facilities and related uses for the purpose of facilitating a mixed use development. One erf consists of a private road and access purposes in order to provide access to the other erven in the township. The Residential 3 consists of three erven where residential dwellings will be constructed. Private Open Space consists of one erf with the purpose of conservation of the natural vegetation of the demarcated wetland area adjacent to the Crocodile River.

The study area is approximately 5.25 hectares in extent of which 32% is to be zoned as Special, 32.5% to be zoned as Residential 3 while 35.5% is to be zoned as Private Open Space. The study area falls within the area of jurisdiction of the Mogale City Local Municipality in the Gauteng Province. (Refer to Figure 1 for the Locality Map and Figure 2 for the Aerial Map).

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Figure 1: Locality Map

Figure 2: Aerial Map

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Timeframe for construction: Will be provided when or if the application for the proposed development is approved. Therefore the timeframe for construction is unknown.

The developer will be responsible for the on-site activities. The EMP will be a binding document for purposes of compliance.

1.3 Receiving Environment

Refer to Figure 3, Sensitivity Map

Figure 3: Sensitivity Map

Vegetation: • No Red Data flora species occur on the study site, or is expected to be encountered on the site. • Majority of tree species found in the Riparian Zone are exotic/ invasive species such as Populus x canescens and Acacia mearnsii.

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• Indigenous tree species such as Combretum erythrophyllum, Celtis africana, Searsia pyroides and Diospyros lycioides were recorded in the Riparian Zone. • Twenty nine species of declared weed and alien invasive species were recorded across all the study zones. • Two protected species; Podocarpus henkelii (Yellow Wood) and Cussonia paniculata (Highveld Cabbage Tree) in terms of the National Environmental Management Act (Act 10 of 2004), the South African National Protected Tree Species List (DWAF, 2007) and the Transvaal Nature Conservation Ordinance (TNCO) (No. 12 of 1983 as amended for Gauteng in 1995) were recorded in the study area.

Fauna: • No faunal species of concern or any indication of such species were encountered on the study site.

Hydrology: • A perennial drainage line and wetland occurs within the study area. • The study area is affected by floodlines, but the portion of the site to be developed, will not be within the floodlines or buffer zones. • In terms of Section 21 of the National Water Act, the developer will most probably need a water use license for the proposed development.

Cultural /Historical: • There is no important visible cultural heritage resources present on the proposed development area.

Visual: • The residential development will be visible from the N14 Krugersdorp Highway bordering the study area to the north-west.

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Geology: • The majority of the site is underlain by granite of the Basement complex to depths of up to 1m and 1, 6m. • The area is NOT underlain by dolomite.

2 EMP Objectives and context

Objectives

The objectives of this plan are to:

• Identify the possible environmental impacts of the proposed activity; • Develop measures to minimise, mitigate and manage these impacts; • Meet the requirements of the Record of Decision of GDARD and requirements of other Authorities; and • Monitor the project.

EMP context

This EMP fits into the overall planning process of the project by carrying out the conditions of consent set out by the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. In addition, all mitigation measures recommended in the Basic Assessment Report are included in the EMP.

This EMP addresses the following three phases of the development:

• Pre-construction planning phase; • Construction phase; and • Operational phase.

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3 Monitoring

In order for the EMP to be successfully implemented all the role players involved must have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities in the project.

These role players may include the Authorities (A), other Authorities (OA), Developer/ Proponent (D), Environmental Control Officer (ECO), Project Manager (PM), Contractors (C), Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) and Environmental Site Officer (ESO). Landowners, Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and the relevant environmental and project specialists are also important role players.

3.1 Roles and responsibilities

Developer (D)

The developer is ultimately accountable for ensuring compliance with the EMP and conditions contained in the Environmental Authorisation. The developer must appoint an independent Environmental Control Officer (ECO), for the duration of the pre-construction and construction phases, to ensure compliance with the requirements of this EMP. The developer must ensure that the ECO is integrated as part of the project team.

Project Manager (PM)

The Project Manager is responsible for the coordination of various activities and ensures compliance with this EMP through delegation of the EMP to the contractors and monitoring of performance as per the Environmental Control Officer’s monthly reports.

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Environmental Control Officer (ECO)

An independent Environmental Control Officer (ECO) shall be appointed, for the duration of the pre-construction and construction phases of the development, by the developer to ensure compliance with the requirements of this EMP.

• The Environmental Control Officer shall ensure that the contractor is aware of all the specifications pertaining to the project. • Any damage to the environment must be repaired as soon as possible after consultation between the Environmental Control Officer, Consulting Engineer and Contractor. • The Environmental Control Officer shall ensure that the developer staff and/or contractor are adhering to all stipulations of the EMP. • The Environmental Control Officer shall be responsible for monitoring the EMP throughout the project by means of site visits and meetings. This should be documented as part of the site meeting minutes. • The Environmental Control Officer shall be responsible for the environmental training program. • The Environmental Control Officer shall ensure that all clean up and rehabilitation or any remedial action required, are completed prior to transfer of properties. • A post construction environmental audit is to be conducted to ensure that all conditions in the EMP have been adhered to.

Contractor (C):

The contractors shall be responsible for ensuring that all activities on site are undertaken in accordance with the environmental provisions detailed in this document and that sub-contractor and laborers are duly informed of their roles and responsibilities in this regard.

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The contractor will be required, where specified to provide Method Statements setting out in detail how the management actions contained in the EMP will be implemented.

The contractors will be responsible for the cost of rehabilitation of any environmental damage that may result from non-compliance with the environmental regulations.

Environmental Site Officer (ESO):

The ESO is appointed by the developer and then finally the home owner as his/her environmental representative to monitor, review and verify compliance with the EMP by the contractor. The ESO is not an independent appointment but must be a member of the contractor’s management team. The ESO must ensure that he/she is involved at all phases of the construction (from site clearance to rehabilitation).

Authority (A):

The authorities are the relevant environmental department that has issued the Environmental Authorization. The authorities are responsible for ensuring that the monitoring of the EMP and other authorization documentation is carried out by means of reviewing audit reports submitted by the ECO and conducting regular site visits.

Other Authorities (OA):

Other authorities are those that may be involved in the approval process of the EMP.

Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP):

According to Section 1 of NEMA the definition of an Environmental Assessment

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Practitioner is “the individual responsible for the planning, management and coordination of Environmental Impact Assessments, Strategic Environmental Assessments, Environmental Management Plans or any other appropriate environmental instruments through regulations”.

3.2 Lines of Communication

The Environmental Control Officer in writing should immediately report any breach of the EMP to the Project Manager. The Project Manager should then be responsible for rectifying the problem on-site after discussion with the contractor. Should this require additional cost, then the developer should be notified immediately before any additional steps are taken.

3.3 Reporting Procedures to the Developer

Any pollution incidents must be reported to the Environmental Control Officer immediately (within 12 hours). The Environmental Control Officer shall report to the Developer on a regular basis (site meetings).

3.4 Site Instruction Entries

The site instruction book entries will be used for the recording of general site instructions as they relate to the works on site. There should be issuing of stop work order for the purposes of immediately halting any activities of the contractor that may pose environmental risk.

3.5 ESA/ESO (Environmental Site Officer) Diary Entries

Each of these books must be available in duplicate, with copies for the Engineer and Environmental Site Officer. These books should be available to the authorities

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3.6 Methods Statements

Methods statements from the contractor will be required for specific sensitive actions on request of the authorities or ESA/ESO (Environmental Site Officer). All method statements will form part of the EMP documentation and are subject to all terms and conditions contained within the EMP document. For each instance wherein it is requested that the contractor submit a method statement to the satisfaction of ESA/ESO, the format should clearly indicate the following:

• What – a brief description of the work to be undertaken • How – a detailed description of the process of work, methods and materials • Where – a description / sketch map of the locality of work; and • When – the sequencing of actions with due commencement dates and completion date estimate.

The contractor must submit the method statement before any particular construction activity is due to start. Work may not commence until the method statement has been approved by the ESA/ESO.

