POLITICAL LIFE POLITICAL LIFE INTRODUCTION Since 1944, Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia shared in political life common elements such as the establishment a one party system, the imposition of a new ideology, construction of new constitutions, the creation of a personality cult towards political leaders and the important role of propaganda in society. However there were also specific elements for each country, such as the issue of statehood for Macedonia or the big emphasis on class struggle in Albania. As a result of the transition in Eastern Europe in the late eighties, radical changes could be noticed in the political systems in Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia. The three countries experienced the formation of different political parties, free elections and the application of the human rights. How far these changes are everyday reality is left to the judgment of the users of these materials. Political life deals with the following subtopics: Constitutions The constitution is the foundation of the modern state. It shows how the government of the state is organised and what are the rights and responsibilities of the citizens, or at least it should be. As it sometimes turns out that the constitution is different from reality. This subtopic presents the developments in the constitutions of Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia since 1945 and makes critical comparisons between the constitutions and the real situation. Elections After 1945 Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia had political systems in which the citizens were allowed to take part in elections. But elections can be organised in different ways and can have different political purposes. What was the meaning of elections in a one party-system and what in a multi-party system? Political persons In every society political leaders and powerful people play an important role. But in some systems their power can be limited. In other systems the power of the leadership is cultivated. This subtopic looks for the similarities and differences in political leadership in Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria since 1945. Human rights Human rights are a relatively modern concept in political life. Today they form an important internationally recognised criterion to judge the quality of life in different countries and to morally judge governments. This was not always the same in the past. This subtopic looks at the development of human rights like political freedom, minority rights, children’s rights and women’s rights in Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia. In how far were these human rights adopted and respected during the different political regimes since 1945 and was there a difference between theory and reality?

Doc. 1 Bulgaria Area: 110,910 sq km Population: 7,621,337 (July 2002 est.) Capital: Sofia National holiday: Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)

BG MK Macedonia AL Area: Albania 25,333 sq km Area: Population: 28,748 sq km 2,054,800 (July 2002 est.) Population: Capital: 3,544,841 (July 2002 est.) Skopje Capital: National holiday: Tirana Independence Day, 8 September (1991) National holiday: Uprising Day, 2 August (1903) Independence Day, 28 November (1912)

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Doc. 2 0 0 Timeline 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 9 8 9 1 1991 1 5 9 8 9 9 1 1 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 9 8 9 1 0 8 9 1 1980 1980 1980 1976 S 1974 N O I T 1971 U T I T S N Todor Zivkov ELECTIONS 1970 1970 1970 O C POLITICAL LEADERS POLITICAL Albania Bulgaria Macedonia 1963 1960 1960 1960 Multy party system Georgi Dimitrov Georgi 1946 Josip Broz Tito - Broz Josip 1945 Enver Hoxha Enver 4 Bulgaria 4 9 1 1950 1950 1950 One party system 1947 Albania Macedonia 1946 1944 940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1 Overall key questions: 1. What were the changes in political life in the three countries between 1944 and today? 2. What was the impact of the changes in political life on everyday life?

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 18 POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 3 Albanian National Anthem National symbols of Albania United around the flag, With one desire and goal, Let us pledge our word of honor To fight for our salvation Only he who is a born traitor Averts from the struggle. He who is brave is not daunted, But falls - a martyr to the cause. With arms in hand we shall remain, To guard our fatherland terrain. Our rights we will not bequeath, Enemies have no place here. For the Lord Himself has said, That nations vanish from the earth, But Albania shall live on, Because for her, it is for her that we fight.

Doc. 4 National symbols of Bulgaria Bulgarian National Anthem Proud Balkan Mountains, Next to them the Danube flows, The sun sheds its light over Thrace, Shining over Pirin Chorus: Dear native land, Your beauty and your charm, Ah, they never end Many fighters gave their life For our dear nation, Mother, give us strength To follow in their steps

Doc. 5 Macedonian National Anthem National symbols of Macedonia Today above Macedonia, the new sun of liberty is born The Macedonians fight for their own rights! The Macedonians fight for their own rights! For now on, the flag flies (that) of the Krushevo Republic Goce Delchev, Pitu Guli Dame Gruev, Sandanski! Goce Delchev, Pitu Guli Dame Gruev, Sandanski! The Macedonian forests sing in one voice new songs, of news that Macedonia is liberated and liberated it lives! Macedonia is liberated and liberated it lives!

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CONSTITUTIONS

ALBANIA

Key questions 1. What kind of changes have been made to the political systems since 1944 in the respective countries ? 2. How did the Constitutions legislate the political system ? 3. In which way does the theoretical intention diverge from practical use/reality ? 4. How did the Constitution legislate the political system?

Doc. 6 People’s Assembly ( P. A.) Political System according to the - Supreme State Authority 1946 Constitution - Elected every 4 years - Convenes twice a year - Compiles, approves, and rescinds laws - Amends the Constitution Presidium of the People’s Assembly - Permanent State Authority elected by P.A. - Interprets conformity of laws with Constitution and compiles decrees - Exercises the right of pardon - Nominates and discharges ministers - Announces general mobilization in case of aggression - Announces referenda - Ratifies international treaties - Nominates the general prosecutor and public prosecutors Supreme Court General Public Prosecutor Government - Supreme executive and commanding authority of state power. - Nominated by P.A. People’s Councils - Municipal authorities elected - every two years (Localities) - and every three years (Districts, Prefectures)

Doc. 7 Article 1 Political regime according to the Albania is a People’s Republic where total power emanates 1946 Constitution from people and belongs to it. Doc. 8 …Riza Dani rose and made a provocative insinuation against the The essence of the 1946 essence of the Constitution draft…He went on to attack the Constitution Constitution draft, because, according to him , it was “ideological and not national in spirit”! “I stand for a free democracy and want the Constitution to be inspired by that principle!” declared Riza Dani… E. Hoxha. Laying the Of course, Riza was in favour of a “ free” bourgeois democracy foundations of the new Albania. so that he and his ilk would really be free to make profits, to be the Tirana 1984 elite of the nation and decide its fate according to their own interests.

Doc. 9 …At another meeting of the People’s Assembly, another associate of Political parties in the 1946 Dani’s and Kokoshi’s raised an issue which was finished: he sought Constitution E. Hoxha. Laying the the formation of other “democratic parties which, he stated “should foundations of the new Albania. exist in the same way as the communist party of Albania”. The whole Tirana 1984. Assembly rose and rejected his proposal and aims…

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Doc. 10

January, 11 1946, Albania was proclaimed a People’s Republic

Doc. 11 Question: Did you say that this is an absolute regime ? From the Trial Against Shefqet Answer: Yes, because this regime defends the points of view of one Beja, Vice Organisational party. Chairman of Fronti, dt. Question: Why do you like western democracy ? 04.09.1947 Answer: First of all, it is a question of opinion, because the principles “Democratic Renascence” of this democracy (the people’s democracy) are not those of the west newspaper, 12.10.1991 which has real democracy. Doc. 12 Article 1 Political system in 1976 Albania is a Socialist People’s Republic. Article 2 The People’s Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the dictatorship of the proletariat which expresses and defends interests of all the working people... Article 3 The Albanian Labour Party, the vanguard of the working class, is the sole political leading force of the state and society. In the People’s Socialist Republic of Albania ruling ideology is Marxist-Leninism. All socialist order is developed on the basis of its principles. Doc. 13 Doc. 14 The Albanian People’s Assembly building Council of Ministers building

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 21 CONSTITUTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 15 Political System according to the 1976 Constitution People’s Assembly ( P. A.) - Supreme State Authority - Elected every 4 years Presidium of People’s Assembly - 250 members ¨ Permanent State Authority - Defines main directions of internal and foreign policy ¨ Confers decorates and grants honorary titles - Approves and changes Constitution ¨ Exercises the right of pardon - Approves state plan ¨ Grants citizenship and permits it to be given up - Announces general mobilization in case of aggression ¨ Administrative division of Republic - Ratifies international treties - Executes international treaties - Decides on referenda - Compiles, approves, rescinds laws - Nominates the general prosecutor and public prosecutor Supreme Court Elects, approves/discharges Presidium, Council of Ministers General Public Prosecutor

Council of Ministers Nominated by P.A. People’s Councils Supreme executive authority of state power. Municipal authorities elected every three years

Doc. 16 ...The old Constitution laid the foundations for socialism, whereas 1976 Constitution replaces 1946 the new Constitution will complete the construction of the socialist Constitution society. The people’s power which emerged from the National Liberation War had to be consolidated and perfected. The frenzied Enver Hoxha, Report on the resistance by the overthrown exploiting classes and their activity of the Central Committee endeavours to restore the past had to be smashed. The old of the Albanian Labour Party. economic relations had to be liquidated and replaced with new Submitted to the 7th Congress of socialist relations... The first Constitution of the People’s Republic the Albanian Labour Party. of Albania which the party gave the people and the country, served November 1, 1976. to solve these great historical problems and tasks.

Doc. 17

Question 1. What in your opinion is the message of the picture?

O Albania, a charm fortress Who struck you and did not kneel by you Vasil Lalo,”In Basket of Lobsters”. House of Popular Creation, Tirana, 1979.

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Doc. 18 Article 1 1991 Main Constitutional Albania is a Parliamentary Republic. National sovereignty emanates Provision Law from the people and belongs to it. Article 6 1. Political plurality is one of the fundamental conditions of democracy in the Albanian State. 2. Political parties and other organisations may be established and their activities pursued in compliance with the law. They are completely separate from the State.

Doc. 19 Article 1 Political Power according to the Albania is a Parliamentary Republic. 1998 Constitution Article 9 Political parties are created freely. Their organization shall conform with democratic principles. Political parties and other organizations whose the programs and activity are based on totalitarian methods, which incite and support racial, religious, regional or ethnic hatred, which use violence to take power or influence state policies, as well as those with a secret character are prohibited pursuant to the law.

Doc. 20 Function of Political Power according to the 1998 Constitution President Constitutional Court High Assembly - Elected by secret vote every five years Court 140 deputies - Supreme Commander of the armed force Court of Appeal Supreme State Authority - Exercises the right of pardon Court of First Instance Votes and approves laws on - Grants Albanian citizenship and permission 9 members 1. Organisation and operation of to renounce it institutions - Awards decorations and honorary titles The Council of 2. Citizenship - Appoints the highest military ranks Ministers 3. General and local elections - Appoints the Prime Minister at the proposal Defines the principle 4. Referenda of the party or coalition forming the majority directions of general 5. Codes - Signs international agreements state policy 6. State of emergency 7. Status of public functionaries Prime Minister 8. Amnesty - Outlines and presents principle directions of general state policy and is 9. Administrative divisions of the responsible for them country - Assures the implementation of legislation and policies approved by the Council of Ministers

Questions 1. Compare the Constitution from 1946 with the Constitution of 1976 and 1998. What are the differences and the similarities?

Doc. 21 Change in the National Coat of Arms

Questions 1. What are the symbols of the coats of arms ? 2. What do they symbolize ? 3. Why did they change ? 1946-1992 1992-2001 2001-

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BULGARIA Doc. 22 Political system according to the 1947 Constitution Ministry Council National Assembly (NA) • (Prime minister) supreme state authority elected • nominated by NA for a term of 4 years convening • supreme executive and command twice a year authority of the state power • passess, amends and rescinds the laws • authority to amend Constitution Presidium of the National Assembly • permanent state authority, elected by National Assembly • acts as head of the state People’s councils Electorate: • municipal authorities universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot • elected for a term of 3 years

Doc. 23 Article 1 General principles of the politi- Bulgaria is a People’s Republic with a form of government cal system according to the 1947 Constitution established and approved following the Bulgarian people’s heroic 1947 Constitution of the People’s struggle against monarchy and fascist dictatorship, and its Republic of Bulgaria victorious rebellion on 9 September 1944.

Doc. 24 It was 4 December 1947. Voting for the Constitution in […] I can easily remember 1947 the moment the door to the National Assembly opened. Outside I can see exited Questions people. Thousands of them 1. Who are the participants in have come from different the event? parts of the country. […] We 2. What is the author’s position? all rose in the hall. The opposition group remained seated in 3. Why did the communist leader demonstration. Dimitrov appealed to the Assembly, pointing to Georgi Dimitrov make such a the thousands of people outside: “Look! The people are voting judgement of the event? for their own Constitution!”- And after that pointed to the opposition group - “And what sort of Constitution do they want?” […] I remember Dimitrov’s exciting speech: “We have adopted the most democratic Constitution in the history of Bulgaria. This Magazine Woman today, 1981 is our greatest day!” and tears came into his eyes. Doc. 25 Ilia Beshkov - Cartoon about the Constitution of 1947 Questions: 1. What event is shown in doc. 24 and 25? 2. Compare the points of view of the authors!

“It’s a nice Constitution, but why does it mention work ? That upsets my digestion .“

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Doc. 26 Article 1 Political system in the 1970’s (1) The People’s Republic of Bulgaria is a socialist state owned by the workers from town and country, lead by the working class. (2) The leading power of society and state is the Bulgarian Communist Party. (3)The Bulgarian Communist Party rules the development of a socialist society in collaboration with the Bulgarian Agricultural People’s Union. Article 5 General principals of the society’s political system: sovereignty 1971 Constitution of the People’s of the people, unity of the power, democratic centralism, socialist Republic of Bulgaria democratism, legality and socialist internationalism. Doc. 27 Doc. 28 The Bulgarian National Assembly building The Bulgarian Ministry Council building

Doc. 29 Political system according to the 1971 Constitution

National Assembly (NA) State Council (SC) Chairman of NA Chairman of SC • joins the legislative and executive • supreme uniformly acting authority, elected by NA branch of power of the state • authority to schedule sessions of NA • elected every 5 years • legislative initiative • • has the authority to change the has control over the government actual government

Constitution Ministry Council (Prime minister) • nominated by NA • executive authority

People’s councils • state power authorities in

Electorate: municipalities, regions and counties universal, equal and directe suffrage by secret ballot • every 2.5 years

Questions: 1. What are the characteristic features of the Constitution, showing it’s socialist type? 2. Explain why Article 1 of the Constitution 1971 becomes an object of strong social debate after the changes in 1989? 3. Find and show proof of the internal development of a totalitarian model of state using attached documents.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 25 CONSTITUTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 30 On top of democracy

Questions: 1. Who is the figure on top of the crown? 2. What does the crown symbo- lize in the 1989 political model? Why is that the top of demo- cracy? 3. What do you think is the message of this cartoon? 4. Would it have been possible to publish this or similar car toons in official issues (in Bulgaria in the 1970’s)? Explain your answer.

cartoon, T. Tsonev, 1988

Doc. 31 Division of power according to the 1991 Constitution

Questions: 1. What are the manifestations of democratization according to the 1991 Constitution? 2. Define the role and functions of the president? 3. What are the interactions between the president and the executive power? 4. Analyze the attached documents and compare these political models.

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Doc. 32 Obviously the overthrow of Zhivkov was the end of an age, The changes following 10 making his name synonymous with the totalitarian regime in Bulgaria. November 1989 in Bulgaria But Zhivkov’s overthrow was effected by the Communist party hierarchy: it was more a curt coup than a revolution, and “people’s rule” in Bulgaria is not so much the reason as the consequence of the change in leadership. After November 10, street actions and strikes led to the establishment of people’s rule, but it has generally not, or R. Krampton. A short History of not at all, been radical in opposing traditional institutions and ideas to Modern Bulgaria, 1994 bring about changes

Doc. 33 Signing of the new Constitution, July 12, 1991

Doc. 34 Evolution of Bulgarian Coat of Arms

Questions: 1947-1971 1971-1991 1. What changes have you disco- vered in the symbols? Why did they change?

1991-

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MACEDONIA STATEHOOD

1944 1991 Key question STATEHOOD 1. Under which circumstances was the Mace- donian state proclaimed?

