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Die Historische Entwicklung Der Rumänischen Politischen Parteien in Der Bukowina Und Ihre Bedeutesten Vertreter Im Reichsrat Und Landtag (1861-1914)1

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Die Historische Entwicklung Der Rumänischen Politischen Parteien in Der Bukowina Und Ihre Bedeutesten Vertreter Im Reichsrat Und Landtag (1861-1914)1 DIE HISTORISCHE ENTWICKLUNG DER RUMÄNISCHEN POLITISCHEN PARTEIEN IN DER BUKOWINA UND IHRE BEDEUTESTEN VERTRETER IM REICHSRAT UND LANDTAG (1861-1914)1 Mihai-Ştefan Ceauşu Institut für Geschichte "A. D. Xenopol" der Rumänischen Akademie, Roumanie [email protected] Rezumat: Studiul analizează în manieră comparativă modul în care s-au dezvoltat partidele politice româneşti din Bucovina, în cadrul sistemului parlamentar introdus începând cu 1861 în acest ducat, ca şi în întreaga monarhie habsburgică. Introducerea unui parlament propriu al Bucovinei in 1861, a marcat începutul vieţii politice provinciale. Cu timpul, din fracţiunile politice din Landtag-ul din Cernăuţi, care copiau modelul Centrului, a rezultat un partid politic românesc. Partidul Naţional Român, condus cel mai adesea de mari proprietari de pământ, avea o puternică coloratură conservatoare. În ultimele decenii ale secolului 19 şi la inceputul secolului 20, rolul conducător al marilor proprietari (din acest partid) a fost puternic contestat de burghezia română în ascensiune. În dezbaterile de idei ale partidelor româneşti, purtate în principal în jurul ideii naţionale, intelectualii au jucat un rol crucial. Efectul acestor dezbateri s-a văzut mai cu seamă în dinamica accentuată a înfiinţării şi dizolvării partidelor politice româneşti. Abstract: The study analyzes in a comparative manner how the Romanian political parties developed themselves in Bukovina, in the frame of the parliamentary system introduced in 1861 in this Duchy, as well as throughout the Habsburg monarchy. Introducing of a parliament system in Bukovina (1861), signifies actually a beginning of provincial politics. Over time, from the political factions of the Chernivtsy Landtag, which imitated the “Center” model (i.e. located in Vienna), resulted a Romanian political party. The Romanian National Party, led mostly by some great landowners, had a strong conservative affiliation. In the last decades of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the leadership of these great landowners was strongly challenged by the rising Romanian bourgeoisie. In the famous debates of ideas, mainly about the “national idea”, intellectuals from the Romanian parties played a crucial role. The effect of these debates strongly influenced the rise and dissolution of the Romanian political parties. Résumé: L'étude ci-jointe analyse d'une manière comparative le développement des partis politiques roumains de Bucovine dans le cadre du système parlementaire introduit dans ce duché tout en commençant avec l'année 1861, ainsi que dans toute la monarchie habsbourgeoise. L'introduction d'un parlement propre de la Bucovine en 1861 a marqué le 1 Das Studium wurde in Rahmen der Forschungsprojekt CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, PN II, ID, nr. 1646, gemacht. Copyright © 2011 „Codrul Cosminului”, XVII, 2011, Nr. 2, p. 93-108 94 Mihai-Ştefan Ceauşu commencement de la vie politique provinciale. Le long du temps, des fractions politiques du Lantag de Tcernovtsy, qui copiaient le modèle du Centre, est issu un parti politique roumain. Le Parti National Roumain, dirigé le plus souvent par les grands propriétaires de terres, avait une puissante colorature conservatrice. Les dernières décennies du 19-ème siècle et au début du 20-ème siècle, le rôle dirigeant des grands propriétaires (de ce parti) a été puissament contesté par la bourgeoisie roumaine en ascension. Dans les débats d'idées des partis roumains, portés principalement autour de l'idée nationale, les intellectuels ont joué un rôle crucial. L'effet de ces débats a été visible surtout dans la dynamique accentuée de la fondation et de la dissolution des partis politiques roumains. Keywords: Political Parties, Romania, Bukovina, Landtag (Parliament), Habsburg Monarchy, Romanian National Party In unserem Studium schlagen wir nur vor, ohne den Anspruch auf das Unternehmen eines vollständigen, historiographischen Vorgehens zu haben, ein paar Aspekte aus dieser vielseitigen Problematik, betreffs der Rolle der rumänischen politischen Elite in der Gestaltung einiger rumänischen Parteien im bukowinischen Lantang, der Auswirkung auf das Parteisystem (eine oder mehrere Parteien), von der Spaltung der rumänischen politischen Elite, auf die Entwicklung seiner sozialen Struktur und die politischen Wahlen ankommend, verursacht, die Dynamic der Entwicklung der rumänischen Parteien und ihrer Wiederspiegelung in der politischen Wahlen der Hauptverteter der rumänischen Elite im Landtag und Reichstag, hervorzuheben. Von Anfang an muß die Tatsache hervorgehoben werden, daß die Entwicklung der rumänischen politischen Parteien in der Bukowina im Laufe