3.7 Record Keeping

All records related to the implementation of this Management Plan (e.g. site instruction book, ESA/ESO dairy, methods statements etc.) must be kept together in an office where it is safe and can be retrieved easily. These records should be kept for two years at any time be available for scrutiny by any relevant authorities.

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3.8 Acts 3.8.1. The National Water Act, 1998 (Act No: 36 of 1998)

The purpose of this Act is to ensure that the nation’s water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in ways that take into account, amongst other factors, the following:

ß Meeting the basic human needs of present and future generations;

ß Promoting equitable access to water;

ß Promoting the efficient, sustainable and beneficial use of water in the public interest;

ß Reducing and preventing pollution and degradation of water resources;

ß Facilitating social and economic development; and

ß Providing for the growing demand for water use.

Impact on proposed Development:

Significant – A Section 21 (c) and (i) Water Use License will most probably be required by the Department of Water Affairs. The site borders a perennial wetland and river system. Should there not be any confirmation of sewer services from the municipality by the time of construction a sewer package plant is planned for the proposed development. If this is the case, a Water Use License Application will have to be submitted for those triggered activities. Stormwater for the proposed development will also be collected in a piped system and discharged (most probably through attenuation) into the stream on the south-eastern border of the site. This will also trigger a Water Use License. Should the municipality confirm availability of sewer services and any of those pipes cross a river or stream it will also trigger a Water Use License. It is expected that the Water Use license, as per the activities mentioned above, will be for listed activities c, e, f, g, and i but these will need to be confirmed by the water use license consultant once more detail are available.

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3.8.2. Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (Act 45 of 1965)

The NEMA: AQA serves to repeal the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (45 of 1965) and various other laws dealing with air pollution and it provides a more comprehensive framework within which the critical question of air quality can be addressed.

The purpose of the Act is to set norms and standards that relate to:

ß Institutional frameworks, roles and responsibilities

ß Air quality management planning

ß Air quality monitoring and information management

ß Air quality management measures

ß General compliance and enforcement

Amongst other things, it is intended that the setting of norms and standards will achieve the following:

• The protection, restoration and enhancement of air quality in South Africa

• Increased public participation in the protection of air quality and improved public access to relevant and meaningful information about air quality • The reduction of risks to human health and the prevention of the degradation of air quality.

The Act describes various regulatory tools that should be developed to ensure the implementation and enforcement of air quality management plans. These include:

• Priority Areas, which are air pollution ‘hot spots’

• Listed Activities, which are ‘problem’ processes that require an Atmospheric Emission License

• Controlled Emitters, which includes the setting of emission standards for ‘classes’ of emitters, such as motor vehicles, incinerators, etc.

• Control of Noise • Control of Odours.

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Impact on proposed Development:

Not Significant –The Act have relevance to the proposed development during the construction phase. Dust pollution could be a concern primarily during the construction phase of the proposed project. Dust control would be adequately minimised during this phase by way of water spraying and possible dust-nets, when working close to existing residential dwellings. It is not forseen that the proposed development would contribute sigificantly to pollution in terms of emissions and noise during its operational phase.

3.8.3 National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998)

The NEMA is primarily an enabling Act in that it provides for the development of environmental implementation plans and environmental management plans. The principles listed in the act serve as a general framework within which environmental management and implementation plans must be formulated.

The principles in essence state that environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its concern and that development must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable.

Impact on proposed Development:

Significant – Section 28 (1) of NEMA stated that every person who causes, has caused or may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment must take reasonable measures to prevent such pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring, or, in so far as such harm to the environment is authorised by law or cannot reasonably be avoided or stopped, to minimise and rectify such pollution or degradation of the environment.

The EMP is compiled in terms of Section 28 of NEMA.

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3.8.4. TheNational Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act 59 of 2008)

This Act came into effect on 11 June 2009. It aims to consolidate waste management in South Africa, and contains a number of commendable provisions, including:

• The establishment of a national waste management strategy, and national and provincial norms and standards for, amongst others, the classification of waste, waste service delivery, and tariffs for such waste services; • Addressing reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery of waste; • The requirement for industry and local government to prepare integrated waste management plans; • The establishment of control over contaminated land; • Identifying waste management activities that requires a licence, which currently include facilities for the storage, transfer, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal of waste on land; • Co-operative governance in issuing licenses for waste management facilities, by means of which a licensing authority can issue an integrated or consolidated license jointly with other organs of state that has legislative control over the activity; and • The establishment of a national waste information system.

On 3 July 2009 the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism promulgated a list of waste management activities that might have a detrimental effect on the environment. These listed activities provide the activities that require a Waste Management License. Two Categories is specified: Category A and Category B. As part of Category A Waste Management License application a Basic Assessment in terms of Section 24(5) of the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) must be submitted to the relevant Authority. As part of a Category B Waste Management License a Scoping and EIA process in terms of Section 24(5) of the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) must be followed and submitted to the relevant Authority.

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On 29 November 2013 the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism amended the list of waste activities that might be detrimental to the environment.

Impact on proposed Development:

Not Significant–No Waste Management License will be required during the construction or operational phase of the proposed development.

3.8.5 . The Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000)

This Act was introduced to provide for the core principles, mechanisms and processes that are necessary to enable to move progressively towards the social and economic upliftment of local communities, and ensure universal access to essential services that are affordable to all.

The proposed development will support the local authority in complying with the principles of the Municipal Systems Act, by assisting in providing the community with essential services, such as water and sewage infrastructure.

Impact on proposed Development:

Significant –The proposed development will contribute to the municipal services to an extent.

3.8.6 National Veld and Forest Fire Act, 1998 (Act No. 101, 1998)

The purpose of this Act is to prevent and combat veld, forest and mountain fires throughout the Republic. Furthermore the Act provides for a variety of institutions, methods and practices for achieving the prevention of fires.

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Impact on proposed Development:

Significant – Fires of construction workers may only be lit in the designated site camp as indicated in assistance with the ECO. It is important that a site development camp be located on a part of the application site that is already disturbed.

3.8.7 National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act No. 25 of 1999)

The National Heritage Resources Act legislates the necesity and heritage impact assessment in areas earmarked for development, which exceed 0.5ha. The Act makes provision for the potential destruction to existing sites, pending the archaelogist’s recommendations through permitting procedures. Permits are administered by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA).

Impact on proposed Development:

Not significant- No features of Heritage importance are expected to be found on the proposed study area. The proposed development is more than 4 km from a world heritage site. If any such features are discovered during construction activities and clearing of the application site, the correct “procedures for an Environmental incident” (at the end of the EMP, Appendix H of the Basic Assessment Report) must be followed.

3.8.8. Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983)

This Act provides for control over the utilization of the natural agricultural resources of the Republic in order to promote the conservation of the soil, the water sources and the vegetation and the combating of weeds and invader plants; and for matters connected therewith.

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Impact on proposed Development:

Significant–According to the Gauteng Agriculture Potential Atlas (GAPA 3) the study area of Greengate X59 has a high agricultural potential, however, it does not fall within any Agricultural Hubs. Based on the available information, Bokamoso were of the opinion that No Agriculture Potential Study was required for the application site.

3.8.9. National Environmental Management Act: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004)

The purpose of the Biodiversity Act is to provide for the management of South Africa’s biodiversity within the Framework of the NEMA and the protection of species and ecosystems that warrant National protection. As part of the implementation strategy, the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment was developed.

Impact on proposed Development:

Not Significant – In the Vegetation and Wetland Assessment conducted no Red Data species were identified on the site.

In the Faunal Report conducted it was confirmed that no species of concern or any indication of such species were encountered during the field investigation. Sensitive species were identified based on a desktop study. In the Avifaunal report compiled, the proposed development will have no adverse impact on the avifaunal species.

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3.8.11. National Spatial Biodiversity assessment

The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) classifies areas as worthy of protection based on its biophysical characteristics, which are ranked according to priority levels.

Impact on proposed Development:

Not Significant – The proposed development is situated within the Egoli Granite Grassland vegetation type according to Mucina and Rutherford (2006). No red data plant species nor any threatened or protected plant species [National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act’s (Act No. 10 of 2004)] have been recorded on the study area. The vegetation communities was considered to be of medium to low sensitivity except for one community that was considered to be low sensitivity.