Doc. 35 The Yugoslav people have never recognized the breakup of Yugoslavia Proclamation by the ACNLY by fascist imperialists, and by sharing arms in a common struggle (Antifascist Council for the have proved their firm conviction to remain united in Yugoslavia. National Liberation of Yugo- 1. Sovereignity for all people of Yugoslavia will be fulfilled and Yugoslavia slavia) will be the native country of all people who live there and never again be a target for hegemony, Yugoslavia is and will be founded on federal Jajce, Bosnia, 29.11.1943 principles, guaranteeing full equality to Serbs, Croatians, Slovenians, Question: Macedonians and Montenegrans; to all people from Serbia, Croatia, 1. Which democratic rights Slovenia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. can you recognize in the 2. The federal foundation of Yugoslavia based on full democratic rights proclamation? means that even now during the War for National Liberation, the National Liberation Committees already represent the basic principles of national power for some of the peoples of Yugoslavia. ACPLM Documents, Skopje, 4. All national rights will be guaranteed to minority nationalities. 1984 5. This decision is now in effect. Doc. 36 A letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Choosing and sending dele- Macedonia to the District Committees for choosing and sending gates April, 2, 1944 delegates to the first ACPLM meeting (Antifascist Council of the People Liberation of Macedonia). We would like to see delegates elected from a group of 5 – 6 people at district conferences. However, if this is not possible, do not Questions: wait until an election can take place. In that case, send us delegates we 1. Are the delegates chosen in have named or those you would name without further delay provided democratic way or not? they are in agreement with the principles set out in the October 1943 Explain your opinion. Manifesto by Headquarters. The People currently imprisoned or interned should also be taken into consideration. People delegated who are working illegally or fighting in our war for National Liberation and are unable to attend should send their own ACPLM Documents, Skopje, authorised representatives to the First Antifascist Council of the People 1984 Liberation of Macedonia. Doc. 37 Participants at ACPLM

Based on Documents, ACPLM , Skopje, 1984 (Prepared by author)

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 28 POLITICAL LIFE CONSTITUTIONS

Doc. 38 Participants at ACPLM Based on Documents, ACPLM , Skopje, 1984

Questions: 1. Which classes in society were the delegates elected from? 2. Think of a reason why the delegates were elected from all parts of Macedonia? Doc. 39 “Comrades, men and women, people’s representatives! I come as Atanas Atanasovski: the the people’s representative from Pirins Macedonia and bring you warm people’s representative from greetings from your brothers (applause). All Macedonians in Pirins Pirin’s Macedonia Macedonia look forward to that happy day soon when we will unite with Questions: our brothers in Macedonia, in Tito’s Democratic and Federal Yugoslavia, 1. Is this document contro- to build a free and united Macedonia with all our might (applause). versial or not? I beg you to take great steps in this matter as soon as possible, to Explain your opinion. unite us with our federal Macedonian country. A museum of Macedonia Long live Tito’s Yugoslavia (applause). Doc. 40 Article 1 Decree passed by the Anti- Being founded on the sovereign will and the right of the self fascist Council of the People determination of the people of Macedonia, whose faithful representatives Liberation of Macedonia are the representatives of this Council, and due to resolutions passed at St. Prohor Pchinski, the II meeting of ACNLY (Antifascist Council of the National Liberation 02.08.1944 of Yugoslavia) in the city of Jajce-29 November 1943, the Antifascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Macedonia (ACPLM ) is constituted as a supreme Legislative and Representative Body of Macedonia and the Question: Macedonian Country, as an equal federal part of a democratic Yugoslavia. 1. What were the political Article 2 aims achieved by the ACPLM is responsible for the legislative and representative Macedonian people and functions of the Macedonian federal country, for as long as this function is ACPLM ’s resolutions? not handed over to its Presidium and to the National Jurisdiction of the Macedonian Country. Article 3 ACPLM Documents, Skopje, ACPLM is made up of he national representatives, irrespective of 1984 nationality, sex, race or political beliefs.

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Doc. 41 Article 1 An ACPLM Decree The Macedonian Language is registered as an Official Language ACPLM Documents, Skopje, 1984 in the Country of Macedonian.

Doc. 42 …”In its fight for freedom for the Macedonian people, the First Manifesto from the first Macedonian People Assembly PROCLAIMS THE RIGHT TO FULL ASNOM meeting FREEDOM AND EQUALITY FOR ALL NATIONALITIES IN MACEDONIA.” …”Macedonians dominated by Bulgaria and Greece, the uniting of all Macedonian people depends on your participation in the antifascist cause. Question: Only by fighting the fascist occupier you will earn the right to self- 1. What was expected and determination and the unity of all Macedonian people in Tito’s Yugoslavia, what was realized because the liberated community of free and equal people.” of the ACPLM decisions? …”Brothers, Albanians, Turks and Vlachs. Occupiers have always stirred disputes between us, to divide and rule our country more easily and to enslave our people. Your sons are fighting in the Macedonian Army, some in positions of command. Your partisans who fought from the beginning of World War II are representatives in the People Assembly. Join in the ACPLM Documents, Skopje, fight against the occupier so that you can join in building a free Macedonia 1964 for all nationalities.” Macedonian National Anthem Doc. 43 Today above Macedonia, Symbols of the Macedonia the new sun of liberty is born State The Macedonians fight for their own rights! The Macedonians fight for their own rights! Questions: For now on, the flag flies (that) of the Krushevo Republic 1. Do you recognize commu- Goce Delchev, Pitu Guli nist influence in the Mace- Dame Gruev, Sandanski! donian state Symbols? Goce Delchev, Pitu Guli 2. What do the flag and the Dame Gruev, Sandanski! The Macedonian forests coat of arms symbolize? sing in one voice new songs, of news that Macedonia is liberated and liberated it lives! Macedonia is liberated and liberated it lives! Doc. 44 Doc. 45 Monastery St. Prohor Pchinski The main auditorium where the First ACPLM The location for the first session of ACPLM Session was held

Monographic, Republic of Macedonia, 1999 Monographic, Republic of Macedonia, 1999 Monographic, Republic of Macedonia, 1999

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Doc. 46 Doc. 47 The constituents of the Presidium of the People’s Celebration in the monastery St. Prohor Pshinski Assembly of Macedonia with its first President, during the session Metodia Andonov-Chento (sitting in the centre)

www.arhiv.com.mk 5 years of P.R. Macedonia, 1950 After the death of Josip Broz - Tito in May 1980, tumultuous changes were expected. He himself sensed much earlier that after his death a schism would follow, so one of the measures he introduced was the introduction of a collective chief of state - the presidency of SFRY with a one-year mandate. The economic situation worsened from day to day. Enormous inflation was counterbalanced by loans from foreign banks. Due to the deteriorating political relations in the federation and to the disputes between separate Republics national tensions increased, in which Kosovo played a dominant role, making it more difficult to choose a president of the Yugoslav government. Political problems culminated parallel to the economic ones. Inter-republic and inter-national relations were extremely poor. This was the reason why every republic wanted independence. In 1990, turbulent political changes were taking place in Macedonia. They were important for the forthcoming phase of independence when Macedonia would act as a sovereign and independent state.

Doc. 48 The Presidents of the Presidents of the SFRY SFRY Republics at the 1991 Republics Ohrid meeting, one of a series of unsuccessful attempts to solve the Yugoslav crisis. Macedonia determined to establish complete soverei- gnty and independence in a www.arhiv.com.mk peaceful manner.

Doc. 49 The Assembly of The Republic of Macedonia, decided at its Referendum statistic session on 6 August 1991 to hold a referendum and determined that the question to be asked at the referendum be: “Are you in favour of an Monographic, Republic of independent Macedonia with a possibility of entering into an Macedonia, 1999 alliance with the other states in Yugoslavia”?

Questions: 1. Why did not everybody go to elections?

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 31 CONSTITUTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 50 Article 1 Declaration of Sovereignty of This declaration expresses the sovereignty of the Socialist the Socialist Republic Mace- Republic of Macedonia in accordance with the constitutional decisions donia for independence and territorial integrity of the Macedonian state, and the right of the Macedonian people for self-determination, including the rights for separation.

Article 4 The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, as a sovereign state, independently makes decisions for future relations with the states of the Official paper of S. R. other people of Yugoslavia in accordance with their interests by peaceful Macedonia, 01.02.1991 and democratic means.

Doc. 51 Doc. 52 The Parliament building Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia

Taken from post card www.arhiv.com.mk Doc. 53 Doc. 54 The first Macedonian Government formed by the Announcement of the Referendum results at the Prime minister Nikola Kljusev in the process of square in Skopje independence (1991)

Republic of Macedonia, 1999 www.arhiv.com.mk

Question: 1. Compare the following pictures: 44, 45, 46, 47 with 51, 52, 53, 54, find differences and give an explanation about the changes!

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Doc. 55 …”That night, as our statesmen and party leaders were drinking Independence celebratory champagne on the stage in the city square, someone in the crowd whether seriously or in fun, said: ‘Be careful - you even get drunk from champagne! And a hungry stomach speaks louder than The magazine “Svet”, no. 63, 1996 that !’”… Doc. 56 …“We have declared a sovereign Republic of Macedonia. How sovereign are we? We have declared in front of all the democratic and freedom loving world, who has had the opportunity to see the video tape of that monster-nazi , climbed on that “war vehicle”, who without anything human in himself has drowned the Macedonian soldier. But, what kind of sovereignty is it, when our soldiers are dying on someone else’s battlefields? What kind of sovereignty is it, when we can’t enlist our soldiers ourselves ? What sovereignty is it, when our sons are woken from their beds and taken to …..who knows where[…]? What are the secrets of a war when a parent doesn’t know where his child is being taken to? Someone will say “a war condition, mobilization…Why don’t they mobilize the sons of those who have lead us to this ‘war Daily newspaper,” New between brothers’, and when will the ‘deadly cry’ come to their homes, Macedonia”, 14.05.1991 so that they may come to their senses.” Doc. 57 In respect of the fact that the Republic of Macedonia fulfilled “Former Yugoslav Republic of all internationally recognized conditions, the UN Security Council Macedonia” proposed to the General Assembly to accept the Republic of Macedonia as a member of the UN under the provisional name (reference) “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” until the Monographic, Republic of dispute with Greece is solved. Thus, on April 8 1993, the Republic of Macedonia, 1999 Macedonia became the 181th member of the United Nations.

Doc. 58 US mediator, Richard Holbrooke brokered a deal between The Flag the two countries on September 13, 1995. Macedonia agreed to change its flag and to include provisions in its constitution that prevent it from making any territorial claims against neighboring countries. Greece agreed to lift the trade blockade and the ban on Macedonian passport-holders and to stop vetoing European Union aid for Macedonia

Daily newspaper,” New Macedonia”, 14.09.1995 (1992-1995) (1995-)

Doc. 59 According to the European Community’s Arbitration Commission (the The Badinter Commission Badinter Commission) on January 11, 1992: “The Republic of Macedonia fulfilled the conditions laid out by the guidelines on the Recognition of New States in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union as well as by the Declaration on Yugoslavia adopted by the council of www.historyofmacedonia.org ministers of the European Community on 16 December 1991.” Questions: 1. What kind of procedure is need to be fulfilled to become an independant state?

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 33 CONSTITUTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

CONSTITUTIONS

Doc. 60 ...The new social order in our country demands a new form Part of Tito’s speech, 1946 of political life. Being numerous and heterogeneous in terms of their beliefs, political parties would also represent the greatest obstacle Question: for quick and sustainable development of our country. 1. What are the reasons for intro- Not only the political, but also the economic structure of ducing an one party system? our country excludes the possibility of the existence of numerous political parties with old programs and old beliefs. S. F. R. Yugoslavia 1945-1985, 1986 The unique economic problems demand political unity too....

Doc. 61 “The Communist Party of Yugoslavia was an instrumental Tito - about the Communist factor for the development of society (C\PY). It was an organization Party, 1946 with a brilliantly firm discipline, based on the awareness of its social role and with great confidence in the people. There was not a great Question: number of members. After the war there were 141,000 members. In 1. What is the connection between spite of that, the party has still managed to lead the country’s whole doc. 60 and 61? social life …The concept of the Communist Party to build and develop Yugoslavia as a socialist country was initially influenced by Josip Broz Tito, Messages of the Soviet theory and practice, which was understandable in those revolution, 1979 conditions.”

Doc. 62 1946 Constitution Article 46 In case of non-conformance of federal laws and the laws of the Peoples Republic of Macedonia, the federal laws are applicable.

Doc. 63 Relations between the Fede- ration and Republics

Question: 1.How does the constitution regulate the federation’s com- petences? (article 46 from doc. 62) 2.In what way the cartoon criti- cises official documents?

Macedonian Cartoons, Vladimir Velichkovski, 1973

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 34 POLITICAL LIFE CONSTITUTIONS

Doc. 64 The Politburo session, 1946

Question: 1. Why does the politburo thinks it is useful to present itself in front of the statues?

5 years of Macedonia, 1950

Doc. 65 “The party and its military service acts ignorantly and Metodia Andonov-Chento on threateningly. I soon realized who I was dealing with, therefore the the political system separation was inevitable. I have no peace in me, because too many wrongs were done. To tell the truth, even when I was the formal Head of the State. Power was not in my hands, not even temporarily, Efim Gasev, Our cause, 1995 it was in the hands of the party...”

Doc. 66 CONSTITUITION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL 1963 Constitution REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA Article 115 The Federation has the exclusive right and duty to pass laws and other acts, and to execute them directly, and is responsible for their execution. The Republics may only pass their laws if authorized by Federal Law. Article 116 The Federation has the right and duty to provide a unified agricultural system and social product distribution system. The Federation also provides a unified political system, a system of social self-government and basic freedoms, as well as human and civil rights. Article 148 Republic Constitutions cannot be in non-conformity with the Constitution of Yugoslavia. Republic Law shall be in accordance with Federal Law.

Doc. 67 It was considered that in a new socialist society, nations A comment of the period of would start to fade away. That is why attention was not paid to state socialism, 1986 the autonomy and sovereignty of the Yugoslav Republics. On the contrary, economic, cultural and educational policies were Historical turnovers in the centralized at the federative level. In reality, neither the nation development of Yugoslavia, nor the national consciousness disappeared but, in fact, continued Dusan Biljandich, Skopje, 1986 developing. Doc. 68 CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC Constitution 1974 OF YUGOSLAVIA Article 299 The Socialistic Republic of Macedonia has the following rights and obligations: 1. To protect the sovereignty, independence and national liberty; 2. To provide conditions for the accomplishment and development of self-governed socialist relations;

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 35 CONSTITUTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

9. To participate in the determination and execution of Federation policy. 14. To organize people’s defense 17. To provide basic rights for social protection and to ensure development of this protection; 19. To consider the development and unity of the education system, to improve and standardize educational conditions in the Republic; to participate in providing conditions to develop the education targets; 21. To consider and participate in providing conditions for cultural development, and participation in providing conditions to promote cultural activities of common interest for the Republic; Doc. 69 Communication between republic and federal government

Question: 1. How is the communication bet- ween republic and federal gov- ernment represented in the car- toon?

Macedonian Cartoons, Vladimir Velichkovski, 1973

Doc. 70 Gradually we must admit that it is necessary in the framework of economic reform to make overall reforms to the political system, The historical turnovers in the and to the federation. In our society, so-called problems and development of Yugoslavia, disagreements between the nationalities have appeared, and are the Dusan Bilandjich, Skopje, 1986 central political problem at this moment of time.

Doc. 71 Josip Broz Tito - on the common meeting of the Federation, Tito on the 1974 constitution has presented an expose for the new constitution, in which he emphasized that with the new constitutions have been made “ \…major steps in the stabilization of the equality of the nations and the nationalities, and, concerning that, the self dependence of the republics and the provinces is stronger and their responsibility for Viloleta Ackovska,Macedonia in their own development and for the development of the whole Yougoslav federation, 2001 community…”!

Doc. 72 \\\st” has resulted. Political joke -”What is your productivity, comrades?” Question: -”There isn’t any!” 1. What is criticized by the joke? -”Why don’t you work then, this system has been made just for you!” Tomislav Osmanli, In the death -”Exactly!”-says the working class and enjoys a laugh with their times, 1993 authorities.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 36 POLITICAL LIFE CONSTITUTIONS

Doc. 73 The scheme of the political system (1945-1990)

Question: 1. Why was it difficult for the ordinary people to understand the political system?

School historical maps, Beograd, 1990

Doc. 74 Article 1 Constitution 1991 The Republic of Macedonia is a sovereign, independent, democratic and social state. The sovereignty of the Republic of Macedonia is indivisible, inalienable and nontransferable. Article 2 Sovereignty in the Republic of Macedonia derives from the citizens and belongs to the citizens. The citizens of the Republic of Macedonia exercise their authority through democratically elected representatives, through referendum and through other forms of direct expression. Article 7 The Macedonian language, using its Cyrillic alphabet, is the official language in the Republic of Macedonia.

Doc. 75 The scheme of the political system (1990-2000)

Question: 1. Which document is more app- ealing to you (Doc. 73 or 75)? Explain why.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 37 CONSTITUTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 76 The President of the Republic of Macedonia · Nominates a mandator to constitute the Government of the Republic The Government of the of Macedonia; Republic of Macedonia · Appoints and dismisses by decree ambassadors and other diplomatic · Determines the policy of carrying out the representatives of the Republic of Macedonia abroad; laws and other regulations of the Ass- · Accepts the credentials and letters of recall of foreign diplomatic embly and is responsible for their exe- representatives; cution; · Proposes two judges to sit on the Constitutional Court of the Republic · Proposes laws, the budget of the Republic of Macedonia; and other regulations adopted by the · Appoints three members to the Security Council of the Republic of Assembly; Macedonia; · Lays down principles on the internal orga- nization and work of the Ministries and The Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia other administrative bodies, directing and · Adopts and amends the Constitution; supervising their work; · Adopts laws and gives the authentic interpretation of laws; · Carries out political monitoring and super- · Ratifies international agreements; vision of the Government and other hol- · Decides on war and peace; ders of public office responsible to the · Makes decisions concerning any changes to the borders of the Assembly; Republic; · Proclaims amnesties; · Elects the Government of the Republic of Macedonia; · Carries out elections and discharges judges;

Doc. 77 Different view “For the first time it is absolutely clear to us that we are not the centre of some interesting happening (as we used to be with self- Question: controlled labour, the democracy of the type “something between”, 1. What is the message of this socialism with open state borders…) It’s very obvious that we have document? become just an ordinary political province… That how our circling has Tomislav Osmanli, Lessening in begun, when everything around us is moving forward.” the death time, 1993

OVERALL QUESTIONS 1. Point out the similarities and differences between the Constitutions of the three countries. 2. What kind of political system was established in the three countries and how are they evaluated nowadays? - How do the people judge the previous communist systems? 3. What kind of changes can be seen in the use of state symbols? 4. What was the realization of political rights in a one party system and a multiple party system?

