Science Handbook Units of Measurement ...... R2 Making Measurements ...... R3 Measuring Mass, Weight, and Volume ...... R4 Collecting Data ...... R5 Use Calculators ...... R6 Use Computers ...... R7 Use Graphs ...... R8 Use Tables and Maps ...... R9 Organization of the Human Body ...... R10 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems ...... R11 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems ...... R12 The Digestive and Excretory Systems ...... R13 The Immune System ...... R14 Communicable Diseases ...... R15 The Nervous System ...... R16 Stimulus and Response ...... R17 The Senses ...... R18 The Endocrine System ...... R20

...... R21

Glossary ...... R23

Index ...... R37

R1

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Units of Measurement

Table of Measurements

International System of Units (SI) Customary Units

Temperature Temperature Water freezes at 0°C (degrees Water freezes at 32°F (degrees Celsius) and boils at 100°C Fahrenheit) and boils at 212°F

Length and Distance Length and Distance 1,000 meters (m) = 1 kilometer (km) 5,280 feet (ft) = 1 mile (mi) 100 centimeters (cm) = 1 meter (m) 3 feet (ft) = 1 yard (yd) 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft) (cm)

Volume Volume 1,000 milliliters (mL) = 1 liter (L) 4 quarts (qt) = 1 gallon (gal) 1 cubic centimeter (cm3) = 1 milliliter 2 pints (pt) = 1 quart (qt) (mL) 2 cups (c) = 1 pint (pt) 8 fluid ounces (oz) = 1 cup (c)

Mass Mass (and Weight) 1,000 grams (g) = 1 kilogram (kg) 2,000 pounds (lb) = 1 ton (T) 16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (lb)

Weight 1 kilogram (kg) weighs 9.81 newtons (N)

R2 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Making Measurements

Temperature Length You use a thermometer to measure 1 Look at the ruler below. Each temperature. A thermometer is made centimeter is divided into of a thin tube with a liquid inside that is 10 millimeters. Estimate the usually red in color. When the liquid inside length of the paper clip. the tube gets warmer, it expands and 2 The length of the paper clip moves up the tube. When the liquid gets is about 3 centimeters plus 8 cooler, it contracts and moves down millimeters. You can write this the tube. length as 3.8 centimeters. Try estimating the length of some 1 Look at the thermometer shown here. objects found in your classroom. It has two scales—a Fahrenheit scale Then measure the length of the and a Celsius scale. objects with a ruler. Compare 2 What is the temperature your estimates with accurate on the thermometer? measurements. At what temperature does water freeze on each scale?

Time You use timing devices to measure how long something takes to happen. Two timing devices are a clock with a second hand and a stopwatch. A clock with a second hand is accurate to one second. A stopwatch is accurate to parts of a second.

R3 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Measuring Mass, Weight, and Volume

Mass Mass is the amount of matter that makes up an object. You can use a balance to measure mass. To find the mass of an object, you balance or compare it with masses you know. 1 Place the balance on a level surface. Check that the two pans are empty, clean, and balanced with each other. The pointer should point to the middle mark. If it does not, move the slider to the right or left until the pans are balanced. 2 Gently place the object you want to measure in the left pan. The left pan Volume will then move lower. 1 You can use a beaker or graduated 3 Now add masses to the right pan until cylinder to find the volume of a liquid. both pans are balanced again. Add and get the total mass in the right pan. This 2 You can also find the volume of a solid total is the mass of the object in grams. such as a rock. Add water to a beaker or graduated cylinder. Gently slide the Weight object down into the beaker. To find the volume of the rock, subtract the You use a spring scale to measure weight. starting volume of the liquid from the Weight equals the amount of gravity new volume. The difference is equal to pulling down on the mass of an object. the volume of the rock. Therefore weight is a force. Weight is measured in newtons (N). 1 To find the weight of your object, hold the spring scale by the top. Determine the weight of the empty plastic cup. Add the object to the cup. 2 Subtract the first measurement from the second, and the difference is the weight of the rock.

R4 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Collecting Data

Microscopes 1 Look at the photograph to learn the different parts of your microscope. 2 Always carry a microscope with both hands. Hold the arm of the microscope with one hand, and put your other hand beneath the base. Place the microscope on a flat surface. 3 Move the mirror so that it reflects light from the room up toward the stage. Never point the mirror directly at the Sun or a bright light. Be careful. Bright light can cause permanent eye damage. 4 Place a small piece of newspaper on a slide. Put the slide under the stage clips. Be sure that the area you are going to examine is over the hole in the stage. 5 Look through the eyepiece. Turn the focusing knob slowly until the newspaper comes into focus. 6 Draw what you see through the microscope. 7 Look at other objects through the microscope. Try a piece of leaf, a human hair, or a pencil mark.

Other Lenses You use a hand lens to magnify an object, or make the object look larger. With a hand lens, you can see more detail than you can without the lens. Look at a few grains of salt with a hand lens and draw what you see. Binoculars are a tool that makes distant objects appear closer. In nature, scientists use binoculars to look at animals without disturbing them. These animals may be dangerous to approach or frightened at the approach of people. Cameras can act like binoculars or they can be used to see things up close. Cameras have the advantage of making a record of your observations. Cameras can make a record on film or as data on a computer chip.

R5 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Use Calculators Sometimes after you make measurements, you have to analyze your data to see what they mean. This might involve doing calculations with your data. A handheld calculator helps you do calculations quickly and accurately, and can also be used to verify your own calculations. Hints

• Make sure the calculator is on and previous calculations have been cleared. • To add a series of numbers, press the + sign after you enter each number. After you have entered the last number, press the = sign to find the sum. • If you make a mistake while putting numbers in, press the clear entry key. You can then enter the correct number. • To subtract, enter the first number, then the – sign. Then enter the number you want to subtract. Then press the = sign for the difference. • To multiply, enter the first number, then the � sign and enter the second number you want to multiply by. Then press the = sign for the product. • To divide, enter the number you want to divide, press the ÷ sign and enter the number you want to divide by. Then press the = sign for the quotient. • You can also find averages and percents with a calculator, and verify your own work.

R6 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Use Computers A computer has many uses. You can write a paper on a computer. You can use programs to organize data and show your data in a graph or table. The Internet connects your computer to many other computers and databases around the world. You can send the paper you wrote to a friend in another state or another country. You can collect all kinds of information from sources near and far. Best of all, you can use a computer to explore, discover, and learn. You can also get information from computer disks that can hold large amounts of information. You can fit the information found in an entire encyclopedia set on one disk. One class used computers to work on a science project. They were able to collect data from students in another state who were working on a similar project, and share their data with them. They were also able to use the Internet to write to local scientists and request information. The students collected and stored their data, moved paragraphs around, changed words, and made graphs. Then they were able to print their report to share their discoveries with others.

R7 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Use Graphs When you do an experiment in science, you collect information, or data. To find out what your data means, you can organize it into graphs. There are several different kinds of graphs. You can choose a type of graph that best organizes your data and makes it easier for you and for others to understand the data presented.

Bar Graphs 10 A bar graph uses bars to show 9 information. For example, what if you 8 performed an experiment to test the 7 strength of a nail electromagnet and the 6 5 number of coils of wire wrapped around 4 aper Clips

it? This graph shows that increasing the P 3 number of coils increases the strength of 2 the electromagnet. 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 Coils of Wire

Circle Graphs A circle graph is used to show how a Electric Power complete set of data is divided into 49% parts. This circle graph shows how water Irrigation is used in the United States. In a circle 33% graph, all the data must add up to 100. Homes 8% Industry 10%

Line Graphs A line graph shows information by connecting dots plotted on a graph. A line graph is often used to show changes that occur over time. For example, this line graph shows the relationship between temperature and time for a particular morning.

R8 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Use Tables and Maps

Tables Idea Maps Tables help you organize data during This kind of map shows how ideas or experiments. Most tables have columns concepts are connected to each other. that run up and down, and rows that run Idea maps help you organize information horizontally. The columns and rows have about a topic. The idea map shown here headings that tell you what kind of data connects different ideas about rocks. goes in each part of the table. The table here shows a record of the conductivity banded surface of several different kinds of substances. nonbanded

Material Thermal Conductivity Metamorphic Igneous

Aluminum 109.0 Rocks beneath Copper 385.0 surface

Wood 0.1 Sedimentary Packing foam 0.01

organic cemented layers pieces

Maps A map is a drawing that shows an area from above. Maps help you learn about a location. You are probably most familiar with road maps, which are often used to plan ways to travel from one place to another. Other kinds of maps show terrain. Hills and valleys, for example, can be shown on some types of maps. A good map also has a legend that shows the scale it was made to, and also a compass point that shows the direction of north and sometimes other directions as well.

1 2 inch = 1 mile

R9 SCIENCE HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Organization of the Human Body

Like all organisms, humans are made nervous up of cells. In fact, the human body is control made of trillions of cells. These cells are organized into tissues, a group of similar cells that perform a specific function. The cardiac muscle in your endocrine heart is an example of tissue. regulation immune Tissues, in turn, form organs. and control Your heart and lungs are protection examples of organs. Finally, organs work together as respiratory gas exchange part of organ systems. integumentary For example, your heart protection and blood vessels are part of the circulatory skeletal digestive system. The organ support food systems in the human absorption body all function together to keep reproductive the body healthy. reproduction excretory waste removal

muscular circulatory movement transport

R10 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: The Skeletal and skull Muscular Systems The body has a supporting frame called a skeleton, which is made clavicle up of bones. The skeleton gives the body its shape, protects organs in the body, and works sternum with muscles to move the body. humerous Each of the 206 bones of the skeleton is the size and shape rib best fitted to do its job. For vertebral pelvis example, long and strong leg column bones support the body’s weight. radius Three types of muscles make ulna up the body—skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart. These muscles contract to pump blood femur throughout the body. Smooth muscles make up internal organs such as the patella intestines, as well as blood vessels. tibia The muscles that are attached to and move bones are called skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscles fibula pull bones to move them. Most muscles work in pairs to move bones.

heart biceps

large intestine triceps smooth muscle skeletal muscles cardiac muscle

R11 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Circulation is the artery flow of blood through the body. Blood is a vein liquid that contains red blood cells, white heart blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and nutrients to cells. They

also carry CO2 and cellular wastes away from the cells. White blood cells work to fight germs that enter the body. Platelets are cell fragments that help make the blood clot. The heart is a muscular organ about the capillary size of a fist. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Some arteries carry blood to the lungs, where red blood cells pick up oxygen. Other arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to all other parts of the body. Veins carry blood from other parts of the body back to the heart. Blood in most veins carries the wastes released by cells and has little oxygen. Blood flows from arteries to veins through narrow vessels called capillaries.

trachea alveoli

The process of getting and using oxygen in the body is called respiration. When a person inhales, air is pulled into the nose or mouth. The air travels down into the trachea. In the chest the trachea divides into two bronchial tubes. One bronchial tube branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole are tiny air sacs called alveoli. bronchi The alveoli exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.

R12 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: mouth The Digestive and Excretory Systems esophagus Digestion is the process of breaking down food into simple substances the body can use. Digestion begins when a person liver chews food. Chewing breaks the food down into smaller pieces and moistens it with saliva. Food passes through the esophagus and into the stomach. The stomach mixes digestive juices with food before passing it on to the small intestine. Digested food is absorbed in the small stomach intestine. The walls of the small intestine pancreas are lined with villi, which are fingerlike small projections. Digested food is absorbed intestine through the surface of the villi. From the villi the blood transports nutrients to every gall part of the body. Water is absorbed from bladder undigested food in the large intestine. large intestine

liver kidney

Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body. The liver ureters filters nitrogen wastes from the blood and converts them into urea. Urea is then carried by the blood to the kidneys for bladder excretion. Each kidney contains more than a million nephrons. Nephrons are structures in the kidneys that filter blood. The skin takes part in excretion when a person sweats. Glands in the inner layer of skin produce sweat. Sweat is mostly water. urethra There is also a tiny amount of urea and mineral salts in sweat.

R13 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: outer covering The Immune System The immune system helps the body fight disease. A soft tissue known as red marrow fills the spaces in some bones. compact bone Red marrow makes new red blood cells, platelets that stop a cut from bleeding, and germ-fighting white blood cells. blood vessels There are white blood cells in the blood vessels and in the lymph vessels. Lymph vessels are similar to blood vessels. Instead of blood, they carry lymph. Lymph is a straw-colored fluid that surrounds body cells. Lymph nodes filter out harmful materials in lymph. red marrow Like red marrow, they also produce white blood cells yellow marrow to fight infections. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck are a clue that the body is fighting germs. spongy bone

lymph lymph vessels nodes

lymph node

spleen

lymph vessels

R14 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Communicable Diseases A disease is anything that interferes with the normal functions of the body. Some diseases are caused by harmful materials in the environment. Many diseases, however, are caused by microscopic organisms and can be passed from person to person. This type of disease is called a communicable or infectious disease. Disease-causing organisms are called pathogens. Pathogens include many types of bacteria, as well as viruses. Diseases caused by pathogens are also called communicable diseases, because they can be passed from one person to another. Pathogens must enter the body before they can cause an illness. Once these invaders enter the body, the immune system works very hard to fight them off.

Human Infectious Diseases

Disease Caused by Organ System Affected

common cold virus respiratory system

chicken pox virus skin

smallpox virus skin

polio virus nervous system

rabies virus nervous system

influenza virus respiratory system

measles virus skin

mumps virus digestive system and skin

tuberculosis bacteria respiratory system

tetanus bacteria muscular system

meningitis bacteria or virus nervous system

gastroenteritis bacteria or virus digestive and excretory system

R15 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: brain cerebrum The Nervous System cerebellum The nervous system has two parts. The brain medula and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system. All other nerves make up the outer, or spinal cord peripheral, part of the nervous system. The largest part of the human brain is the cerebrum. A deep groove separates the right half, or hemisphere, of the cerebrum from the left half. Both the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum contain control centers for the senses. The cerebrum is the part of the brain where nerves thought occurs. The cerebellum lies below the cerebrum. It coordinates the skeletal muscles so they work smoothly together. It also helps in keeping balance. The brain stem connects to the spinal cord. The lowest part of the brain stem is the medulla. It controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and the muscles in the digestive system. The spinal cord is a thick band of nerves that carries messages to and from the brain. Nerves branch off from your spinal cord to all parts of your body. The spinal cord also controls reflexes. A reflex is a quick reaction that occurs without waiting for a message to and from the brain. For example, if you touch something hot, you pull your hand away without thinking about it.

Parts of a Neuron The nerves in the nervous system cell body are made up of nerve cells called neurons. Each neuron dendrites has three main parts—a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. fatty axon Dendrites are branching nerve covering fibers that carry impulses, or synapse electrical signals, toward the cell body. An axon is a nerve fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body. impulse When an impulse reaches the tip of an axon, it must cross a tiny gap to reach the next neuron. This gap between neurons is called a synapse.

R16 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Stimulus and Response body respond to stimuli. Sensory neurons The nervous system, the skeletal system, receive stimuli from your body and the and the muscular system work together environment. Associative neurons connect to help you adjust to your surroundings. the sensory neurons to the motor neurons. Anything in the environment that requires Motor neurons carry signals from the central your body to adjust is called a stimulus nervous system to the organs and glands. (plural: stimuli). A reaction to a stimulus is In addition to responding to external called a response. stimuli, your body also responds to As you learned, nerve cells are called internal changes. Your body regulates its neurons. There are three kinds of neurons: internal environment to maintain a stable sensory, associative, and motor. Each condition for survival. This is called a kind does a different job to help your steady-state condition.

Nerve Response

associative neuron sensory neuron

impulse

skin impulse

impulse

muscle motor neuron

R17 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: The Senses

Sense of Sight Light reflected from an object enters your eye and falls on the retina. Receptor cells change the light into electrical signals, or impulses. These impulses travel along the optic nerve to the vision center of the brain.

1 Light reflects off the tree and into your eyes.

2 The light passes through your cornea and the pupil in your iris. cornea retina pupil optic nerve 3 The lens bends the light so that it hits your retina.

4 Receptor cells on your retina lens iris change the light into electrical signals.

5 The impulses travel along neurons in your optic nerve to the seeing center of your brain.

Sense of Hearing Sound waves enter your ear and cause the eardrum to vibrate. Receptor cells in your ear change the sound waves into impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the hearing center of the brain.

1 Your outer ear collects sound waves.

hammer 2 They travel down your ear canal. anvil stirrup 3 The eardrum vibrates. cochlea 4 Three tiny ear bones vibrate. auditory nerve 5 The cochlea vibrates.

semicircular 6 Receptor cells inside your cochlea change. canals 7 The impulses travel along your auditory nerve to the brain’s hearing center.

R18 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Sense of Smell olfactory bulb olfactory The sense of smell is really the ability nerve to detect chemicals in the air. When you breathe, chemicals dissolve in mucus in the upper part of your nose or nasal cavity. When the chemicals nasal come in contact with receptor cavity cells, the cells send impulses along the olfactory nerve to the smelling center of the brain.

Sense of Taste When you eat, chemicals in the food dissolve in saliva. Saliva carries the bitter chemical to taste buds on the tongue. Inside each taste bud are receptors that can sense the four main tastes—sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. The receptors send sour impulses along a nerve to the taste center of the brain. The brain identifies the taste salty of the food, which is usually a combination of the four main taste categories. sweet

Sense of Touch Receptor cells in the skin help pain epidermis a person tell hot from cold, wet heat cold from dry. These can also tell the touch light touch of a feather or the pressure of stepping on a stone. Each receptor cell sends impulses dermis along sensory nerves to the spinal cord. The spinal cord then sends the impulses to the touch center of the brain.

pressure

R19 HEALTH HANDBOOK

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: The Endocrine System Hormones are chemicals that control body functions. An organ that produces hormones is called an endocrine gland. The endocrine glands are scattered around the body. Each gland makes one or more hormones. Every hormone seeks out a target organ or organ system, the place in the body where the hormone acts. Changing levels of different hormones communicate important messages to target organs and organ systems. The endocrine glands help to maintain a constant healthy condition in your body. These glands can turn the production of hormones on or off whenever your body produces too little or too much of a particular hormone.

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

parathyroid gland

thyroid gland

adrenal glands

pancreas

ovaries

testes

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: by Dinah Zike

Folding Instructions The following pages offer step-by-step instructions to make the Foldables study guides.

Half-Book 1_ 1. Fold a sheet of paper (82" x 11") in half. 2. This book can be folded vertically like a hot dog or . . . 3. . . . it can be folded horizontally like a hamburger

Folded Book 1. Make a Half-Book. 2. Fold in half again like a hamburger. This makes a ready-made cover and two small pages inside for recording information.

Pocket Book 1_ 1. Fold a sheet of paper (82" x 11") in half like a hamburger. 2. Open the folded paper and fold one of the long sides up two inches to form a pocket. Refold along the hamburger fold so that the newly formed pockets are on the inside. 3. Glue the outer edges of the two-inch fold with a small amount of glue.

Shutter Fold 1. Begin as if you were going to make a hamburger, but instead of creasing the paper, pinch it to show the midpoint. 2. Fold the outer edges of the paper to meet at the pinch, or midpoint, forming a Shutter Fold.