3.8.12 Protected Species – Provincial Ordinances

Provincial ordinances were developed to protect particular plant species within specific provinces. The protection of these species is enforced through permitting requirements associated with provincial lists of protected species. Permits are administered by the Provincial Departments of Environmental Affairs.

Impact on proposed Development:

Not Significant- In the Vegetation and Wetland Assessment conducted no Red Data species were identified.

In the Faunal Report conducted it was confirmed that no species of concern or any indication of such species were encountered during the field investigation.

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In the Avifaunal report compiled, the proposed development will have no adverse impact on the avifaunal species.

3.8.13. National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003)

The purpose of this Act is to provide for the protection, conservation and management of ecologically viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological biodiversity and its natural landscapes.

Impact on proposed Development:

Not Significant- The Application site is not located within any conservancy or protected area.

3.8.14 National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996)

This Act provides for all road traffic matters which shall apply uniformly throughout the Republic and for matters connected therewith.

Impact on proposed Development:

Not significant – Not Applicable.

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4 Project activities

4.1 Pre-Construction Phase

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency risk or issue requirement indicator of Action General Project contract To make the EMP The EMP document must be included as The EMP is included Developer - enforceable part of the tender documentation as part of the under the tender general documentation conditions of the contract. Design and Stability of To ensure stability The layout and land uses must correspond The land uses and Individual - planning structures and of structures to the stability zonation and development layout corresponds Developer restriction of land types recommended by the geotechnical to the Engineer use due to engineer. recommended geology stability zonation and development types. Strip footings should be used for the Excavations and Engineer foundations of construction. foundations remain Individual stable Developer More detailed foundation investigation More detailed Engineer - shall be done for each of the structures. foundation Individual investigations done. Developer

Stability of To ensure stability Sides of excavations should be either Excavations remain Engineer excavations due of excavations shored or else battered back. stable. Individual to geology Developer Storm water Erosion of 1) Appropriate flow diversion and erosion design drainage lines control structures i.e. earth embankments must be put in place in areas where soil may be exposed to high levels of erosion due to steep slopes etc. 2) Any damage, displacement or loss of soil resulting from unforeseen events is to be recorded and remediated immediately. Should this occur due to negligence on the contractor’s behalf, the

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Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency risk or issue requirement indicator of Action contractor shall carry remediation costs. 3) Storm water at the site camp must be managed so as to reduce/ minimise the silt loads in the stream channel. 4) Construction on steep slopes and in soft or erodible material will require erosion control measures and appropriate grassing/ hydroseeding measures. 5) All construction areas should be suitably top-soiled and vegetated as soon as it is possible after construction; and disturbed areas to be rehabilitated must be ripped and the area must be backfilled with topsoil. Stream – 1) To prevent erosion of material that is increased stockpiled for long periods, the material sediment input must be retained in a bermed area. 2) All topsoil within the area to be developed must be removed and stockpiled on site. 3) The temporary storage of topsoil must be above the 100yr floodline or at least 20m from the top of any bank or drainage lines 4) An earth bank is to be constructed around the upslope portion of any stockpiles in order to direct runoff and prevent scouring of stockpiles. 5) A silt fence is to be erected around any stockpiles in order to trap sediment and prevent stockpile sediment loss. Light pollution To minimise light The generation of light by night events, Lighting effectively Architect/ - pollution security lighting and other lighting shall be designed Landscape effectively designed so as not to spill Architect unnecessary outward into the oncoming traffic, or into the yards of the neighbouring properties or open spaces.

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 21

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency risk or issue requirement indicator of Action Visual impact To minimise the Architectural guidelines to minimize the Architectural Architect - visual impact of visual impact: guidelines minimise the proposed 1) Roof colour will blend in tastefully with visual impact development. the surrounding environment. Building design must be aesthetically pleasing. 2) Suitable plant materials should be used at strategic points to screen off impacts caused by roofs, cars in large parking areas. 3) Mature existing trees should be retained as far as possible. The trees will soften the impact of the proposed development. 4) Rubble and litter must be removed on a weekly basis and be disposed of at a suitably registered landfill site. Climate Extreme change To prevent the Where open parking bays are involved, Landscape Landscape - in micro climate extreme change one tree for every two parking bays shall Development Plan Architect temperatures in micro climate be indicated on Landscape Development complies temperatures Plan which shall be approved by the Design Review Committee / Local Authority. Fauna and Floral biodiversity To ensure that the 1) The Landscape Development Plan for The landscape Landscape - flora and ecological species the proposed development shall be development plan Architect health introduced to the submitted to the local authority for submitted to the area, are approval. local authority for compatible with 2) It is important that all the plant positions, approval. the current and quantities and coverage per m² be future quality of indicated on a plan. the ecological 3) The proposed planting materials for the processes. areas to be landscaped shall be non- invasive, and preferably indigenous and /or endemic. Indigenous tree species will aid in habitat creation that will attract indigenous faunal species into the area. 4) Where possible, trees naturally growing on the site should be retained as part of the landscaping.

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 22

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency risk or issue requirement indicator of Action Preparing Site Environmental To avoid erosion 1) Designated routes shall be determined Access to site is Contractor Continuous Access integrity and for the construction vehicles and erosion free. disturbance to designated areas for storage of indigenous equipment. Minimum vegetation 2) Clearly mark the site access point and disturbance to routes on site to be used by construction surrounding vehicles and pedestrians. vegetation. 3) Provide an access map to all contractors whom in turn must provide Vehicles make use copies to the construction workers. Instruct of established all drivers to use access point and access routes. determined route. Entrance of Entrance by vehicles, especially off-road Vehicles cars and bakkies, off-road bicycles and quad bikes and construction staff should be prohibited, both during the construction phase and during the lifespan of the project. Waste storage To control the Temporary waste storage points on site Contractor - temporary shall be determined. These storage points ESO storage of waste. shall be accessible by waste removal trucks and these points should not be located in sensitive areas/areas highly visible from the properties of the surrounding land-owners/tenants/in areas where the wind direction will carry bad odours across the properties of adjacent tenants or landowners. Ensure waste Build a bund around waste storage area Contractor - storage area to stop overflow into storm water. does not generate pollution

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 23

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

4.2 Construction Phase

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action Contractors Vegetation and To minimize 1) Site to be established under supervision of Minimal Contractor As and when Camp topsoil damage to and loss ECO. vegetation required of vegetation and 2) Clearing and relocation of plants to be removed/ retain quality of undertaken in accordance with site specific damaged topsoil requirements during site activities. Surface and To minimize 1) Sufficient and temporary facilities Effluents Contractor As and when ground water pollution of surface including ablution facilities must be provided managed ESO required pollution and for construction workers operating on the Effectively. Groundwater site. resources. 2) A minimum of one chemical toilet shall be No pollution of provided per 10 persons. water resources The contractor shall keep the toilets in a from site. clean, neat and hygienic condition. Toilets provided by the contractor must be Workforce use easily accessible and a maximum of 50m toilets provided. from the works area to ensure they are utilized. The contractor (who must use reputable toilet-servicing company) shall be responsible for the cleaning, maintenance and servicing of the toilets. The contractor (using reputable toilet-servicing company) shall ensure that all toilets are cleaned and emptied before the builders’ or other public holidays. 3) No person is allowed to use any other area than chemical toilets. 4) No French drain systems may be installed. 5) No chemical or waste water must be allowed to contaminate the run-off on site. 6) Avoid the clearing of the site camp (of specific phase) or paved surfaces with soap. To minimize 1) Drip trays and/ or lined earth bunds must No pollution of Contractor Daily pollution of surface be provided under vehicles and equipment, the environment ESO