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 38 POLITICAL LIFE ELECTIONS

ELECTIONS

ALBANIA On September 27, 1945 the Chairmanship of the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council proclaimed the election law. Two days later the law of electoral rolls was announced. On January 11, 1946 Albania was proclaimed a People’s Republic. Doc. 78 Results of the 1945 elections. Meetings on the People’s Republic Proclamation Day

Questions 1. Look at the poster. Comment and discuss: a. Participation of the people in elections. b. Results of general elections. c. Means of state propaganda in general elections.

Album “25 years Socialist Albania”, Tirana,1969

Doc. 79 Article 3 Election Rights All Albanian citizens, men and women who have reached the age Questions of 18 have the right to vote. 1.Look at article 4 of the electoral Article 4 roll law: why were exceptions Those who do not have the right to vote : made for one category of 4. Persons condemned by ordinary trial to life imprisonment. prisoners? Is this typical for 5. Persons condemned by ordinary trial to permanent prohibition from democracy ? public duties for the entire period of prohibition. Official gazette, 01/10/1945 All persons who have taken an active part in the National Liberation p.11:law No.125, 29/09/1945 Movement, either in military or backup formations, are excluded from About electoral rolls articles 4 and 5.

Doc. 80 …”In comparison with the list of the Front which is brillantly organised,” Participation of Individual Kokoshi admitted with regret, that “individual candidates are doomed to Candidates in Elections failure because these elements are not organised in political parties and do not have their own press or propaganda. On the other hand, the men in state power are all in the Front, thus no guarantees are given that other candidates will be elected.”.. …As far as I remember, in all the electoral districts of Albania only one Enver Hoxha, “Laying the individual candidate was presented for the elections. The representatives foundations of the new of the overthrown classes, convinced that the people were against them, Albania”. Tirana, 1984. did know follow the example of this Don Quixote who voted for himself… Doc. 81 We are entering the war of Constitutional Assembly elections. Democratic Front Candidates in This war must be won and will be won without fail by the Democratic the Electoral Campaign Front, which means the Albanian People. “Unity” newspaper, 16.10.1945 Long live the Albanian People. Long live the Democratic Front.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 39 ELECTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 82 Today, on November 30, 1945… Koco Dilo personally, by Individual Candidate* Attorney at means of his request presented to this Commission has declared his Law, Koco Dilo, Resigned, 1945 definite resignation from candidature for district No 2 of Vice candidate who during the 1945 Prefecture of his own free will. general elections was not a repre- sentative of the fronti Organisation. Unity newspaper, 01.12.1945

Doc. 83 Doc. 84 No enemy can stop the Democratic “Victory by Fronti is a Real Plebiscite” Front on its path of peace and …Small quantity (of people A.P.) who abstained, fewer than in all democracy? other Balkan countries, shows that there are no opponents to Fronti in Albania, but only a small number of discontented people, whose fate is bound to feudal and political adventurers… the constant enemies of freedom and Albanian democracy. “Unity” newspaper, 15.12.1945

Doc. 85 General Elections, Tirana, 1983

Magazine”Hosteni” Tirana, 1945

Doc. 86 With Electors from Electoral District No 108 in Tirana, May 1950

“With people, among friends” Album. Tirana, 1983 Questions: 1. Compare the sources and explain how the political “Enver Hoxha”. Album. Tirana, 1986 rights were violated? Doc. 87 …As a history teacher I am convinced that in proportion to population Opinion about the PLA’s and economic and technical potential, our people’s mental and Election Programme (1991) physical strength achieved more in 46 years than any other country in Europe. Whether it be England after its revolution, France after its bourgeois revolution, or the Soviet Union after the October socialist “People’s Voice” newspaper, revolution. 01.02.1991 Pashk Picaku Perlat, Mirditë1 Doc. 88 I was looking forward to the publication of my party programme …What A Local High Ranking Party are my impressions ? Member’s Opinion That it emphasizes the breath of progress which testifies permanent innovation, and that the freshness of our party ideas are the new, “People’s Voice”, newspaper, wealthy, modern ones… Its reformed energy is great. 05.01.1991 Elvira Shapllo, Plenum Member of the Gjirokastra Party Committee

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 40 POLITICAL LIFE ELECTIONS

Doc. 89 In the meeting concerning basic party organisation on December 14, Why I left the Albanian Labour 1990 I returned my party-card because of : Party 1. I disagree with police violence against children, sisters and our students friends during recent days… in my opinion, the student requests were right and reasonable… 2. I think the present labour party situation is tired and unable to pursue current processes with dynamism. Its leadership is privileged and has for decades not been interested in the opinions of its base and the people… 4. The Albanian Labour Party with extreme ideological policies and total submission to a single person gradually distanced itself from “Democratic Renascence” the people. newspaper, 09.02.1991 Bashkim Trenova Doc. 90 … the Democratic Party participated in the March 31 election, not because Participation of Democratic Party in the First Democratic it was free, as for that to be the case free election campaigns are necessary, Election but it took part in the March 31 election in order to avoid possible bloodshed and to have a foot inside the Albanian Parliament to continue Questions: the battle there for the creation of democratic institutions and a legal state 1. What kind of different opinion do you recognise in those sour- in Albania. ces? Excerpt from report by chairman of leading committee of “Democratic Renascence”, Democratic Party Sali Berisha Submitted to the first National newspaper, 28.09.1991 Assembly of the Democratic Party. Doc. 91 Doc. 92 Socialist party during electoral campaign, June 2000 Democratic party during electoral cam- paign, June 2000

Magazine “Klan”. No. 198. Tirana. March 2001 Magazine “Klan”. No. 212. Tirana. June 2001 Doc. 93 Results of Parliamentary Parties 1992 1997 2001 Elections 1992 – 2001 ( %) Socialist Party 27,14 53,30 41,98 Democratic Party 65,71 25,16 Questions: Socialist Democratic Party 5,00 2,63 3,56 1. What were the changes to the Republican Party 1,43 composition of Parliament Democratic Party + Unity for 37,07 1992 and after? Victory Christian Democratic Party 0,98 1,04 Magazine “ Klan”No. 215, . Legality Movement Party Tirana. July 2001. “ Council of 3,25 Europe for Albania- Documents Unity for Human Rights Party 2,86 2,40 1991-1997”. Tirana, 2000 Democratic Alliance Party 2,76 2,37

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 41 ELECTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

BULGARIA Doc. 94 It is a holiday. […] Flags and garlands are flying, and one can VI Grand National Assembly* read slogans on the walls of the small adobe houses, which roofs Elections for the constitution touch the ground area surrounding the Sofia: “Viva The Fatherland (27. 10. 1946 ) Front!” “Only The Fatherland Front can save us!” Women are hurrying in the muddy streets, clattering in their patens *Grand National Assembly –It or malformed slippers, but their faces are cheerful and smiling. Where assembled to change or form a new are they going? - To the polling station! They can be distinguished constitution easily by the folk dances nearby, by the line of voters, people waiting for their turn to vote, by the excitement of cheering men and women. Christina Bradinska – a former partisan, at present a depute candidate is coming to vote at the polling station and all the women surround her. - Comrade Bradinska, will all the text of the constitution project remain in the real one? Magazine Woman Today, 1947 Memories of the 1947 election Doc. 95 Elections for the 1947 constitution

Doc. 96 Various infringement and law-breaking occurrences were reported Election Organization at a meeting of the political bureau of the Central Committee of Bulgarian Workers Party (communists) and the secretaries of the regional party committees, held on November 2. The violators were mostly members of the the communist party– during the period before elections they tore Questions: posters, broke up opposition meetings, heckled meetings, and started 1.Describe the atmosphere of fights with opposition members. these elections (Doc. 94 - 96)? Serious violations were noticed also on the day of the elections – somewhere election cards were not distributed in some places, some people were not allowed to enter polling sections, some people voted with marked ballot papers, there were double votes, an exchange of ballot papers for Lyubomir Ognyanov, State other parties with those of the Bulgarian Workers Party (communists), political system of Bulgaria manifested votes, theft of election documents, lack of opposition 1944-1948, Sofia, 1993 representatives to count ballot papers in some electoral sections, etc. Doc. 97 Distribution of votes and seats in the Grand National Assem- bly (GNA) between Fatherland Front (FF) and the opposition after the 1946 election. According to Lyubomir Ognyanov

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 42 POLITICAL LIFE ELECTIONS

Questions: 1. What is the principal purpose of the Grand National Assembly? 2. What is the orientation of the political parties represented in the VI Grand National Assembly? 3. Which main principals will be foremost in the creation of the Constitution?

Doc. 98 Meeting about the Referendum for the Republic in 1946

Women meeting in Sofia, IV quarter, in support of the Republic

Magazine Woman today, 1946

Doc. 99 At a polling section in Konyovits, gypsies are gathering and Minority participation at waiting for their turn to vote. […] A beautiful young woman, in patens elections on her naked feet is squeezing through the crowd and some of the men tease her: Questions: -What are you going to vote with, Fatime? -I know what, and it’s 1.Compare documents and none of your business! And in no time she reaches into her bosom explain which changes have and takes out a wine colored ballot paper.-I’m going to vote with came about for minorities? this, do you see it? – The gypsy woman says nodding – Do not look at me that way! It’s true that I am ragged and barefooted, but I know Magazine Woman Today, 1947 exactly what is right! And I’ll vote for the right!

Doc. 101 Doc. 102 Doc.100 Photo of UDP supporters, parti- Poster from the UDP political Everybody to the elections! cipating in a meeting in 1997 party, which was governing in that period

Poster, 1956 – P. Karshovski, D. Ivanov, D. Serezliev

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 43 ELECTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 103 and 104 Posters from the oppositional BSP for the parliamentary elections in 2001, won by the National Movement Simeon II SiBSP

Parliamentary elections 2001 Coalition “For Bulgaria”

Red is passion BSP

Questions: 1. Why are these persons chosen for the posters? What do they symbolize? 2. What are the ideas on which attention is focused in the posters’ messages?

Doc. 105 Parties and Coalitions 1990 1991 1994 1997 2001** Parliamentary Elections Results Bulgarian socialist Party 52.75 33.14 43.5 22.07 17.35 (in %) (BSP) Union of democratic 36 34.36 24.23 UDP* - 18.24* Powers (UDP) 52.26 Bulgarian agricultural 4 - - - - union of people (BAUP) Movement for rights and 7.25 7.55 5.44 CNS** 6.75 freedom (MRF) 7.6 “Union of The People” (Democratic Party and - - 6.51 - - BAUP) Bulgarian Business Block - - 4.73 4.93 - (BBB) According to E. Kalinova, I. Bulgarian Euro Left (BEL) - - - 5.5 - Baeva, The Bulgarian transitions National Movement - - - - 43.05 “Simeon II” (NMSS) 1944-1999, S., 2000. * -Coalition of Allied democratic powers consists of Union of democratic powers, Democratic Party, BAUP, Bulgarian social democratic party, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. ** - Coalition of National Salvation includes the electorate of Movement for rights and freedom and also elects candidates from the small center parties, former members of UDP: Bulgarian Agricultural Party “Nikola Petkov”, Green party, Party of the democratic center, New choice, and monarchists from “Kingdom Bulgaria” ***- the total sum of the votes is not 100%, because only parties gaining over 4% of the votes are represented.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 44 POLITICAL LIFE ELECTIONS

Doc. 106 June 10, 1990 was a fine sunny day. We could hear people cheering First democratic elections in the streets, especially the young people. It was a system using both proportional and majority* vote. I remember that we were explained how to vote; we should choose two ballot papers and put them into an envelope. It was already our turn. We could see a man coming out, who took out his red ballot papers from his envelope and demonstrated his vote in front of all. Of course, his vote was nullified. Remembered by Bonka Ivanova Tsvetkova, Born 1940 in Sofia, *Candidate was accepted as elected, if he won the majority of votes 25 Polling section – Sofia in a polling section. Questions: 1. What are the changes in the electing system in Bulgaria after 1989, and which are the aminating political powers from 1990 to 2001?

Doc. 107 I have always voted. I also went to vote on 17 June (2001). It Election Participation was after my second stroke and people helped me to get to the polling Remembered by Fatme Shakir station. Your granny Osman and I always went to the polling station Abdi, born in the village of holding hands. There were decorations and music. The musicians Trastenik, now living in the city played beautifully. There was food and drink for us. Cars and carriages of Rouse: took the old people and the disabled.

Doc. 108 … in political life, it is a fact that Roma parties reached significant results The Role of Minorities in in the municipal elections in October 1999. They won over 200 seats in Political Life various municipal councils in Bulgaria. … The Turkish minority, which makes up about 9% of the population From The Annual Report of the in Bulgaria, is much more involved in political life both on the national, European Commission for 2000 and the local level. ... Questions: 1. What is the extent of minority participation in political life in Bulgaria (doc. 107 and doc. 108)?

Doc. 109 Young family votes in 2001 Parliamentary election.

Questions: 1. Compare doc. 95, 98, 101 and 109 and point out similarities and differences.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 45 ELECTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

MACEDONIA

Doc.110 This election provides the Macedonian people the opportunity to For the first time elect one government for the first time in the history of the union. Everywhere around the country elections will demonstrate the happiness 5 years of N. R. Macedonia, with Tito and the brotherhood of the Yugoslav peoples and minorities in 1950 Macedonia – Albanians, Turks, Vlachs end others. Doc. 111 Doc. 114 Minorities in the elections 1946 Election Slogan: Everybody to elections

5 years of N. R. Macedonia, 1950

Doc. 112 Everybody to the elections

5 years of N. R. Macedonia, 1950

Doc. 113 Meeting before the elections Slogan: Lets choose the best!

5 years of N. R. Macedonia, 1950 5 years of N. R. Macedonia, 1950 Doc. 115 Comrades, Now the people will elect A Little Bird Teachers, old and new ones, The ones who will guarantee Even with a thought The fight I can cheer you up a little. To create a better life. The people will speak And for a front’s list At the new elections, For victory to be clear, “The little bird” in Macedonia. And everything that is wrong You should all vote Simo Mladenovski, Skopje, 1985 Will disappear as last year’s snow. For the front’s candidates.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 46 POLITICAL LIFE ELECTIONS

Doc. 116 “I was in the army, when I became 18. That meant that I had the Personal experience right to vote at elections. I had never voted before, so I didn’t know the voting procedure, and to tell you the truth, I wasn’t that interested. Anyway, my captain called me and told me the great news, that I had the honor to vote for representatives from my area to become candidates for the Macedonian Parliament. He gave me the list and, if I remember rightly, there were over ten names on it. I asked the captain how many people I had to vote for, and he explained that I could vote for one, two, or more people, for everyone or for no one. Because I didn’t know anyone on the list, I decided to circle all the names, probably not wanting to hurt anyone’s Memories of the author feelings.”

Doc. 117 With the adoption of amendments and additions to the law governing Introduction of a Multiparty public organizations and civic associations, political pluralism, which was System and Plural Democracy already a reality in Macedonia, has now received practical legislation. to the Republic of Macedonia Associations may be founded by a minimum of 10 people over 18, whose members have permanent residence in SR Macedonia, and any person Daily newspaper “New may be a member who has signed an application form and whose civil Macedonia”, 13.04.1990 rights are not deprived or restricted by order of the court.

Doc. 118 Article 20 Democracy Citizens are guaranteed freedom of association to exercise and protect their political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and convictions. Citizens may freely establish associations of citizens and political parties, join them or resign from them... Article 22 Every citizen on reaching 18 years of age acquires the right to vote. The right to vote is equal, universal and direct, and is exercised at free elections by secret ballot. Persons deprived of the right to practice their profession by a court verdict do not have the right to vote.

Doc. 119 Differents between two periods

CPY Communist party of Yugoslavia Beafore 1990 After 1990 SDLM Social Democratic League of Macedonia IMRO DPMNU Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Democratic Party of Macedonian National Unity PDP NDP Party of Democratic Prosperity National Democratic Party LP Liberal Party

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 47 ELECTIONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 120 Almost throughout the whole of 1990 political parties were being formed. By the time the election was held in November of the same year, there were 26 political parties and organizations. Their formation was motivated by the upcoming multi-party parliamentary elections, which were held on 11 November 1990, and the second round on November www.arhiv.com.mk 25 of the same year.

Doc. 121 “Happy are we - the voters who have reached the pre-election For the first time period. We have been marginalized and lied to, but now for the first time in 50 years we are becoming participants in the political game, whose players alone determine the outcome. Oh beauty, oh the beauty of the pluralism![…..]As a matter of fact, in my country these days, the air is heavy with the scent of democracy. There is no political party without the word democracy in its name or its programme. Judging by the attention it is given and the number of announcements, this country has a great future of “power to the people”. The problem is, that some of those who are whole-heartedly claiming that their party supports democracy in political, cultural and public life have done their best to repress the same democracy in days when democracy was needed more than anything else, and that Tomislav Osmanli, was at the time when the unique scent of red communist roses pervaded In the death time, 1993 from the communist garden.”

Doc. 122 The leaders of the political parties-participants in the first democratic multi-party elec- tions in Macedonia (November 11, 1990)

ELECTIONS

www.arhiv.com.mk

Doc. 123 The thesis of the current leader that all are EQUAL is constantly All are EQUAL being proved. During that, the help of some, we can call them “ big and powerful” media is without reserve. Even, they themselves go a step further and they let themselves give advantage to the “relevant”, of course, during the appearance on some debating shows, taking the right to enable a bigger space for their presentation. This, because they think that these Weekly magazine “Macedonian parties, according to them as proven political subjects, should enter the son”, 02.10.1998 Parliament of Macedonia.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 48 POLITICAL LIFE ELECTIONS

Doc. 124 Multiparty elections

Branko Crvenkovski Macedonian Prime minister (1992-1998)

Slogan: Alliance for Macedonia ... surely!