R21 FOLDABLES

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Trifold Book 1_ 1. Fold a sheet of paper (82" x 11") into thirds. 2. Use this book as is, or cut into shapes.

Three-Tab Book 1. Fold a sheet of paper like a hot dog. 2. With the paper horizontal and the fold of the hot dog up, fold the right side toward the center, trying to cover one half of the paper. 3. Fold the left side over the right side to make a book with three folds. 4. Open the folded book. Place one hand between the two thicknesses of paper and cut up the two valleys on one side only. This will create three tabs.

Layered-Look Book 1_ 1. Stack two sheets of paper (82" x 11") so that the back sheet is one inch higher than the front sheet. 2. Bring the bottoms of both sheets upward and align the edges so that all of the layers or tabs are the same distance apart. 3. When all the tabs are an equal distance apart, fold the papers and crease well. 4. Open the papers and glue them together along the valley, or inner center fold, or staple them along the mountain.

Folded Table or Chart 1. Fold the number of vertical columns needed to make the table or chart. 2. Fold the horizontal rows needed to make the table or chart. 3. Label the rows and columns.

R22 FOLDABLES

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Use this glossary to learn how to pronounce and understand the meanings of Science Words used in this book. Page numbers tell you where to find words in the book.

absolute age (ab’sә ∙lüt’ āj) A rock’s age in years. alloy (al’oi) A solution (p. 328) of a metal and at least one other solid which is often also a metal. (p. 532) absorption (ab∙sôrp’shә n) The transfer of energy when a wave disappears into a surface. (p. 641) alternating current (ôl’tә r∙nāt∙ing kûr’ә nt) Electric current that changes directions many times acceleration (ak∙sel’ә ∙rā’shә n) Change in velocity per second. (p. 682) with respect to time. (p. 576) alternative energy source (ôl∙tûr’nә ∙tiv acid (as’id) A substance that tastes sour en’ә r∙jē sôrs) A source of energy other than the and turns blue litmus paper red. (p. 554) burning of a fossil fuel. (p. 332) acidity (ә ∙sid’i ∙tē) The strength amplitude (am’pli∙tüd’) The height of a sound wave, of an acid. (p. 556) which determines its volume. (p. 644) action force (ak’shә n fôrs) angiosperm (an’jē∙ә ∙spûrm’) A seed plant that The initial push or pull of one produces flowers. (p. 49) object on another object. (p. 592) aquifer (ak’wә ∙fә r) An underground layer of rock or adaptation (ad’ә p∙tā’shә n) A characteristic that soil filled with water. (p. 343) helps an organism to survive in its environment. (p. 168) asexual reproduction (ā∙sek’shü∙ә l air mass (âr mas) A large region of the atmosphere rē’prә ∙duk’shә n) The in which the air has similar properties. (p. 384) production of new air pressure (âr presh’ә r) The force put on a given organisms from only one area by the weight of the air above it. (p. 367) parent. (p. 91) alkalinity (al’kә ∙lin’i∙tē) The strength of a base. (p. 556)

Pronunciation Key The following symbols are used throughout the Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Science Glossaries.

a at e end o hot u up hw white ә about ā ape ē me ō old ū use ng song taken ä far i it ôr fork ü rule th thin pencil â care ī ice oi oil ù pull th this lemon ô law îr pierce ou out ûr turn zh measure circus

' = primary accent; shows which syllable takes the main stress, such as kil in kilogram (kil' ә gram'). ' = secondary accent; shows which syllables take lighter stresses, such as gram in kilogram.

-0( at R23 0/ -Glossary www.macmillanmh.com glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: asteroid — circuit

asteroid (as’tә ∙roid’) One of many small, rocky objects between Mars and Jupiter. (p. 450)

asymmetrical (ā’si∙met’ri∙kә l) Cannot be divided into cambium (kam’bē∙ә m) The layer in plants that mirror images. (p. 62) separates the xylem from the phloem. (p. 53) atmosphere (at’mә s∙fîr’) The layers of gases that camouflage (kam’ә ∙fläzh’) An adaptation in which surround Earth. (p. 246) an animal protects itself against predators by atom (at’ә m) The smallest unit of an element that blending in with the environment. (p. 173) has the properties of that element. (p. 491) carbon cycle (kär’bә n sī’kә l) The continuous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen among living things. (p. 186) carrier (kar’ē∙ә r) An individual who has inherited balanced forces (bal’ә nst fôrs’ә z) Forces that act a factor for a trait but does not show the trait together on an object without changing its motion. physically. (p. 128) (p. 588) carrying capacity (kar’ē∙ing kә ∙pas’i∙tē) The barometer (bә ∙rom’i∙tә r) A device for measuring air maximum population size that an ecosystem can pressure. (p. 374) support. (p. 157) base (bās) A substance that tastes bitter and turns cell (sel) The smallest unit of living matter. (p. 22) red litmus paper blue. (p. 555) benthos (ben’thos) Organisms that live on the bottom in aquatic ecosystems. (p. 220) bilateral symmetry (bī∙lat’ә r∙ә l sim’ә ∙trē) A body plan in which an organism can be divided along only one plane of its body to produce two mirror images. (p. 63) biome (bī’ōm) One of Earth’s large ecosystems, with its own kind of climate, soil, plants, and animals. cellular respiration (sel’yә ∙lә r res’pә ∙rā’shun) The (p. 208) process in which energy is released from food (sugar) inside a cell. (p. 56) black hole (blak hōl) An object whose gravity is so strong that light cannot escape it. (p. 460) chemical change (kә m’i∙kә l chānj) A change of matter that occurs when atoms link together in a blizzard (bliz’ә rd) A snowstorm with 35-mile-per- new way, creating a new substance different from hour winds and enough snowfall that you can only the original substances. (p. 544) see up to one quarter of a mile. (p. 396) chlorophyll A green chemical in plant boiling point (boil’ing point) The temperature at (klôr’ә ∙fil’) cells that allows plants to use the Sun’s energy to which a substance changes state from a liquid to a make food. (p. 27) gas. (p. 522) cinder-cone volcano buoyancy (boi’ә n∙sē) The upward push of a liquid or gas on an object placed in it. (p. 483) (sin’dә r cōn vol∙kā’nō) A steep-sided mountain that forms from explosive eruptions of thick lava. (p. 264) circuit (sûr’kit) A loop formed when electric current passes through an unbroken path of conductors. (p. 668)

R24 glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: circulatory system — cyclone

circulatory system (sûr’kyә ∙lә ∙tôr’ē sis’tә m) The conduction (kә n∙duk’shә n) The passing of heat organ system that consists of the heart and blood through a material while the material itself stays in vessels and that moves blood through the body. place. (p. 628) (p. 78) conifer (kon’ә ∙fә r) Any of a group of classification (klas’ә ∙fi∙kā’shә n) The science of gymnosperms that produces seeds in cones and organizing categories for living things. (p. 34) has needlelike leaves. (p. 108) climate (klī’mi t ) The average weather pattern of a conservation (kon’sә r∙vā’shә n) Saving, protecting, region. (p. 408) or using natural resources wisely. (p. 320) climax community (klī’maks kә ∙mū’ni∙tē) The final constellation (kon’stә ∙lā’shә n) Any of the patterns stage of succession in an area, unless a major change formed by groups of stars in the night sky. To happens. (p. 201) people in the past, these patterns looked like pictures of animals or people. (p. 462) colloid (kol’oid) A type of mixture in which the particles of one material are scattered through another and block the passage of light without settling out. (p. 531) comet (kom’it) A mixture of ice, frozen gases, rock, and dust left over from the formation of the solar system. (p. 450) commensalism (kә ∙men’sә ∙liz∙ә m) A relationship between two kinds of organisms that benefits one without harming the other. (p. 161) community (kә ∙mū’ni∙tē) All the living things in an ecosystem. (p. 143) complete metamorphosis (kә m∙plēt’ met’ә ∙môr’fә ∙sis) A series of four distinct growth convection (kә n∙vek’shә n) The flow of heat stages. (p. 114) through a liquid or gas, caused by hot parts rising composite volcano (kә m∙poz’it vol∙kā’nō) A and cooler parts sinking. (p. 628) mountain formed from alternating eruptions of lava corrosion (kә ∙rō’zhә n) The gradual wearing away and ash. (p. 265) of a metal by combining with nonmetals in its compost (kom’pōst) A mixture of dead plant environment. (p. 505) material that can be used as crust (krust) The rocky fertilizer. (p. 190) surface that makes up the compound top of the lithosphere and (kom’pound) A substance includes the continents and that is formed by the the ocean floor. (p. 246) chemical combination of two current (kûr’ә nt) An ocean or more elements. (p. 542) movement; a large stream compound machine of water that flows in the (kom’pound mә ∙shēn) A ocean. (p. 410) combination of two or more simple machines. cyclone (sī’klōn) Any storm with a low-pressure (p. 616) center that causes a circular pattern of winds to condensation (kon’den∙sā’shә n) The changing of a form. (p. 401) gas into a liquid. (p. 184)

-0( at R25 0/ -Glossary www.macmillanmh.com glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: deciduous forest — endocrine system

efficiency (i∙fish’ә n∙sē) The measure of how much useful work a machine puts out compared to the amount of work put into it. (p. 616) deciduous forest (di∙sij’ü∙ә s fôr’ist) A forest biome with many kinds of trees that lose their leaves each effort (ef’ә rt) The force applied to a machine. autumn. (p. 213) (p. 608) density (den’si∙tē) The amount of matter in a certain electric current (i∙lek’trik kûr’ә nt) A flow of volume of a substance; found by dividing the mass electricity through a conductor. (p. 668) of an object by its volume. (p. 482) electricity (i∙lek∙tris’i∙tē) The movement of electrons. deposition (dep’ә ∙zish’ә n) The process of dropping (p. 666) off pieces of eroded rock. (p. 288) electrolyte (i∙lek’trә ∙līt’) A substance that forms desert (dez’ә rt) A sandy or rocky biome, with little ions when dissolved and that conducts electricity. precipitation and little plant life. (p. 209) (p. 558) dicot (dī’kot) An angiosperm with two cotyledons electromagnet (i∙lek’trō∙mag’nit) An electric circuit in each seed. (p. 107) that produces a magnetic field. (p. 680) digestive system (di∙jes’tiv sis’tә m) The organ electromagnetism (i∙lek’trō∙mag’ni∙tiz’ә m) The way system that breaks down food so it can be absorbed electric and magnetic forces interact. (p. 660) into the bloodstream. (p. 76) electron (i∙lek’tron) A particle in the space outside distillation (dis’tә ∙lā’shә n) The process of the nucleus of an atom that carries one unit of separating the parts of a mixture by evaporation and negative electric charge. (p. 492) condensation. (p. 535) element (el’ә ∙mә nt) A pure substance that cannot dominant trait (dom’ә ∙nә nt trāt) The form of an be broken down into any simpler substances through inherited trait that masks the other form of the same chemical reactions. (p. 490) trait. (p. 126) El Niño (el nēn’yō) A change in weather ductility (duk∙til’i ∙tē) The ability to be pulled into conditions caused by the sinking of the cold current thin wires without breaking. (p. 505) in the Pacific Ocean. Higher tides, heavy rains, and storms occur along the coasts of North and South America. (p. 412) embryo (em’brē∙ō) A developing organism that results from fertilization. (p. 106) earthquake (ûrth’kwāk’) A sudden shaking of Earth’s crust. (p. 272) endangered species (en∙dān’jә rd spē’shēz) A species that is in danger of becoming extinct. echolocation (ek’ō∙lō∙kā’shә n) Finding an object by (p. 199) using reflected sound. (p. 646)

endocrine system (en’dә ∙krin sis’tә m) The set of ductless organs that secrete hormones directly into ecosystem (ēk’ō∙sis’tә m) All the living and nonliving the bloodstream to regulate life processes. (p. 80) things in an environment, including their interactions with each other. (p. 142)

R26 glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: energy — fulcrum

energy (en’ә r∙jē) The ability to perform work or floodplain (flud’plān) Land near a river that is likely change an object. (p. 600) to be under water during a flood. (p. 290) energy pyramid (en’ә r∙jē pir’ә ∙mid’) A diagram focus (fō’kә s) The point where an earthquake starts. that shows the amount of energy available at each (p. 273) level of an ecosystem. (p. 148) food chain (füd chān) The path that energy and epicenter (ep’i∙sen’tә r) The point on Earth’s surface nutrients follow in an ecosystem. (p. 144) directly above the focus of an earthquake. (p. 273) food web (füd web) The overlapping food chains era (îr’ә ) Long stretches of time used to measure in an ecosystem. (p. 146) Earth’s geological history. (p. 329) force (fôrs) Any push or pull by one object on erosion (i∙rō’zhә n) The process of carrying away another. (p. 584) soil or pieces of rocks. (p. 286) fossil (fos’ә l) Any remains or imprint of living things estuary (es’chü∙er∙ē’) The boundary where a from the past. (p. 326) freshwater ecosystem meets a saltwater ecosystem. fossil fuel (fos’ә l fū’ә l) A fuel formed from the (p. 226) decay of ancient forms of life. (p. 327) evaporation The change of a liquid (i∙vap’ә ∙rā’shә n) frame of reference (frām uv ref’ә r∙ә ns) A into a gas below the boiling point. (p. 184) group of objects from which a position or motion is excretory system (ek’skri∙tôr’ē sis’tә m) The organ measured. (p. 573) system that removes cellular wastes from the body. freezing point (frēz’ing point) The temperature at (p. 77) which a substance changes state from a liquid to a external fertilization (ek∙stûr’nә l fûr’tә ∙lә ∙zā’shә n) solid. (p. 523) The process in which sperm and egg cells come frequency (frē’kwә n∙sē) The number of times an together outside the female’s body. (p. 116) object vibrates per second. (p. 642) extinct species A species that (ek∙stingkt’ spē’shēz) friction (frik’shә n) A force that opposes the motion has died out completely. (p. 198) of one object moving past another. (p. 587)

front (frunt) The boundary between two air masses. fault (fôlt) A deep crack in Earth’s crust. (p. 256) (p. 384) fertilization (fûr’ tә∙lә ∙zā’ shәn) The joining of a fulcrum (fύl’krә m) The pivot point of a lever. (p. 610) sperm cell with an egg cell to make one new cell, a fertilized egg. (p. 90)

-0( at R27 0/ -Glossary www.macmillanmh.com glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: galaxy — incomplete metamorphosis

hot spot (hot spot) A stationary location in Earth’s mantle where magma melts through a tectonic plate. (p. 266) galaxy (gal’ә k∙sē) A collection of billions of stars. (p. 465) humidity (hū∙mid’ i∙tē) The amount of water vapor in the air. (p. 369) gene (jēn) A portion of a chromosome that contains chemical instructions for inherited traits. (p. 126) humus (hū’mә s) Decayed plant or animal material in soil. (p. 317) generator (jen’ә ∙rā’tә r) A device that creates electric current by spinning an electric coil between the hurricane (hûr’i∙kān’) A very large, swirling storm poles of a magnet. (p. 682) with very low pressure at the center, and wind speeds greater than 119 km/h. (p. 400) geologist (jә ∙ol’ә ∙jist) A scientist who uses rocks to learn about the history and structure of Earth. (p. 252) germination (jer’mә ∙nā’shә n) The development of a seed into a new plant. (p. 106) glacier (glā’shә r) A large sheet of ice and snow that moves slowly over land. (p. 287) global wind (glō’bә l wind) A wind that blows steadily in a predictable direction over long distances. (p. 370) grassland (gras’land’) A biome where grasses, not trees, are the main plant life. (p. 214) hydrosphere (hī’drә ∙sfîr’) Earth’s water, whether gravity (grav’i∙tē) The force of attraction between found on continents or in oceans, including the fresh any two objects due to their mass. (p. 422) water in ice, lakes, rivers, and underground. (p. 246) grounding (ground’ing) Connecting an object to Earth with a conducting wire to prevent the buildup of static electricity. (p. 667) groundwater (ground’ wô’tә r) Precipitation that seeps into the ground and is stored in tiny holes, or igneous rock (ig’nē∙ә s rok) A rock formed when pores, in soil and rocks. (p. 184) magma or lava cools and hardens. (p. 306) gymnosperm (jim’nә ∙spûrm’) A seed plant that does not produce flowers. (p. 49)

habitat (hab’i∙tat) The place where a plant or animal lives and grows. (p. 158)

hardness (härd’nә s) How well a mineral resists image (im’ij) A “picture” of the light source that scratching. (p. 303) light rays make in bouncing off a polished, shiny heat (hēt) Thermal energy that flows between surface. (p. 656) objects due to a difference in temperature. (p. 626) incomplete metamorphosis (in’kә m∙plēt’ heredity (hә ∙red’ i∙ tē) The passing down of inherited met∙ә ∙môr’phә ∙sis) A series of three growth stages traits from one generation to the next. (p. 124) that occur gradually. (p. 115)

R28 glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: inertia — magnetism

inertia (i∙nûr’shә ) The tendency of a moving object larva (lär’vә ) An immature to keep moving in a straight line or of any object to stage in complete resist a change in motion. (p. 423) metamorphosis where the inherited trait (in∙her’i∙tә d trāt) A characteristic organism does not resemble that is passed from parent to offspring. (p. 124) the adult. (p. 114) inner core (in’ә r kôr) A solid layer of iron and lava (lä’vә ) Hot, melted rock nickel inside Earth. (p. 246) that reaches Earth’s surface. (p. 263) insolation (in’sә ∙lā’shә n) The amount of the Sun’s energy that reaches Earth. (p. 364) law of conservation of energy (lô uv kon’sә r∙vā’shә n uv en’ә r∙jē) instinct (in’stingkt’) An inherited behavior, one that Energy may change form but it cannot be created or is not learned but is done automatically. (p. 124) destroyed. (p. 602) internal fertilization (in∙tûr’nә l fûr’tә ∙lә ∙zā’shә n) light-year (līt’yîr’) The distance light travels in The joining of sperm and egg cells inside a female’s a year. (p. 463) body. (p. 117) limiting factor (lim’it∙ing fak’tә r) Anything that intertidal zone (in’tә r∙tī’dә l zōn) The shallowest controls the growth or survival of a population. part of the ocean ecosystem, where the ocean floor (p. 156) is covered and uncovered as the tide goes in and out. (p. 224) load (lōd) The object being moved by a machine. (p. 608) invertebrate (in∙vûr’tә ∙brit) An animal that does not have lunar eclipse (lü’nә r i∙klips’) A situation that a backbone. (p. 36) occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are in a straight line and Earth’s shadow falls across the ion (ī’ә n) An electrically Moon. (p. 435) charged atom or molecule with unequal numbers of protons luster (lus’tә r) The way a mineral reflects light from and electrons. (p. 554) its surface. (p. 302) island arc (ī’lә nd ärk) A string of volcanic islands made from melted rock rising up from beneath the sea floor. (p. 266) magma (mag’mә ) Hot, melted rock below Earth’s surface. (p. 254) island chain (ī’lә nd chān) A formation of islands magnetic field aligned above a volcanic hot spot. (p. 266) (mag∙net’ik fēld) A region of magnetic force around a magnet, represented by lines. (p. 679) kinetic energy (ki∙net’ik en’ә r∙jē) The energy of a magnetic moving object. (p. 600) levitation (mag∙net’ik kingdom (king’dә m) The largest group into which lev’i∙tā’shә n) The lifting of an an organism can be classified. (p. 34) object by means of magnetic forces. (p. 684) magnetism (mag’ni∙tiz’ә m) The ability of an object to push or pull on another object that has the magnetic landform (land’fôrm’) A physical feature on Earth’s property. (p. 678) surface. (p. 240)