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 24

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action and Groundwater to contain spills of hazardous materials such resources due to as fuel, oil and cement. spilling of materials. 2) Repair and storage of vehicles only within the demarcated site area. 3) Spill kits must be available on site. 4) Oils and chemicals must be confined to specific secured areas within the site camp. These areas must be bunded with adequate containment (at least 1.5 times the volume of the fuel) for potential spills or leaks. 5) All spilled hazardous substances must be contained in impermeable containers for removal to a licensed hazardous waste site. 6) No leaking vehicle shall be allowed on site. The mechanic/ the mechanic of the appointed contractor must supply the environmental officer with a letter of confirmation that the vehicles and equipment are leak proof. 7) No bins containing organic solvents such as paints and thinners shall be cleaned on site, unless containers for liquid waste disposal are placed for this purpose on site. To minimize The mixing of concrete shall only be done at No evidence of Contractor Daily pollution of surface specifically selected sites, as close as contaminated soil ESO and possible to the entrance, on mortar boards on the groundwater or similar structures to prevent run-off into construction site. resources by drainage lines, streams and natural cement vegetation. To minimize No effluent (including effluent from any No evidence of Contractor Daily pollution of surface storage areas) may be discharged into any contaminated ESO and Groundwater water surface or ground water resource. water resources. resources due to effluent. Pollution of the To prevent 1) Weather proof waste bins must be No waste bins Contractor Daily environment unhygienic usage provided and emptied regularly. overflowing ESO Weekly on the site and 2) The contractor shall provide laborers to

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 25

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action pollution of the clean up the contractor’s camp and No litter or natural assets. construction site on a daily basis. building waste 3) Temporary waste storage points on the lying in or around site should be determined. THESE AREAS the site SHALL BE PREDETERMINED AND LOCATED IN AREAS THAT IS ALREADY DISTURBED. These storage points should be accessible by waste removal trucks and these points should be located in already disturbed areas /areas not highly visible from the properties of the surrounding land-owners/ in areas where the wind direction will not carry bad odours across the properties of adjacent landowners. This site should comply with the following: • Skips for the containment and disposal of waste that could cause soil and water pollution, i.e. paint, lubricants, etc.; • Small lightweight waste items should be contained in skips with lids to prevent wind littering; • Bunded areas for containment and holding of dry building waste. 4) No solid waste may be disposed of on the site. 5) No waste materials shall at any stage be disposed of in the open veld of adjacent properties. 6) The storage of solid waste on the site, until such time as it may be disposed of, must be in a manner acceptable to the local authority and DWS. 7) Cover any wastes that are likely to wash away or contaminate storm water. Recycle material 1) Waste shall be separated into recyclable Sufficient Contractor Daily where possible and and non-recyclable waste, and shall containers ESO Weekly

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 26

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action correctly dispose of be separated as follows: available on site unusable wastes • General waste: including (but not limited to) construction rubble, No visible signs of • Reusable construction material. pollution 2) Recyclable waste shall preferably be deposited in separate bins. 3) All solid waste including excess spoil (soil, rock, rubble etc) must be removed to a permitted waste disposal site on a weekly basis. 4) No bins containing organic solvents such as paints and thinners shall be cleaned on site, unless containers for liquid waste disposal are placed for this purpose on site. 5) Keep records of waste reuse, recycling and disposal for future reference. Provide information to ECO. Waste To keep the site 1) Rubble must be removed from the Contractor Monitor daily clean and tidy. construction site frequently and be disposed of at an approved dumping site. To ensure waste 2) Sufficient and covered containers must be enters the available on the construction site. appropriate waste 3) Such containers are to be emptied stream in order to frequently. optimize recycling 4) All liquid effluent is to be disposed of in a opportunities. manner approved of by the Local Authority. 5) Material to be used as backfill during a later stage of the building construction must be covered with a layer of soil to prevent litter from being blown over the site and to prevent unhygienic conditions. 6) Chemical containers and packaging brought onto the site must be removed for disposal at a suitable site. 7) The burning of waste is prohibited. 8) Where possible, waste must be separated into clearly marked containers and

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 27

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action subsequent recycling thereof must be a priority. Increased fire To decrease fire risk. 1) Fires shall only be permitted in specifically No open fires on Contractor Monitor daily risk to site and designated areas and under controlled site that have surrounding circumstances. been left areas 2) Food vendors shall be allowed within unattended specified areas. 3) No wood may be collected from the site for fires. 4) Fire extinguishers to be provided in all vehicles and fire beaters must be available on site. 5) Emergency numbers/ contact details must be available on site, where applicable. Construction Geology and To protect Underground services should be treated Underground Contractor Monitor site soils underground appropriately prior to installation services are not regularly/ as services from being corroded required alkaline or corrosive attack. To prevent the 1) The top layer of all areas to be excavated Excavated Contractor Monitor daily damage of the for the purposes of construction shall be materials existing soils and stripped and stockpiled in areas where this correctly geology. material will not be damaged, removed or stockpiled compacted. 2) All surfaces that are susceptible to erosion, No signs of shall be protected either by cladding with erosion biodegradable material or with the top layer of soil being seeded with grass seed/planted with a suitable groundcover. To prevent the loss 1) Stockpiling will only be done in Excavated Contractor of Monitor daily of topsoil designated places where it will not interfere materials the Individual with the natural drainage paths of the correctly Developer To prevent siltation environment. stockpiled & water pollution. 2) In order to minimize erosion and siltation and disturbance to existing vegetation, it is No visible signs of recommended that stockpiling be done/ erosion and equipment is stored in already sedimentation

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 28

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action disturbed/exposed areas. 3) Cover stockpiles and surround downhill Minimal invasive sides with a sediment fence to stop materials weed growth washing away. 4) Remove vegetation only in areas Vegetation only designated during the planning stage. removed in 5) Rehabilitation/ landscaping are to be designated areas done immediately after the involved works are completed. 6) All compacted areas should be ripped prior to them being rehabilitated/ landscaped by the contractor as appointed by the developer/ individual erf owner. 7) The top layer of all areas to be excavated must be stripped and stockpiled in areas where this material will not be damaged, removed or compacted. This stockpiled material should be used for the rehabilitation of the site and for landscaping purposes. 8) Strip topsoil at start of works and store in stockpiles no more than 1,5 m high in designated materials storage area. 9) During the laying of any cables, pipelines or infrastructure (on or adjacent to the site) topsoil shall be kept aside to cover the disturbed areas immediately after such activities are completed. Erosion and To prevent erosion 1) It is recommended that the construction No erosion scars Contractor Monitor daily siltation and siltation of the development be done in phases. ESO 2) Each phase should be rehabilitated No loss of topsoil immediately after the construction for that phase has been completed. The All damaged rehabilitated areas should be maintained by areas successfully the appointed rehabilitation contractor until rehabilitated a vegetative coverage of at least 80% has been achieved as appointed by the developer/ individual erf owner.

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 29

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action 3) Mark out the areas to be excavated. 4) Large exposed areas during the construction phases should be limited. Where possible areas earmarked for construction during later phases should remain covered with vegetation coverage until the actual construction phase. This will prevent unnecessary erosion and siltation in these areas. 5) Unnecessary clearing of flora resulting in exposed soil prone to erosive conditions should be avoided. 6) All embankments must be adequately compacted and planted with grass to stop any excessive soils erosion and scouring of the landscape if required. 7) The eradication of alien vegetation should be followed up as soon as possible by replacement with indigenous vegetation to ensure quick and sufficient coverage of exposed areas by the individual erf owner. 8) Storm water outlets shall be correctly designed to prevent any possible soil erosion. 9) All surface run-offs shall be managed in such a way so as to ensure erosion of soil does not occur. 10) Implementation of temporary storm water management measures that will help to reduce the speed of surface water by the individual erf owner / developer. 11) All surfaces that are susceptible to erosion shall be covered with a suitable vegetative cover as soon as construction is completed by the individual erf owner / developer. Stability of To ensure stability of Preventative foundation designs shall be Engineers / When required

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 30

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action structures due structures done. Detailed foundation inspections Contractor / to geology should be carried out at the time of Individual construction to identify any variances and Developer adjust foundation designs accordingly if need be. The foundation recommendations from the geotechnical engineers must be adhered to. Seepage of To ensure that Provision should be made for the removal of Contractor Monitor daily groundwater excavations do not groundwater from excavations. into become flooded excavations Cracking of To ensure that built 1)The floors of foundation excavations Built structures Engineer/ As required structures structures do not should be compacted by a hand-operated show no sign of Contractor crack due to vibratory roller or else by a machine cracks collapsible soils and equivalent to a Wacker Rammer (a settlement mechanised tamping device); a test section should firstly be compacted under supervision of the Engineer in order to determine the number of roller passes. The structures may then be constructed by conventional means.