Arben Xhaferi Ljubcho Georgievski Lider of Democratic Party of Albanians Macedonian Prime minister (1998-2002)

Questions: 1.What are the messages used in conducting the first elections in Macedonia? 2. What was the possibility for choosing representatives for the Parliament before and after the transition? 3.What changes happened in the election system in 1990? Pre-election meeting of IMRO - DPMNU

OVERALL QUESTIONS 1. What were the political rights of people at the elections? 2. Which political rights did people have concerning the elections? Did rights increase or decrease during the last 50 years? 3. What political rights were achieved in a) a one party system and b) a multiple party system? 4. What kind of biased material is used as propaganda and what was its purpose? How do you recognize it as such?

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 49 POLITICAL PERSONS POLITICAL LIFE

POLITICAL PERSONS

ALBANIA

Doc. 125 Doc. 126 Enver Hoxha’s Decorations With cooperativists in Kukesi District, May,1970 “Hero of People” in 1945

“Hero of Socialist Work”

“40th anniversary of PLA

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his birthday, 16.10.1958

Album “Enver Hoxha , Tirana, 1986, Album “Enver Hoxha , Tirana, 1986

Doc. 127 …Mediocre intelligence. Mediocre in school, abroad, and as a Description of Enver Hoxha by professor, too…Now he likes to be flattered … He suffers from a strong Nako Spiro, his closest collabo- inferiority complex. He lacks any leadership abilities. He is not known by rator in a Letter from 1944 the people, and where he is known he has no reputation. The Party tries History of Albanian People, with all its might to make him popular. That is the only reason he began to Tirana, 1996, page 222. be known…

Doc. 128 Ramiz Alia about Enver Hoxha …Let them say whatever they want, but I cannot agree that I, Ramiz Alia testifies for Enver was not an intellectual. Undoubtedly he was learned. I am history. Second Edition. Tirana, speaking from the viewpoint of his capacity, his ability. 1993, page 105. Doc. 129 Decree by the 11th Plenary - To erect a monument of comrade Enver Hoxha in the capital of our Session of the Central Com- country, Tirana, in his birthplace, Gjirokastra, and in the city of Korca. mittee of the Albanian Labour - University of Tirana to be named “University of Tirana Enver Hoxha“. Party about the Eternity of - Pioneer Organisation to be named “Enver ‘s Pioneers “ Name and Work of Comrade - Durrës Naval Harbour to be named “Enver Hoxha Durrës Naval Enver Hoxha Harbour “. - The Plasa Agricultural Enterprise in the Korca district to be named “The Enver Hoxha Agricultural Enterprise “. “People’s Voice” newspaper, - The Council of Ministers of the People’s Socialist Republic of 14.04.1985 Albania is responsible for the execution of this decree.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 50 POLITICAL LIFE POLITICAL PERSONS

Doc. 130 Enver Hoxha Museum The “pyramid , constructed in 1986 as a museum for dictator E. Hoxha and converted to the Centre of International Culture in 1991 Albania, a Patrimony of European values. June 2001

Doc. 131 PLA Central Committee

Tirana album. Printing House “8 November”. Tirana 1990 Doc. 132 Opinion of a sculptor about the I was satisfied when I was informed that this bust (of E. bust of Enver Hoxha Hoxha) had been requested , and would be reproduced in many copies “People’s Voice” newspaper, and erected in hundreds and thousands of places throughout 18.04.1985 Albania.

Doc. 133 Destruction of the Enver Hoxha monument at the “Enver Hoxha Museum” in Tirana

Magazine “Klan”, No.161. Tirana. May , .2000.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 51 POLITICAL PERSONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 134 Comrade citizens of the People’s Socialist Republic of Albania. Statement by the Central Comrade communists! Mothers and sisters. Committee of the Albanian Workers, cooperative members, young boys and girls, intellectuals. Labour Party …Crowds which have lost all reason and logic are acting like vandals. They destroyed monuments and busts dedicated to comrade Enver Hoxha, founder of the PLA, of our democratic state…In these conditions no honest person and patriot must remain inactive and “People’s Voice” newspaper, expectant, but should be organised… and, in collaboration with police 22.02.1991 forces, restore order.

Doc. 135 Thursday,February 20. Political diary Early in the morning, Tirana was awoken by trumpet calls. Thousand of workers, pupils, pensioners, children and students streamed to “Democracy” square. The square was overflowing with people. 14.05 h. A few shudders and the Enver Hoxha monument fell. It stood in “Scanderbeg” Square for only 858 days. It could not be saved either by policemen or special forces, or by special decree for the protection of monuments … The same destiny was in store for the Enver Hoxha “Democratic Renascence” monuments in Korça, Durrës… newspaper, 23.02.1991 Mitro Cela

Doc. 136 Overthrow of Enver Hoxha’s monument in Tirana, 20.02.1991

Albanian Telegraphic Agency

Doc. 137 Competition among them as a result of the former Reception Economic privileges for High Directory, which with its 65 employees was founded solely for that Ranking Members of the reason, led to the transformation of these powerful people during Albanian Labour Party their “glorious “ leadership into unprincipled demagogues, because although article 40 of the 1976 Constitution preached equality, in reality it created inequality. “Democratic Renascence” … They also withdrew gold from the Treasury for their dentures. newspaper, 11.12.1993 Shpëtim Luku

Doc. 138 … they accept that their spoiled sons and daughters have drawn money in Embassies, and all in accordance with regular “Democratic Renascence” procedure. newspaper, 12.12.1993 Shpëtim Luku Questions 1. What kind of privileges did the former members of the Political Bureau and their families enjoy ?

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 52 POLITICAL LIFE POLITICAL PERSONS

BULGARIA

Doc. 139 Georgi Dimitrov with Female Fatherland Front Functio- naries, 1948

Doc. 140 Assessment of Georgi Dimitrov V. Kolarov and G. Dimitrov were more than total brothers! What and Vassil Kolarov-An inter- a fortunate combination of abilities and characters! How these great view with Tsvetana Kolarova* Bulgarians complemented each other! What an exceptional *Kolarov’s wife. Vassil Kolarov revolutionary fervor was shown by the the deeds of G.Dimitrov-the was Prime –Minister 1949-1950. hero of Leipzig, but what enviable culture and encyclopedic knowledge V. Kolarov possessed! And both of them were paragons of Prodan Orthodoksiev. big-hearted leaders, open to all people, sympathetic to their sufferings With Vassil Kolarov Among the and longings! People and Privately, S., 1982

Doc. 141 Poster With Georgi Dimitrov - everywhere

Slogan: Everywhere with Dimitrov, with everything towards new victories

Questions: 1.Portray the poster: the figu-res in the fore and back-ground, their arrangement in groups. 2.From what other elements is it created? 3.What is the slogan’s mes- sage? 4.What symbolism is outlined for young people in the fu- ture?

Alexander Stamenov, 1949

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Doc. 142 Party assessment of T. Zhivkov In the minds and hearts of Bulgarian communists, the working men From a 1986 report on the of socialism, as well as in the international progressive public, comrade T. anniversary of the April plenum Zhivkov’s creative deeds, personal contribution and example have won of the Central Committee (CC) him acknowledgment and praise as the architect and builder of the Party’s of the Bulgarian Communist April Line. Party 1956

Doc. 143 In 1962 I started working 26 looms, the only person in the Evaluations by contemporaries country to do so. I was very anxious; so were the people around me: of T. Zhivkov Will I hold out, how will it work out? Then news of the award arrived – I was to receive the “The red banner of Labour”. As I arrived for the night shift, I was told at the gate: “You have a telegram” I took it had a look –”governmental…” Comrade Todor Zhivkov congratulated me on my success. Me, an ordinary female worker !All night long I worked as if I were in a dream. The machines were singing, I was singing, too. Nobody heard me, but I went on singing. That night I made up my mind to achieve even more than that. Later, I was again the first in the country to work with 30 looms. That’s what I owe him my gratitude for. Not only for the consideration he showed me then. But also because he urged me on to work even better. The woman today, 1981 Naida Mantcheva, a double hero of Socialist Labour: Questions : 1. Which are the characteristic expressions used in the assessment of the party leaders in 50’s and 70’s? 2. What influence did they exert on ordinary people? 3. Which are the values and means of propaganda used in that period? Doc. 144 Doc. 145 Georgi Dimitrov with Pioners, 1948 Todor Zhivkov with Chavdars, 1977

Doc. 146 I congratulate you, President Zhivkov…I salute you for the policies Charles de Gaulle’s assessment of Zhivkov you are carrying out in the Balkans, and for the good neighborly relations you have achieved with all Balkan countries. T. Zhivkov, Memoirs, 1997 Doc. 147 Helmut Schmidt’s interview There were some of them who appealed to me purely on a human with a Duma newspaper about basis, among them was Todor Zhivkov. I had a feeling that I was dealing his meetings with communists with decent people, not with brutal dictators but with people who had from the ex – socialist countries preserved their own humanness… T. Zhivkov, Memoirs, 1997

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 54 POLITICAL LIFE POLITICAL PERSONS

Doc. 148 Doc. 149 A meeting in Sofia, November 1989 The role of the Party functionary Every party, every social system needs and always will need its own functionaries, its own regular apparatus, as well as highly qualified experts and assistants. From the Political Report at the 14Th. Extraordinary Congress of the Bulgarian Communist Party, 1990

Doc. 150 A post-totalitarian assessment T. Zhivkov’s dictatorial regime… also included some specific elements, dependent on the actual conditions in our country…A bearer of unhealthy suspicion and egoism, of maniacal ambition to be a theoretician with a total absence of intellectual abilities, he was unprincipled and insidious, he would go to any lengths to achieve his ends and interests. Peter Mladenov, member of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party.1990 Doc. 151 Personnel Policy Changes Total rejection of the nomenclature system as a means of selection, promotion or development of Party leaders at all Party levels. On the Personnel Policy of the Party and the Party Apparatus. The 14th Extraordinary Congress of the BCP. 1990 Doc. 152 Aphorisms from the Congress We tried to give to everyone according to his abilities. And it Hall turned out - to everybody according to his power, from everybody Savremenen pocazatel according to his submission… magazine, 1990

Questions : 1. Systematize the assessment of the political personalities according to the type of documents. 2. Examine and explain the changes in different kind of sources in the different periods. 3. What is the contemporary assessment of the activities of political and party functionaries?

Doc .153 Todor Zhivkov

April Daring, 1956

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 55 POLITICAL PERSONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 154 Doc .155 Party propaganda in military units, Propaganda decorating the Municipal Building Bojuriste, 1956 in the town of Burgas, 1952

Slogan: Slogan: Our friendship with the Soviet Union – so alive, as Under Lenin and Stalin’s flag, Dimitrov and Chervenkov essential as sunshine and air for every living creature will lead us to victory of the September 9, 1944 ideals!

Doc. 156 Political posters during the socialist period typical for the beginning of the 80’s

Slogans: Two congresses - one goal- communism Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Bulgarian Communist Party - Brotherhood forever!

Doc. 157 Long live friendship between our parties and peoples! Congratulatory letter from Long live the struggle of the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin JULIO CAMACHO, a member America! of the Central Committee of the Long live Marxism-Leninism! Cuban Communist Party Long live proletarian internationalism! I would like to avail myself of this opportunity to present Comrade Todor Material from the 9th Congress Zhivkov with a Cuban flag and a portrait of one of our heroes as a symbol of BCP, November 14-19, 1966 of eternal friendship between Bulgaria and Cuba, between our two nations.

Doc. 158 Main point of the propaganda Under conditions of personal power, when other opinions are during Zhivkovism not allowed, propaganda inevitably assumes the form of one-way Question: movement of information. Propaganda inevitably adopts the 1. Analyze and compare doc. imposition of views and evaluative criteria, but not a process of 153-158 and draw a conclusion voluntary information of beliefs. about the role and effect of pro- Stoyan Mihailov - member of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian paganda during the socialist Communist Party. Zhivkovism in the light of a personal drama, 1993 period in Bulgaria.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 56 POLITICAL LIFE POLITICAL PERSONS

Doc. 159 Doc. 160 The House of The Bulgarian Com- The Mausoleum of Georgi Dimitrov in Sofia, architects munist Party in Sofia, (moment from Georgi Ovcharov and Rascho Ribarov, 1949 the removing of the communist symbol)

Doc. 161 - The Department for Security and Protection (DSP) should provide a The privileges of the Party elite fully furnished dwelling (a flat, villa) for the PB members and the Secretary of the Bulgarian Agrarian Union, and ensure all conditions necessary for work and rest. -The overall maintenance, repairs, reconstruction, furnishing and outfitting of those dwellings and the adjoining parks and gardens are to be organized and executed by the DSP, and financed by its budget. - Transport vehicles for those entitled and their guests are supplied by An excerpt from PROTOCOL B- the DSP 13 of the Political Bureau -DSP should organize a 25-day children’s camp at “Evksinograd” for of the Central Committee of the the children and grandchildren up to 12 years of age of PB members. All Bulgarian Communist Party, expenses for transport and care of the children should be charged to the 27.12.1962. DSP’s budget.

Doc. 162 -The DSP provides a villa, suitably furnished and fitted. Expenses for the The privileges of the Alternate maintenance and furnishing of the villas are financed by the DSP’s budget. members of the PB of the CC of A monthly rent of LV12 is to be paid for the use of the villas provided. the BCP (3) and the Secretaries -The alternate members of the PB, of the CC of BCP have each a of the CC of the BCP (7) female hygienist, whereas the secretaries of the CC of BCP have one An excerpt from PROTOCOL B- twice a week. 13 from the Political Bureau -They receive provisions from the canteen free of charge for their of the Central Committee of the travels. Bulgarian Communist Party, -Expenses for business and official trips are financed by the DSP’s 27.12.1962. budget. Doc. 163 Item 3. Economic stimulation The specialists who go to work at another location receive remuneration Decree ¹ 1 of Council of Minis-ters to the amount of one month’s salary plus allowances in accordance with dated 6-9.01.1959 regar-ding the the Labour Code, as well as expenses for the transport of their household supply of workers and specialists for the fulfillment of the third 5-year Plan belongings.” in short-ened terms Information of the Presidium of the National Assembly, issue 4,13.01.1659

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 57 POLITICAL PERSONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 164 A photocopy of a letter of appointment for a teacher to Teachers’ privileges Privileges the Ruen settlement system District Peoples Council-Department Narodna Prosveta- Bourgas

Order ¹ 1362, 10.07.87 On the strength of Article 2, paragraph 3 of the 15th Decree of the Council of Ministers dated 2.04.1985 I commission Comrade Stoyan Dimitrov Pramatarov as a regular teacher in Labour Education to the Ruen settlement system for a term of one school year, as of 1.09.87 to 31.08.88. Instead of travel and accommodation expenses, 50% additional remuneration for labour will be paid in proportion to the individual regular salary received, irrespective of any other extra remuneration. Traveling expenses for family will be paid in compliance with section 6 of the Regulation governing official trips in the country, and the indemnity to transfer work at another settlement. Department Narodna Prosveta Head

*The Ruen settlement system consists of a predominantly Bulgarian-Turk population and is one of the most economically backward regions of the Burgas district.

Doc. 165 Regulation for enrolling students at Universities for the academic University enrolment privileges year 1959-1960 Item 3 …are allotted: A) 10% of all places for all specialties are to be given to candidates such as ex-partisans, political prisoners, concentration camp prisoners and their children, Socialist Labour heroes, after a competition between them. Children whose parents were killed in the anti-fascist Information from the Presidium resistance and in the Patriotic war, and who successfully passed their of the National Assembly, examinations in the respective subject, should be enrolled at Issue number 38, 12.05.59 University according to their wishes without taking part in a contest.

Doc. 166 Doc. 167 Participation of Bulgarian women in politics A photograph of Ludmila Zhivkova* paying her respects at the grave of Constantine-Cyril Philosoph in the Church “San Clemente” in Rome, 1975

Data for Elections 2001 -”ZHAR”Foundation *Todor Zhivkov’s daughter - Minister of Culture

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Doc. 168 Doc. 169 A meeting of the “Round table*”, 1990 A photograph of Stanie Dervishova, delegate to the 12th Congress of the BCP-1981

Doc. 170 *”Round table“ - After the events in November 1989, when democratic transition in Bulgaria began a new Emel Etem political institution was created” - Round table”(January -vice chairman of the 3-May 15,1990). The most impor-tant decisions at this Movement for Rights forum based on the Polish pattern in which the and Liberties, 2000 opposition and still governing Bulgarian Communist Party took part, were the Political Party Law, which restored the party system, and the Election Law, which allowed the formation of a new constitution. Doc. 171 Bulgarian politician Elena Poptodorova paying a visit to the Pope, 2000 Doc. 172 Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov with Macedonian President Boris Trajkovski in Skopje, 27.02.2002

Questions: 1. What kind of conclusions could be made about the similarities and differences in the changes of the role of political personalities before and after the democratic transitions in Bulgaria in 1989? Could any similar characteristics be discovered in the political situation in Albania and Macedonia? 2. What was the attitude of the various political powers in the different periods towards participation of women in political life? How do you account for that position (doc.166-171)? 3. Draw conclusions about the real participation of women in Bulgarian political life.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 59 POLITICAL PERSONS POLITICAL LIFE

MACEDONIA

Doc. 173 Tito in different situations Questions: 1. What do these pictures tell about Tito’s life? www.arhiv.sv.gov.yu

the cover of Life magazine, 21. April 1952 going on a safari

with Sophia Loren and Jimmy Carter

TITO at Stamps and Monuments with people and children’s Doc. 174 Reality?!