-0( at R29 0/ -Glossary www.macmillanmh.com GLOSSARY

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: magnitude — mutualism

magnitude (mag’ni∙tüd’) The amount of energy mimicry (mim’i∙krē) An adaptation in which released by an earthquake. (p. 276) an animal is protected against predators by its malleability (mal’ē∙ә ∙bil∙i∙tē) The ability to be bent, resemblance to another, unpleasant animal. (p. 174) flattened, hammered, or pressed into new shapes mineral (min’ә r ә l) A solid, nonliving material of without breaking. (p. 504) Earth’s crust with a distinct composition. (p. 302) mantle (man’tә l) A nearly melted layer of hot rock mixture (miks’chә r) A physical combination of below Earth’s crust. (p. 246) two or more substances that are blended together marsupial without forming new substances. (p. 530) (mär∙sü’pē∙ә l) A molecule (mol’ә ∙kūl’) A particle that contains more mammal in which the than one atom joined together. (p. 493) female has a pouch where offspring develop after birth. (p. 68) O O mass (mas) A measure of the amount of matter in an object. (p. 480) matter (mat’ә r) Anything that has mass and takes momentum (mō∙men’tә m) The mass of an object up space. (p. 481) multiplied by its velocity. (p. 578) meander (mē an’dә r) A bend or S-shaped curve in a monocot (mon’ә ∙kot’) An angiosperm with one river. (p. 288) cotyledon in each seed. (p. 107) medium (mē’∙dē∙ә m) Substance through which a monotreme (mon’ә ∙trēm’) A mammal that lays wave travels. (p. 639) eggs. (p. 68) melting point (melt’ing point) The particular moon (mün) A natural object that orbits a planet. temperature at which a substance changes state (p. 448) from a solid to a liquid. (p. 522) motion (mō’shә n) A change in an object’s position metal (met’ә l) Any of a group of elements that over time. (p. 572) conducts heat and electricity, has a shiny luster, and multicellular (mul’ti∙sel’yә ∙lә r) Many-celled is flexible. (p. 491) organism. (p. 23) metamorphic rock (met’ә ∙môr’fik rok) A rock that forms from another kind of rock under heat and pressure. (p. 306) metamorphosis (met’ә ∙môr’fә ∙sis) A series of distinct growth stages that are different from one another. (p. 114) muscular system (mus’kyә ∙lә r sis’tә m) The body meteor (mē’tē∙ә r) A system made up of muscles that move bones. (p. 74) chunk of rock from space that travels through Earth’s mutualism (mū’chü∙ә ∙liz’ә m) A relationship between atmosphere. (p. 451) two kinds of organisms that benefits both. (p. 160)

R30 glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: nebula — phloem

nonvascular (non∙vas’kye∙lә r) Containing no plant tissue through which water and food move. (p. 38)

nebula (neb’ye∙lә ) A huge cloud of gas and dust nucleus (nü’klē∙ә s) The center of an atom that has in space that is the first stage of star formation. most of its mass. (p. 492) (p. 458) nymph (nimf) A stage of metamorphosis where the organism is similar to an adult form, but is smaller. (p. 115)

orbit (ôr’bit) The path one object travels around another object. (p. 423) organ (ôr’gә n) A group of tissues working together to do a certain job. (p. 28) organ system (ôr’gә n sis’tә m) A group of organs that work together to do a nekton Organisms that swim through the (nek’ton) certain job. (p. 28) water in aquatic ecosystems. (p. 220) organism (ōr’gә ∙niz∙ә m) Any living thing that can nervous system The set of (nûrv’ә s sis’tә m) carry out its life on its own. (p. 22) organs that uses information from the senses to control other body systems. (p. 80) outer core (ou’tә r kôr) A liquid layer of iron and nickel below neutralization The chemical (nü’trә l∙ī∙zā’shә n) Earth’s mantle. (p. 246) change of an acid and a base into a salt and water. (p. 558) ozone (ō’zōn) A form of oxygen gas that makes a neutron A particle in the nucleus of an (nü’tron) layer in the atmosphere that atom that has no electric charge. (p. 492) screens out much of the Sun’s ultraviolet rays. (p. 348) N + + + N N N N + + + N parasitism (par’ә ∙sī∙tiz’ә m) A relationship in which + N + one organism lives in or on another organism N and benefits from that relationship while the host organism is harmed by it. (p. 162) niche (nich) The role of an organism in an pedigree (ped’i∙grē) A chart used to trace the ecosystem. (p. 158) history of traits in a family. (p. 128) nitrogen cycle (nī’trә jә n sī’kә l) The continuous phase (fāz) The appearance of the shape of the trapping of nitrogen gas into compounds in the soil Moon at a particular time. (p. 433) and its return to the air. (p. 188) phloem (flō’em) The tissue through which food from nonrenewable resource (non’ri∙nü’ә ∙bә l rē’sôrs’) A the leaves moves throughout the rest of a plant. resource that cannot be replaced within a short (p. 53) period of time or at all. (p. 331)

-0( at R31 0/ -Glossary www.macmillanmh.com glossaRy

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: photon — protective coloration

photon (fō’ton) A tiny bundle of energy through population (pop’yә ∙lā’shә n) All the members of one which light travels. (p. 653) species in an area. (p. 143) photosynthesis (fō’tә sin’thә sis) The food-making position (pә ∙zish’ә n) The location of an object. process in green plants that uses sunlight. (p. 54) (p. 572) physical change (fiz’i kә l chānj) A change of potential energy (pә ∙ten’shә l en’ә r∙jē) Energy matter in size, shape, or state that does not change stored in the position or structure of an object. the type of matter. (p. 520) (p. 600) pioneer community (pī’ә ∙nîr’ cә ∙mü’ni∙tē) The first precipitate (pri∙sip’i∙tit) A solid formed by the community living in a lifeless area. (p. 200) chemical reaction of two solutions. (p. 547) pioneer species (pī’ә ∙nîr’ spē’shēz) The first precipitation (pri sip’i tā’shә n) Any form of water species living in an otherwise lifeless area. (p. 200) that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground. (p. 184) pitch (pich) How high or low a sound is. (p. 642) placental mammal (plә∙sen’tә l mam’ә l) A mammal whose young develops within the mother. (p. 68) planet (plan’it) A large object that orbits a star and does not produce its own light. (p. 444) plankton (plangk’tә n) Organisms that float on the water in aquatic ecosystems and are unable to swim. (p. 220)

predator (pred’ә tә r) An animal that hunts other animals for food. (p. 147) prey (prā) A living thing that is hunted for food. (p. 147) primary succession (prī’mer∙ē sә k∙sesh’ә n) The beginning of a community where few, if any, living things exist, or where earlier communities were wiped out. (p. 200) prism (priz’ә m) A cut piece of clear glass (or plastic) with two opposite sides in the shape of a triangle or other geometric shape. (p. 658) plate tectonics (plāt tek∙ton’iks) A scientific product (prod’ukt) A substance at the end of a theory that Earth’s crust is made of moving plates. chemical reaction. (p. 544) (p. 254) protective coloration pollen (pol’ә n) Powdery grains in a flower that (prә ∙tek’tiv contain its male sex cells. (p. 104) kul’ә ∙rā’shә n) A type of camouflage pollination (pol’ә ∙nā’shә n) The transfer of a pollen in which the color of an grain to the egg-producing part of a plant. (p. 104) animal blends in with its pollution (pә ∙lü’shә n) The addition of harmful background, protecting substances to the environment. (p. 319) the animal against predators. (p. 173)

R32 glossary

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: protective resemblance — satellite

protective resemblance (prә ∙tek’tiv ri∙zem’blә ns) relative age (rel’ә ∙tiv āj) The age of one rock or A type of camouflage in which the color and fossil as compared to another. (p. 328) shape of an animal blends in with its background, relief map (ri∙lēf’ map) A map that shows the protecting it against predators. (p. 173) elevation of an area using colors or shading. (p. 244) proton A particle in the nucleus of an (prō’ton) renewable resource (ri∙nü’ә ∙bә l rē’sôrs’) A atom that carries one unit of positive electric charge. resource that can be replanted or replaced naturally (p. 492) in a short period of time. (p. 331) pupa (pū’pә ) reservoir (rez’ә r∙vwär’) A storage area for fresh A non-feeding stage in water. (p. 343) complete metamorphosis in which a hard, caselike resistor (ri∙zis’tә r) An object in an electrical circuit cocoon surrounds the that resists the flow of electrons. (p. 668) organism. (p. 114) respiratory system (res’pә r ә tôr’ē sis’tә m) The organ system that brings oxygen to body cells and removes waste gas. (p. 78) revolution (rev’ә ∙lü’shә n) One complete trip of one object around another object. (p. 424) rock cycle (rok sī’kә l) A never-ending process radial symmetry (rā’dē∙ә l sim’ә ∙trē) A body plan in which rocks change from one kind into another. in which all body parts of an organism are arranged (p. 306) around a central point. (p. 62) rotation (rō∙tā’shә n) A complete spin on an axis. (p. 426) runner (run’ә r) A thin plant stem that puts down roots and gives rise to new plants. (p. 93) runoff (run’ôf’) Precipitation that flows across the land’s surface or falls into rivers and streams. (p. 184)

satellite (sat’ә ∙līt) A natural or artificial object in space that circles around another object. (p. 448) radiation (rā’dē∙ā’shә n) The transfer of heat through electromagnetic rays. (p. 628) rain shadow (rān shad’ō) The dry area on the leeward side of a mountain. (p. 411) reactant (rē∙ak’tә nt) An original substance at the beginning of a chemical reaction. (p. 544) reaction force (rē∙ak’shә n fôrs) The push or pull of a second object back on the object that started the push or pull. (p. 592) recessive trait (ri∙ses’iv trāt) The form of a trait that is hidden, or masked, in the hybrid generation. (p. 126) refraction (ri∙frak’shә n) The bending of waves as they pass from one substance into another. (p. 657)

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secondary succession (sek’ә n der’ē sә k∙se s h’ә n) solubility (sol’yә ∙bil’i∙tē) The maximum amount The beginning of a new community where an earlier of a substance that can be dissolved by another community already exists. (p. 202) substance. (p. 533) sediment (sed’ә ∙mә nt) Particles of soil or rock that solute (sol’ūt) A substance that is dissolved by may be eroded and deposited. (p. 288) another substance to form a solution. (p. 532) sedimentary rock (sed’ә ∙mә n’tә ∙rē rok) A rock solution (sә ∙lü’shә n) A mixture of substances that made of compacted and cemented materials. are blended so completely that the mixture looks the (p. 306) same everywhere. (p. 532) seed coat (sēd kōt) The outer covering of a seed. solvent (sol’vә nt) A substance that dissolves one or (p. 106) more other substances to form a solution. (p. 532) semiconductor (sem’ē∙ kә n∙duk’tә r) A material that sound wave (sound wāv) A series of rarefactions has properties in between conductors and insulators. and compressions traveling through a substance. (p. 509) (p. 639) sexual reproduction (sek’shü∙ә l rē’prә ∙duk’shә n) species (spē’shēz) A group of similar organisms in The production of a new organism from a female sex a genus that can reproduce more of their own kind. cell and a male sex cell. (p. 90) (p. 34) shield volcano (shēld vol∙kā’nō) A wide, gently spectrum (spek’trә m) A band of colors produced sloped cone that forms from flowing lava. (p. 264) when light goes through a prism. (p. 658) simple machine (sim’pә l mә ∙shēn’) A machine speed (spēd) How fast an object’s position changes that changes the direction, distance, or strength of with time at any given moment. (p. 574) one force. (p. 608) star (stär) An object in space that produces its own skeletal system (skel’i∙tә l sis’tә m) The organ energy, including heat and light. (p. 458) system made up of bones, tendons, and ligaments. static electricity (stat’ik i∙lek∙tris’i∙tē) The buildup (p. 74) of charged particles. (p. 666) smog A type of air pollution formed by (smog) storm surge (stôrm sûrj) A bulge of water in the particles produced by burning fossil fuels. (p. 348) ocean caused by hurricane waves and winds. (p. 401) soil A mixture of bits of rock and bits of once- (soil) sublimation (sub∙lә ∙mā’shә n) The process of living plants and animals. (p. 316) changing directly from a solid to a gas without first soil horizon (soil hә ∙rī’zә n) Any of the layers of becoming a liquid. (p. 521) soil from the surface to the bedrock. (p. 317) solar eclipse (sō’lә r i∙klips’) A blocking of the Sun’s light that happens when Earth passes through the Moon’s shadow. (p. 434)

succession (sә k∙sesh’ә n) The process of one ecosystem changing into a new and different ecosystem. (p. 200) supernova (sü’pә r∙nō’vә ) A star that has produced more energy than gravity can hold together and explodes. (p. 460) symbiosis (sim’bī∙ō’sis) A relationship between two kinds of organisms over time. (p. 160)

R34 glossary

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: taiga — vegetative propagation

transpiration (tran’spә ∙rā’shә n) The loss of water through a plant’s leaves. (p. 54)

taiga (tī’gә ) A cool forest biome of conifers in the tropical rain forest (trop’i∙kә l rān fôr’ist) A hot, upper northern hemisphere. (p. 211) humid biome near the equator, with much rainfall and a wide variety of life. (p. 212) telescope (tel’ә ∙skōp’) An instrument that makes distant objects appear troposphere (trop’ә ∙sfîr’) The atmospheric layer of closer and larger. (p. 442) gases that is closest to Earth’s surface. (p. 366) temperate rain forest (tem’pә r∙it rān fôr’ist) A tsunami (tsü∙ nä’mē) A huge wave caused by an biome with a lot of rain and a cool climate. (p. 212) earthquake under the ocean. (p. 277) temperature (tem’pә r∙ә ∙chә r) A measurement of the tundra (tun’drә ) A large, treeless plain in the arctic average energy of particles in an object. (p. 626) regions, where the ground is frozen all year. (p. 210) thermal conductivity (thûr’mә l kon’duk∙tiv’i∙tē) The ability of a material to transfer heat. (p. 630) thermal contraction (thûr’mә l kә n∙trak’shә n) The contraction of matter caused by a change in unbalanced forces (un∙bal’ә nst fôrs’ә z) Forces heat. (p. 524) that do not cancel each other out and that cause an object to change its motion. (p. 588) thermal expansion (thûr’mә l ek∙span’shә n) The expansion of matter caused by a change in heat. (p. 524) threatened species (thret’ә nd spē’shēz) A species that is in danger of becoming endangered. (p. 199) thunderstorm (thun’dә r∙stôrm) A rainstorm with both lightning and thunder. (p. 394) tide (tīd) The regular rise and fall of the water level along a shoreline. (p. 436) tissue (tish’ü) A group of similar cells that work together at the same job. (p. 28) topographical map (top’ә ∙graf’i∙kә l map) A map that shows the elevation of an area of Earth’s surface unicellular (ū’nә ∙sel’yә ∙lә r) One-celled organism. using contour lines. (p. 245) (p. 23) topsoil (top’soil’) The dark, top layer of soil, rich in humus and minerals, in which organisms live and vacuum (vak’ū∙ә m) A space which contains little or most plants grow. (p. 317) no matter. (p. 640) tornado (tôr∙nā’dō) A vascular (vas’kyә ∙lә r) Plant tissue through which rotating funnel-shaped water and food move. (p. 38) cloud with wind speeds vegetative propagation up to 500 kilometers per (vej’i ∙tā’tiv Asexual reproduction in plants that hour. (p. 398) prop’ә ∙gā’shә n) produces new plants from roots, leaves, or stems. translucent (trans∙lü’s (p. 93) ә nt) Blurring light as it passes through. (p. 654)

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: velocity — xylem

velocity (vә ∙los’i∙tē) The speed and direction of a weather map (weth’ә r map) A map that shows moving object. (p. 575) the weather in a specific area at a specific point in time. (p. 388) vertebrate (vûr’tә ∙brāt’) An animal that has a

backbone. (p. 36) 0 200 400 miles C A N A D A = (%h 0 200 400 kilometers '%h (%h )%h

(%h A )%h )%h

*%h = = )%h +%h PACI FIC A OCEAN

ATL ANTIC 1%h ,%h OCEAN %h M E X I C O ,%h &%h fronts pressure precipitation '%h -%h cold = high cloudy HAWAII warm rain A low snow ALASKA ,%h temperature <0 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 100+

volcano (vol’kā∙nō) An opening in Earth’s crust weathering The process through through which lava may flow. (p. 262) (weth’ә r∙ing) which rocks or other materials are broken down into volume (vol’ūm) A measure of how much space the smaller pieces. (p. 284) matter of an object takes up. (p. 481) weight (wāt) A measure of how gravity pulls on an object. (p. 481) white dwarf (hwīt dwôrf) A star that can no longer turn water cycle (wô’tә r sī’kә l) The continuous helium into carbon; it cools and movement of water between Earth’s surface and the shrinks, becoming very small and air, changing from liquid to gas to liquid. (p. 184) dense. (p. 459) watershed (wô’tә r∙shed’) Area from which water is work (wûrk) The use of force to drained; a region that contributes water to a river or move an object a certain distance, or to change an river system. (p. 184) object. (p. 598) wavelength (wāv’lengkth) The distance from one peak to the next on a wave. (p. 652)

xylem (zī’lә m) The tissue through which water and minerals move up through a plant. (p. 53)

weather (weth’ә r) What the troposphere is like at any given place and time. (p. 366)