Additional precautionary measures that can be employed are: 2) The provision of expansion joints in the walls of structures; 3) A concrete walkway of 1, 0m in width around the perimeter of each structure; and 4) The shaping of the walkway and the ground surface in the vicinity of the structures so as to drain water away from each structure so that no ponding of surface water can take place in the vicinity of the structures. Hydrology To minimise 1) Increased run-off during construction must No visible signs of Contractor Monitor daily pollution of soil, be managed using berms and other suitable erosion. surface and structures as required to ensure flow

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 31

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action groundwater velocities are reduced. No visible signs of 2) The contractor shall ensure that excessive pollution quantities of sand, silt and silted water do not enter the storm water system. Preserving Riparian 1) Demarcate all riparian areas to be No visible signs of Contractor areas. protected. pollution 2) Construction of water control structures to prevent and control any erosion on the site. 3) Prevent contamination of riparian areas from polluted runoff/ seepage/ drainage water by utilizing relevant control measures. Fauna and flora To protect the 1) All exotic invaders and weeds must be No exotic plants Contractor As and when existing fauna and eradicated on a continuous basis. used for ESO / required flora. 2) Exotic invaders must be included in an landscaping Home alien management program for the site. Owners Every 6 months Eradication must occur every 3 months. Association / 3) No plants not indigenous to the area, or Design exotic plant species, especially lawn grasses Review and other ground-covering plants, should be Committee introduced in the communal landscaping of the proposed site, as they will drastically interfere with the nature of the area. 4) Where possible, trees naturally growing on the site should be retained as part of the landscaping. To protect the 1) Trees that are intended to be retained No measurable Contractor As and when existing fauna and shall be clearly marked on site. signs of habitat ESO required flora. 2) Snaring and hunting of fauna by destruction construction workers on or adjacent to the study area are strictly prohibited and the Council shall prosecute offenders. 3) All mitigation measures for impacts on the indigenous flora of the area should be implemented in order to limit habitat loss as far as possible and maintain and improve available habitat, in order to maintain and possibly increase numbers and species of

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 32

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action indigenous fauna. 4) Wood harvesting of any trees or shrubs on the study area or adjacent areas shall be prohibited. 5) Where possible, work should be restricted to one area at a time. 6) Noise should be kept to a minimum and the development should be done in phases to allow faunal species to temporarily migrate into the conservation areas in the vicinity. 7) The integrity of remaining wildlife should be upheld, and no trapping or hunting by construction personnel should be allowed. Caught animals should be relocated to the conservation areas in the vicinity. 8) Entrance by vehicles, especially off-road cars and bakkies, off-road bicycles and quad bikes and construction staff into the application site should be prohibited, both during the construction phase and during the lifespan of the project. To protect the 1) Retain natural habitat elements such as No measurable Contractor As and when existing fauna and tree stumps, termite mounds, etc. where signs of habitat ESO required flora. possible. destruction 2) Preserve, maintain and construct biological corridors where possible, as well as retaining green belts interconnected with these corridors. Social Noise impact To maintain noise 1) Site workers must comply with the No complaints Contractor Monitored daily levels below Provincial noise requirements as outlined in from surrounding “disturbing” as Provincial Notice No. 5479 of 1999: Gauteng residents and I & defined in the Noise Control Regulations. APs national Noise 2) Noise activities shall only take place Regulations. during working hours Dust impact Minimise dust from 1) Dust pollution could occur during the No visible signs of Contractor Monitored daily the site construction works, especially during the dry dust pollution

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 33

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action months. Regular and effective damping down of working areas (especially during the No complaints dry and windy periods) must be carried out from surrounding to avoid dust pollution that will have a residents and I & negative impact on the surrounding APs environment. 2) When necessary, these working areas should be damped down in the mornings and afternoons. Safety and To ensure the safety 1) Although regarded as a normal practice, No incidences Contractor Monitored daily security and security of the it is important to erect proper signs indicating reported ESO public. the operations of heavy vehicles in the vicinity of dangerous crossings and access roads or even in the development site if necessary. 2) With the exception of the appointed security personnel, no other workers, friend or relatives will be allowed to sleep on the construction site (weekends included) 3) Construction vehicles and activities to avoid peak hour traffic times 4) Presence of law enforcement officials at strategic places must be ensured 5) Following actions would assist in management of safety along the road ° Adequate road marking ° Adequate roadside recovery areas ° Allowance for pedestrians and cyclists where necessary ° Although regarded as a normal practice, it is important to erect proper signs indicating the danger of the excavation in and around the development site. Putting temporary fencing around excavations where possible. Infrastructure Installation of Determine areas where services will be No complaints Contractor When required

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 34

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action and services services upgraded and relocated well in advance. from I & AP ESO Discuss possible disruptions with affected parties to determine most convenient times for service disruptions and warn affected parties well in advance of dates that service disruptions will take place Cultural If any graves or archaeological sites are No destruction of Contractor Monitor daily Resources exposed during construction work it should or damage to ESO immediately be reported to a museum. The graves or known report from the archaeologist must be archaeological provided to GDARD if any graves are sites recovered. Visual impact In order to minimise 1) The disturbed areas shall be rehabilitated Visual impacts Contractor Monitor daily the visual impact. immediately after the involved construction minimized ESO works are completed. 2)Shade cloth must be used to conceal and minimise the visual impact of the site camps and storage areas Vegetation Landscaping 1) When planting trees, care should be Landscaping Landscape When required taken to avoid the incorrect positioning of done according architect trees and other plants, to prevent the roots to landscape Contractor / of trees planted in close proximity to the line development Individual of water-bearing services from causing plan Developer leaking in, or malfunctioning of the services. 2) The proposed planting materials for the areas to be landscaped should preferably be endemic and indigenous. 3) All new trees and shrubs to be planted on the study area shall be inspected for pests and diseases prior to them being planted. 4) The inspection shall be carried out by the maintenance contractor at the property of the supplier and not on the study area. 5) All trees to be planted shall be in minimum 100L containers with a height of approximately 3 metres and a main stem diameter of approximately 80 mm.

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 35

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action Loss of plants 1) Aerate compacted soil and check and Landscaping Landscape When required correct pH for soils affected by construction done according architect activities. to landscape Contractor / 2) Make sure plant material will be matured development Individual enough and hardened off ready for plan Developer planting. Water in plants immediately as planting proceeds. 3) Apply mulch to conserve moisture. Plant according to the layout and planting techniques specified by the Landscape Architect in the Landscape Development plans for the site. Spread of weeds Ensure that materials used for mulching and Weed growth Landscape When required topsoil/ fertilisers are certified weed free. controlled architect Collect certifications where available. Contractor Control weed growth that appears during construction. To ensure 1) Compacted soils shall be ripped at least Grass have Landscape Once a day rehabilitation of the 200mm. hardened off architect Then every 4 site 2) All clumps and rocks larger than 30mm Contractor days diameter shall be removed from the soil to be rehabilitated. 3) The soil shall be leveled before seeding 4) Hydroseed the soil with Potch mixture 5) Watering shall take place at least once per day for the first 14 days until germination of seeds have taken place 6) Thereafter watering should take place at least for 20 minutes every 4 days until grass have hardened off. Rehabilitation of 1) Vehicles and workers associated with No erosion Landscape Immediately area directly construction should not have free access to surrounding new architect after surrounding stream the stream and unnecessary disturbance to river crossing Contractor construction the stream should be avoided. 2) No vegetation may be removed from the stream area or buffer zone unless stipulated in a Water Use License granted to the owner

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 36

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmental Objective or Mitigation measure Performance Responsibility Frequency of risk or issue requirement indicator Action of the site. 3) Erosion control measures should be implemented on all open soils and steep slopes. 4) Upon completion of the construction in the area, the area should be rehabilitated to a level that will ensure that wetland vegetation can become re-established. In this regard special mention of the following is made: • All areas of disturbed and compacted soils need to be compacted and reprofiled.