der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, wie übrigens alle anderen politischen Parteien in dieser Gegend, in strenger Verbindung mit der Entwicklung des Parlamentarismuses in der Habsburgischen Monarchie2 und der zwei spezifischen Organismen, des Reichtages und besonders, des bukowinischen Landtags zusammenhängt. Das Problem des Erringens eines eigenen Landtags für die Bukowina, in welchem alle provinziellen Stände gleich und ohne Nations- oder Religionsunterschied vertreten werden sollten, wurde während der Revolution von 1848 mit besonderer Beharrlichkeit angeschnitten und es stand in direkten Verbindung mit der vitalen Frage der Trennung von Galizien und der Erlangung des Status einer autonomen Provinz des Reiches3. Diese war die Reaktion der 2 Über die Problematik der Parteien und des Parlamentarismus in der Habsburgermonarchie siehe: Gustav Kolmer, Parlament und Verfassung in Österreich, 8 Bde, Wien-Leipzig 1902-1914; Albert Fuchs, Geistige Strömungen in Österreich. 1867-1918, Wien 1949; Klaus Berchtold, Österreichische Parteiprogramme. 1866-1966, Wien 1967; Oswald Knauer, Das österreichische Parlament von 1848-1966, Wien 1967; Herbert Schambeck (Hrsg.), Österreichs Parlament. Werden und System, Berlin 1986; Gabor Erdödy (Hrsg.), Das Parteiwesen Österreich-Ungarn, Budapest 1987. 3 Cornelia Bodea, 1848 la români. O istorie în date şi mărturii [1848 zu Rumänen. Eine Geschichte in Daten und Beweise], Bucureşti [Bukarest] 1982, Bd. I, S. 609; Mihai Iacobescu, Din istoria Bucovinei [Aus der Geschichte der Bukowina], Bd. I (1774-1862). Die entwicklung der Rumänischen Politischen Parteien in der Bukowina 95 Unbefriedugung und Unzufriedenheiten, mit der Zeit von der rumänischen politischen Elite angesammelt, auf das ständige Ablehnen der habsburgischen Autoritäten betreffs ihres Wunsches der Beteiligung an der Regierung der Provinz4 und der Einbeziehung der Bukowina, als einfacher verwaltungsmäßiger Kreis, in die Provinz Galizien, wo sich die Rumänen wegen der Unterschiede von Sprache, Religion und geschichtlicher Tradition nie identifizieren konnten. Daher kommt auch die Beharrlichkeit der bukowinischen politischen Leute, mit Eudoxiu von Hurmuzaki an der Spitze, abgesehen von den grundsätzlichen Entscheidungs-faktoren in der Monarchie (Reichstag und Kaiser), für das Erlangen der Desiderate5, als besonders wichtig für die Entwicklung der rumänischen Nation im ganzen in der Bukowina angesehen. Durch die Kaiserliche Verfassung vom 4. März 1849 wurden die Beschwerden der rumänischen politischen Elite samt der Anerkennung der Bukowina als autonome Provinz mit dem Titel „Herzogtum“ angenommen. Danach, etwas später, aufgrund der Vorschläge der Vertreter des Großgrundbesitzertums6, des hohen Klerus und des Bürgertums7 durch das kaiserliche Patent vom 29. September 1850, wurden Landesverfassung und Landtagswahlordnung anerkannt; wesentliche Gesetze die die Befugnisse, die Zusammensetzung und die Wirkungsweise des bukowinischen Landtags feststellen. Aber, als Folge der Einsetzung der neoabsolutistischen Regierung in der habsburgischen Monarchie, durch das kaiserliche Patent vom 31. Dezember 18518 wurden diese politischen Gesetye nie in die politische Praxis versetzt. Anfang der 60-er Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts, wurde die Autonomie der Bukowina als Folge der Entscheidung des Ministers Agenor Goluchowski, vom 26. April 1860, ihren Statut als autonome Provinz abzuschaffen und sie als einfacher verwaltungsmäßiger Kreis in Galizien wieder einzuschließen, bedenklich versetzt.9 Die Reaktion der rumänischen politischen Elite und nicht nur, als auch der bukowinischen Öffentlichkeit, war sehr prompt, indem man dem Kaiser und den De la administraţia militară la autonomia provincială [Von Militärverwaltung zur Landesselbständigkeit], Bucureşti [Bukarest] 1993, S. 375 ff.. 4 Mihai-Ştefan Ceauşu, Vasile Balş – un iosefinist bucovinean [Basilius Balsch – ein josephiner Bukowiner], in: David Prodan. Puterea modelului [David Prodan. Die Macht dem Beispiel], Hrsg. von N. Bocşan, N. Edroiu, L. Maior, A. Răduţiu, P. Teodor, Cluj- Napoca 1995, S. 136 ff. 5 I.G.Sbiera, O pagină din istoria Bucovinei din 1848-1850 dimpreună cu nişte notiţe despre familia Hurmuzaki [Ein Blatt aus der Geschichte der Bukowina von 1848-1850 zusammen mit einige Notizen über die Familie Hurmuzaki], Czernowitz 1899, S. 9 ff. 6 Arhivele Naţionale Istorice Centrale [Zentralen NationalhistorischenArchiven] Bukarest, fond Guvernământul Bucovinei [Bestand Bukowiner Landespräsidum], Kar 2. Nr. 3/1849, fol. 72; „Bukowina. Rumänische Zeitung für Politik, Kirche und Literatur“, Tschernowitz, Nr. 29 vom 9./21. September; Nr. 31 vom 23. September/5. Oktober 1849. 7 Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt, Wien, nr. 21/1850. 8 Hugo Hantsch, Die Geschichte Österreichs, Bd. 2, Graz-Wien-Köln/Rhein 1955, S. 368-369. 9 Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt, Wien, nr. 107/1860. 96 Mihai-Ştefan Ceauşu Autoritäten in Wien mehrere Bittschriften vorzeigte, von Vertretern
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