R36 GLOSSARY

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Agriculture geothermal energy, 334–35 genetic engineering of crops, nuclear energy, 334, 601 130–31 running water, 332–33 Abiotic factors, 142. See also Air; soil and, 318, 319, 320 solar energy, 332, 333 Rocks; Soil; Sun and sunlight; Air, 348–50. See also Atmosphere; wind, 332 Water Wind(s) Altitude, 368 limiting factors, 156 density of air pressure and, 368, 369 Absolute age, 328–29 sound waves and, 639, 644 climate and, 411 Absorption of sound waves, 641 temperature and, 371 cloud type and, 380 Abyssal plain, 242 downdrafts, 394, 397 Aluminum, 509 Abyssal zone, 224, 225 forest, changes with seasons of, atoms, 491 Acacia tree-ants mutualism, 160 216–17 as common element, 496 Acceleration, 576–77, 594*–95* gases in, 367 uses of, 506 calculating, 591 as insulator, 510 Alveoli, 78, 79 forces involving, 585 nitrogen in, 188 Amethyst, 304 mass and, 590–91 sound travel through, 639, 640 Ammonia, 532, 536, 555 unbalanced forces in, 588 updrafts, 394, 397 compost decomposition and, 190 zero, 591 water vapor in, 369, 390*–91* nitrogen-fixing bacteria Acid(s), 552 humidity and, 361, 369, 384 producing, 189 distinguishing bases from, 553* Air mass, 361, 384–85 Amoebas, 41 as electrolyte, 558 high-pressure systems, 386–87 dysentery, 162 indicators to identify, 556–57 low-pressure systems, 386–87 Amperes or amps (A), 669 mixing bases and, 558 meeting of masses of different Amphibians, 66–67, 116–17 properties of, 554–55 temperatures, 393*, 396, 397 Amplitude, 644 strengths of, 556–57, 558 Airplane Analyzing data, 8–9 in water, 555 drag on, 585 “Ancient” bacteria kingdom, 40 Acid-base indicator, 556–57* thrust and lift of, 584, 585 Anemometer, 374 Acidic solutions, 557 velocities, 575 Anemone-clownfish commensalism, Acidity, 556, 557 Air pollution, 348–50, 349* 161 Acid rain, 285, 286, 349 Air pressure, 361, 367, 368–69 Aneroid barometer, 374 Action force, 592 altitude and, 368, 369 Angiosperms (flowering plants), 38, Active volcano, 264 highs and lows, 386–87 49, 110 Adaptations, 166–77, 167* humidity and, 369 adaptations of, 170 animal, 168–69, 172–74 measuring, 374 alternation of generations in, 100 to biomes, 209–13 at sea level, 367 dicot, 107 camouflage, 173 temperature and, 368, 372–73 gymnosperms compared to, 108 for eating, 17 tornado formation and, 398 life cycle of, 104–7 mimicry, 174 tropical storms and, 400 monocot, 107 behavioral, 169 volume and, 368, 369* primary succession and, 201 definition of, 168 Air resistance, 587 reproduction of, 99* plant, 168, 170–71, 176–77 Air temperature. See also flowers as organs of, 102–5, 160 to soil types, 318 Temperature without seed, 89* to running-water ecosystems, 222 Algae, 41, 157, 224 Angle of insolation (sunlight), 363*, structural, 168, 170 ecosystem change caused by, 197 364, 365, 408, 650, 655 symbiotic relationships as, 168 in lichen, 160 Animal(s) Adrenal glands, 80 as producers, 144 adaptations of, 168–69, 172–74 Adrenaline, 80 red tides, 150 behavioral adaptations, 169 “Adventures in Eating,” 16–17 Alkaline solutions, 557 camouflage, 173 Aerial roots, 51, 171 Alkalinity, 556, 557 to deciduous forest, 213 African sleeping sickness, 162 Alloys, 532, 536 to deserts, 209 Aftershocks, 276 Alternating current, 682 for eating, 17 Age Alternation of generations, 100 to grasslands, 214 absolute, 328–29 Alternative energy sources, 332–35 mimicry, 174 relative, 328–29 biomass, 335 to rain forest, 212

R37 index

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structural adaptations, 168 endocrine system, 80 Atmosphere, 246, 348. See also Air to taiga, 211 excretory system, 76, 77 carbon in, 186 to tundra, 210 muscular system, 74–75 cloud formation in, 380 asexual reproduction of some, nervous system, 80 common elements in, 496 91, 93 respiratory system, 78, 79 evaporated water in, 184 biomass from wastes of, 335 skeletal system, 74 gases in, 348 chemical reactions used by, 548 Annelids (segmented worms), 63 layers of, 366–67 classifying, 60–69, 61* Anteaters on Moon, lack of, 432 invertebrates, 36, 62–65, 77 giant, 17 observing objects in space and, vertebrates, 36, 37, 66–68 spiny, 68 442, 443 cold-blooded, 67 Anther, 102 Atmospheric pressure. See Air common elements in, 496, 497 Antibiotics, 39 pressure consumers, 144–45, 220 Antimony, 510 Atomic mass, 492 decayed, as organic part of soil, Ants-acacia tree mutualism, 160 Atomic mass unit (a.m.u.), 492 316, 317 Apparent motion, 426 Atomic number, 492 desert, 152*, 209 Aquatic ecosystems. See Water Atoms, 491 differences between plants and, ecosystems Bohr model of, 492 36 Aquatic plants, adaptations of, 170 molecules formed by, 493 ecosystem change caused by, Aquifer, 343 nuclear energy and, 334 196–97 Arch, erosion of, 289 particles in, 492, 493* fastest speeds of, 574 Arctic fox, 173 Auto mechanic, 690 interdependence of plants and, Area Automobiles. See Cars 160 calculating, 59* Autumn, 213, 216, 424, 425 nitrogen cycle and, 189 estimating, 259* Average speed, 574 nocturnal, 172 Argon, 510 Axis, 424 in ocean ecosystems, 224, 225 Aristotle, 490, 580 tilted axis of Earth, 424–26 as pollinators, 104, 105 Armstrong, Neil, 432 day and night and, 426 predator and prey, 147, 156, 169, Arrows seasons and, 424–25* 172, 173, 174, 223 acceleration represented by, Axle primary succession and, 200, 201 577 in electric motors, 681, 682, 683 in running-water ecosystems, 222 direction indicated by, 572 wheel and, 609, 612, 614 in salt marshes, 226 force direction and strength Aztec culture, uses of salt in, seeds dispersed by, 106 indicated by, 584 560–61 soil type and support of, 318 velocity represented by, 577 in standing-water ecosystems, Arsenic, 475 223 Arthropods, 36, 37, 65, 75, 78 symmetry in, 71* Artificial satellites, 448 bilateral, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71 Asexual reproduction, 91, 92*–93 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 131 radial, 62, 64, 71 alternation of generations and, Backbones, 37. See also Vertebrates warm-blooded, 67, 68 100 Bacteria, 40 water cycle and, 184 comparing sexual reproduction asexual reproduction of, 91, 92 in wetlands, 223 and, 94 rate of, 97* what they are made of, 21* in fern life cycle, 101 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 131 Animal cells, 24–25, 27*, 36 methods of, 92–93 denitrifying, 189 Animal kingdom, 34, 36–37 in moss life cycle, 100 helpful, 40 Animal life cycles, 114–15 regeneration and, 96 nitrogen-fixing, 188, 189 embryo, 118 Asteroid belt, 444, 450 protists compared to, 41 fertilization, 116–17 Asteroids, 450–51 Bacteria kingdoms, 40 metamorphosis, 114 Asthenosphere, 246, 254 Baking soda and vinegar reaction, complete, 114, 115, 120 Asthma, 348 544, 545, 546 incomplete, 115 Astronauts, 432, 452, 592 Balance, measuring mass with, 480 stages in, 113* Astronomer, 472 Balanced forces, 588, 592 Animal-like protists, 41 Astronomical units (AU), 441* Balancing chemical equations, 551* Animal systems, 72–83 Asymmetrical body plan, 62 Bald eagles, 204*–5* circulatory system, 28, 78–79 Athlete’s foot, 39 Balloons digestive system, 28, 76 Atlantic Ocean, 253 hot air, 478

R38 index

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temperature and volume of, taiga, 208, 211 Breezes. See also Wind(s) 523*, 524 tundra, 210 mountain and valley, 373 unbalanced balloon force, 589* Biosphere, 246 sea and land, 372–73 weather, 402 Biotic factors, 142. See also Brightness of stars, 457* Bar graph, 663* Animal(s); Bacteria; Fungi; Bronchi, 78 Bark, 52 Plant(s); Protists Brown bears, 122 Barnacles-whales commensalism, 161 as limiting factors, 157 Bt corn, 131 Barometer, 374 Birds, 67 Budding, 92 Barred spiral galaxies, 465 of deciduous forest, 213 Building materials Barricades, slowing erosion with, 292 eggs of, 118 metals, 506 Barrier islands, 291 internal fertilization in, 117 rocks, 308, 309 Basalt, 308 niches in community, 158 thermal expansion and Bases, 554–55 as pollinators, 104 contraction, 524 distinguishing acids from, 553* Bison, 214 Buildings, earthquake resistant, 278 as electrolyte, 558 Black color, 659 Bumble bee, 174 indicators to identify, 556–57 Black hole, 460 Buoyancy, 483, 584 mixing acids and, 558 Bladder, 76, 77 Burrs, 106 properties of, 554–55 Bleach, 546 Business and industry, lasers used strengths of, 556–57 Blizzards, 396–97 in, 662 in water, 555 Blood, circulation of, 79 Butterfly Batholith, 264 Blood vessels, 78 complete metamorphosis of, 114, Bathyal zone, 224, 225 capillaries, 79 115 Bats, echolocation by, 646 Bloomfield, Louis, 567 Karner blue, 199 Batteries, 507, 668, 674–75 Blue sea star, 64 monarch, 131, 174 Beaches, 241 Bluestem, 214 viceroy, 174 barrier islands protecting, 291 Bobcats, 226 erosion and deposition of, 289, 291 Bodies of water, climate and Beaker, 481 distance from, 410. See also Bears Lakes; Ocean; Pond brown, 122 Body, carbon in human, 186 Cactus plants, 46, 170, 209 koala, 68 Body plan Calcium, 496 Beaver dams, 196, 197 asymmetrical, 62 Caldera, 263 Bedrock, 317 bilateral symmetry, 63, 64, 65, 66 California Bees radial symmetry, 62, 64 desalination plants in, 352, 353 asexual reproduction in Body systems. See Animal systems severe weather in (2005), 359 honeybees, 93 Body temperature, 67 California Current, 411 habitat of, 158 Bogs, 223 Cambium, 53 as pollinators, 104 Bohr, Niels, 492 Camera Behavioral adaptations, 169 Boiling point, 522 infrared, 629, 632 Benchmark, 244 separating mixtures using, 534 lenses in, 657 Benthos, 220, 221, 223 of some common materials, 523 light forming image on film of, 653 Betelgeuse, 463 Bones Camouflage, 173 Big bang theory, 466 of birds, 67 CAM photosynthesis, 58 Big Dipper, 462 fossilized, 326 Canals, 292 Bilateral symmetry, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71 functions of, 74 Cancer, skin, 348 Binary stars, 465 in skeletal system, 74 Canopy, rain forest, 212 Biodiesel, 335 Bony fish, 66 Canyon, 240, 241 Biomass, 335 Boron, 510 submarine, 242 Biomes, 206–15. See also Ecosystems Botanist, 134 Capacity, heat, 631 definition of, 208 Brain, 80 Capillaries, 79 desert, 208, 209 Brass, 536 Carbon, 494 forest, 142, 212–13 Bread mold, 39* helium atoms in star combining deciduous forest, 213, 216–17 Breakers, 672 into, 459 rain forest, 212 Breathing importance of, 186 global, 208 during exercise, 83* as nonmetal, 509 grasslands, 214 respiratory system and, 78 structure of, 498

R39 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Carbonated water — Climate

Carbonated water, 532 nerve, 80 ozone layer harmed by, 348–49 Carbon cycle, 186–87 nitrogen in, 188 plant adaptations involving, 170 Carbon dioxide, 543 organization of, 28 soil pollution from, 319 in atmosphere, 186, 348 origins of, 22 water pollution from, 345 baking soda and vinegar plant, 26–27*, 36, 53 Chemical weathering, 285 reaction producing, 544, 546 preserved by freezing in liquid Chinese, constellations named by as cellular respiration waste nitrogen, 44–45 ancient, 463 product, 56, 79, 187 sex, 90, 93, 101 Chlorine, 510, 542 in forest air, changes with fertilization and, 116–17 Chlorophyll, 27, 52, 54 seasons in, 216–17 stem cells, 96 Chloroplasts, 26, 27, 54, 55 photosynthesis and, 54 virus attack on, 42 Chordata, 37 as waste, removal by lungs, 77 Cell membrane, 24, 25, 26, 30 Chromatography, 535 Carboniferous period, 329 Cellular respiration, 56, 79, 187 Chromium, 505 Careers in Science Cell wall, 26, 27, 36, 38 Chromosomes, 126 astronomer, 472 Celsius, degrees, 627 Cinder-cone volcanoes, 264, 265 auto mechanic, 690 Cesium, 505 Circuit diagram, 670, 671 botanist, 134 Chaboo, Caroline, 176–77 Circuits, 668–71 cartographer, 356 Chain reaction, nuclear, 334 producing magnetic field, 680–81 food science technician, 564 Chameleon, 114 resistance of, 668, 671 gardener, 232 Changes of state, 518–27 speed of electric current in, 669 green chemist, 564 heat and, 520–24 types of, 670, 671, 672 health care technician, 134 physical change, 520–21 Circulation, 79 mechanical engineer, 690 sublimation, 521 Circulatory system, 28, 78–79 oil rig driller, 356 of water, 520–24. See also Ice; Cirque, 287 plant ecologist, 232 Water vapor Cirrus clouds, 380, 381 weather observer, 472 Charged objects, static electricity Citric acid, 554 Caribbean, plants in tropical forests between, 666–67 Class, 34, 35 of, 176–77 Cheetah, 140 Classification, 32–43, 33* Caribou, 210 Chemical change, 540–49 of animals, 36–37, 60–69, 61* Carina Nebula, 456 compounds formed by, 542–43, invertebrates, 36–37, 62–65, 77 Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, 548 vertebrates, 36, 37, 66–68 285 definition of, 544 bacteria kingdom, 40 Carnivores, 145 equations for, 544–45, 551* definition of, 34 effect of removal from food heat required in, 632 fungus kingdom, 39 chain, 150 mass and, 541* of plants, 38, 48–49 in energy pyramid, 149 reactions with water, 551 protist kingdom, 41 as top predators, 147 reversal of, 545 of rocks, 306–10, 312*–13* Carrier, 128 signs of, 546–47 systems of, 34–35 Carrying capacity, 157 uses of, 548 viruses, 42 Cars Chemical energy, 601 Classifying, skill at, 12, 312*–13* exhaust systems of, 350 work and changes in, 602 Clay, 317 fuel-efficiency of, 339, 616 Chemical equations, 544–45 Clean Air Act (1967), 350 heat powering engine of, 632 balancing, 551* Cleaning supplies, as mixtures, 532, Cartilaginous fish, 66 Chemical formula, 493, 495 536 Cartographer, 356 of compounds, 543 Clean Water Act (1977), 347 “Case for Clean Water, The,” 136–37 Chemically reactive elements, 491 Cleavage, 303, 310 Caterpillars, 114, 120 Chemical name, 543 Cliff, 240, 241 Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), Chemical properties of acids and Climate, 406–13 555, 558 bases, 555 adaptations to Cavendish, Henry, 500 Chemical reactivity. See also animal, 169, 172, 173 Caves, formation of, 285 Chemical change behavioral, 169 Cell(s), 19, 20–31, 96 of metalloids, 509 plant, 170–71 animal, 24–25, 27*, 36 of metals, 505, 507 definition of, 208, 361, 408 capillaries circulating blood to of nonmetals, 508, 510 El Niño and, 412 and from, 79 Chemicals factors affecting, 407*, 410–11 definition of, 22 animal adaptations involving, 172 fossils and evidence of ancient, 326

R40 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 40 10/12/06 4:02:38 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Climax community — Crust of Earth

global, 409 Complete metamorphosis, 114, 115, See also Plate tectonics rain shadow and, 411* 120 evidence of, 252–53 zones, 408–9 Composite volcanoes, 265 spread of ocean floor and, Climax community, 201, 202 Compost, 190 254–55* Closed circulatory systems, 78 Compound machines, 616 Continental polar air mass, 396 Cloth, salt used to dye Aztec, 561 Compounds, 542–43 Continental rise, 242 Clouds, 378–83 acid, 554 Continental shelf, 242 absorption and reflection of base, 555 Continental slope, 242 insolation, 366 chemical reactions forming, Continents, estimating area of, 259* formation of, 184, 380, 385 542–43, 548 Continuous forces, 585 funnel-shaped, of tornado, 398, names and formulas for, 543 Contour lines, 245, 248*–49* 399 qualitative analysis of, 550* Contour plowing, 320 precipitation formation in, Compressions, 256, 638, 639, 644, Controlled variables, 5 382–83 645 Convection, 628 thunderhead, 394, 395, 398 Computer chips, 510 Convection cells, 411 types of, 380–81* Concave lenses, 657 Convection currents, 628, 630 Clownfish-anemone commensalism, Concave mirrors, 656 Converting units, 339* 161 Conclusions, drawing, 10–11 Convex lenses, 657 Cnidarians, 62–63 Concrete, 309 Convex mirrors, 656 Coagulation, 346 Condensation, 184, 521 Cooling curve, 523 Coal, 329, 336 cloud formation and, 380 Copernicus, 580 Coal power plants, 330 distillation and, 535 Copper, 305 Coast, 240, 241 Conduction, 628 brass as alloy made with, 536 erosion and deposition along, Conductivity corrosion of, 505 291 effect of combining materials on, properties of, 504, 505 Cobalt chloride paper, 390*–91* 513* tarnished penny, 547* Cocoon, 114 electrical, of metals vs. Coral reefs, 197 Cold air mass, 384 nonmetals, 512*–13* Coral snake, 174 Cold-blooded animals, 67 thermal, 630–31* Core of Earth, 246, 496 Cold front, 384, 385, 388, 394 Conductors Coriolis effect, 371 Colloids, 531, 536 electrical, 504, 505, 506, 508, Corn Colony of mole rats, 70 509, 512*–13*, 667, 668 genetically modified, 130–31 Color(s), 658–59. See also Light metalloids as, 509 uses of, 130 of leaves in autumn, 213 metals as, 504, 505, 506, Corrosion, 505 of mineral, 302 512*–13* tarnish caused by, 546, 547* mixing, 659* nonmetals as, 508, 512*–13* Cortex, 50 primary, 659 semiconductors, 509, 510 Corthals, Angelique, 44–45 in rainbow, 663* thermal, 504, 506, 508, 630 Cotyledon, 106, 107 as sign of chemical change, 546 Cones, 108 Counterbalances, 616 Coloration, protective, 173 Conglomerate rock, 309 Crabs, 65 Coma, 450 Conifers (gymnosperms), 49, 100, Crater, 262, 263 Comets, 450–51 108, 211 formation of, 468*–69* Commensalism, 161 Conservation, 320 height and size of, 469* Common cold virus, 42 energy, guidelines for, 336 on moons, 432, 449 Communicating, skill at, 12, 376*–77* soil, 320 Crop rotation, 320 Community, 143 water, 347 Crops climax, 201, 202 Conservation of energy, law of, 602 genetically modified, 130–31 intermediate, 200 Conservation of mass, law of, 545, irrigation for, 344 niche in, 158 551 soil type and growth of, 318–19 pioneer, 200 Constellations, 462–63 Cross-pollination, 105 primary succession in, 200–201 Consumers, 144–45 Crowbars, as first-class levers, 610 secondary succession in, 202 types of, 145 Crust of Earth, 246. See also Plate Compass, 572, 584, 678, 686 in water ecosystems, 220 tectonics; Rocks Competition, 156–57 Contaminants, water pollution from, earthquake as sudden movement ways of avoiding, 158 344–45. See also Pollution of, 272 Complete flower, 102 Continental drift, theory of, 252–53. faults in, 256