• Ongoing removal of alien vegetation from the area must take place after the completion of the structure to prevent the uncontrollable recruitment of these species.

4.3 Operational Phase

TYPE Environmenta Objective or Mitigation measure Responsibility Frequency of Action l risk or issue requirement Site cleanup and Storm water Do not allow any Remove erosion and sediment controls only if all Contractor - preparation for pollution materials to wash bare soil is sealed, covered or re-vegetate. use into the storm Sweep roadways clean and remove all debris water system. from kerb and gutter areas. Do not wash into drains.

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 37

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

TYPE Environmenta Objective or Mitigation measure Responsibility Frequency of Action l risk or issue requirement Minimise waste Decontaminate and collect waste in storage Contractor - area ready for off-site recycling or disposal Arrange for final collection and removal of excess and waste materials. Establishing Slow or no re- To ensure re- Agreed schedule for regular follow-up watering, Contractor To be agreed plants vegetation to vegetation to weed control, mulch supplements and amenity stabilise soil; stabilize soil pruning, if needed. Replace all plant failures loss or within three month period after planting. degradation of habitat Materials failure Structural Inspect all structures monthly to detect any Contractor - damage. cracking or structural problems. Confirm with Loss of site designer if there are design problems. Rectify materials. with materials to match, or other agreed solution. Drainage failure On-site and Storm water Inspect all site drainage works and repair any Contractor / - downstream management failures. Confer with design engineer and to Dolomite Risk drainage plan correct site problems. manager as pollution or appointed by the flooding home owner Site audit Eventual Successful project Routinely audit the works and adjust Contractor - project failure establishment maintenance schedule accordingly. General Open fires and smoking during maintenance Contractor - works are strictly prohibited.

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 38

Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

5 Procedures for environmental incidents

5.1 Leakages & spills

° Identify source of problem. ° Stop goods leaking, if safe to do so. ° Contain spilt material, using spills kit or sand. ° Notify Environmental Control Officer ° Remove spilt material and place in sealed container for disposal (if possible). ° Environmental Control Officer to follow Incident Management Plan.

5.2 Failure of erosion/sediment control devices

° Prevent further escape of sediment. ° Contain escaped material using silt fence, hay bales, pipes, etc. ° Notify ECO. ° Repair or replace failed device as appropriate. ° Dig/scrape up escaped material; take care not to damage vegetation. ° Remove escaped material from site. ° ECO to follow Incident Management plan. ° Monitor for effectiveness until re-establishment.

5.3 Bank/slope failure

° Stabilize toe of slope to prevent sediment escape using aggregate bags, silt fence, logs, hay bales, pipes, etc. ° Notify ECO. ° ECO to follow Incident Management plan. ° Divert water upslope from failed fence. ° Protect area from further collapse as appropriate. ° Restore as advised by ECO. ° Monitor for effectiveness until stabilized.

5.4 Discovery of rare or endangered species

° Stop work. ° Notify ECO. ° If a plant is found, mark location of plants. ° If an animal, mark location where sighted. ° ECO to identify or arrange for identification of species and or the relocation of the species if possible. ° If confirmed significant, ECO to liaise with Endangered Wildlife Trust. ° Recommence work when cleared by ECO.

5.5 Discovery of archeological or heritage items

° Stop work. ° Do not further disturb the area.

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Environmental Management Plan for Greengate x59 October 2015

° Notify ECO. ° ECO to arrange appraisal of specimen. ° If confirmed significant, ECO to liaise with National, Cultural and History Museum P.O. Box 28088 SUNNYSIDE 0132 Contact Mr. J. van Schalkwyk or Mr. Naude ° Recommence work when cleared by ECO.

6 EMP review

1. The Site Supervisor is responsible for ensuring the work crew is complying with procedures, and for informing the work crew of any changes. The site supervisor is responsible for ensuring the work crew is aware of changes that may have been implemented by GDARD before starting any works.

2. If the contractor cannot comply with any of the activities as described above, they should inform the ECO with reasons within 7 working days.

Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC 40

Enlarged Figures Locality Map Figure 1

Aerial Map Figure 2

Hydrology Map Figure 3

Layout Map with buffer zones and floodlines Figure 4 Bokamoso Environmental Consultants Greengate X59 Website: www.bokamoso.biz E-Mail: [email protected]

Projection – Transverse Mercator Datum- Hartebeeshoek 1994 Reference Ellipsoid –WGS 1984 Central Meridian -29 Heritage Map Figure 5

GDARD C-Plan Areas Figure 6

C-Plan Biodiversity Figure 7

Ridges Figure 8

Agricultural Potential Figure 9

Agricultural Hubs Figure 10

Urban Edge Figure 11

Orange Listed Plants Figure 12

Roads and Railways Figure 13

Soils Figure 14

Dolomite Figure 15

Company Profile & CV of Lizelle Gregory (Environmental Assessment Practitioner)

Landscape Architects & Environmental consultants

P.O.BOX 11375 Maroelana 0161

Tel: (012) 346 3810 Fax: (086) 570 5559

E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.bokamoso.biz

01 Executive Summary 02 Vision, Mission & Values 03 Human Resources 04 Services 05 Landscape Projects 06 Corporate Highlights 07 Environmental Projects 08 Indicative Clients 09 Tools

Table of Contents

Bokamoso specialises in the fields of Landscape Architecture and all aspects of Environmental Management and Planning. Bokamoso was founded in 1992 and has shown growth by continually meeting the needs of our clients. Our area of expertise stretches throughout the whole of South Africa. Our projects reflect the competence of our well compiled team. The diversity of our members enables us to tend to a variety of needs. Our integrated approach establishes a basis for outstanding quality. We are well known to clients in the private, commercial as well as governmental sector. At Bokamoso we stand on a firm basis of environmental investigation in order to find unique solutions to the requirements of our clients and add value to their operations.

01 Executive Summary

011 Company Overview

Vision: At Bokamoso we strive to find the best planning solutions by taking into account the functions of a healthy ecosystem. Man and nature should be in balance with each other.

Mission: We design according to our ethical responsibility, take responsibility for successful completion of projects and constitute a landscape that contributes to a sustainable environment. We add value to the operations of our clients and build long term relationships that are mutually beneficial.

Values:

Integrity Respect

02 Vision, Mission & Values

Bokamoso stands on the basis of fairness. This include respect within our multicultural team and equal opportunities in terms of gender, nationality and race.

We have a wide variety of projects to tend to, from complicated reports to landscape installation. This wide range of projects enables us to combine a variety of professionals and skilled employees in our team.

Bokamoso further aids in the development of proficiency within the working environment. Each project, whether in need of skilled or unskilled tasks has its own variety of facets to bring to the table.

We are currently in the process of receiving our BEE scorecard. We support transformation in all areas of our company dynamics.

03 Human Resources

031 Employment Equity

Lizelle Gregory (100% interest)

Lizelle Gregory obtained a degree in Landscape Architecture from the University of Pretoria in 1992 and passed her board exam in 1995. Her professional practice number is PrLArch 97078.

Ms. Gregory has been a member of both the Institute for Landscape Architecture in South Africa (ILASA) and South African Council for the Landscape Architecture Profession (SACLAP), since 1995.

Although the existing Environmental Legislation doesn’t yet stipulate the academic requirements of an Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP), it is recommended that the Environmental Consultant be registered at the International Association of Impact Assessments (IAIA). Ms. Gregory has been registered as a member of IAIA in 2007.

Ms. Gregory attended and passed an International Environmental Auditing course in 2008. She is a registered member of the International Environmental Management and Assessment Council (IEMA).

She has lectured at the Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) and the University of Pretoria (UP). The lecturing included fields of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Management.

Ms. Gregory has more than 20 years experience in the compilation of Environmental Evaluation Reports: Environmental Management Plans (EMP); Strategic Environmental Assessments; All stages of Environmental input ; EIA under ECA and the new and amended NEMA regulations and various other Environmental reports and documents.