Questions: 1. What is the cartoon’s message?

Macedonian cartoons, Vladimir Velichkovski, 1973

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Doc. 175 On Josip Broz Tito’s 53th birthday (25.05.45), the first Youth Youth Relay Relay took place throughout the whole of the Federation of Yugoslavia. This has become a tradition and it continued to be held Macedonia for the Yugoslav until the death of Tito (04.05.80). The last relay ended at Tito’s grave federation, V. Achkovska, 2001 in the House of the Flowers on 25.05.80.

Doc. 176 DEAR CITIZENS!!!! Welcoming to Tito WE HAVE THE GREAT HONOUR TO WELCOME COMRADE TITO ON SATURDAY, 14 MAY. THAT”S WHY WE KINDLY ASK YOU TO FOLLOW THE RULES BELOW: 1. Let us all be in the streets, on Saturday at 9 a.m. - I mean all of us! – to be in front of our homes, from where we will go together to the place where comrade Tito is to be welcomed and from where we will bid him farewell. 2. Everyone should take at least one flower which should be thrown onto Questions: the street 100 meters from the first car in the convoy. Flowers must not 1. What is the message of the be thrown onto Tito’s car. instructions? 3. While the convoy is passing by, especially when comrade Tito is 2. Why does the Party/State use passing, let us be joyful and happy, and let us show our happiness at this method of giving instruc- seeing comrade Tito, and welcoming him by singing, waving flags, tions? Is it the same today? and cheering -TITO, TITO,! 4. There should be nobody on the balconies or at the windows. Windows must be closed. In front of the building one man will guard the building until we all return home, and during that time no one may go inside the building (home). THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION! http://www.on.net.com LONG LIVE OUR BELOVED COMRADE TITO!

Doc. 177 I SAW TITO THREE TIMES Rock and roll band singing Once, my father came back home about Tito, 1980 From work earlier, Dressed me in nice clothes And took me to the square. I was still a little child, And I was only about five, But I remember well the smiling faces of the people, And the festive and happy day. I didn’t understand the flags, the crowd, I only knew it was something important, Because my father held me tight, And he said: “Son, look and remember”. And I saw Marshal Tito, That legend, that peacemaker, That man, a comrade and a fighter, A song by the Band “Early ice” it was then that I saw Tito for the first time...

Doc. 178 I have met the greatness of his clear vision, his deep understanding Others’ impressions of TITO of the forces in the world. Indira Ghandi Tito has achieved that Yugoslavia is independent of the two blocks, he has refused the Kremlin’s ultimatum and Washington’s flattery… International Herald Tribune Marshal Tito doesn’t only belong to your people, he is a moral possession of the whole society. Lopez Portilo, the President of Mexico

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 61 POLITICAL PERSONS POLITICAL LIFE

Fate smiled on the Yugoslav people when it gave them such a leader in the most dangerous years. Willie Brandt Marshal Tito has been always very dear to me, regardless of his political determinations. I am not a politician. I feel some kind of instinct love towards him. Marshal Alexander (British), 1949 Tito was not a victim of history, but history itself. Tito’s last battle, 1981 Alberto Moravia Doc. 179 Never before, never in the history of mankind had so many A Funeral, not a Summit important people come together. If there is ever an event that will be remembered which represents a meeting of the highest statesmen from all around the world, then this is going to be it. But it is not a summit, it is a funeral… 208 delegations have come from 126 countries from Tito’s last battle, 1981 all over the world. Doc. 180 Representativs all around the world at Tito’s funeral

Tito’s last battle, 1981 Question: 1. What kind of impression do you get about Tito on the bases of all this documents? Doc. 181 “… After returning to Skopje the next day, I found two groups of Testimonies of the crime people from Veles and Kumanovo waiting to see me. As soon as they entered, they started to protest, because their loved ones - their husbands, fathers, brothers and sons, who were accused of collaborating with the occupiers, or of speculating and profiting from the war, had been executed that night, without any interrogation. I was very surprised, because nobody had reported this to me …They were shouting and demanding:” My father Metodija Andonov- “-Where are those national courts of yours? And, if they really exist, Chento, Ilija Andonov, 1999 do they work in public during the nights? “

Doc. 182 “… The substance of the charge was that Andonov attempted to Metodia Andonov – Chento’s carry out his opposition to the Yugoslav Republic’s internal and foreign Trial (19-22. 11. 46) policy, by making arrangements to go to Paris to lay before the Peace Conference a proposition that Vardarska and Aegean Macedonia should become a mandated territory (presumably by \4-power). “ “… The Public Prosecutor emphasized that he had chosen exactly the time of the Paris Conference to try and bring about the breaking up of Macedonia just at the time when the U.S.S.R. was doing its best to defend the rights of small nations, and Yugoslavia was defending the rights of peace and democracy before the whole world. “ “… No arguments for the defense were reported, except that Popankov pleaded for mercy.” “… The sentences were: Andonov: 11 years hard labour with 5 years loss of civil and political rights and confiscation of property found Archive of Macedonia on him at the time of arrest, i.e. gold and revolver.”

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 62 POLITICAL LIFE POLITICAL PERSONS

Doc. 183 “One day in prison I was told: ‘Clean up. An important person is A day in prison coming’. We all thought that the person would come into the building, but Metodija Andonov – Cento that great person went straight to the garden, to where Cento was working. Cento was always chosen to work outside with the prisoners, although he slept in the building, in the same room as us. The important person was Lazar Kolishevski. He went up to him and they talked. Kolishevski wanted to shake hands, but Cento didn’t accept it. We watched them while they argued and talked for about twenty minutes, trying to convince each other“ “…Lazo said to him: ‘Listen, those was the times’. Cento answered: ‘That is no excuse. You were the power, you were the time’. Kolishevski told him that he was going to be released. Cento told me he wanted to go to the United Nations to talk about what was happening in Macedonia, about Kolishevski, about UDBA and all of those things.” “…The next day, Rachmor, one of the prisoners who was a doctor, asked me if I knew why he was being released, and told me that Cento had cancer. He was released so that he wouldn’t die in prison and become The magazine “Aktuel”, 22.06.2001 a martyr. They released him to die outside.”

Doc. 184 “Lazo, are you the person who preaches that it’s too much for the Eight are too many, but they same man to be the president of two mandates’? ‘Well…it’s too much’ - are fewer than eighteen he told me, and I continued: ‘I beg you to stand up and say that from the congress’s stage. In that case, I will support you in public, and I will say that I won’t accept election to a second term as president of the Central Committee. As you see, I promise this in front of witnesses’”. “8 years may be too many, but they are far fewer than 18 years (Kolishevski was the president of the Central Committee of the Communist Jovan Filip, “Underwater Party of Macedonia, for more than 18 years, i.e. he was the head of the crests of the politics”, 1993 Republic’s hierarchy). Kolishevski did not reply.”\\\\\

Doc. 185 This is the first interview of Lazar Kolishevski… the important The first interview Macedonian and Yugoslav statesman and, among the other things, the first president of the national government of Macedonia, after almost twenty years of dignified silence, has agreed to give an interview to the press. When I say dignified, I mean, firstly, his refusal to take part in any public discussion on any topic, whether it was connected to present Macedonian issues, Macedonia’s past or the former Yugoslavia. …Vladimir Dedier, an eminent Yugoslav publicist and a member of the Resel court immediately before the disintegration of the S. F. R. Yugoslavia, said in an interview that Lazar Kolishevski was the Sent Zist of the Yugoslav revolution and one of the few who had the courage to The magazine “Start”, oppose Josip Broz. As we all know, Sent Zist was the conscience of the 10.03.2000 French revolution.

Question: 1. Use the documents to find out and to explain why Lazar Kolisevski and Metodia Andonov - Chento are controversial persons?

Doc. 186 At approximately 9.45. a.m. yesterday, in front of the “Bristol” Assassination attempt on hotel, in a downtown street near to squere “Makedonija”, there was an President Kiro Gligorov attempt to assassinate the President of the State, Kiro Gligorov. The Daily newspaper “New President received serious head injuries from the powerful explosion of a Macedonia”, 04.10.1995 car-bomb, but his life is out of danger.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 63 POLITICAL PERSONS POLITICAL LIFE

Doc. 187 Excerpt from President Gligo- “In every way, the Repub- rov’s address on the occasion of lic of Macedonia has become the the Republic of Macedonia’s maintainer of peace in the southern membership of the Council of Balkans, due to its active policies Europe (September, 1996) supporting friendly relations bet- ween all neighboring countri- es…reforms, market econo- my…interethnic understanding and tole-rance… and the establishment www.arhiv.com.mk of a modern European legal state.“

Doc. 188 The American Law Association (ABA), presented their annual ABA award for Gligorov award for the contribution to the development of legal and democratic principles and market economy to President Gligorov. During his speech to the ABA Council, its President, William Aid, said: “The aim of the American Law Association is the legal and lawful maintenance of peace in countries all over the world by peaceful and non violent means. We present an honorary award to the great world leaders based on their merit in the implementation of the peace under difficult circumstances. His example of courage, his devotion to the solution of crises by means of negotiation without the use of force, thereby preventing fighting between ethnic groups is obvious www.arhiv.com.mk to all”.

Doc. 189 “Distinguished citizens, President’s site Welcome to the web site of the President of the Republic of Macedonia. Republic of Macedonia is a democratic country and democracy means informed public. Since transparency is the heart of good government, I want to empower citizens with information concerning: Being an effective public servant requires not only releasing infor-mation, but also President Boris Trajkovski with Pinto initiating open dialogue with citizens. Tesheira (Chief of the European Through this Web site, you can Commission in Macedonia) directly contact me and ask questions

www.faq.macedonia.org or express concern.”

Questions: 1. Find out the difference s and similarities between political persons in Macedonia.

OVERALL QUESTIONS 1. What is the difference in the role of political leaders in a one party system and in a multiparty system? 2. What was the impact of political personalities on ordinary citizens? 3. What different forms of propaganda were used in different periods in the three countries for political reasons? 4. Compare Tito, Hodza and Zhivkov, and give personal jugdement about them.

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 64 POLITICAL LIFE HUMAN RIGHTS

HUMAN RIGHTS

Key questions 1. What was and is the official attitude towards human rights, and what was and is the impact on everyday life? POLITICAL FREEDOM ALBANIA

Doc. 190 Article 18 Constitution of 1946 Freedom of speech, the press, of organisations, of meetings, gatherings and public manifestations are guaranteed for all citizens.

Article 53 Doc. 191 Citizens enjoy the right of speech, press, collective organisation, 1976 Constitution meetings and public manifestations. The state guarantees the execution of these freedoms, creates conditions for them and makes available to them different material means.

Doc. 192 Article 22 1998 Constitution 1. Freedom of statement is guaranteed. 2. Freedom of the press, radio and television is guaranteed. 3. Prior censorship of means of communication is prohibited…

Doc. 193 In years 1930, my father emigrated to the Soviet Union. He A painter remembers married Anastasia and my family came back to Korça in 1938. In 1946, at the request of the Albanian authorities my family was transferred to Tirana. At that time only a few people could speak Russian and my mother was one of them. She was given responsibility of the “Soviet Book Shop”, which was the only cultural contact Albania had with the rest of the world. Some years after the interruption of political ties with the Soviet Union my mother was arrested and under investigation for one year. She was accused for “anti-state agitation and propaganda” and was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. After 4 1/2 years she was released from prison because of a serious illness. Three months later she died. My family suffered numerous consequences. My sister was dismissed from work. A year later she found work selling bread. I was Llazar Taçi, painter;school an art teacher in Tirana but was transferred to the village of Petrela. As textbooks Publishing House, a painter for 12 years I was not allowed to take part in public activities, Tirana, 16.10.2001 and 1100 books from my personal library were confiscated.

Doc. 194 In my opinion, the days of the communist regime were the Communist regime according best in my life. At that time I was insured against accidents and illness. to a pensioner My work place was guaranteed and I was protected from hooligans, thieves, impostors, drugs, prostitution. I lived in a non-polluted environment. If you adhered to the laws of the communist regime there were no consequences. Today, under the capitalist regime, although I am over 66 years old, I have to work because my monthly pension Sefer Rama, pensioner, only lasts for 10 days. My 50 years’ work contribution has been mechanical engineer, Tirana embezzled by burglars, impostors and charlatans in a capitalist system 08.10.2001 alleging democracy.

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Doc. 195 Application of Human rights Amnesty International was concerned about legislation according to Amnesty Inter- which severely restrict certain human rights, under which national prisoners of conscience were imprisoned. Because of official Amnesty International Report, censorship and restrictions on freedom of movement it was not 1986. Albania. Amnesty International Publications, possible to make an accurate assessment of the number of London, United Kingdom. prisoners of conscience.

Doc. 196 Albania is a member of the United Nations; it has not, Fulfilment of obligations as a however, ratified the international human rights convenants... member of the United Nations Article16 of the penal code (1977) defines penalties as a “means of compulsion of a political and ideological character used by the socialist state in the class struggle… Recent reports of conditions of imprisonment confirm that political prisoners continue to be sent to labour camps, such as the Amnesty International Report, copper-mining camp of Spaçi, that medical care is poor and that 1980. Albania Amnesty prisoners receive inadequate food, requiring supplementation by International Publications,10 parcels from their families... The penal code lists 34 crimes (of Southampton Street,London which 23 are political and military crimes) punishable by the WC2 E7 HF,England. discretionary death sentence.

Doc. 197 To Comrade Ramiz Alia Political freedom after the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labour Party death of Enver Hoxha Comrade Adil Carcani Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic .... To rehabilitate without any question all those communists and patriots who were killed or died in prisons or under torture ... To Koci Lubonja “Letter from a liberate as soon a possible and to give all human rights to those Dissident“ (October 1986). who still languish in prison or in internment camps with their Tirana 1995. families …

Doc. 198 Nevertheless the past 10 years have also seen achievements, More efforts to respect Human including those which relate to human rights. To name just some Rights of these : Albania acceded to the International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1991, to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1992, and to the United Nations Albania Torture and ill- Convention against Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading treatment - an end to impunity? Treatment or Punishment. 10 years have also seen the growth of Amnesty International, “civil society”, including a range of non governmental May2001, London WC1X 0DW, organisations (NGOs) with expertise in many of the problems United Kingdom, page 3 facing the country, including the field of human rights.

Questions: 1. Find out from the documents the similarities and differences in which Human Rights are interpretated in a different way! 2. What was the situation during the last decade? Did the situation improve or get worse?

Doc. 199 Article 15 1946 Constitution Men and women are equal in all fields of life, private, political and social. Women have right to be equal pay for equal work, and also enjoy the same social insurance rights …

UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 66 POLITICAL LIFE HUMAN RIGHTS

Doc. 200 Article 41 1976 Constitution Women freed from political oppression and economic exploitation, and a great force of the revolution, take an active part in building socialism in our country and in defending the fatherland. Women enjoy equal work rights with men, in terms of payment, vacation, social insurances, education, all social-political activities and in the family.

Doc. 201 Equality between men and women

“40 years Socialist Albania”. Album. Printing House “8 November”. Tirana, 1984

Doc. 202 Article 18 1998 Constitution 1. All are equal before the law. 2. No one may be unjustly discriminated against for reasons such as gender, race…

Doc. 203 Doc. 204 Women in Albanian Parliament Women in Parliament in some European Countries 1945-1990 STATE % STATE % Belgium Germany Years Male Female Senate 10,9 Bundesrag 14,7 1945 76 6 Chamber of Bundestag‘ 20,5 representatives 9,4 1950 104 17 Lithuania 7,1 Canada Spain 1958 171 17 Senate 13,3 Senate 12,6 1970 192 72 Chamber of Congress of Deputies 16 Communes 13,2 United Kingdom 1974 167 83 Denmark 33 House of Commons 9,2 1982 174 76 Estonia 12,7 USA France Senate 6 1990 169 81 Senate 5 House of Representatives 10,8 INSTAT. Females and males in National Assembly 6,1 Document of Interparliamentary Albania, Tirana, September, Union on “Distribution of places among men and women in 171 1998 National Parliaments” June 30, 1993.

Doc. 205 A housewife’s diary. Diary of the Albanian Woman …bearing the responsibility of being a woman, mother and wife, totally economically subordinate to her husband, she can not voice her right of equality with her husband… She works hard and has to cope with the most “mundane” but necessary problems all day long, such as: lighting, water… An intellectual woman’s diary. …She does not know how to survive... The intellectual and professional woman is very often forced to say “”yes” at all times, since she can hardly ever risk losing her place of work…

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A village woman’s diary. …You can find her working out in the fields, selling fresh vegetables in the market or knocking on house doors delivering only one plastic bottle of milk… A female minister or deputy’s diary …The female minister or deputy has been so denigrated and underestimated that even when she makes true and useful statements, no one will listen or believe her… Diary of a woman with great expectations Our life resembles a volcano that may erupt any day. We run to Sevim Arbana. Women- bridges catch the moment and newness, full of illusionary visions and for peace and concepts of equality and democracy in the insane course of understanding,Tirana, 2000 Albanian life… Doc. 206 … The principle of equality between men and women has Protection of Women Rights in been expressively applied in all the juridical provisions of the Albania Republic of Albania… Questions Juridical Reforms 1. Has the situation regarding A long time before 1990, … equality between men and women’s rights changed during women was legally sanctioned in Albania. This equality constituted the last decade? an existing element in the whole legislation of that time, but the 2. Which are the most violated considerable ideological influence in the country’s life as well as rights of women in Albania individual’s life implied a more dogmatic character to this today? sanctioning… Vjollca Meçe, Lawer. Women- … The most violated rights of women in Albania are bridges for peace and equality, the right to work, freedom, life, infringement of women’s understanding, Tirana, 2000 personality (violence against woman).