R41 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 41 10/12/06 4:02:41 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Crystals — Earth

Crystals, 304 Denitrifying bacteria, 189 Disinfection, 346 in igneous rocks, 308 Density, 482–83*, 486*–87* Distance, 572 in metamorphic rocks, 310 of air effort, 609, 611, 613, 614 in sedimentary rocks, 309 sound waves and, 639, 644 of force, simple machine shapes of minerals, 304–5* temperature and, 371 increasing, 609 Cubic centimeters, 481 buoyancy and, 483 gravity and, 422, 586 Cumulus clouds, 380, 381 mass and, 482 light-year as measure of, 463 Curie, Marie, 501 of medium, amplitude of sound measuring, 572, 662 Curie, Pierre, 501 and, 644, 645 output, 609, 611, 613, 614 Currents. See also Electric current separating a mixture using, 534 speed and, 571*, 574 convection, 628, 630 state of matter and, 484, 521 work as force applied over, 598, ocean, climate and, 410–11, 412 thermal conductivity and, 630 599 Cuticle of leaf, 54 of water, 482, 521 Distillation, 535 Cycles in ecosystem, 182–91 Dependent variable, 5, 526 Dog, bilateral symmetry of, 71 carbon cycle, 186–87 Deposition, 237 Dolphins, 640 nitrogen cycle, 188–89 erosion and, 288–91 echolocation by, 646 water cycle, 184–85 by glacier, 288 Dominant trait, 126, 127, 128 Cyclones, 401. See also Hurricanes; by running water, 288, 290 Doppler effect, 643 Tornados shorelines changed by, 289, Doppler radar, 402 Cytoplasm 290–91 Dormant volcano, 264 of animal cell, 24, 25 by waves, 289, 291 Double-action third-class lever, 611 in plant cells, 26 by wind, 289, 291 Douglas fir, 49 Desalination, 353 Downdrafts, 394, 397 Desalination plants, 352, 353 Drag force, 585, 586, 587, 589 Descriptive writing, 70*, 338* Drain cleaner, 555 Desert, 241 Drawing conclusions, 10–11 animals in, 152*, 209 Drilling rigs, 331 Dalton, John, 491 biome, 208, 209 Drip-tip leaves, 171 Dams, 292 plants, 168, 209 Dry ice, 521 beaver, 196, 197 Desert soil, 318 Ducks, 112 hydroelectric power from, 332 Diamonds, 234–35 webbed feet of, 168 on Missouri River, 294, 295 Diatoms, 41, 220 wood, 222 problems caused by, 295 Dichotomous key, 61* Ductility, 505 reservoirs behind, 343 Dicot, 107 Dunes, 241, 291, 292 Data Digestion, 76 Dysentery, 162 analyzing, 8–9 bacteria helpful in, 40 interpreting, 13, 204*–5* hydrochloric acid in stomach Dávolos, Liliana, 3–11 and, 554 Day and night, 426 invertebrate, 77 DDT, 204 Digestive juices, 76 Decaying material Earth Digestive system, 28, 76 decomposition of, 187 age of, 329 Dikes, 264 soil formation and, 200 air pressure and height above, Dilute solution, 533 Deceleration, 576 368, 369 Direction, 572 Deciduous forest, 213 atmosphere of. See Atmosphere acceleration and, 576, 577 gases in air of, 216–17 changes shaping surface of, changing, 577 Deciduous trees, 213 282–93 compass to determine, 572, 678, Decimals, multiplying, 281*, 439* deposition, 288–91 686 Decomposers, 145, 146 erosion, 286–91 positive work vs. negative work carbon cycle and, 187 shorelines, 289, 290–92 and, 598 compost broken down by, 190 weathering, 237, 284*–85, 316 speed with (velocity), 575 nitrogen cycle and, 189 elements of, 496–97 Disease in water ecosystems, 220, 224 gravity on, 422–23, 586 bacteria causing, 40 Degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees as inner planet, 444 scientific method of studying, 3–11 Fahrenheit (°F), 627 landforms, 238–46, 239* viruses causing, 42 Deimos (moon), 448, 449 definition of, 240 Dishes, radio telescope, 443 Delta, 241 features, 241

R42 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 42 10/12/06 4:02:43 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Earthquakes — Electromagnets

mapping, 244–45 predicting volcanic eruptions in angiosperms, 102, 105 ocean floor, 242–43 from, 280 fertilized, 90, 116–17 layers of, 246, 254 tsunamis and, 277 Eggs core, 246, 496 waves, 273, 274–75* amphibian, 67 crust, 246, 256, 272 Eating, animal adaptations for, 17. comparing, 118 mantle, 237, 246, 254 See also Food embryos developing inside, 118 magnetic force of, 584 Echinoderms, 64 in metamorphosis, 114, 115 magnetic field, 679 Echoes, 641 of monotremes, 68 Moon and, 430–37, 448, 452 Echolocation, 646 unfertilized, development of, 93 changes in appearance of, Eclipses, 434–35* Einstein, Albert, 501, 581 430, 431*, 433 Ecosystems Einsteinium, 501 eclipses and, 434–35* biomes, 206–15 Electrical conductors, 508, 667, 668 gravity between, 422, 586 desert, 208, 209 metalloids as, 509 phases of, 433, 434, 435, 436 forest, 142–43, 212–13, 216–17 metals as, 504, 505, 506, 512*–13* tides and, 436 global, 208 nonmetals as, 508, 512*–13* as neutral electrical conductor, grasslands, 214 Electrical energy, 601, 632 667 taiga, 208, 211 in light, 652 North and South poles of, 678 tundra, 210 measurement of, 666 planetary data on, 445 changes in, 194–205 voltage, 668 plates of, 254, 256. See also effects on species, 197, 198–99 Electrical insulator, 667 Plate tectonics human activities causing, 197 Electric charge rotation of, 426, 580 natural events causing, 196–97 of ions, 554, 555 Coriolis effect and, 371 succession and, 200–202 static electricity between on tilted axis, 424–26 tree rings indicating, 195* charged objects, 666–67 spherical shape of, 364 community in, 143 Electric circuit. See Circuits Sun and, 420–27 cycles in, 182–91 Electric current, 668–69* day and night and, 426 carbon cycle, 186–87 alternating current, 682 distance between, 423 nitrogen cycle, 188–89 electromagnets and, 686*–87* Earth’s orbit, 420, 421*, 423, water cycle, 184–85 generator of, 330, 331, 332, 334, 424 definition of, 142 682–83 insolation, 364–65 effect of genetically modified protecting against large, 672 pull of gravity between, organisms on, 131 Electricity, 330, 664–75 422–23 energy flow in, 144–51 alternative energy sources of, revolution around Sun, 424, energy pyramids, 148–49, 153* 332–35 580–81 food chain, 141*, 144–45, 146 circuits, 668–71 seasons and, 424–25* food webs, 146–47, 150, 197 conductors of, 504, 505, 506, speed of movement around local or widespread, 143 508, 509, 512*–13*, 667, 668 Sun, 424 population in, 143, 150, 156–57 definition of, 666 water/water features on surface relationships in, 154–63 energy changes in generation of, of, 241, 342. See also Lakes; commensalism, 161 602 Ocean; Rivers competition, 156–57 flow of, 668–69, 670 Earthquakes, 270–79 habitat, sharing, 158–59 fossil fuels to produce, 330–31 aftershocks of, 276 mutualism, 160 kinetic energy of electrons and, 601 comparing strength of, 281* niches, 158 magnetism and, 682–83 damage from, 270, 273, 274 parasitism, 162 safe use of, 672 reducing, 278 water, 218–29 static, 395, 666–67 definition of, 272 estuaries, 226, 241 Electric motors, 616, 681, 682 depths of, 272 freshwater, 222–23 Electrodes, 674 epicenter of, 272, 273, 275, 276 ocean, 219*, 220, 224–25 Electrolyte, 558, 674 focus of, 272, 273 organisms in, 220–21 Electromagnetic rays, 628, 629 landslides after, 286 Efficiency, 616 Electromagnetic spectrum, 660 locating, 275 Effort, 608, 610, 611* Electromagnetism, 660, 680–81* locations of, 272–73 Effort arm, 608–9, 610 Electromagnets, 680–81* magnitude of, 276, 277 Effort distance, 609, 611, 613, 614 direction of its coils, 687* movement of ground during, 271* Effort force, 619* electric current and, 686*–87* predicting, 278 Egg cell, 90, 116 maglev trains and, 684

R43 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 43 10/12/06 4:02:45 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Electron microscopes — Feathers

Electron microscopes, 498 cellular respiration and release shorelines changed by, 290–91 Electrons, 492 of, 56 by waves, 289, 291 amperes, 669 changes, 632 by wind, 289, 291 discharged in static electricity, work and, 598, 600–601, 602 by glaciers, 287 666, 667 conservation of, law of, 602 gravity and, 286 ions and gain or loss of, 554 definition of, 600 preventing, 286, 292, 318, 320 magnetic forces generated by, efficiency of machine in terms of rate of, 287* 678–79, 680 input, 616 Eruptions, volcanic, 262, 263, 264 negative charge of, 666 flow in ecosystem, 144–51 air pollution from, 349 speed of, 669 energy pyramids, 148–49, 153* lava type and height of volcano, Elements, 302, 488–99. See also food chain, 141*, 144–45, 146 269* Metalloids; Metals; Nonmetals food webs, 146–47, 150, 197 predicting, 260, 261*, 280 compounds formed by forms of, 601 Esophagus, 76 combining, 542–43 from fossil fuels, 330 Estuaries, 226, 241 definition of, 490 gravity and, 597* Ethanol, 130 discovery of, 500–501 guidelines for conserving, 336 European corn borer, 130, 131 examining, 498 kinetic, 567, 600–601, 602, Evaporation, 184, 523 half-life of, 328–29* 604*–5* distillation and, 535 metalloids, 491, 508–9, 510 measuring used, 601* surface area and rate of, 391* minerals made up of, 302 potential, 567, 600–601, 604*–5* Excretory system, 76, 77 molecules of, 493 released by earthquake, 273 Exercise most common, 496–97 magnitude measuring, 276, 277 heart rate and, 82* nonmetals, 508, 510 tsunamis resulting from, 277 lungs and breathing rate during, periodic table of, 494–95, release of, as sign of chemical 83* 500–501, 508, 509 change, 547 Exoskeleton, 65, 75, 115 properties of, 490–91 sound waves carrying, 639 Exosphere, 366 symbols for, 494–95 Energy pyramid, 148–49, 153* Expansion joints, 524 Elephants, 169, 196 Energy transfer, 148* Experimenting, skill at, 13, 30*–31* Elevation Engines, chemical reactions used Explanatory writing, 96*, 280*, contour lines and, 245, 248*–49* in, 548 438*, 618* on relief map, 244 Environment Expository writing, 58*, 258*, 550*, on topographical map, 245 abiotic factors of, 142 662* Elevator, as compound machine, 616 biotic factors of, 142. See also External fertilization, 116–17* Ellipse, 423 Animal(s); Bacteria; Fungi; Extinct species, 44, 198 Elliptical galaxies, 465 Plant(s); Protists Extinct volcano, 264 Elliptical orbits of planets around changes, sexual reproduction Extrusive rock, 308 Sun, 444 and ability to survive, 94. See Eyeglasses, 657 Earth’s orbit, 420, 421*, 423, 424 also Adaptations “Eye” of hurricane, 400 El Niño, 412 fossils and evidence of ancient, Elson, Christina, 560–61 326 Embryo, 106, 118 Epicenter of earthquake, 272, 273, 275 Emeralds, 305 magnitude at, 276 Emergent layer, 212 Epidermis, 50, 54 Factories, air pollution from, 349, Endangered species, 199 Epiphytes, 212 350 Endocrine system, 80 Equal pan balance, 480 Fahrenheit, degrees, 627 Endoskeletons, 64, 66 Equations, chemical, 544–45 Fall (autumn), 213, 216, 424, 425 Energy, 596–605. See also Forces; balancing, 551* Falling object Fossil fuels; Motion; Work Equator, 364–65 free fall, weightlessness felt in, 592 alternative energy sources, angle of sunlight above and speed of, 582, 583* 332–35 below, 365 Family (classification subgroup), biomass, 335 climate zones relative to, 408–9 34, 35 geothermal energy, 334–35 rain forests near, 212 Farming. See Agriculture nuclear energy, 334 Eras, geological, 328–29 Fault-block mountains, 256 running water, 332–33 Erosion, 286–91 Faults, 237, 256 solar energy, 332, 333 deposition and, 288–91 earthquakes at, 272–73 wind, 324, 325*, 332 by running water, 288, 290 Feathers, 67

R44 INDEX

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 44 10/17/06 11:52:52 AM Template First Pass Second Pass Con rming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Con rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Feet — Fructose

Feet (ft), 572 animal adaptations for eating, 17 formation of, 187, 329 Femur, 74 energy pyramid, 148–49, 153* uses of, 330–31 Fence lizards, 4, 7 of fungi, 39 Fossils, 253, 326 Fences, protecting sand dunes with, made by plants, 27, 38, 54, 144 age of, determining, 328–29 292 mixtures as, 536 evidence of continental drift Ferns, 38, 48, 49, 212 of protists, 41 from, 253 alternation of generations in, 100 Food chains, 141*, 144–45, 146 law of superposition and, 328 life cycle of, 101 Food preservation, salt used for, in limestone, 310 Fertilization, 90 561 looking for, 338* in angiosperms, 102, 105 Food science technician, 564 Fox, arctic, 173 external, 116–17* Food webs, 146–47, 150, 197 Fractions of gymnosperms, 108 Fool’s gold (pyrite), 302 converting percent into, 229* internal, 117 Forces multiplying, 229*, 405* pollination and, 104 action, 592 Fracture, 303 Fertilizers, 190, 320, 555 applied over distance, work as, Frame of reference, 573, 580 Fibrous roots, 51 598, 599 Franklin, Benjamin, 674 Fictional writing, 152* balanced, 588, 592 Free fall, weightlessness felt in, 592 Filament of stamen, 102 continuous, 585 Freezing Filters, 77* definition of, 584 of liquid into solid, 521 marsh plants as, 226 drag, 585, 586, 587, 589 Mpemba effect, 526 nephrons as, 77 effort, 619* Freezing point, 523 in water treatment plant, 346 magnetic, 677*, 678–79, 680. See Frequency, 642 Fires also Magnetism of photon, 653 forest, 624 motion and, 582–95. See also pitch of sound and, 642, 643 in grassland, 214 Friction; Gravity speed of wave and, 652 First-class lever, 610, 619* Newton’s first law of motion, Fresh water, 220, 340, 342–47 Fish, 66 588–89 amount used, 341* classes of, 66 Newton’s second law of cleaning, conserving, and eggs of, 118 motion, 590–91, 595* protecting, 346–47 external fertilization in, 116–17 Newton’s third law of motion, estuary at boundary of salt water parasitic, 162 592 and, 226, 241 Fixed pulley, 613 output, 619* as limited resource, 343 Flashlight, 668, 669* reaction, 592 organisms, 221 Flatworms, 63, 77 simple machine and, 608 polar ice, 229* Fleas, 162 unbalanced, 588, 589*, 590–91, salt water vs., 221* Flight of birds, 67 594*–95* sources of, 342–43 Floating, 483, 483* work and, 599 uses of, 344–45 density and, 486*–87* Forest and salt marsh food web, Freshwater ecosystems, 222–23 Floodplain, 290 146–47 running-water ecosystems, 222 Floods, 290 Forest ecosystem, 142–43 standing-water ecosystems, 222, in California (2005), 359 Forest fire, 624 223 on Missouri River, 294 Forest floor, 212 Freshwater wetlands, 222, 223, 290 Flowering plants. See Angiosperms Forests Friction, 587 (flowering plants) biomes, 212–13 effect on kinetic energy, 604*–5* Flowers deciduous forest, 213, 216–17 energy changes caused by, 602 mutualism between pollinators rain forest, 212 heat generated by, 587, 627, 632 and, 160 ecosystem, 142–43 negative work performed by, 599 parts of, 102–3 human activities destroying, 197 along threads of screw, 615 pollination of, 104–5 soil, 318 as unbalanced force, 589 types of, 103 taiga, 211 Frogs, 66–67 Fluids. See Liquids Forming a hypothesis, skill at, 5, 12, eggs of, 118 Flying squirrel, 199 634*–35* Fronts, 384–85 Focus of earthquake, 272, 273 Formula, chemical, 493, 495, 543 symbols for, 388 Fog, 380 Fossil fuels, 327–31 thunderstorm formation and, 394 Folded mountains, 256 air pollution caused by burning, Frost, 521 Food 348 Fructose, 543

R45 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 45 10/12/06 4:02:50 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Fruits — Hearing

Fruits, 49, 106 recessive, 128 mass and, 422, 586 Fuel-efficiency of cars, 339, 616 Genetically modified corn, 130–31 on Moon, 422, 586 Fuels Genetic engineering of crops, 130–31 in nebula, 458 alternative energy sources, Genus, 34, 35 Newton’s first law of motion and, 332–35 Geological eras, 328–29 588 fossil fuels, 187, 327–31, 348 Geologist, 252 Newton’s Law of Universal Fulcrum of lever, 610, 611, 612, 618* Geothermal energy, 334–35 Gravitation, 586 Fungi Gerber daisy, 49 physical weathering and, 285 asexual reproduction of, 91 Germanium, 509 tides and, 436 in lichen, 160 Germination, 106 weight and, 439*, 481 Fungilike protists, 41 GFI (ground fault interrupter) “Great Jump in China, The,” 566–67 Fungus kingdom, 39 outlet, 672 Great Lakes, 197 Fur, 68 Giant anteaters, 17 Great Red Spot of Jupiter, 446 Fuses, 672 Giant stars, 460 Great Wall of China, 567 Gila monster, 67 Greeks, constellations named by Gills, 66, 78 ancient, 462 Gingko tree, 49 “Green and Clean,” 474–75 Giraffes, 17 Green chemist, 564 Glaciers, 287, 288 Grid Galaxies, 464, 465 Glands, endocrine, 80 as frame of reference, 573 Galileo, 442, 446, 581, 583 Global winds, 370–71, 385, 411 positions on, 572 Ganymede (moon), 448, 449 Globular clusters, 465 Ground blizzard, 397 Garbage, soil pollution from, 319 Gnu, 206 Ground fault interrupter (GFI) Gardener, 232 Gold, 302 outlet, 672 Garrison Dam in North Dakota, 294 properties of, 504, 505 Grounding, 667 Gas(es) symbol for, 494 Groundwater, 184, 343 in air, 367 Graduated cylinder, 481 Guard cells, 54 in atmosphere, 348 Gram meters per second (g m/s), Gulf Stream, 410–11 layers of, 366 578 Gymnosperms (conifers), 49, 100, condensation into liquids, 521 Grams, 480 108, 211 evaporation of liquids to, 184, Granite, 308 391*, 523, 535 Graph in forest air, changes with bar, 663* seasons of, 216–17 line, 97* inert (noble), 508 ordered pair on, 97* properties of, 484 Habitat, 158 Grasses, 49, 214 release of, as sign of chemical coral reef, 197 marsh, 226 change, 546 human activities destroying, 197 protecting sand dunes with, 292 solutions made with, 532 loss, as threat to species, 199 Grasshopper, incomplete sound travel through, 640 sharing, 158–59 metamorphosis in, 115 thermal conductivity of, 630 Hail, 382–83 Grassland, 206 thermal expansion and Hair, 68 biome, 214 contraction, 524 Half-life, 328–29* formation of, 201 Gas exchange in animals, 78, 79 Halley’s Comet, 451 soil, 214, 318 Gas giants, 461 Hardness Gravitational microlensing, 461 Gasoline, 330, 336 of metals, 505, 507* Gravity, 422–23, 567, 586 Gazelle, 172 of minerals, 303 of black hole, 460 Gears, 612 Hawaiian Islands definition of, 422 Geller, Margaret, 581 birds of, 158–59 distance and, 422, 586 Gems, 305, 308 formation of, 266 effect on potential energy, 604*, Generations, alternation of, 100 Hawksbill sea turtle, 199 605* Generator, 330, 331, 332, 334, Headland, 289 effects of no, 438* 682–83 Head of comet, 450 energy and, 597* Van de Graaff, 664 Health care technician, 134 erosion by, 286 Genes, 126, 127 Hearing inertia and, 423 dominant, 128 decibels and, 644 magnetic levitation and, 684 for making ribosomes, 6, 9 pitch of sound and, 642–43