Ms. Gregory has compiled and submitted more than 600 Impact Assessments within the last

5-6 years. Furthermore, Ms. L. Gregory is also familiar with all the GDARD/Provincial

Environmental policies and guidelines. She assisted and supplied GAUTRANS/former PWV 03 Human Resources Consortium with Environmental input and reports regarding road network plans, road determinations, preliminary and detailed designs for the past 12 years. 032 Members

Consulting Anè Agenbacht Introduction to Sustainable Environmental Management—An overview of Principles, Tools,& Issues (Potch 2006) Leadership Training School (Lewende Woord 2010) BA Environmental Management (UNISA 2011) PGCE Education (Unisa 2013) - CUM LAUDE Project Manager More than 10 years experience in the compilation of various environmental reports

Mary-Lee Van Zyl Msc. Plant Science (UP) BSc (Hons) Plant Science (UP) BSc Ecology (UP) More than 3 years working experience in the Environmental field

Specialises in ECO works, Basic Assessments, EIA’s, and Flora Reports Compilation of various Environmental Reports

Dashentha Naidoo BA Honours Degree in Environmental Management (UNISA) - CUM LAUDE

Bachelor Social Science in Geography & Environmental Management (UKZN) More tha 4 ears eperiece i WUL Applicaio& Itegrated Eiroetal Maageet ithi ater resource aageet. Senior Environmental Practitioner & Water Use Licences Consultant Specialises in Water Use License & Compilation of various Env. Reports

Ben Bhukwana BSc Landscape Architecture (UP) More than 5 years experience in the field of Landscape Architecture (Design, Construction, and Implementation).

Specialises in Landscape Design, ECO, Rehabilitation Plans and Compilation Basic Assessment Reports Compilation of Tender documents

03 Human Resources

033 Personnel Anton Nel B-Tech Landscape Technology (TUT) N Dip Landscape Technology (TUT) Hazardous Waste Management Short Course 2 years experience in ECO. Specialises in Basic Assessment Reports.

Juanita de Beer Diploma Events Management and Marketing (Damelin) Specializes in Public relations and Public Participation Processes (3 years experience)

Alfred Thomas CIW Foundation& Internet Marketing (IT Academy) 12 years experience in GIS and IT in general. GIS Operator and Multimedia Specialist.

Bianca Reyneke Applying SHE Principles and Procedures (NOSA) Intro to SAMTRAC Course (NOSA) SHEQ Coordinator and compilation of environmental reports Specialises in compiling various environmental reports

A.E. van Wyk BSc. Environmental Sciences (Zoology and Geography) Specialises in compiling various environmental reports

03 Human Resources

034 Personnel Elsa Viviers Interior Decorating (Centurion College) ( A ccounting/ Receptionist ) and Secretary to Lizelle Gregory

Loura du Toit N. Dip. Professional Teacher ( Heidelberg Teachers Training College ) Librarian and PA to Project Manager

Merriam Mogalaki Administration Assistant with in-house training in bookkeeping

Landscape Contracting Elias Maloka Site manager overseeing landscape installations. Irrigation design and implementation.

Landscape maintenance 18 years experience in landscape contracting works.

The contracting section compromises of six permanently employed black male workers. In many cases the team consists of up to 12 workers, depending on the quantity of work.

03 Human Resources

035 Personnel

01 Environmental Management Services

 Basic Assessment Reports

 EIA & Scoping Reports

 Environmental Management Plans

 Environmental Scans

 Strategic Environmental Assessments

 EMP for Mines  Environmental Input and Evaluation of Spatial Development Frameworks

 State of Environmental Reports

 Compilation of Environmental Legislation

and Policy Documents

 Environmental Auditing and Monitoring

 Environmental Control Officer (ECO)

 Visual Impact assessments  Specialist Assistance with Environmental

Legislation Issues and Appeals

 Development Process Management

 Water Use License applications to DWA 04 Services  Waste License Application 041 Consulting Services

02 Landscape Architecture

 Master Planning

 Sketch Plans

 Planting Plans

 Working Drawings

 Furniture Design

 Detail Design  Landscape Development Frameworks  Landscape Development Plans (LDP)

 Contract and Tender Documentation

 Landscape Rehabilitation Works

03 Landscape Contracting Implementation of Plans for:

 Office Parks  Commercial/ Retail / Recreational

Development  Residential Complexes

 Private Residential Gardens

04 Services  Implementation of irrigation systems 04 2 Contrac ting Services

Team Composition

Environmental

Landscape

04 Services

043 Orientation 01 Valpre Bottling Plant, Heidelberg

05 Landscape Projects– Current

051 Commercial

01 Valpre Bottling Plant, Heidelberg

05 Landscape Projects– Current

051 Commercial

01 Valpre Bottling Plant, Heidelberg

05 Landscape Projects– Current

051 Commercial

01 Valpre Bottling Plant, Heidelberg

05 Landscape Projects– Current

051 Commercial

02 Melodie Waters, Hartebeespoortdam

Streetscape Spatial Planning

Indigenous Planting

05 Landscape Projects – Current

052 Commercial/Recreational

02 Melodie waters, Hartebeestpoortdam

Development Framework

05 Landscape Projects– Current

Rehabilitation Area Layout 052 Commercial/Recreational

03 Grain Building, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects– Completed

053 Offices

04 Ismail Dawson offices, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects – Conceptual

053 Offices

05 Celtic Manor, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects - Completed

054 Complex Development

06 The Wilds, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects – Completed

054 Complex Development 0 7 The Wilds, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects – Completed

055 Residential

08 The Wilds, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects – Completed

055 Residential

09 The Wilds, Pretoria

05 L0a5n Ldasncdaspcea pPre oPrjeocjetcst –s –C Coommpplleetteedd

055 Residential 010 The Wilds, Pretoria

05 L0a5n Ldasncdaspcea pPre oPrjeocjetcst –s –C Coommpplleetteedd

055 Residential

011 Governor of Reserve Bank’s Residence, Pretoria

Plant Palette Option 1 Option 2

05 Landscape Projects – Conceptual

055 Residential

012 House Ismail, Pretoria

Front Garden

Back Garden

05 Landscape Projects - Conceptual

055 Residential

013 Forest Garden, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects – Completed

055 Residential

015 Forest Garden, Pretoria

05 Landscape Projects - Completed

055 Residential

01 Safari Garden Expo Received a Silver Certificate at the Safari Garden Expo, 2010

06 Corporate Highlights

061 Awards

02 UNISA Sunnyside Campus, Pretoria Best Commercial Paving Plan in Gauteng, 1997

06 Corporate Highlights

061 Awards Project Name Status Project Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) and Scoping Report Junction 21 ROD EIA 5 O'clock site access In Progress EIA Bokamoso X 1 In Progress Scoping & EIA Doornvallei Phase 6 & 7 In Progress EIA Engen Interchange In Progress Scoping & EIA Erasmia X15 In Progress EIA Franschkloof In Progress EIA K113 Amendment of ROD EIA K220 East ROD EIA K220 West ROD EIA K54 ROD conditions In Progress EIA Knopjeslaagte 95/Peachtree ROD EIA Knopjeslaagte portion 20 & 21 ROD EIA Lillieslief/Nooitgedacht In Progress EIA The adjacent list host the status Mooiplaats 70 (Sutherland) In Progress EIA of our current projects. Only a selected amount of projects Naauwpoort 1 - 12/Valley View In Progress EIA are displayed. PeachTree X5 In Progress EIA Strydfontein 60 In Progress EIA Thabe Motswere In Progress Scoping & EIA Vlakplaats In Progress EIA Waterval Valley In Progress EIA Environmental Opinion

Doornkloof 68 (Ross) In Progress Opinion Monavoni X 53 In Progress BA & Opinion Mooikloof (USN) In Progress Opinion

Norwood Mall/Sandspruit In Progress Opinion

07 Current Environmental Projects Riversong X 9 In Progress Opinion Sud Chemie In Progress Opinion 0 71 EIA, Scoping& Opinion USN Benjoh Fishing Resort In Progress Opinion