MINORITY RIGHTS

Doc. 207 Article 35 1946 Constitution In the Republic of Albania, national minorities enjoy all rights, the preservation of their cultural development and the freedom of their language. Doc. 208 Article 42 1976 Constitution Protection and development of culture, popular traditions, use of the mother tongue and its teaching in school, equal development in all fields of social life is guaranteed to national minorities. Any disadvantage, national inequality or any act violating the rights of national minorities is anti-constitutional and punishable according to the law.

Doc. 209 Article 20 1998 Constitution 1. Persons belonging to national minorities have full equality before the law in all human rights and freedoms. 2. They have the right to freely express, without prohibition or compulsion, their ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic particularity. They have the right to preserve and develop it, to study and to be taught in their mother tongue, as well as to join organisations and societies for the protection of their interests and identity.

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Doc. 210 I am utterly certain that no minority in any other state in Only in Socialist Albania do the world enjoys the rights which the minority enjoys in the People’s Minorities enjoy their rights Socialist Republic of Albania... For purposes of demagogy, the bourgeois and revisionist Constitutions proclaim the equality of Enver Hoxha, Two friendly rights of national minorities, but in fact real equality does not exist. Peoples. (Excerpts from the Only in Albania, where Marxist-Leninism is applied consistently, political diary and other are the equal rights of the minority with the rest of the population Documents on Albanian- Greek relations). Tirana, 1985 fully guaranteed. Doc. 211 How to convince the minority We do not prohibit the minority from dancing the Labëria or to love the PLA Kukës styles, but we should encourage them to dance in their own Enver Hoxha, Two friendly way. By acting in this way, when they see that their rights are fully peoples. (Excerpts from the applied, minority members will love the party even more, because in political diary and other their everyday lives they will experience how correct the Marxist- Documents on Albanian-Greek Leninist line is. relations). Tirana, 1985

Doc. 212 Enver Hoxha with women dele- gates from the Greek minority at the 8th PLA Congress, November 1981.

“With people, among friends”. Album. Tirana, 1983

Doc. 213 Political situation of Greek minority according to Enver ...I can inform the Greek people and Government that in Hoxha the whole of Albania there are only 33 persons from the Greek Enver Hoxha, Two friendly minority serving short imprisonment sentences for various Peoples. (Excerpts from the political diary and other offences, and only 4 of them for political offences. Documents on Albanian-Greek relations). Tirana, 1985. Doc. 214 Political situation of Greek …During the year, Am- Questions minority according to Amnesty nesty International has learnt of three 1. Why did a communist mem- International people, two of whom are members ber of the Greek minority Amnesty International Report, of the Greek minority, who have give his nationality as 1980. Albania. Amnesty been sentenced under Article 55 Albanian? International Publications, since 1977. London, England.

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Doc. 215 … I have learned that when filling in personal on his A member of the Greek mino- documents as a communist party member, the occasional member rity in the PLA of the minority has given his nationality as Albanian. Such a thing is not correct, indeed it is political mistake and anti-marxist. The Enver Hoxha, Two friendly peoples. (Excerpts from the party and our Constitution recognize the rights of minority, not political diary and other formally but concretely... If there really is some such case it should Documents on Albanian- be corrected immediately. I shall talk about this matter today with Greek relations). Tirana, 1985. the Secretarial Office of the Party Central Committee.

Doc. 216 The Greek community in Albania has experienced an The Greek Minority Rights in increase in minority rights since the end of the communist regime Post-Communist Albania in line with the broader reforms taking place in Albania. Human Rights Watch / Helsinki, …Nevertheless, problems remain, and there are cases where the May1996, New York, Greek minority has been denied basic rights. What is more, when Washington, Los Angeles, violations do occur, the legal system does not provide adequate London, Brussels remedies for the victims.

Doc. 217 In addition to the Greeks, other minorities in Albania The Rights of Other Ethnic include Vlachs, Roma, Macedonians, Serbs and Montenegrins, Minorities, May 1996 all of whom mantain their own political and cultural organisations. Government figures put the size of the Macedonian minority at around 5,000, most of whom are located in eight villages Human Rights Watch / Helsinki, along the border with Macedonia. Education in lower grades is May1996, New York, available in the Macedonian language. Ethnic Macedonians who Washington, Los Angeles, spoke with Human Rights Watch / Helsinki did not complain of London, Brussels state discrimination.

Doc. 218 Statistic data of the Roma in ... No official registration has mentioned the Roma, not Albania even in 1989, the last year of registration... Their number is Bulletin No 1, April 2001, considered to be 90-100,000 people, some others maintain a figure Roma rights, youth generation. of 100,000-150,000, however this data is not verified. Albanian Roma Youth Forum “Amaro Drom”, Tirana

Doc. 219 Question : In the national seminar you discussed the question of Roma Interview with Miranda Fejzo, discrimination in different situations during the year. Can you tell us if secretary of the Albanian Roma you have ever felt this discrimination? Youth Forum “Amaro Drom”, Answer : To tell the truth, I only felt discriminated against when I was Korça branch. at school. I am telling you this because I know of some Roma students who studied at the University by not identifying themselves as Roma. They were obliged to do this simply to continue higher studies. Anyway I think it was low-level discrimination, or, to put it differently, our way of living, our silence and our inherited Roma mentality is a discrimination Bulletin No 1, April 2001, Roma rights, youth generation. in itself. By saying this I don’t mean that I regret being a Roma, on the Albanian Roma Youth Forum contrary, people, whoever they are, have a life and should enjoy it “Amaro Drom”, Tirana since it is a gift from God that people should respect.

Questions 1. Why did a communist member of the Greek minority give his natio-nality as Albanian? 2. Did minorities have rights during the communism regime? Explain your answer. 3. Did the situation on Minority rights change after 1991?

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CHILDREN RIGHTS Article 17 Doc. 220 Parents have the same obligations and tasks towards children born 1946 Constitution both out of wedlock and those born within marriage. Children born out of wedlock have equal rights with those born within marriage. Article 24 State takes particular care of children of martyrs fallen in the field of war and for other victims of war. Article 28 Children under age are under the protection of the law. Doc. 221 Article 49 1976 Constitution Parents are responsible for the upbringing and communist education of children. Children are obliged to care for disabled parents and for those without sufficient means to live. Children born out of wedlock have equal rights with those born within marriage. Orphans and children without proper families are brought up and educated by state. Doc. 222 Article 54 1998 Constitution 1. Children, adolescents, pregnant women and new mothers have the right to special protection from the state. 2. Children born out of wedlock have equal rights with those born within marriage. 3. Every child has the right to be protected from violence, ill treatment, exploitation and their use for work, especially under the minimum age for work, which could damage their health and morals or endanger their life or normal development. Doc. 223 In all primary and secondary schools in the country pupils’ Pupils’ Government governments are established. In my school, every school year after a democratic election campaign, three senators from each grade are elected. After that in first meetings, various commissions, such as financial, activities, ecological etc are elected. Senators are members of the Government. The leading board is composed by Arta Nika, teacher at the “9 - President - Chief of Government - Secretary - October”Primary School in Every decision is based on consensus. In cases where this is impossible, Saranda. March 2002. a voting process takes place. Doc. 224 Senators at the Primary School “9 October” in Saranda

School’s Archive Questions 1. What were the children’s rights during the communist period ? 2. Do you see any changes in children’s rights in the 1998 Constitution? 3. What is your opinion of the pupils’ government?

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CLASS STRUGGLE

Key questions 1. What means did the communist parties use to impose the political systems on ordinary people, and how did they react on it? Did people react the same way in all three countries? 2. What kind of political leaders were created by the system?

Doc.225 Article 4 1976 Constitution The Socialist Republic of Albania will continue developing the revolution and class struggle until final victory over capitalism is achieved and the final establishment of socialism and communism is accomplished. Doc.226 …The entire history of establishing socialism in Albania Essence of the Establishment of is one of a struggle between the revolution and counter-revolution, Socialism between two roads of development, against external and internal Enver Hoxha, New Constitution enemies, as well as within the ranks of the people and the party a great historical victory for the itself. Even after the liquidation of the exploiting classes as such, party and the people. the internal and external enemies have never for one moment laid November 1,1976. down their arms or ceased their struggle against socialism…

Doc. 227 In those Autumn days in 1960, when we were thinking that Political Prisoners Remember something would happen in Albania, in my house in Tirana... We decided to set up the first clandestine social-democratic group. We met with Pjeter Arbnori who had a clandestine group in Durrës and decided to merge the two groups. .... Our activity was denounced and the group members were arrested.... *Class Struggle By the end of July 1962, I was accused of “high treason” - In the communist era it was according to Article 64 of the Accusation Act, and of “ agitation and named the struggle of the working propaganda in a group”... (article 73). class, represented by its political Court sessions were held behind closed doors and the power, against the so- called spectators were officers from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and party influence of residues of old officials… The accusations were more or less along the lines: “have capitalist society and its ideology spread propaganda against the Labour Party and the People’s Power; in all fields of life. have negated the Republic of Albania’s superb achievements in political, economic and social areas”; have propagated the bourgeois way of living; have spoken ill against socialist realism; have spread rumours against the party and state leaders…. We were sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. I was assigned at cell number 9. It was 6m long and 4m wide, with two small, iron-barred windows facing east. There were 40 prisoners in 24 square meters, packed like sardines in the tin. At the end of the room, close to the door were two big jars for urinating and to empty the bowels in special need. Only three times a day, for five minutes, were the prisoners allowed to go as a group in the bathrooms… Dr. Mico was from a Greek minority population in Dhiver, Saranda. He was sentenced twice by the communist dictatorship and suffered 20 years of imprisonment. Never did he fail to assist his co- sufferers, despite the fact that he himself had a series of diseases. The police state had also sentenced his son and son in law to long imprisonment, but Doctor Mico Konomi never lost hope that the Agim Musta, “ Live Files”, totalitarian regime would be overthrown. He died at Burreli prison Tirana, 1995. without any medical assistance.

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Doc. 228 General Number of Prisons and Prisoners During 1947

Fehmi Sufaj “History of Albanian Prisons during XXth Century” Tirana 2000. Questions: 1. Do you consider the class struggle to be a product of Constitution of 1976 ? 2. Which crime was committed by the author of “Live Files”? 3. Did any difference in imprisonment conditions exist between Albanian and Greek minority political prisoners ? 4. How many categories of prisoners were there in prison during 1947 ? 5. What is your conclusion about the ratio among different categories of prisoners ? Doc. 229 Doc. 230 Foreign Press Announcement Trial against Enemies of the People during 1950 s of the Execution of Catholic Priest Shtjefën Kurti

Fehmi Sufaj “History of Albanian Prisons during XXth Century”. Tirana 2000, Albanian Telegraphic Agency

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BULGARIA

THE CONSTITUTIONS ON CIVIL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

Doc. 231 Art. 71 1947 Constitution All citizens of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria are equal before the law. No privileges are permitted based either on nationality, origin, religion or wealth. The law shall penalize any proclamation based on racial, nationalistic or religious hate.

Doc. 232 Art. 35 1971 Constitution (1) All citizens of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria are equal before the law. (2) Any privileges, or restriction of rights are not permitted based either on nationality, origin, religion, sex, race, education or status in the society. (3) The state ensures the equality of all citizens, and enables circumstances and opportunities for them to demand their rights.

Doc. 233 Art. 6 1991 Constitution (1) All persons are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (2) All citizens shall be equal before the law. Art. 38. No one shall be persecuted or restricted in his rights because of his views, nor shall any person be obliged or forced to provide information about his own or another person’ views. Questions: 1. What are the values approved by these constitutions according to human rights? 2. Are there any significant changes of fundamental rights resulting from the changes to the political system in Bulgarian society?

Doc. 234 A protest meeting against irregularities in the liquidation of The right to official protest enterprises.

Capital newspaper 3-9 Slogan: November 2001 We chose you - we will replace you. Believe us!

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FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE PRESS. RIGHT OF ASSEMBLY

Doc. 235 Art. 87 1947 Constitution Bulgarian citizens shall have the right to form associations, companies and organizations, unless they are against the state and social order set down in the present constitution. Forming, and membership of organizations which aim to deprive or offend the rights and freedom of the Bulgarian people won from the national uprising of September 9, 1944[…]. Art. 88 The law guarantees freedom of the press, or of speech or the rights of the people to assemble and demonstrate peacefully.

Doc. 236 Art.52 1971 Constitution (3) Organizations directed against the socialist regime of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria are forbidden […]. Art. 54 Bulgarian citizens shall have freedom of the press, or of speech or the right to assemble and demonstrate peacefully.

Doc. 237 Art. 39 1991 Constitution (1) Everyone shall be entitled to express an opinion or to publicize it […]. Art. 40 (1) The press and the other mass information media shall be free and not be subjected to censorship. Art. 41 (1) Everyone shall be entitled to seek, obtain and disseminate information… Questions: 1. Define which groups of rights are guaranteed according to the three constitutions. 2.What characteristics of the time do these expressions reflect? Doc. 238 Freedom of speech and press

T. Tsonev, 1964

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Doc. 239 “Arrested books”

Collage Gricha Gospodinov, Nikola Genov

Magazine Otechestvo, 1990

Doc. 240 Participants at a meeting against the governing Socialists

Questions: 1. In those sources (doc. 238- 240), which civil rights are manifested or broken? 2. Which of them illustrate the conformity or disparity between the reality and officially granted rights?

Doc. 241 Eastern Europe is afraid of the spread of ideas from the 1968 Political freedom “Prague spring”. Alfred Foskolo’s parents were French and Bulgarian. He studied in Bulgaria until 1949, after which he always spent his summer holidays in Bulgaria. In 1966 he printed 500 leaflets in France and brought them to Sofia. The young people wanted free elections, freedom of the press and place of residence, worker’s self-government, an end to the Warsaw Pact, and rehabilitation of repression victims. That very year, Freddy asked the Bulgarian authorities for permission to marry his Bulgarian girlfriend: “[…] It was in August 1968 and on the 21st the Soviets invaded Prague; on 28 August […] I was arrested and held in the State Security Service building. The trial started on 6 January 1969. […] The public prosecutor wanted to sentence me to death, my attorney replied that he was right, but he would ask for special dispensation. I was sentenced to 27 years’ imprisonment, and 15 of them should be spent in darkness for espionage. […] I was discharged unexpectedly on 30 April 1971 and I was returned to France. S. Courtois, N. Werth at al., […]My imprisonment in Bulgarian was not desirable, because Black book of communism, 1999 the Helsinki meetings were taking place.”

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MINORITY RIGHTS TO STUDY MOTHER TONGUE Doc. 242 Art. 79 1947 Constitution […] National minorities shall have the right to study their mother tongue and develop their national culture, in addition to compulsory study of the Bulgarian language.

Doc. 243 Turkish textbook for the study of the mother tongue, 1967

Doc. 244 Turkish textbook for children in first grade, 1999

Art. 45 Doc. 245 […] (7) All citizens not born as Bulgarians who accept compulsory 1971 Constitution study of Bulgarian shall be granted the right to study their mother tongue.

Doc. 246 Article 36 1991 Constitution (1) The study and use of the Bulgarian language is a right and obligation of every Bulgarian citizen. (2) Citizens whose mother tongue is not Bulgarian shall have the right to study and use their own language alongside the compulsory study of the Bulgarian language

Doc. 247 The philosopher Stephan Gaytandjiev: Bulgarian dissidents. “Earlier, during the 60’s, 70’s and even during the 80’s, there were small intellectual circles who met and talked, but they only achieved symbolical resistance”. The writer Georgy Mishev: “The E. Ivanova. Bulgarian Dissidents most widespread form of dissidence in Bulgaria was “Aesopean”, 1988-1989. Part I. S., 1997 i.e. an indirect, secret form of resistance against the system”.

Doc. 248 “An open day”* at the Jewish House of Culture, Burgas, September 1999

* “ An open day”- European day of Jewish culture organized to popularize Jewish traditions and culture.

Questions: 1. Suggest what the idea was, behind organizing “an open day”? 2. Investigate which Jewish holiday is held on that day? 3. Make conclusions about the real changes in the rights of different religious and ethnic communities after 1989?

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Doc. 249 Resolution passed by the 8th greater plenum of the Bul- The plenum declares full equality of the rights for persons garian Communist Party belonging to national minorities, and rejects antisemitism, as well Central Committee (February - as harmful nationalistic activities among the national minorities’ March 1945) population. Newspaper The Rabotnichesko delo, t.143, 06.03.45 Doc. 250 Organisation of Parliamentary Electoral Platform, 24 August ... 8. Equal rights and duties for persons of national minorities 1945 based on the equal loyalty towards our shared country of Bulgaria... Newspaper Rabotnichesko delo, vol. 252, 13.07.1945 Doc. 251 To those who have been ashamed of calling themselves The rights of Gypsies gypsies and have joined Turkish minorities or Christian Newspaper Romano esy communities: Let them drop the masks from their faces, raise their (Gypsy’s Voice), 1948. heads and show that they are gypsies.