R46 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Heart — Insecticides

Heart, 78 Year in the Life of a Forest, A, circulation of blood and, 79 216–17 heart rate during exercise, 82* Homes, water use in, 345 Heat, 624–35 Homogeneous mixtures, 532–33 Ice from absorbed photons, 654 Honeybees, asexual reproduction damage caused by, 524 angle of sunlight and, 364, 365 in, 93 dry, 521 capacity for, 631 Honeycreepers (bird), 158–59 of glacier, 287 changes in state and, 520–24 Hooke, Robert, 22 melting, 518, 519*, 522 conductors of, 504, 506, 508, 630 Hormones, 80 polar, 229* definition of, 626 Hornworts, 38 weathering by, 283*, 284 in energy pyramid, 148, 149 Horses Iceland, geothermal energy used in, flow of, 625*, 626–27, 635*–36* classification of, 35 334, 335 from friction, 587, 627, 632 scientific name of, 34 Ice storms, 397 infrared rays emitted by hot Horsetail, 48 Ida (asteroid), 450 object, 629 Host organism, 162 Igneous rock, 306, 307, 308 as kinetic energy, 601 Hot air balloon, 478 Image, 656 metamorphic rock formation Hot spots, 237, 266, 268*–69* Imperfect flowers, 103 and, 306, 307, 310 Hot springs, 334 Inclined planes, 609, 614–15 methods of travel, 628–29 Hours of daylight and night, 426 ramps, 567, 607*, 614 as sign of chemical change, 547 Howland Forest, 216–17 wedges and screws, 609, 615, temperature vs., 627 Hubble, Edwin Powell, 443 616 thermal conductivity and, 630–31* Hubble Space Telescope, 443 Incomplete flower, 103 thermal expansion and Human activities Incomplete metamorphosis, 115 contraction from, 524 ecosystem change caused by, 197 Independent variables, 5, 526 uses of, 632 extinctions caused by, 198 Indicators, acid-base, 556–57* as waste product, 632 global climate and, 409 Inertia, 423, 578 Heating curve, 522 Human body, carbon in, 186 law of, 589 Heavy metals, 475 Humans, fastest speed of running, 574 Inert (noble) gases, 508 Heliosphere, 455 Humidity, 361 Inferring skill, 13, 486*–87* Helium air masses and, 384 Infrared cameras, 629, 632 as common element, 496 air pressure and, 369 Infrared radiation, 660 discovery of, 500 Hummingbird, 67 Infrared rays, 629 hydrogen atoms in nebula Humus, 317, 318 Inherited traits, 90, 124, 126–28 forming, 458, 459 Hurricanes, 361, 400–401 in corn, 127* Herbivores, 145 Hydra, 92 dominant, 126, 127, 128 in energy pyramid, 148, 149 Hydrangea, 49, 556 human, 123* in grasslands, 214 Hydrochloric acid (HCl), 554, 555, 558 pedigree to trace, 128 plant adaptations to defend Hydroelectric power plant, 332, recessive, 126–27, 128 against, 170 333, 683 Inlet, 240, 241 Heredity, 122–29 Hydrogen, 490, 494 Inner core, 246 definition of, 124 in chemical equation for water, Inner planets, 444, 448 inherited traits, 123*, 124, 126–28 544–45 Inquiry skills Mendel’s experiments, 126–27 as common element, 496 classifying, 12, 312*–13* Hertz (Hz), 642 discovery of, 500 communicating, 12, 376*–77* Heterocephalus glaber (mole rat), 70 formation of stars from, 458, 459 experimenting, 13, 30*–31* Heterogeneous mixtures, 530–31, 536 Hydrogen ions, 554 forming a hypothesis, 5, 12, Hexagonal crystal structure, 304 Hydrogen peroxide, 551 634*–35* Hibernation, 169, 211 Hydronium ions, 554, 555, 557 inferring, 13, 486*–87* High-pressure system, 386–87 Hydrosphere, 246 interpreting data, 13, 204*–5* High tides, 224, 436 Hydrothermal vents, 224 make a model, 12, 248*–49* Hill, 241 Hydroxide ions, 555, 557 measuring, 13, 594*–95* Himalayan Mountains, 256 Hyperion (moon), 449 observing, 12, 110*–11* History of Science Hypothesis predicting, 13, 164*–65* Building a Better Battery, 674–75 disproving, 10–11 using numbers, 12, 428*–29* Element Discovery, 500–501 forming, 5, 12, 634*–35* using variables, 13, 526*–27* Voyager Discoveries, 454–55 testing, 6–7 Insecticides, 204, 475

R47 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Insects — Life cycles

Insects, 65 Jaws, as simple machines, 609 Landslide, 286 corn damaged by, 130 Jellyfish, 77 La Niña, 412 of deciduous forest, 213 Jet stream, 385 Large intestine, 76 in grasslands, 214 Joules (J), 598, 600, 626 Larva, 114, 115 life cycles of, 120*–21* Jupiter, 445 Lasers, 662 living in water, 137 Great Red Spot of, 446 Latitude, 370, 408–9 metamorphosis in, 114, 115 moons of, 448, 449 Lava, 263 mutualism in, 160 as outer planet, 444 erupting from hot spot, 266, plants and, 177 Voyager mission to, 455 268*–69* Insolation, 364–65 igneous rock formed by, 306, angle of, 363*, 364, 365, 408, 307, 308 650, 655 land built by, 264 Earth’s atmosphere and, 366–67 types of, height of volcano and, Insulators 269* Kalanchoe plant, 88 electrical, 667 Law of conservation of energy, 602 Kangaroo rat, 152, 209 nonmetals as, 510, 630 Law of conservation of mass, 545, 551 Karner blue butterfly, 199 thermal, 630 Law of inertia, 589 Kelp, 224 Interdependence, 160–61 Law of reflection, 656 Kidneys, 76, 77 Intermediate community, 200 Law of superposition, 328 Kilogram meters per second Internal fertilization, 117 Law of Universal Gravitation, (kg m/s), 578 Interpreting data, 13, 204*–5* Newton’s, 586 Kilograms, 480 Intertidal zone, 224, 225 Laws Kilometers (km), 572 Intestines, 76, 79 against air pollution, 350 Kilometers per hour (km/h), 574 Intrusive rock, 308 to conserve soil, 320 Kilometers per liter (kmpl), 339 Invertebrates, 36, 62–65 for water protection, 347 Kinetic energy, 567, 600–601, 602, complex, 64–65 Lead-acid batteries, 674 604*–5* digestion in, 77 Leaves of plants, 54–55. See also Kingdoms, 34 phyla of, 36–37 Photosynthesis animal, 34, 36–37 simple, 62–63 adaptations of, 170*, 171, 176 bacteria, 40 Ions, 554 change color and fall off in fungus, 39 hydrogen, 554 autumn, 213 plant, 38 hydronium, 554, 555, 557 chloroplasts in, 26, 27, 54, 55 protist, 41 hydroxide, 555, 557 comparing, 213* subgroups to, 34, 35 in salts, 558 of dicot plants, 107 Koala bears, 68 Iron, 302 of monocot plants, 107 Kuiper Belt, 450 at core of red giants, 460 parts of, 54 rusting of, 505, 540, 543, 546 surface area of, 59* steel alloys made with, 536 transpiration from, 54, 55, 184, uses of, 506 192*–93* Iron Age, 506 Legumes, 189, 190 Iron oxide (rust), 505, 540, 543, 546 Laccolith, 264 Lenses, refraction in, 657 Irregular galaxies, 465 Lakes, 223, 241, 343 Leonids (meteor shower), 451 Irrigation, 344 Lampreys, 66, 162 Levees, 292, 294 Island arc, 266 Land. See also Landforms; Soil Levers, 609, 610–13, 611* Island chain, 266 air movement over, 372–73 classes of, 610–11, 619* Islands deposition of new, 288 fulcrum of, 610, 611, 612, 618* barrier, 291 Land breezes, 372, 373 in humane mousetrap, 618 formation of, 266, 268*–69* Land food chain, 144 pulleys as, 609, 613 Isobar, 387 Land food pyramid, 148 wheel and axle as, 609, 612 Landforms, 238–46, 239* Lichens, 160, 212, 556 definition of, 240 primary succession and, 200 land features, 241 Life cycles, 100 mapping, 243*, 244–45 animal, 112–21, 113*, 120*–21* ocean floor, 242–43 embryo, 118 Jaguars, 157 volcanic, 263, 264–66, 268*–69* fertilization, 116–17 Jalapeño peppers, 414 water features, 241 metamorphosis, 114–15, 120 Jawless fish, 66

R48 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Life processes — Mars

malaria parasite, 6 Lithosphere, 246 igneous rock from, 306, 307, 308 plant, 98–111 plates in, 254, 256. See also Plate spread of ocean floor caused by, angiosperms, 104–7 tectonics 254–55* conifers, 108 Litmus, 556 underground formations of, 264 seedless plants, 100–101 Little Dipper, 462 volcanic eruption and, 263 Life processes, 23 Liver, 76, 77 earthquakes and, 280 Lift, 584–85 Living things. See Animal(s); Biotic Magma chamber, 262, 263 Lifting, work of, 598, 599 factors; Organisms; Plant(s) Magnesium, 491 Light, 650–63 Lizards, fence, 4, 7 Magnetic energy, 601 definition of, 652 Load, 608 in light, 652 electromagnetic spectrum and, Local winds, 372–73 Magnetic field, 679 660 Lockyer, Joseph, 500 electric circuit producing, 680–81 as kinetic energy, 601 Longitudinal waves, 639 Magnetic levitation (maglev), 684 lasers, 662 Lotus plant, 98 Magnetism, 676–87 life cycle of wax moth and, Loudness (volume) of sound, definition of, 678 120*–21* 644–45 electricity and, 682–83 as particle, 653 Low-pressure system, 386–87 electromagnetism, 660, 680–81* path of, 650, 651* Low tides, 224, 436 forces applied in, 677*, 678–79, 680 reflection of, 656 Lunar eclipse, 434, 435 magnetic force of Earth, 584, 679 refraction of, 657 Lungs, 66, 67, 78, 79 magnetic levitation, 684 scattering, 654, 659 carbon dioxide removed by, 77 separating a mixture using, 534 seeing colors and, 658–59 exercise and work of, 83* Magnets shadows made by, 362, 654–55 Luster, 302 in electric generator, 682–83 as sign of chemical change, 547 L waves (surface waves), 274 electromagnets, 680–81*, 684, speed of, 630, 652 Lye (sodium hydroxide), 555, 558 686*–87* visible, 658–59, 660 permanent, 678, 679, 680 as wave, 652, 656, 657 poles of, 678–79 wavelengths of, 652, 658–59, 663* Magnitude of earthquake, 276, 277 white, 658, 659 Making a model, skill at, 12, 248*–49* Light bulb Malaria, 4 Machines as resistor, 668 Malaria parasite, studying, 4–11 compound, 616 switches controlling, 665* life cycle, 6 efficiency of, 616 Light microscope, 498 ribosomes of, 6, 9, 10, 11 energy from chemical reactions Lightning, 394, 395, 666 Malleability of metals, 504, 507* used by, 548 distance of, calculating, 405* Mammals, 37, 68 simple, 606–19 Light rays, 653 of deciduous forest, 213 definition of, 608 Light-year, 463 eggs and embryo in, 118 inclined planes, 609, 614–15 Limestone, 309, 310 internal fertilization in, 117 levers, 609, 610–13, 611* Limiting factors, 156–57*, 221 in ocean, 172 parts of, 608–9 Line graph, 97* sexual reproduction in, 90 pulley, 609, 613, 616 Line of symmetry, determining, 71* Mantle (Earth), 237, 246, 254 ramps, 567, 607*, 614 Liquid nitrogen, 44–45 Mantle (mollusk), 64 wedges and screws, 609, 615, Liquids “Many Sides of Diamonds, The,” 616 change of state, 521 234–35 wheel and axle, 609, 612, 614 evaporation of, 184, 391*, 523, 535 Maps and mapping Magazine articles properties of, 484 isobars, 387 “Adventures in Eating,” 16–17 resistance exerted by, 587 of ocean floor, 243* “Case for Clean Water, The,” separating, 535 relief maps, 244 136–37 solutions made with, 532 topographical maps, 245 “Great Jump in China, The,” surface tension of, 483 weather maps, 388 566–67 thermal conductivity of, 630 Marble, 310 “Green and Clean,” 474–75 thermal expansion and Maria on Moon, 432 “Many Sides of Diamonds, The,” contraction, 524 Maritime tropical air mass, 396 234–35 volume of, measuring, 481 Mars, 445 “Strong Storms,” 358–59 Literature. See Magazine articles exploration of, 452 Magma, 254 Lithium-ion batteries, 675 as inner planet, 444 hot spot, 237, 266, 268*–69*

R49 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Marshes — Model

moons of, 448, 449 of precipitation, 383 Metamorphic rock, 306, 307, 310 rocks on, 447 of rainfall, 379* Metamorphosis, 114 Marshes, 223 of speed, 571* complete, 114, 115, 120 salt, 226 of temperature, 627 incomplete, 115 Marsupials, 68 of wind, 374 Meteorite, 451 Mass, 480 Measuring, skill at, 13, 594*–95* Meteoroids, 451 acceleration and, 590–91 Measuring cup, 481 Meteorologists, 388, 402 atomic, 492 Mechanical advantage, 608, 613, Meteors, 451 atomic mass unit (a.m.u.), 492 619*. See also Machines Meters (m), 572 buoyancy and, 483 Mechanical engineer, 690 Meters per second (m/s), 574 chemical change and, 541* Medicine Meters per second per second density and, 482 fungi as source of, 39 ((m/s)/s), 576 gravity and, 422, 586 lasers used in, 662 Meterstick, 383 law of conservation of, 545, 551 Medium, 639 Mexico, Aztec culture in, 560–61 momentum and change in, 578 light travel with or without, 652 Mica, 304 percentage of elements by, 496 refraction and, 657 Microlensing, gravitational, 461 Math in Science sound traveling through, 639, 640 Microorganisms, in pioneer area amplitude and, 644, 645 community, 200. See also calculating, 59* Meet a Scientist Bacteria; Protists estimating, 259* Aristotle, 580 Microscopes, 498 balancing chemical equations, 551* Caroline Chaboo, 176–77 Midge larvae, 137 bar graph, 663* Copernicus, 580 Mid-ocean ridges, 242, 243, 254, 255 converting units, 339* Angelique Corthals, 44–45 Migration, 169, 198 line graph, making, 97* Einstein, 581 Miles (mi), 572 line of symmetry, determining, 71* Christina Elson, 560–61 Miles per gallon (mpg), 339 multiplying decimals, 281*, 439* Galileo, 581 Miles per hour (mph), 574 multiplying fractions, 229*, 405* Margaret Geller, 581 Milk, 68 order of operations, using, 619* Ptolemy, 580 Milky quartz, 303 percents Melting, 522 Milky Way, 465 calculating, 153* ice, 518, 519*, 522 Mimas (moon), 449 converting, 229* Melting point, 522 Mimicry, 174 Matter, 478–85 of salts, 558 Minerals, 300–305 definition of, 481 separating a mixture using, 534 crystal shapes of, 304–5* determining what’s inside, 489* of some common materials, 523 definition of, 302 elements as building blocks of, Mendel, Gregor, 126–27 properties of, 301*, 302–3 490–91 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 495, 500 in rocks, 306, 308–10 measuring, 481 Mercalli scale, 276 soil type and, 318 properties of, 479*, 480–83 Mercury barometer, 374 uses of, 305 buoyancy, 483 Mercury (element), 505 Miranda (moon), 449 density, 482–83* Mercury (planet), 444, 445 Mirrors, 656 mass, 480 Mesosaurus, 253 Missouri River, 294–95 volume, 481 Mesosphere, 366, 367 Mitochondria, 24, 25, 26, 56 radiation without, 628 Mesquite, 209 Mixtures, 528–39 recycling of, 190 Metallic luster, 302 dangerous, 532 states of, 484, 520, 545. See also Metalloids, 491, 508–9, 510 definition of, 530 Changes of state; Gas(es); Metals, 491, 502 heterogeneous, 530–31, 536 Liquids; Solids alloys, 532, 536 homogeneous, 532–33 Meanders, 288 attracted to magnets, 679 paints, 528, 536 Measurement. See also Units of as electrical conductors, 504, separating, 534–35, 538*–39* measurement 505, 506, 512*–13* speeding up mixing time, 529* of air pressure, 374 heavy, 475 types of, 530–33 of direction, 572 melting points of, 523 colloids, 531, 536 of distance, 572, 662 mixtures of, 536 solutions, 532–33*, 557 of electrical energy, 666 properties of, 503*, 504–5, 507* suspensions, 530–31 of energy used, 601* as thermal conductors, 630 uses of, 536 of matter, 481 uses of, 506–7 Model, skill at making, 12, 248*–49*

R50 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Mohs’ hardness scale — Nutrients