Project Name Status Project Basic Assessment(BA) Annlin X 138 In Progress BA Clubview X 29 ROD BA Darrenwood Dam In Progress BA Durley Holding 90 & 91 In Progress BA Elim In Progress BA X 3 In Progress BA Hartebeeshoek 251 In Progress BA (Matlosana Mall) In Progress BA Monavoni External Services ROD BA Monavoni X 45 Amendment of ROD BA Montana X 146 In Progress BA Rooihuiskraal X29 In Progress BA Thorntree Mall In Progress BA Environmental control officer (ECO) Grace Point Church In Progress ECO R 81 In Progress ECO Highveld X 61 In Progress ECO Mall of the North In Progress ECO Olievenhoutbosch Road In Progress ECO Orchards 39 In Progress ECO Pierre van Ryneveld Reservoir In Progress ECO Project Shelter In Progress ECO

S24 G

Wonderboom In Progress S24 G 07 Current Environmental Projects Mogwasi Guest houses Completed S24 G 072 BA, ECO & S24 G

Project Name Status Project Objection Colesberg WWTW In Progress Objection Nigel Steelmill Completed Objection Chantilly Waters Completed Objection Development facilitation Act- Input (DFA) Burgersfort In Progress DFA & BA Doornpoort Filling Station In Progress DFA & EIA & Scoping Eastwood Junction In Progress DFA Ingersol Road (Erf 78, 81 - 83) In Progress DFA

Roos Senekal In Progress DFA & EIA & Scoping Thaba Meetse 1 In Progress DFA & EIA & Scoping Water Use License Act (WULA) Britstown Bulk Water Supply In Progress WULA

Celery Road / Green Channel In Progress WULA Clayville X 46 In Progress WULA Dindingwe Lodge In Progress WULA Doornpoort Filling Station In Progress WULA+DFA+EIA+SC Eco Park Dam In Progress WULA Groote Drift Potch In Progress WULA Jozini Shopping Centre In Progress WULA+BA K60 Completed WULA

Maloto Roads In Progress WULA Kwazele Sewage Works In Progress WULA Monavoni External Services In Progress WULA+BA

Nyathi Eco Estate In Progress WULA

Prairie Giants X 3 In Progress WULA 07 Current Environmental Projects

Waveside Water Bottling Plant Completed WULA 073 Objection, DFA & WULA

Project Name Status Project Environmental Management Plan(EMP) Heidelberg X 12 ROD EMP Monavoni Shopping Centre Completed EMP Forest Hill Development Completed EMP Weltevreden Farm 105KQ Completed EMP+EIA Raslouw Holding 93 Completed EMP+BA Durley Development Completed EMP+BA Rooihuiskraal North X 28 Completed EMP

Rehabilitation Plan

Norwood Mall/Sandspruit In Progress Rehabilitation Project Shelter Heidelberg In Progress Rehabilitation Sagewood Attenuation Pond ROD Rehabilitation Velmore Hotel Completed Rehabilitation Grace Point Church Completed Rehabilitation Mmamelodi Pipeline Completed Rehabilitation

Visual Impact Assessment Swatzkop Industrial DevelopmeCompleted Assessment +DFA Erasmia Completed Assessment

Signage Application Menlyn Advertising Completed Signage The Villa Mall Completed Signage+EMP+BA

07 Current Environmental Projects

074 EMP, Rehabilitation , Waste Management & Signage Application

- Billion Property Group - Moolman Group - Cavaleros Developments - MTN - Centro Developers - M&T Development - Chaimberlains - Old Mutual - Chieftain - Property Investment Company - Century Property Group - Petroland Developments - Coca Cola - RSD Construction - Elmado Property Development - SAND - Flanagan & Gerard - Stephan Parsons - Gautrans - Twin City Developments - Hartland Property Group - Urban Construction - USN

08 Indicative Clients

- Adobe Illustrator CS3 - Adobe Photoshop CS3 - Adobe InDesign CS3 - AutoCAD - Google SketchUP - GIS - Microsoft Office Word - Microsoft Office Excel

- Microsoft Office Publisher - Microsoft Office Power Point

09 Tools

Qualifications And Experience In The Field Of Environmental Planning And Management (Lizelle Gregory (Member Bokamoso)):

Qualifications:

-Qualified as Landscape Architect at UP 1991; -Qualified as Professional Landscape Architect in 1997; -A Registered Member at The South African Council for the Landscape Architect Profession (SACLAP) with Practise Number: PrLArch97078; - A Registered Member at the International Association for Impact Assessment Practitioners (IAIA); - Qualified as an Environmental Auditor in July 2008 and also became a Member of the International Environmental Management Association (IEMAS) in 2008.

Working Experience:

-Worked part time at Eco-Consult – 1988-1990; -Worked part time at Plan Associates as Landscape Architect in training – 1990-1991; -Worked as Landscape Architect at Environmental Design Partnership (EDP) from 1992 - 1994 -Practised under Lizelle Gregory Landscape Architects from 1994 until 1999; -Lectured at Part-Time at UP (1999) – Landscape Architecture and TUT (1998- 1999)- Environmental Planning and Plant Material Studies; -Worked as part time Landscape Architect and Environmental Consultant at Plan Associates and managed their environmental division for more that 10 years – 1993 – 2008 (assisted the PWV Consortium with various road planning matters which amongst others included environmental Scans, EIA’s, Scoping reports etc.) -Renamed business as Bokamoso in 2000 and is the only member of Bokamoso Landscape Architects and Environmental Consultants CC; -More than 20 years experience in the compilation of Environmental Reports, which amongst others included the compilation of various DFA Regulation 31 Scoping Reports, EIA’s for EIA applications in terms of the applicable environmental legislation, Environmental Management Plans, Inputs for Spatial Development Frameworks, DP’s, EMF’s etc. Also included EIA Application on and adjacent to mining land and slimes dams (i.e. Brahm Fisherville, Doornkop)

Qualifications And Experience In The Field Of Landscape Architecture (Lizelle Gregory (Member Bokamoso)):

Landscape Architecture:

-Compiled landscape and rehabilitation plans for more than 22 years.

The most significant landscaping projects are as follows: -Designed the Gardens of the Witbank Technicon (a branch of TUT). Also supervised the implementation of the campus gardens (2004); -Lizelle Gregory was the Landscape Architect responsible for the paving and landscape design at the UNISA Sunnyside Campus and received a Corobrick Golden Award for the paving design at the campus (1998-2004); -Bokamoso assisted with the design and implementation of a park for the City of Johannesburg in Tembisa (2010); -The design and implementation of the landscape gardens (indigenous garden) at the new Coca-Cola Valpre Plant (2012- 2013); -Responsible for the rehabilitation and landscaping of Juksei River area at the Norwood Shopping Mall (johannesburg) (2012- 2013); -Designed and implemented a garden of more than 3,5ha in Randburg (Mc Arthurpark). Bokamoso also seeded the lawn for the project (more than 2,5 ha of lawn successfully seeded) (1999); -Bokamoso designed and implemented more than 800 townhouse complex gardens and submitted more than 500 Landscape Development Plans to CTMM for approval (1995 – 2013); -Assisted with Landscape Designs and the Masterplan at Eco-Park (M&T Developments) (2005-2011); -Bokamoso designed and implemented an indigenous garden at an office park adjacent to the Bronberg. In this garden it was also necessary to establish a special garden for the Juliana Golden Mole. During a recent site visit it was established that the moles are thriving in this garden. Special sandy soils had to be imported and special indigenous plants had to be established in the natural section of the garden.

-Lizelle Gregory also owns her own landscape contracting business. For the past 20 years she trained more than 40 PDI jobless people (sourced from a church in Mamelodi) to become landscape contracting workers. All the workers are (on a continuous basis) placed out to work at nurserys and other associated industries; -Over the past 20 years the Bokamoso team compiled more than 800 landscape development plans and also implemented most of the gardens. Bokamoso also designed and implemented the irrigation for the gardens (in cases where irrigation was required). Lizelle regarded it as important to also obtain practical experience in the field of landscape implementation.