Doc. 252 Fearing the threat of fascism, we lived in silence and The fate of Bulgarian Moslems bitterness, suffering the lashes of vulgar cynicism and insolent lies A report by Iusein Ali Sholev, from those who promised us a better life … the village of Ludgene, We faithfully hope that Bulgarian democratic rule will be Peshtera district, published in impartial to all Bulgarians irrespective of their religion. Rabotnichesko delo, 29.03.45 Doc. 253 But we didn’t solve the problem. Renewing names means Todor Zhivkov’s speech at a nothing. They christen their babies at home, every newborn child BCP Politburo session, 12.03.88 has two names and so on. Nationalism begins to reawaken under According to S.Trifonov. Top secret! these new conditions. Let us consider the importance of such a situation. Pogled newspaper, 20. 05. 91.

Doc. 254 Ethnic problems. T. Tsonev

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Doc. 255 Vladimir (Adil) Kossev’s me- I was born in 1907 and was named Adil. In 1912 I was named mories. Chepelare village Boris. In 1914 I became Adil again. In 1942 I renewed my name to Assen. In 1944/45 I was again Adil. Now in 1970 I’m Vladimir, so I According to Mihailov, St. Reviving Process in Bulgaria have had six name changes. Will that be the end of it ? S.,1992 Doc. 256 A totally inconsistent theory, perpetuated by Dimitrov and BCP’s Minority’ policy Chervenkov, dominated multinational life in Bulgaria - that of Zhivkov T., Correcting one ethnos, one culture, one way of life, religion and customs. falsifications.1993 Doc. 257 Meeting of Bulgarian Turks demanding the return of their names

Slogans: We want our names and rights

Doc. 258

Slogans: Red and blue deputies, democracy is not pro-Turkish cultural auto- nomy.

*The red is symbol of the BSP and the blue -of the UDP

Doc. 259 …The ethnical structure of emigrants corresponds to a Ethnical structures of emigrants great extent with the ethnical structure of the country’s to Bulgaria population. Emigration into the country includes: Bulgarians – An interview with Yordan 80%, Turks – 12%, Romany people – 6%, others –2%…Among Kalchev, Department Head at those who wish to emigrate to foreign countries are: Bulgarians the Statistic Institute, “Pari”- - 81%, Turks – 13% and Romany people – 2%...” newspaper, Apr. 12, 2002

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Doc. 260 Table Regions 1950-1951 1952-1988 TOTAL Settlers Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons Total 20 809 84 941 28 924 105 344 49 733 190 285 Bursa 3 493 14 616 8 335 31 685 11 828 46 301 Istanbul 3 831 11 644 9 881 34 508 13 712 46 152 Izmir 2 123 10 141 2 751 10 121 4 874 20 262 Shekirdag 1 846 7 719 2 006 7 238 3 852 4 957 Еsky-shehyr 1 600 7 009 1 912 7 066 3 512 14 075 Kurklarely 1 646 7 230 1 067 4 036 2 713 11 266 Маnysa 1 885 7 961 603 2 018 2 488 10 241 Аncara 1 565 6 016 608 2 018 2 173 8 034 Коdgaely 727 3 478 967 3 363 1 694 7 114 Total 37 425 154 397 32 356 116 521 69 781 270 918

Between Adaptation and Nostalgia (The Bulgarian Turks in Turkey). Compiler À. Jeljazkova. S., 1998

Questions: 1. What is the Communist Party’s fundamental understanding of the ethnic communities’ human rights? 2. When did the party’s policies change? What is the reason for that change? 3. Are there any changes in the rights of different religions and etnic communities after 1989?

WOMEN AND THEIR RIGHTS

Doc. 261 Art. 72 1947 Constitution Women shall have equal rights with men in all matters of the state, in private, economic, social, cultural and political life. This equality of rights shall be accomplished as women are guaranteed equal labor rights – equal salaries, rights to rest, rights of insurance, of pensions and of qualification. Art. 77 The state shall pay special attention to the social, cultural, working, physical and healthful education of children.

Doc. 262 Art. 36 1971 Constitution All citizens of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria have equal rights, irrespective of gender. Art. 38 (3) Spouses have equal rights and duties. Parents are obliged to give special attention to the upbringing and communistic education of their children. Art. 39 (1) Education of youth in a communist spirit is an obligation for the whole society.

Doc. 263 Art. 14 1991 Constitution The family, motherhood and childhood enjoy protection by the state and society.

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Doc. 264 Doc. 265 Dr Margarita Brainova - one of the first specialists Shirin Mestan - Chairman of the State in the field of genetic engineering. Agency for the Protection of Children in the Ministry Council of the Republic of Bulgaria

Doc. 266 Women and political life Parliamentary Election 1997 –included on election lists

Parties: ADP DL Еuroleft CNS BBB Total: w м w м w м w м w м w м I zone 13 93 1 27 - 3 - 7 - - 14 131 II zone 9 53 12 48 2 22 1 23 - 24 24 170 III zone 27 166 29 119 20 84 11 74 14 54 101 497 Total number 49 312 42 194 22 109 12 104 14 78 139 798 in the lists Number of mandates 137 58 4 19 12 240

Platform 120 Abbreviations in the table: ADP – Allied Democratic Powers (UDP, Democratic Party, BAPU, BSDP, IMRO) DL – Democratic Left Wing (BSP and it’s partners) CNS – Coalition for National Salvation (MRF and partners) BBB – Bulgarian Business Block Zone I–ensures a mandate in the National Assembly Zone II– this is an uncertain zone (candidates may or may not be elected) III zone – insignificant chance of a mandate Questions: 1. What are the socialist and human values implied by those Constitutions? 2. What conclusions could be made about the real role of woman in political life (doc. 261 - 266)?

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CHILDREN RIGHTS

Doc. 267 Art. 3 Child Protection Law (1) Children have the rights established in Chapter Two* of the * - Fundamental Rights and Obli- Constitution of theRepublic of Bulgaria. gations Stenographical copies of 38 National Assembly, III Session, 2000

Doc. 268 Balkan Children’s Parliament held session in the building of Constituent Assembly in Veliko Tarnovo, 1998

Doc. 269 The first “Child Protection “site

Questions: 1. What are the Constitution guarantees for children’s rights in the Bulgarian society before and after 1989 (doc.261-263 and 267)? 2. What are the changes in child protection policies after 1989 (doc.267, 269)? 3. Comment on the role the Children’s Parliaments can play in building a modern, civil society.

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MACEDONIA

THE CONSTITUTIONS ON CIVIL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

Doc. 270 Article 20 1946 Constitution All citizens of the Peoples Republic of Macedonia are equal before the law regardless of nationality, race or religious beliefs. No privileges on the basis of birth, status, wealth or level of education are recognized. Any act providing either privileges or restrictions on the grounds of nationality, race and religious beliefs, as well as any incitement of national, race or religious hate and dissension is against the Constitution and shall be punished.

Doc. 271 Article 177 1974 Constitution The Macedonian People and the Nationalities in the Social Republic of Macedonia are equal, all having the same rights and duties. Article 178 Every nationality has a guaranteed right of free choice of language, freedom in the expression and development of culture, and freedom to establish buildings and institutions in those areas where these rights exist. Article 179 Education at institutions and schools in those areas where the nationalities live may be in their mother tongue.

Doc. 272 Article 9 1991 Constitution 1991 Citizens of the Republic of Macedonia are equal in their freedoms and rights, regardless of sex, race, colour of skin, national and social origin, political and religious beliefs, property and social status. All citizens are equal before the Constitution and law. Article 10 Human right to life is irrevocable. The death penalty shall not be imposed on any grounds whatsoever in the Republic of Macedonia. Article 11 Human right to physical and moral dignity is irrevocable. Any form of torture, or inhuman or humiliating conduct or punishment, is prohibited. Forced labor is prohibited. Doc. 273 The Helsinki Committee for human rights of the Republic of Macedonian Helsinki Commit- Macedonia is an independent non-governmental organization for the tee for Human Rights (MHCHR) protection of human rights, whose main task is to monitor and report http://www.mhc.org.mk/ on the observance of human rights at local and international levels.

Questions: 1. Compare which human rights are defined in different periods?

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WOMEN’S RIGHTS

Doc. 274 For the first time in their lives, Macedonian women have equal Antifascist Women’s Front rights with men, to demand their rights and interests as equal members (AWF) of our community […] In their country – the People’s Republic of Macedonia, Macedonian, Albanian, and Turkish women enjoy all rights and conditions of their political, cultural and social progress and development. AWF, along with all other large organizations, has contributed greatly to the building of socialism, in their participation of power, in the growth of socialist education and conscious awareness. (Women st years of P. R. Macedonia, 1950 delegates at the 1 AWF Congress) Doc. 275 AWF Session

5 years of P. R. Macedonia, 1950

Doc. 276 Never before have women participated in the production Women in production as much as today. They are completely equal to the men in production and provide valuable assistance to our socialist development. Many women have received awards for their good and outstanding work.

On the flag: The best worker

5 years of P. R. Macedonia, 1950

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Doc. 277 Women’s groups report that there is widespread family Macedonia Report on Human violence against women. Cultural norms discourage the reporting Right Practices in 1996 of such violence; criminal charges on the grounds of domestic violence are very rare. A crisis hot line received over 1,000 calls during 1996. Women have the same legal rights as men. Macedonian society, in both the Muslim and Christian communities, remains traditionally patriarchal, and advancement of women into nontraditional roles is limited. Some prominent professional women are now visible in society. Women’s advocacy groups include the Union of Associations of Macedonian Women and the League of Albanian Women... Although no formal restrictions exist on the participation of Bureau of Democracy, Human women in politics and government, they are underrepresented in these Rights, and Labor, January 30, areas. Only 1 of 20 ministers is a woman, and only 4 of 120 Members 1997. of Parliament are women.

Doc. 278 The Union of Women’s Organizations of the Republic of Union of the Women’s Organi- Macedonia (UWOM) is a non-governmental woman’s zations of Macedonia organization, which was established in October 1994 by 10 independent women’s organizations from different cities in the Republic of Macedonia. Since its establishment, UWOM functions as a network of 46 member organizations. These organizations are different in structure and interests. UWOM is a multiethnic network of Macedonian, Albanian, Roma, Serbian and Vlach Women’s Associations. Members in the network also include the Association of Single Mothers, the Association of Women of the Third Age (Veterans), groups of women formed by interest groups, such as women from rural regions, http://www.sozm.org.mk women from science, business women (entrepreneurs) and migrants.

Doc. 279 total number women Women in politics 1990 120 5 1994 120 4 1988 120 9 Questions: 1. In what way did the role of women in society change?

CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

Doc. 280 There has been much success, but also many faults and Communist Party on children’s weaknesses in the education of children by the Pioneer Union. rights Weaknesses were present in work organization - it was poor: too slow in discovering new methods of working with the children in the very obvious political work (political information and studies for the children), and a too strict “soldier” spirit and discipline at schools unsuitable for the children’s age and interests, making the Pioneer Union very unpopular among the children. This organization has managed to develop a great sense of collective life among the children and towards collective work by working on For a happy childhood, Skopje, their patriotic feelings, but it hasn’t provided the children with fun, joy 1972 and childlike happiness […]

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Doc. 281 Tito with pioneers in Bitola

www.arhiv.com.mk

Doc. 282 Education system

Macedonian cartoons, Vladimir Velichkovski, 1973

Doc. 283 In the name of the peace

Macedonian cartoons, Vladimir Velichkovski, 1973

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Doc. 284 The country’s strong commitment to the rights and welfare of Macedonia Report on Human children is limited by resource constraints. The Government provides Rights Practices in 1996 compulsory education until the eighth grade. Both family budgets and Bureau of Democracy, Human the Government’s ability to provide social relief in cases of need are Rights, and Labor, January 30, under strain because of poor economic conditions. 1997. There is no pattern of social abuse against children.

Doc. 285 Convention on the First children’s embassy in the Rights of the Child world - “Medjashi” Article 1 For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen, unless under the law applicable to the child majority is attained earlier. Article 2 1. State Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child The worst types of child within their jurisdiction labour without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child’s or his or her parent’s or legal guardian’s race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. 2. State Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of status, activities, expressed opinions, http://www.unet.com.mk/ or beliefs of the child’s parents, legal guardians, or family medzasi/index.html members.

Doc. 286 “In the Communist era, the education system was created to Yesterday and Today serve official policy and to prepare young people for life in an one- party system. Young people were taught that the only options for a good and secure life were ‘Tito or ‘the Party’. Slogans about Tito were everywhere in the schools, slogans such as: ‘Tito is ours, we are Tito’s’, ‘Follow Tito – Tito’, and others. Youth organizations at schools were called: ‘Tito’s Pioneers’”. “Now everything is different. Politics have been removed from Interview with the teacher schools. Schools are now full of different types of slogans dedicated to Trajko Noveski (30 years famous scientists, and children are not forced to love a political party working experience), 2000 or political opinion. They are free to be children.” Questions: 1. What was the party’s attitude towards the pioneers’ organizations? 2. In which spirit was the party raising the children? 3. Compare the realisation of the children rights in the different periods!

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POLITICAL FREDOM

Doc. 287 Was your 20-year sentence reduced in the end? Interview Once by 3 years, then 5 years, and that’s how I was in for 12 years. Were your civil rights taken away with the sentence? For ten years they were, but, it happened later. Once, the people chose me as a People’s Delegate from my company. The manager called me and said: ”Gradiski, you were convicted, and you cannot be a “People’s Delegate”. There was an article in the newspapers that I had been convicted and had no rights, in spite of the fact that all my rights as a citizen had been given back to me. Did you try to get a passport? I wasn’t given a passport until few years ago.[…] I asked for one right after I was out, but I didn’t get it. They even threatened me: ”You want a passport, but you can lose your head”. Your idea was an independent, united and self-governing Interview with Borislav Macedonia. Gradiski, Aktuel, no.14,2001 From the ideas of the Ilinden Uprising, and Goce Delcev.

Doc. 288 [...]In November (1945), a new constitution was proclaimed and Tito UDBA organized a strong army and a strong secret police force (the UDBA) loyal to him. The UDBA methodically found, imprisoned and even executed a large number of Nazi collaborators, Catholic priests, those “http://www.cnn.com/ who had opposed the communist-led war effort, and even communists SPECIALS/cold.war/ who did not agree with Tito.[...]

Doc. 289 For years and centuries, we couldn’t have got a passport to Political prisoner travel abroad. When Tito, or some other statesman came to Macedonia, the “dangerous elements” were held in their homes for several days. At such times, we were often told not to leave our homes during the critical days. At work place regularly we were surrounded by informers, and treated like a second class citizen. From time to time, we were asked to go to the police for an informative talk, and when there was a political escape over the border, or some political anti-state activity, by individuals or groups, ex prisoners were locked up and kept for days and interrogated. All the members of our family have been in this Eftim Gasev, Our case, 1995) situation or a similar one.

Doc. 290 …At the end of August 1951, on St. Gregor’s day, Political prisoners Aleksandar Rankovich came. The most frightening perpetrator of torture of the highest rank. He came to visit our camp. We were all standing. We were like skeletons… We, the camp inmates, were all lined up for over a kilometer… there were imprisoners who weighed between 30 and 45 kilo- grams…He was looked at as if he were God, by the recent generals, colonels, majors, heroes, fighters, many of them with wounds on their bodies as a memory of defending Yugoslavia from national and foreign enemies. We, the camp inmates, with our heads down, in the August sun, recited the slogan: ”Long live the CPY”, “Marko, Marko”, Tito, Party”, Golootok’s testimonies, Dimce and our convictions showed that we had disgraced the Party…. Najcevski, 1998

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Doc. 291 …The verdict was given to me several days after the trial. I was Political Court both bitter and furious after its reading, because we were treated as something we were not. All of our actions were misrepresented, whatever I said about the real motivation of resistance against the system and the state, against the popular power of that time and its regime; only a minimum of that was in the verdict and it was all wrong, with too many lies, wrong interpretations and explanations, and because of that I wrote notes on the last page: ”I said none of the things written about Gligor Krstevski, Blagoja Mrmevski in the verdict, he was also convicted by means of a Resistance and Persecution, 1994 huge lie”……..

Doc. 292 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: Macedonia Report on Human a. Freedom of Speech and Press Right Practices in 1996 The Constitution forbids censorship and provides for freedom of speech, public access, public information, and freedom to establish private media outlets. The Government generally respects these provisions in practice. b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association The Constitution provides for these rights and the Government generally respects them in practice. Advance notification of large Bureau of Democracy, Human meetings is required, but the authorities do not appear to abuse Rights, and Labor, January 30, that requirement, and opposition rallies occur regularly without 1997. major incident. Questions: 1. What was the authority’s attitude towards people who did not agree with the official policies? 2. Which changes happened regarding political freedom after 1990?