Mohs’ hardness scale, 303, 505 Movable pulley, 613 Newton, Sir Isaac, 586 Mold, 39, 41 Moving water. See Running water Law of Universal Gravitation, 586 Molecules, 493 Mpemba effect, 526 laws of motion Mole rats, 70 Mudslides, 286, 404 first law, 588–89 Mollusks, 36, 64, 78 Multicellular organisms, 19, 23, 28, second law, 590–91, 595* Momentum, 578, 653 41. See also Animal(s); Plant(s) third law, 592 Monarch butterfly, 131, 174 Muscles, 73*, 75 Newton-meters (N m), 598 Monoclinic crystal structure, 304 Muscular system, 74–75 Newtons (N), 481, 584 Monocot, 107 Musical notes, 642 Niche, 158 Monotremes, 68, 118 Mutualism, 160 Night and day, 426 Monsoons, 415 “Night-vision” goggles, 632 Month, phases of Moon in, 433 Nitrates, 189, 190 Moon (of Earth), 430–37, 448 Nitrites, 189, 190 astronauts on, 432, 452 Nitrogen changes in appearance of, 430, in atmosphere, 348 Narrative writing, 404* 431*, 433 liquid, 44–45 NASA, 452 eclipses and, 434–35* replenishing worn-out soil with, space exploration and, 454–55 gravity on, 422, 586 190 Natural disasters, ecosystem phases of, 433, 434, 435, 436 wastes, removal of, 77 changes and, 196. See also surface features of, 432, 449 Nitrogen cycle, 188–89 Earthquakes; Floods; Storms, tides and, 436 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 188, 189 severe; Volcanoes Moons in solar system, comparing, Noble (inert) gases, 508 Natural ecosystem changes, 196–97 448–49 Nocturnal animals, 172 Natural gas, 330, 331, 336 Mosquitoes, 2, 5 Nonmetallic luster, 302 Natural resources. See also Air; Mosses, 38, 48, 212 Nonmetals, 508 Minerals; Rocks; Soil; Water life cycle of, 100 boiling points of, 523 conservation of, 320 primary succession and, 200 electrical conductivity of, 508, nonrenewable, 190, 331. See also Motion, 570–95 512*–13* Fossil fuels acceleration and, 576–77, 585, properties of, 508, 510 recycling of, 190 588, 590–91, 594*–95* as thermal insulators, 510, 630 renewable, 190, 331, 335. See also apparent, 426 uses of, 510 Animal(s); Plant(s); Sun and definition of, 572 Nonrenewable resources, 190, 331. sunlight; Water; Wind(s) direction and, 572 See also Fossil fuels Neap tides, 436 distance and, 572 Nonvascular plants, 38, 48 Nebula, 458 forces and, 582–95. See also Northern Hemisphere Nectar, 104 Friction; Gravity Coriolis effect and winds in, 371 Negative work, 598, 599, 632 Newton’s first law, 588–89 phases of Moon in, 433 Nekton, 220, 221 Newton’s second law, 590–91, seasons in, 425 Nematodes (roundworms), 63 595* North magnetic pole, 678, 679 Nephrons, 77 Newton’s third law, 592 North Pole, 679 Neptune, 445 frame of reference and, 573, 580 ozone hole over, 348, 349 moons of, 448 inertia and, 423, 578, 589 North Star (Polaris), 462 as outer planet, 444 momentum and, 578 Nuclear chain reaction, 334 Voyager mission to, 455 periodic, 600 Nuclear energy, 334, 601 Neritic zone, 224, 225 speed. See Speed Nucleus Nerve cells, 80 of stars and planets, 580–81 of animal cell, 24, 25 Nerves, 80 Motors, electric, 616, 681, 682 of atom, 492 Nervous system, 80 Mountain breeze, 373 of comet, 450 Neutralization, 558 Mountains, 240, 241, 250 function of, 25 Neutral object, 667 fault-block, 256 of plant cell, 26 Neutral solutions, 557 folded, 256 Numbers, skill at using, 12, 428*–29* Neutron, 492 formation of, 251*, 256 Nunivak Island, AK Neutron stars, 460 underwater mountain ranges, relief map of, 244 New Horizons space probe, 452 242, 243 topographic map of, 245 New Jersey, Palisades in, 284 volcanic, 263, 264–65, 266 Nutrients. See also Food New Mexico, Carlsbad Caverns in, Mousetraps, humane, 618* absorption of, 76 285

R51 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Nymph — Persuasive writing

circulation in blood, 79 Organic nutrients in soil, 316 warning system for tsunamis in, in soil, 207*, 316, 317, 318, 319 humus, 317, 318 277 in water ecosystems, 221, 222, 223 Organisms, 19, 22. See also Paints, as mixtures, 528, 536 Nymph, 115 Animal(s); Bacteria; Fungi; Pakistan, earthquake in (2005), 274, Plant(s); Protists 275, 276 cells as building blocks of, 22 Palisades in New Jersey, 284 classification of, 32–43, 33* Pangea, 253, 258 ecosystem changes caused by, Pannotia, 258 196–97 Panthalassa, 258 Observing, skill at, 12, 110*–11* estimated number of, 23 Parallel circuit, 670, 671, 672 Obsidian (volcanic glass), 308 host, 162 Paramecium, 41 Ocean, 240, 241 interdependence of, 160–61 Parasite, 4 air movement over, 372–73 multicellular, 19, 23, 28, 41 malaria, scientific method to animal adaptations in, 172 needs for survival, 155* study, 4–11 climate and, 407*, 410–11, 412 tissue samples of, preserving, 44–45 Parasitism, 162 common elements in, 497 unicellular, 19, 23, 28, 40, 41 Parents, inherited traits passed to currents, 410–11, 412 in water ecosystems, 197, 220–21, offspring from, 90, 123*, 124, ecosystems, 219*, 220, 224–25 224 126–28. See also Heredity; salt water in, 219*, 220 Organs, 28 Reproduction sources of salt in, 343 Organ systems, 28. See also Animal Parrots, 72 waves systems Partial solar eclipse, 435 erosion and deposition by, Orion constellation, 462–63 Particle, light as, 653 289, 291 Orthorhombic crystal structure, 304 Pea plants, Mendel’s experiments storm surge and, 401 Otters, 169 with, 126–27 tsunamis, 277, 278 Outer core, 246 Pedigree, 128 zones, 224–25 Outer planets, 444, 448 Pelvis, 74 Ocean basin, 242 Outlets, electrical, 672 Penumbra, 434, 435 Ocean floor Output, 608, 611 Percent features of, 242–43 Output distance, 609, 611, 613, 614 calculating, 153* mapping, 243* Output force, 619* converting into fractions, 229* spread of, 254–55* Ovary, angiosperm, 102, 105, 106 Peregrine falcon, 67 Oceanic zone, 224 Overcrowding, 157 Perfect flower, 103, 105 Octave, 642 Owls, adaptations of, 172 Performance assessment Ohms (Ω), 668 Oxygen acidity, 563* Oil, 330, 331, 336 in atmosphere, 348 alternative energy sources, 355* Oil rig driller, 356 in cellular respiration, 56 designing machines, 621* Omnivores, 145, 148 change in state of, 521 ecosystem, interactions in, 179* Opaque object, 654 in chemical equation for water, elements, researching, 515* color of, 658, 659 544–45 family traits, 133* Open circulatory systems, 78 chemical formula for, 493 scientific names of animals, 85* Open-water zone (lake/pond), 223 circulation in blood, 79 songs about Moon, 471* Opportunity (rover), 452 as common element, 496 succession, 231* Optical telescope, 442 discovery of, 500 waves forming electromagnetic Orbit, 423 ozone as form of, 348 spectrum, 689* of Earth around Sun, 420, 421*, photosynthesis producing, 55 weathering or erosion, 297* 423, 424 rusting of iron caused by, 543 weather tracking, 417* of Moon around Earth, 435, 436 in water ecosystems, 221, 222, 223 Periodic motion, 600 of planets around Sun, 423, 424, Ozone, 348 Periodic table, 494–95 444 Ozone hole, 348–49 discovery of elements filling Orchids, 171 Ozone layer, changes in, 348–49 gaps in, 500–501 Orchid-tree commensalism, 161 position of elements on, 508, Order (classification subgroup), 34, 509 35 Perkins, Susan, 3–11 Ordered pair, 97* Permafrost, 210 Order of operations, using, 619* Permanent magnet, 678, 679, 680 Ore, 302, 305 Pacific Ocean Persuasive writing, 228* Organelles, 24, 25 El Niño conditions and, 412

R52 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Peru — Pollinators

Peru, ocean current along coast of, scientists discovering movement vascular, 38, 47*, 48–51. See 412 of, 580–81 also Angiosperms (flowering Pesticides, 177, 197 sizes of, 447* plants); Gymnosperms Petals, 102, 107 space probes to, 452, 589 (conifers) Phases of Moon, 433 Plankton, 220, 221, 223 roots of, 50–51 lunar eclipse and, 435 Plant(s), 46–57 seedless plants, 48, 49, 100–101 solar eclipse and, 434 adaptations of, 168, 170–71, 176–77 seed plants, 48–49 tides and, 436 to deciduous forests, 213 transport system, 47*, 48, 50, Phloem, 53, 55 to desert, 209 52, 53, 54, 55, 192 Phobos (moon), 448 to grasslands, 214 water cycle and, 184 Photons, 653, 654 to rain forest, 212 in wetlands, 223 Photosynthesis, 19, 54, 55–56 to soil types, 318 what they are made of, 21* CAM photosynthesis, 58 to taiga, 211 Plant cells, 26–27*, 36, 53 as chemical change, 548 to tundra, 210 Planté, Raymond Gaston, 674 chemical equation for, 55 for water, 170 Plant ecologist, 232 in deciduous forest, seasons and, asexual reproduction in, 91, 100, Plant kingdom, 38 216–17 101 Plant life cycles, 98–111 raw materials for, 54 alternation of generations angiosperms, 104–7 respiration and, 56 and, 100 conifers, 108 sugars as product of, 144 vegetative propagation, 93 seedless plants, 100–101 Sun’s energy used in, 54, 144, 148 biomass from, 335 Plantlike protists, 41 in water ecosystems, 221 cellular respiration in, 56 Plastic, as insulator, 510 pH (potential for Hydrogen), 556–57 chemical reactions used by, 548 Plateau, 240, 241 pH neutral solutions, 558 classification of, 38, 48–49 Plate boundaries, 254 pH scale, 556, 557 common elements in, 496, 497 earthquakes at, 273 Phylum, phyla, 34, 36–37 decayed, as organic part of soil, volcanoes at, 262–63 Physical change, 520–21 316, 317 Plates, Earth’s, 254 Physical weathering, 283*, 284–85 desert, 168, 209 forces moving, 254, 256 Pill bug, 158 differences between animals Plate tectonics, 250–57 Pink calcite, 303 and, 36 continental drift theory, 252–53 Pioneer community, 200 food made by, 27, 38, 54, 144 definition of, 237, 254 Pioneer species, 200 growth in soil, 314 earthquakes and, 273 Pipefish, 173 pollution and, 323* formation of islands and, 266, Pistil, 102, 104, 110 types of soil and, 318, 319, 322* 268*–69* Pitch, 642–43 insects and, 177 mountains, formation of, 251*, changing, 643, 648*–49* interdependence of animals and, 256 tension and, 649* 160 ocean floor, spread of, 254–55* Pitcher plant, 199 irrigation for, 344 volcanoes and, 262–63 Placental mammal, 68 leaves of. See Leaves of plants Platyhelminthes (flatworms), 63, 77 Plain, 241 marsh, 226 Pluto, 445 abyssal, 242 measuring climate by, 409 gravity between Sun and, 422 Planes, inclined. See Inclined planes needs of, 48 moons of, 448 Planets, 440, 444–47. See also Earth nitrogen cycle and, 189 orbit of, 444 beyond our solar system, 461 nonvascular, 38, 48 Polar climate zone, 409 comparing, 446–47 number of species on Earth, 102 Polar easterlies, 370 data on, 444–45 physical weathering by, 284 Polar ice, 229* definition of, 444 as pollution control, 475 Polaris (North Star), 462 distance between, 441* primary succession and, 200–201 Poles, magnetic, 678–79 gravity and weight on, 439*, 481 as producers, 144 of electromagnet, 686*–87* inner, 444, 448 roots of, 50–51, 53, 170, 171, 176 Pollen, 104 moons of, comparing, 448–49 erosion prevention by, 286, Pollen grains, 102 orbits around the Sun, 423, 424, 292, 318, 320 Pollination, 104–5, 108 444 in standing-water ecosystems, 223 Pollinators, 104–5 outer, 444, 448 stems of, 27, 52–53, 170 mutualism between flowers and, revolution times of, comparing, runners from, 93 160 428*–29* transpiration in, 54, 55, 184, 192*–93* primary succession and, 201

R53 index

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Pollution — Recycling

Pollution, 197, 319 Pressure. See also Air pressure air, 348–50, 349* metamorphic rock formation alternative energy sources to and, 306, 307, 310 reduce, 332, 333 sedimentary rock formation and, Rabbits, protective coloration of, nuclear energy and, 334 306, 307 173 plants as pollution control, 475 Prevailing westerlies, 370 Radar, Doppler, 402 soil, 319, 323* Priestley, Joseph, 500 Radial symmetry, 62, 64, 71 water, 137, 228, 344–45 Primary colors, 659 Radiation, 628 Pond Primary consumer, 144, 145 electromagnetic, 660 ecosystem, 223 Primary succession, 200–201 infrared, 660 overcrowding of algae in, 157 Primary waves (P waves), 274, 275* ozone hole and increased, 348 Population, 143 Prism, 658 speed of heat carried by, 630 carrying capacity for, 157 Producers, 144, 145 Radioactive pollution, nuclear competition between, 156 effect of removal of top accident and, 334 out of control, 150 carnivore on, 150 Radio telescopes, 443 limiting factors on, 156–57 in energy pyramid, 148, 149 Radium, discovery of, 501 Pores, 62 grasses as, 214 Rain, 342, 382 Porifera, 62 in water ecosystems, 220, 221 acid, 285, 286, 349 Position, 572 ocean, 224 climate and average rainfall, 408 of Earth and the Sun, scientists running-water, 222 freezing, 397 discovering, 580–81 Products of chemical reaction, hurricane and, 400 frame of reference and, 573 544–45 measuring rainfall, 379* Positive work, 598, 599, 600 Property(ies), 480 mudslides caused by, 404 Potassium, corrosion of, 505 of acids and bases, 554–55 thunderstorms and, 394–95 Potential energy, 567, 600–601, of elements, 490–91 Rainbow, 658, 663* 604*–5* of gases, 484 Rain forest Pound (lb), 584 of liquids, 484 biome, 212 Power lines, 672 of matter, 479*, 480–83 carrying capacity for jaguar Power plants, 330–31 of metals, 503*, 504–5, 507* population in, 157 geothermal, 335 of minerals, 301*, 302–3 plant adaptations for, 170, 171 hydroelectric, 332, 333, 683 of nonmetals, 508, 510 Rain gauge, 383 nuclear, 334 of solids, 484 Rain shadow, 411 Prairie, 156, 201, 214 Prop roots, 51 Ramps, 567, 607*, 614 ecosystem, 157 Protective coloration, 173 Ranger Rick, articles from soil of, 318 Proteins, nitrogen in, 188 “Adventures in Eating,” 16–17 Precipitate, 547 Protists, 41, 91, 92, 162 “Case for Clean Water, The,” Precipitation, 184 Protons, 492, 666 136–37 climate zone and, 408–9 Protostar, 458, 459 Rarefactions, 638, 639, 644, 645 formation of, 382–83 Protractor, 572 Rats low-pressure systems and, 386 Proxima Centauri, 463 kangaroo, 152, 209 measurement of, 383 Pseudobulbs, 171 mole, 70 of winter storm, 396 Ptolemy, 580 Rays Predators, 147 Puffer fish, 168 electromagnetic, 628, 629 competition between Pulleys, 609, 613, 616 infrared, 629 populations, 156 Pumice, 308 light, 653 predator-prey relationships Pupa, 114, 115 Rays (fish), 66 animal adaptations and, 169, 172, Push or pull, 584. See also Forces; Reactants, 544–45 173, 174 Magnetism Reaction force, 592 effect of removal of predator, 150 P waves (primary waves), 274, 275* Recessive trait, 126–27, 128 plant adaptations and, 170 Pyrite (fool’s gold), 302 Recycling in standing-water ecosystems, carbon cycle and, 186–87 223 of natural resources, 190 Predicting, skill at, 13, 164*–65* nitrogen cycle and, 188–89 Prefixes, for number of atoms in of used batteries, 675 compound, 543 Qualitative analysis, 550* water cycle and, 184–85

R54 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 54 10/12/06 4:03:11 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Red dwarf — Science, Technology, and Society

Red dwarf, 461 erosion and deposition by, 288 Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), 347 Red giants, 459, 460 flooding by, 290 Safety tips, 14 Red tide, 150 water in, 342–43 for electricity, 672 Reefs, coral, 197 Robber fly, 174 for hurricanes, 401 Reference, frame of, 573, 580 Rock cycle, 306–7 for thunderstorms, 395 Refineries, 331 Rocks, 300 for tornados, 398 Reflection, 641 age of, determining, 328–29 for winter storms, 397 law of, 656 classification of, 306–10, 312*–13* Saguaro cactus, 170 of light, 656 igneous rock, 306, 307, 308 Salamanders, 28, 66 of sound wave, 641, 646 metamorphic rock, 306, 307, Salmon, external fertilization in, 116 Refraction, 657 310 Salt(s) Regeneration, 96 sedimentary rock, 306, 307, Aztec uses of, 560–61 Relative age, 328–29 309 crystals, 304 Relief maps, 244 conglomerate, 309 as electrolytes, 558 Remora fish-shark commensalism, 161 evidence of continental drift formation of, 558 Renewable resources, 190, 331, 335. from, 252 in salt water, sources of, 342–43 See also Animal(s); Plant(s); on Mars, 447 table salt, 542, 558 Sun and sunlight; Water; ore, 302, 305 solubility of, 533 Wind(s) weathering of, 283*, 284–85, 316 Salt marshes, 226 Reproduction, 88–95 erosion and, 286–91 Salt water of angiosperms (flowering Rodinia, 258 desalination of, 353 plants), 89*, 99*, 102–5, 160 Roller coaster, conservation of estuary at boundary of fresh asexual, 91, 92*–93, 94, 96, 100, energy by, 602 water and, 226 101 Root hair, 50 fresh water vs., 221* of bacteria, 91, 92, 97* Roots of plants, 50–51, 53, 170 in ocean, 219*, 220 definition of, 90 adaptations of, 176 organisms, 220 sexual, 90, 91, 94, 100, 101, 116–17 aerial, 51, 171 as percent of water on Earth, 342 of viruses, 42 erosion prevention by, 286, 292, sources of salt in, 342–43 Reptiles, 67, 117, 118 318, 320 Sand Reservoirs, 343 parts of, 50 erosion and deposition of, 289 Resin, 108 transport system to and from replacing eroded, 292 Resistance arm, 608–9, 610, 611 leaves, 53 Sandbars, 289, 291 Resistor, 668, 671 types of, 51 Sand dollar, radial symmetry of, 71 Resources, competition for, 156–57. Roses, thorns on, 168 Sand dune, 241, 291, 292 See also Natural resources Rotation, 426 Sandpipers, 294 Respiration, 184 of Earth on axis, 424–26, 580 Sandstone, 309 cellular, 56, 79, 187 Roundworms, 63 Santa Catalina, desalination plant as chemical change, 548 Rovers, 452 in, 352, 353 in deciduous forest, seasons and, Ruler, 572 Satellite(s), 448 216–17 Runners, 93, 97* artificial, 448 Respiratory system, 78, 79 Running water moons as natural, 448–49 Revolution, 424 ecosystems, 222 weather, 402 of Earth around Sun, 424, 580–81 energy from, 332–33 Saturn, 445 of Moon around Earth, 433 erosion and deposition by, 288 moons of, 448, 449 of planets in solar system, preventing, 292 as outer planet, 444 comparing, 428*–29* of shoreline, 290 rings of, 446 Ribcage, 74 physical weathering by, 285 Voyager mission to, 455 Ribosomes, 6, 9, 10, 11 as source of fresh water, 343 Savanna, 214 Richter scale, 276, 281* Runoff, 184 Scanning tunneling microscope, 498 Rift valley, 242, 243, 255 Rust, 505, 540, 543, 546 Scarlet king, 174 Right whale, 199 Scattering light, 654, 659 Rills on Moon, 432 Scavengers, 145, 220, 224 Ring of Fire, 262, 263 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 500 Rivers, 240, 241 Science, Technology, and Society controlling natural flow of, 294–95 genetically modified corn, 130–31 Sabal palm tree, 176–77 ecosystems in, 222 Getting the Salt Out, 352–53 Saber-toothed cat (Smilodon), 326