MINORITY RIGHTS

Doc. 293 ...representatives of certain nationalities to be enrolled in the representative bodies, considering the structure of the population on their territory; through a guarantee of each nationality the right to use its language, to express and develop its own culture and to found institutions and organizations which secure these rights; in the places where the nationalities live, the education of the members of the nationalities to be conducted in 121) schools and educational institutions, in which the teaching is to The Constitution of SRM, art. 72-75 be held on the language of the nationality; in the municipalities where the larger number of the nationalities live, the decisions and some other important acts in the municipalities to be declared both on the language of the nationality; in the nationality mixed Fidancho Stoev, Macedonia as a areas in the Republic, the inhabitants to have the equal right to state and self-management use their own language in the administration and judge practice, community, Skopje, 1987 and public notices to be bilingual.121)

Doc. 294 The population of 2.2 million is composed of a variety of Macedonia Report on Human national and ethnic groups, mainly Macedonians, Albanians, Rights Practices in 1996 Turks, Roma, Serbs, and Vlakhs. All citizens are equal under the law. The Constitution provides for the protection of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious identity of minorities, including state support for education in minority languages through secondary school...

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... More than 40 political parties are registered, including ethnically based parties of Albanians, Turks, Serbs and Roma. No cases of denial of registration were reported during the year...... Ethnic minority Members of Parliament include 19 Bureau of Democracy, Human Albanians, 2 Roma, 1 Serb, and 1 Turk. Five Albanian ministers Rights, and Labor, January 30, are in the cabinet, one of whom is both deputy prime minister and 1997. minister of economy. Doc. 295 The league of Albanian Women is a free, independent pluralist The League of Albanian Women and democratic association. It is open to all women, regardless of their in Macedonia (L.A.W. M.) political or organizational affiliations, and to women who do not belong to any party, organization or union. The objective of the L.A.W. M is to protect and reflect women’s interests, and serve their emancipation in accordance with the principles for the protection of human rights of the UN Charter, Helsinki and OSCE , the final document of http://www.sazm.org.mk/ Copenhagen, the Paris charta etc.

Doc. 296 Election results

Doc. 297 Macedonia’s educational system offers a full curriculum Education for ethnic Albanians: in the Albanian language from primary to university education. 30% (77,496 pupils) of the students enrolled in primary education in the Republic of Macedonia are ethnic Albanians and are educated in Albanian language. Albanian-language primary and Questions: secondary education in Macedonia is funded by the state. 1.Concerning all this documents There are 15,302 students of Albanian nationality (17% describe the position of mino- percent) enrolled in secondary education, including vocational and rities in different periods. general high school education. The number of young Albanians educated in both state universities in Skopje and Bitola is increasing. Both universities employ an “affirmative action” admissions policy, ensuring that http://www.macedonia.org/ 23% of incoming university students are ethnic Albanian, which crisis/commitment.html is proportional to the country’s overall population.

OVERALL QUESTIONS 1. What was and is the official policy towards minorities and political freedom? 2. What was and is the evolution in the rights of women and children in the three counties? 3. Put forward some differences and similarities concerning overall question 1 and 2.

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BIOGRAPHIES

Albania

Hoxha Enver (1908 –1985) Leader of Democratic Party in Shkodra Born in Gjirokastra. One of the founders of the (1991). He has been a deputy of the Democratic Party Communist Party (1941). From 1944 until 1985 he since 1992. Head of Parliament (1992 - 1997). was the Chairman of the Communist Party and led Spiro Nako (1918-1947) the communist state he founded. Political oppression Was born in Durrës. Member of the Central and extermination of his political opponents by means Committee of the Communist Party (1942), political of so-called class struggle and a total isolation of the secretary of Central Committee of Communist Youth country with serious consequences for the economic (1942), member of Polit Bureau of CPA (1943). development characterized political and economical Minister of Economy and Chief of Commission of life for about 40 years. State Planning (1946-1947). In November 1947 he Berisha Sali. was denounced by the Communist Party of Was born in Tropoja in 1944. He studied medicine Yugoslavia as an agent of imperialism and anti- and because of his excellent results was nominated Yugoslav. Under these conditions he commited lecturer in Faculty of Medicine(1967). At the end of suicide. the 1980’s, along with many other intellectuals, he Alia Ramiz published in Albanian and foreign press papers Was born in Shkodër in 1925. Member of claiming freedom of thought and political pluralism. the Communist Party since 1943. Faithful collaborator At the beginning of democratic movement he was and follower of Enver Hoxha. First Secretary of united with students. One of the founders of the Central Committee of PLA after Hoxha died (1985- Democratic Party. 1990). From 1944 till 1992 held high positions in party Member of Parliament since 1991. President of and state: First Secretary of Central Committee of Republic (1992-1997). Acting Head of the Union of Albanian Youth (1949), member of CC of Democratic Party. PLA (1948), member of Polit Bureau and Secretary Arbnori Pjetër of CC of PLA (1961), Deputy Head of Democratic Was born in Durrës in 1935. Despite excellent Front (1967), Head of Presidency of People’s school results he was not allowed to attend university Assembly (1982). In 1985 he swore to continue for political reasons. By means of falsified documents socialist construction in the footsteps of E. Hoxha. he enrolled at Tirana University and graduated as a President of Republic (1991-1992). In December literature teacher. In spring of 1961 he was arrested 1990, as a result of the very difficult economic situation and condemned to death. Three months later the and under the pressure of democratic forces, he was sentence was changed to 25 years‘ imprisonment. In forced to allow political pluralism in Albania. 1989, after 28 years, he was released.

Bulgaria

Georgi Dimitrov (1882-1949). Todor Zhivkov ( 1911-1998). A Bulgarian politician and statesman, leader A Bulgarian politician, statesman and leader of the Bulgarian and international communist of the BCP. In 1954 he was elected First Secretary movement. The Leipzig fire trial of 1933 was a of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist defining moment in his life and career. Accused of Party. After the April plenary session of the Central having set the Reichstag on fire, he defended himself Committee of the BCP Zhivkov was the first Bulgarian brilliantly and he won world-wide recognition. His politician to realize the profoundness of the changes global fame brought Dimitrov the office of general in Moscow after Stalin’s death. In 1962 Zhivkov secretary of the Third Communist International. In became prime-minister. Since Zhivkov’s downfall in 1946 the Grand National Assembly elected Georgi the autumn of 1989, there have been different Dimitrov prime minister. As he also held the post of assessments of his personality general secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party till his death in 1949.

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Jelyu Jelev (1935). won the second president elections (Oct 26 – Nov A Bulgarian politician, philosopher, a research 3, 1996) . Stoyanov’s main priority is integrating associate, PhD, President of the Republic of Bulgaria Bulgaria to the European Union and the NATO. since August 1, 1990 till January 22, 1997. Dr. Jelev was at the head of the dissident movement, which Simeon Borisov Saxe Coburg Gotha started in the end of the 80’s. Jelev is the author of Prime Minister of the Republic of Bulgaria many treatises, studies and of the book “The Fascism” (1937 ). He was the son of tsar Boris III and tsaritsa (1982). The later was stopped almost simultaneously Joanna. In 1996 Simeon Saxe Coburg Gotha came after its publishing because of the similarity between back to Bulgaria after 50 years of exile. On April 6, the described fascist state and the socialist one. 2001 he declared his will to settle in Bulgaria. He participated in the Parliamentary elections on June 17, Petar Stoyanov ( 1952 ). 2001 as a leader of the National Movement Simeon President of the Republic of Bulgaria since II (NMSS). After an undisputable victory of NMSS, January 22, 1997. He became a deputy in the 37th on July 24, 2001 Simeon Saxe Coburg Gotha took National Assembly when he was elected a Vice an oath as Prime Minister of the Republic of Bulgaria. Secretary of the parliamentary group of the UDF. He

Macedonia

Metodi Andonov-Chento (1902-1957) President of the Yugoslav Parliament of Yugoslavia... A Macedonian patriot and statesman. Until After the first democratic and multi party elections, the war in opposition, a candidate of the united the Macedonian Parliament chose him as President oppositions at the elections in 1935 and 1938. He of the independent and sovereign state of Macedonia. was imprisoned several times during Versai’s Lazar Kolishevski (1914-2001) Yugoslavia. From June 1941, until the summer of A member of the KPY since 1935. One of 1943, he was in a Bulgarian prison. He became a the organizers of the NLW in Macedonia. During member of the KPJ in 1943; he was a president of WWII, from 1941-1945 he was imprisoned in ASNOM, a president of the National Council since Bulgaria, and at the same time he was elected as a 1946, a representative in the Macedonian Parliament member of the first ASNOM and AVNOY meetings. and the Federal Parliament. Under the false In the 1944 he was elected vice-president of the accusation, he was expelled from the SKJ in 1946, Presidium of ASNOM. After the war he held several and in the same year in a predetermined trial, he was important positions, such as: representative in the sentenced to lifetime prison. He died in 1957 following Federal and the Republic’s Parliament, President of a serious illness. All of his life was commited to the the National Parliament of Macedonia, a member of national liberation of the Macedonian people and its the presidency of the federation and its President. country. Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) Kiro Gligorov Since 1937 a leader of the KPY. An organizer A lawyer by profession, and a participant in and a leader of the NLF in Yugoslavia. After the war the NLW, member of the KPM since 1944. He was he was head of all important state positions in a secretary of the Initiative Committee of Assembly Yugoslavia, such as: President of Yugoslavia, President for ASNOM. After liberation, he was in several of the Government of Yugoslavia, Supreme responsible positions in the Republic and the Commander of the Armed Forces in Yugoslavia. He Federation, such as: Minister of Finance in the was Croatian by nationality. Presidium of ASNOM, Federal Secretary of Finance,

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albania 1. Albania a Patrimony of European values. Tirana, 1 2. “Enver Hoxha”. Album. Tirana,1986 June 2001 1 3. “ 40 years Socialist Albania“.Album. Printing 2. Albania. Torture and ill-treatment- an end to House “8 November”, Tirana,1984 impunity? Amnesty International, May2001, 14. History of Albanian People, Tirana, 1996. London WC1X 0DW, United Kingdom. 15. 3. Hoxha E. Laying the foundations of the New Albanian Telegraphic Agency. Overthrown of Albania. Tirana 1984 Enver Hoxha’ s monument. 16. Hoxha E. Report on the activity of the Central 4. Albanian Telegraphic Agency. Trial against Committee of the Albanian Labour Party. Enemies of People during the 1950’s Submitted to the 7th Congress of the Albanian 5. Alia, R.”I, Ramiz Alia testimony for history”. Labour Party. November 1, 1976. Second Edition. Tirana, 1993. 17. Law on Main Constitutional Provisions of 1991. 6. Amnesty International Report, 1980. Albania Official gazette.No 4. Tirana. July 1991. Amnesty International 18. Lubonja K. “ Letter from a Dissident (October 7. Amnesty International Report, 1986. Albania. 1986). Tirana 1995 Amnesty International Publications, 19. Musta A. “ Live Files”, Tirana, 1995. 1. Easton Street, London WC1X 8DJ, United 20. Official gazette. Tirana, 01/10/1945. About Kingdom. electoral rolls. 8. 1946 Constitution. Official gazette.No19. Tirana, 21. Sufaj F. “History of Albanian Prisons during XXth 19/03/1946. Century” Tirana 2000 9. 1976 Constitution. Official gazette.No 5. Tirana, 22. “Tirana “.Album .Tirana, 1990. 30/12/1976. . 10. 23 ”25 years Socialist Albania”. Album. Tirana, Constitution and other explanatory materials. 1969. Tirana, December 1998. . 11. 24 Varfi Gj. “Albanian Heraldry”, Tirana, 2000 Council of Europe for Albania. Summary of . documents 1991-1997. Tirana, 2000 25 “With People, among Friends”. Album Tirana,

Bulgaria 1. Àñåíîâ, Á. Âúçðîäèòåëíèÿò ïðîöåñ è projects. Compiled by V. Metodiev, L. Stojanov. Äúðæàâíà ñèãóðíîñò. Ñ., 1996. (Assenov, B. Sofia,1990.) The so cold Revived process (The forced 6. Áúëãàðñêèÿò ÃÓËÀÃ. Ñâèäåòåëè. Ñ., 1991. Renaming of the Bulgarian Turks) and The State (The Bulgarian GULAG.Witnesses.,Sofia,1991. Security Service.Sofia,1996.) 7. Âàñèëåâà, Á. Áúëãàðñêàòà ïîëèòè÷åñêà 2. Áàåâà, È. Áúëãàðèÿ è Èçòî÷íà Åâðîïà. Ñ., åìèãðàöèÿ ñëåä Âòîðàòà ñâåòîâíà âîéíà. Ñ., 2001. (Baeva, I. Bulgaria and East Europe. 1999. (Vassileva, B. The Bulgarian political Sofia,2001.) emigration after the Second World War. 3. Áåéòóëîâ, Ì. Æèâîòúò íà íàñåëåíèåòî îò Sofia,1999.) òóðñêè ïðîèçõîä â ÍÐÁ.Ñ,1975. (Beitulov, M. 8. Âàñèëåâà, Á. Åâðåèòå â Áúëãàðèÿ 1944-1952. The life of the population from Turkish origin in Ñ., 1992 (Vassileva, B. The Jews in Bulgaria 1944- People’s republic of Bulgaria. Sofia, 1975.) 1952. Sofia,1992.). 4. Áúëãàðèÿ â ñôåðàòà íà ñúâåòñêèòå èíòåðåñè 9. Âðúçêè íà ñúâìåñòèìîñò è íåñúâìåñòèìîñò (áúëãàðî-ðóñêè íàó÷íè äèñêóñèè). Ñ., 1998. ìåæäó ìþñþëìàíè è õðèñòèÿíè â Áúëãàðèÿ. (Bulgaria in the sphere of the Soviet interest. Åòíîêóëòóðíè èçñëåäâàíèÿ ïîä (Bulgarian-Russian scholarly discussions.), ðúêî âî äñòâî òî íà Ö. Ãåîðãèåâà,1993- Sofia,1998.) 1994.Ñ.,1994. (Connec-tions of compatibility and 5. Áúëãàðñêè êîíñòèòóöèè è êîíñòèòóöèîííè incompatibility between Muslims and Christians in ï ð îåêòè. Ñúñò.  . Ìåòî äèåâ, Ë. Ñòî ÿíîâ. Ñ., Bulgaria. Ethno-cultural research under the guidance 1990. (Bulgarian Constitutions and constitutional of Z. Georgieva,1993-1994. ,Sofia,1994.)

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Macedonia

1. Jovan, F. Podvodni grebeni na politi- (Vilandzic, D. The historical turnovers in the kata, Skopje, 1993 (Jovan, F. Underwater crests development of Yugoslavia, Skopje, 1986) of politics, Skopje, 1993) 11. Osmanli, T. Oslu{uvawaa vo gluvo 2. Krstevski, G. Otpori i progoni, Skopje, doba, Skopje, 1993 (Osmanli, T. Listening in a 1994 (Krstevski, G. Resistance and persecution, deaf time, Skopje, 1993) Skopje, 1994) 12. Republi~ki zavod za statistika, Razvoj 3. Maksimovski, I. Politi~kiot zatvo- na SR Makedonija, Skopje, 1986 (The republic renik za Makedonija, Kumanovo, 1991 institute office of statistics, The development of SR (Maksimovski, I. The political prisoner about Macedonia, Skopje, 1986) Macedonia, Kumanovo, 1991) 13. Pavlovski, M. J. Od prvi~na ideja do 4. Titovata posledna bitka, Skopje 1981 dr`ava, Skopje, 1992 (Pavlovski, M. J. From (Tito’s last battle, Skpje, 1981) the first idea to the state, Skopje, 1992) 5. Pregled na istorijata na komunistite vo 14. Veljanovski, N. ASNOM dr`avotvorni Jugoslavija, Skopje, 1963 (A survey of the dimenzii, Skopje, 1994 (Veljanovski, N. history of the communists in Yugoslavia, Skopje, ASNOM, state constitutional dimensions, Skopje, 1963) 1994) 6. Mladenovski, S. Vrap~eto vo Makedonija 15. A~kovska, V. Makedonija vo jugosloven- kako specificen humoristi~ko-satiri~en skata federacija, Skopje, 2000 (Ackovska, poetsko-muzi~ki ‘anr, Skopje, 1985 (Mlade- V. Macedonia in the Yugoslavian federation, novski, S. The little bird in Macedonia as a specific Skopje, 2000) humorous and satirical, poetical-musical genre, 16. Mir~eski, S. Almanah na Republika Skopje, 1985) Makedonija, Skopje, 1998 (Mirceski, S. An 7. Arhiv na Makedonija, ASNOM Dokumen- almanach of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, ti, Skopje, 1984 (Archive of Macedonia, 1998) ASNOM documents, Skopje, 1984) 17. Ga{ev, E. Na{ata kauza, Skopje, 1995 8. Bilandzic, D. Historija Socijalisticke Federativne (Gashev, E. Our aim, Skopje, 1994) Jugoslavija, Zagreb, 1978 (Bilandzic, D. The 18. 5 godini NR Makedonija, 1950 (5 years of History of Socialistic Federal Yugoslavia, Zagreb, NR Macedonia, 1950) 1978) 19. Za sre}no detstvo, Skopje, 1972 (For a 9. Stanojevic, T. Poruke revolucije, Beograd, 1979 happy childhood, Skopje, 1972) (Stanojevic, T. The messages of the revolution, 20. Klimovski Savo, Op{testveno ureduva- Belgrade, 1979) we na Republika Makedonija, Skopje, 1994 10. Bilanxi}, D. Istoriskite presvrtnici (Klimovski, Savo, The social structure of the vo razvojot na Jugoslavija, Skopje, 1986 Republic of Macedonia,Skopje, 1994)

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