R55 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 55 10/12/06 4:03:13 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Scientific method — Sodium hydroxide

Museum Mail Call, 414–15 Seed coat, 106 Simple machines, 606–19 Wrestling with the Big Muddy, Seedless plants, 48, 49, 100–101 combined to form compound 294–95 Seedlings, 201, 202 machines, 616 Scientific method, 2–13 Seed plants, 48–49. See also definition of, 608 analyzing data, 8–9 Angiosperms (flowering plants) inclined planes, 609, 614–15 drawing conclusions, 10–11 gymnosperms, 49, 100, 108, 211 ramps, 567, 607*, 614 forming a hypothesis, 5, 12, Seesaws, as first-class levers, 610 wedges and screws, 609, 615, 634*–35* Segmented body of arthropods, 65 616 skills used in, 12–13. See also Segmented worms, 63 levers, 609, 610–13 Inquiry skills Seismometers, 274, 275, 280 classes of, 610–11, 619* steps in, 4 Self-pollination, 105 fulcrum of, 610, 611, 612, 618* testing a hypothesis, 6–7 Semiconductors, 509, 510 pulley, 609, 613 Scientific name, 34 Sepals, 102 wheel and axle, 609, 612, 614 Scientists Series circuit, 670, 671 living examples of, 609 skills used by, 12–13. See also Sex cells, 90, 93, 101 parts of, 608–9 Inquiry skills egg cell, 90, 102, 105, 116–17 work and, 607*, 609 what they do, 4–5 fertilization and, 116–17 Sinking, 483 Scorpions, 209 sperm cell, 90, 102, 105, 116–17 Skates (fish), 66 Screwdriver, 608 Sexual reproduction, 90, 91 Skeletal muscles, 75 Screws, 609, 615 alternation of generations and, Skeletal system, 74 Sea anemones, 62 100 Skeletons Sea breeze, 372 comparing asexual reproduction endoskeleton, 64, 66 Sea level, air pressure at, 367 and, 94 exoskeleton, 65, 75, 115 Seamount, 242, 243 in fern life cycle, 101 Skin, excretion through, 77 Seasons, 424–25 fertilization, 116–17 Skin cancer, 348 behavioral adaptations to, 169 external, 116–17 Skull, 74 in deciduous forest biome, 213 internal, 117 Skunks, 172 Earth’s tilt and, 424–25* in moss life cycle, 100 Sky, apparent motion of objects in, gases in forest air and, 216–17 Shadows, 654–55 426. See also Atmosphere Sea stars, regeneration of, 96 angle of sunlight and length of, Skydivers, 582 Seattle, WA, climate of, 408 362 Skyscrapers, metals for building, Sea turtle, hawksbill, 199 Shallow-water zone (lake/pond), 223 506 Secondary consumer, 144, 145 Shape Slate, 310 Secondary succession, 202 buoyancy and, 483 Sleet, 382, 396 Secondary waves (S waves), 274, 275* of gases, 484 Slime molds, 41 Second-class lever, 610–11 of liquids, 484 Slope, contour lines showing, 245 Sediment, 288 of solids, 484 Small intestine, 76, 79 erosion and deposition of, 289, Sharks, 66 Smilodon (saber-toothed cat), 326 290–91 shark-remora fish commensalism, Smog, 348 in Missouri River, 294 161 Snails, 64 Sedimentary rock, 306, 309 Shear, 256 Snakes, 152 fossils in, 326 Shedding of exoskeleton, 115 sensory organs to “see” infrared rock cycle and, 306, 307 Shells rays, 629 uses of, 309 egg, 118 Snapping turtles, 174 Sedimentation, 346 mollusk, 64 Snow, 383, 396 Seed(s), 48–49, 98, 106–8 Shield volcanoes, 264, 265 in blizzard, 396–97 of angiosperms Shiny surface of metals, 504 Snowshoe rabbit, 211 division by types of seed, 107 Shorelines, 290–92 Snowstorm, 396–97 fertilization to form, 105 erosion and deposition of, 289, Soap, 555, 561 reproduction without, 89* 290–91 Sodium, 542 comparing, 107* protecting, 292 corrosion of, 505 conditions for growth, 99*, 106 Short circuit, 671 Sodium acetate, 544 dispersal of, 106, 108 GFI outlet and, 672 Sodium chloride (table salt), 533, germination of, 106 Sierra Nevada, 256 542, 558 of gymnosperms, 108 Silicon, 495, 496, 509, 510 Sodium hydroxide (lye or caustic parts of, 106 Sills, 264 soda), 555, 558

R56 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 56 10/12/06 4:03:15 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Soft stems — Stars

Soft stems, 52, 53 sublimation into gas, 521 pioneer, 200 Soil, 314–23 thermal conductivity of, 630 population of, 143 acids and bases in, 556 thermal expansion and primary succession and, 200–201 conservation of, 320 contraction, 524 sexual reproduction and variety contents of, 315*, 316 volume of, measuring, 481 in, 94 definition of, 316 Solubility, 533, 534 threatened, 199 in desert, 209 Solute, 532 Spectrum, 658 in forest, 318 Solutions, 532–33 Speed, 574–75* deciduous forest, 213 acidic, 557 acceleration for increasing/ rain forest, 212 alkaline, 557 decreasing, 576–77 formation, 200 neutral, 557 average, 574 grassland, 214, 318 temperature in, 533* calculating, 574 layers of, 316, 317 Solvents, 532, 533 definition of, 574 mudslides and landslides of, 286, Sonar, 646 with direction. See Velocity 404 Sonic boom, 636 distance and, 571*, 574 nutrients in, 207*, 316, 317, 318, 319 Sorenson, S.P.L., 556 of electrons, 669 plant growth and, 314, 318, 319, Sound, 636–49 of falling object, 582, 583* 322*, 323* absorption of, 641 of force, simple machine pollution of, 319, 323* Doppler effect, 643 increasing, 609 replenishing worn-out, 190 echolocation and, 646 of light, 630, 652 as resource, 318 how it is produced, 637*, 638–39 measuring, 571* in taiga, 211 as kinetic energy, 601 of sound, 640 in tundra, 210 pitch of, 642–43 of wave, 652 types in United States, 318 changing, 643, 648*–49* Sperm cell, 90, 116 uses of, 318–19 tension and, 649* in angiosperms, 102, 105 using plants to clean up polluted, speed of, 640 fertilization of egg cell, 116–17 475 travel of, 640–41* Sphere, Earth as, 364 water soaked up by, 317, 319* volume of, 644–45 Spider plants, 91 Soil horizons, 317 Sound barrier, breaking, 636 Spiders, 65 Solar cells, 333 Sound waves, 638, 639 Spinal cord, 80 Solar eclipse, 434, 435 absorbed, 641 Spiny anteater, 68 Solar energy, 332, 333. See also amplitude of, 644 Spiral galaxies, 465 Heat; Sun and sunlight frequency of, 642, 643 Spirit (rover), 452 insolation, 364–65 reflected, 641, 646 Splitting, asexual reproduction by, 92 angle of, 363*, 364, 365, 408, voice coil creating, 680, 681 Sponges, 62 650, 655 Source region, air mass, 384 Spore, 49 Earth’s atmosphere and, Southern Hemisphere fern, 101 366–67 Coriolis effect and winds in, 371 moss, 100 Solar flares, 660 seasons in, 425 Spring, 424, 425 Solar panel, 333 South magnetic pole, 678, 679 angles of sunlight on first day of, Solar system, 440–53. See also South Pole, 679 364 Planets Space gases in forest air in, 216 asteroids in, 450–51 observing objects in, 442–43 Spring, energy in, 600 comets in, 450–51 sounds in, 640 Springs, hot, 334 exploring, 452 Space exploration, 452, 454–55 Spring tides, 436 meteors in, 451 Space probes, 452, 589 Stainless steel, 536 in Milky Way galaxy, 465 Voyager, 454–55, 589 Stamen, 102, 103, 104, 110 observing objects in, 442–43 Space shuttle, 548 St. Augustine, Mount, 280 pull of gravity in, 422–23 Species, 19 Standing water Solid precipitation, 382–83. See also definition of, 34 ecosystems, 222, 223 Snow ecosystem changes and, 197, as source of fresh water, 343 Solids 198–99 Starch, sugars stored as, 55, 56 change to liquid, 521 endangered, 199 Star clusters, 465 properties of, 484 extinct, 44, 198 Stars, 456–65 solutions made with, 532 number of animal, 37 binary, 465 sound travel through, 640 number of plant, 38 brightness and distance of, 457*

R57 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 57 10/12/06 4:03:17 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Star systems — Temperate rain forest

color and surface temperatures Streams. See Rivers shadows cast by, 362, 655 of, 460 Striped manakins, 5 temperature of, 460 constellations of, 462–63 Strip farming, 320 water ecosystems and, 221, 223, definition of, 458 “Strong Storms,” 358–59 224, 225 distance from Earth, 463 Structural adaptations, 168, 170 Supercontinent, 258 galaxies of, 464, 465 Sturgeons, 295 Super giants (stars), 460 with planets around them, 460–61 Style (pistil of flower), 102 Supernova, 460 scientists discovering movement Sublimation, 521 Superposition, law of, 328 of, 580–81 Submarine canyon, 242 Surface area, evaporation rate and, stages of formation of, 458–59 Subscripts, 493, 551 391* Sun as, 460 Subsoil, 317 Surfaces, friction and roughness of, Star systems, 465 Succession, 200–202 587 State of matter, 484, 520. See also primary, 200–201 Surface tension, 483 Changes of state; Gas(es); secondary, 202 Surface waves (L waves), 274 Liquids; Solids Sugar Surge protectors, 672 after chemical reaction, 545 in plants Surgery, metals used in, 507 Static cling, 667 as food, 56 Surveyor, 244 Static electricity, 395, 666–67 photosynthesis producing, Suspensions, 530–31 Stationary front, 385 55, 144 Swamps, 223 Stationary objects, balanced forces storage of, 55, 56 S waves (secondary waves), 274, acting on, 588 transport of, 53 275* Statue of Liberty, 505 solubility of table, 533 Sweat, 77 Steel, 536 Sulfuric acid, 551 Swim bladders, 66 sound travel through, 640 Summer, 424, 425 Switches, 665*, 668 Stem cells, 96 gases in forest air in, 216 breakers, 672 Stems of plants, 52–53, 170 Sun and sunlight Switchgrass, 214 chloroplasts in, 27 age of Sun, 459 Symbiosis, 160–61, 168 functions of, 52–53 as center of solar system, 442 Symbols runners, 93 comets’ movement around Sun, for elements, 494–95 soft and woody, 52, 53 450–51 weather map, 388 Stigma, 102 Earth’s distance from, 423 Symmetry Stinger cells of cnidarians, 63 eclipses and, 434–35 bilateral, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71 Stinging cells of jellyfish, 77 electromagnetic radiation, 660 line of, determining, 71* Stomach, 76 as energy source, 332, 333 radial, 62, 64, 71 Stoma/stomata, 54, 58, 170 photosynthesis and, 54, 144, Storms, severe, 359, 392–405 148 air masses of different water cycle driven by, 184–85 temperatures meeting and, winds and, 370–73 393*, 396, 397 gravity between Earth and, Table salt (sodium chloride (NaCl)), erosion and deposition of 422–23 533, 542, 558 shoreline during, 291 tides and, 436 Tadpole, 66 hurricanes, 361, 400–401 insolation and warming of Earth, Taiga, 208, 211 salt marshes acting as sponges 364–65 Tail of comet, 451 during, 226 angle of, 363*, 364, 365, 408, Taj Mahal, 310 thunderstorms, 394–95, 400, 666 650, 655 Tapeworms, 162 tornados, 398–99* Earth’s atmosphere and, Taproots, 51 tracking, 402 366–67 Tarnish, 546, 547* in winter, 396–97 temperature differences from, Tasmanian wolf, 198 blizzards, 396–97 363*, 364–65, 408 Taste, of acid vs. base, 554, 555 ice storms, 397 as medium-sized yellow star, Taurus constellation, 463 Storm surges, 401 460 Tectonic plates, 254, 256. See also Stratosphere, 366, 367 orbit of planets around, 423, Plate tectonics Stratus clouds, 380, 381 424 Telescopes, 442, 443, 657 Strawberry plants, reproduction of, Earth, 420, 421*, 423, 424 Temperate climate zone, 409 93, 97* revolution of Earth around, 424, Temperate grassland, 214 Streak, 302 580–81 Temperate rain forest, 212

R58 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 58 10/12/06 4:03:20 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Temperature — Updrafts

Temperature Thunder, 395, 405 Trees, 38 air Thunderhead, 394, 395, 398 climax community formation air density and, 371 Thunderstorms, 394–95, 400, 666 and, 201 air masses and, 384–85, 393*, Ticks, 162 cone-bearing, 49, 100, 108, 211 396, 397 Tides, 224, 436 deciduous, 213 air pressure and, 368, 372–73 El Niño conditions and, 412 secondary succession and, 202 precipitation formation and, estuaries and, 226 vascular system of, 48 382–83 hydroelectric power from, 333 as wind breaks, 320 angle of sunlight and, 363*, red tides (algae), 150 Trenches, 242, 243 364–65, 408 Tigers, 68, 173 Tributary, 240, 241 body, 67 Time for Kids, articles from Tropical climate zone, 408 changes of state and changes in, “Great Jump in China, The,” Tropical rain forests, 212 520–24 566–67 Tropical storm, 400 climate and, 408 “Green and Clean,” 474–75 Troposphere, 366, 367 of core of stars, 460 “Many Sides of Diamonds, The,” “True” bacteria kingdom, 40 definition of, 626 234–35 Trunk of tree, 48 factors affecting, 407* “Strong Storms,” 358–59 Tsunamis, 277, 278 heat capacity and speed of Tin, 509 Tundra, 210 change of, 631 Tissue, 28 heat vs., 627 frozen tissues lab, preserving life cycle of wax moth and, 121* cells in, 44–45 measuring, 627 of plant transport system, 53 for metamorphic rock formation, cambium, 53 Umbra, 434, 435 306 phloem, 53, 55 Unbalanced forces, 588, 589*, on Moon, 432 xylem, 52, 53, 54, 55, 192 594*–95* movement of particles in object Tongue, animal adaptations for Newton’s second law and, 590–91 measured by, 520 eating with, 17 work and, 599 solubility and, 533 Tools, metals used as, 506 Understory, 212 in solutions, 533* Topaz, 304 Underwater vehicles to observe speed of sound and, 640 Topographical maps, 245 ocean floor, 243 in star’s core, 459 Topsoil, 317, 318 Unicellular organisms, 19, 23, 28, of Sun, 460 Tornados, 398–99* 40, 41. See also Bacteria; thermal expansion and Tortoise beetle, 177 Protists contraction, 524 Total solar eclipse, 435 United States Tendons, 75 Toxic metals, plants to soak up, 475 soil types in, 318 Tension, 254 Toxins, 77 temperate climate zone, 409 pitch and, 649* in red tides, 150 water use in, 344 surface, 483 Trade winds, 370 Units of measurement Tentacles, 63, 77 Trains, maglev, 684 for acceleration, 576 Terracing, 320 Traits, 90 converting, 339* Testing a hypothesis, 6–7 adaptations as. See Adaptations for direction, 572 Test preps, 85, 133, 179, 231, 297, inherited, 90, 123*, 124, 126–28, for distance, 572 355, 417, 471, 515, 563, 621, 689 127* for electrical energy, 666 Thermal conductivity, 630–31* species variation and, 94 for energy, 600 Thermal conductors, 504, 506, 508, Translucent objects, 654, 658 for force, 584 630 Transparent objects, 654, 659 for momentum, 578 Thermal contraction, 524 Transpiration, 54, 55, 184 for number of electrons in Thermal expansion, 524 rate of, 192*–93* circuit, 669 Thermal insulator, 630 Transport in plants, 47*, 53, 55 for resistance, 668 Thermoelectric power, 344 cambium tissue, 53 for speed, 574 Thermometer, 524, 627 phloem tissue, 53, 55 for temperature, 627 Thermosphere, 366, 367 xylem tissue, 52, 53, 54, 55, 192 for work, 598 Third-class lever, 611 Transverse waves, 652 Universal indicator, 556 Thorns, 168 Tree frog, 66 Universal solvent, water as, 533 Threatened species, 199 Tree-orchid commensalism, 161 Universe, formation of, 466 Thrust, 584 Tree rings, 195* Updrafts, 394, 397

R59 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 59 10/12/06 4:03:22 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Uranus — Water treatment plant

Uranus, 445 Viceroy butterfly, 174 boiling point of, 522 moons of, 448, 449 Vinegar and baking soda reaction, carbonated, 532 as outer planet, 444 544, 545, 546 as cellular respiration waste Voyager mission to, 455 Viruses, 42 product, 56 Urethra, 77 Visible light, 658–59, 660 changes of state, 520–24. See Urine, 77 Vision also Ice; Water vapor Urry, Lewis, 675 image in mirror, 656 chemical equation for, 544–45 Ursa Major, 463 lenses and, 657 chemical reactions with, 551 U-shape valley, 287 scattering of light and, 654 climate and distance from bodies Using numbers, skill at, 12, 428*–29* seeing colors, 658–59 of, 410 Using variables, skill at, 13, 526*–27* Voice coil, 680–81 density of, 482, 521 Volcanic glass (obsidian), 308 distilling, 535 Volcanoes, 260–69, 334 Earth’s water features, 241 cross-section of, 262 electrolytes dissolved in, 558 definition of, 262 formation of water droplets, 183* eruptions, 262, 263, 264 heating curve for, 522 Vacuoles air pollution from, 349 investigating health of body of, animal cell, 24, 25 lava type and height of 137 plant cell, 26, 27 volcano, 269* as medium for sounds, 640 Vacuum, 640 predicting, 260, 261*, 280 melting point of, 522 Valley, 241, 287 landforms built by, 264–66 Mpemba effect on freezing, 526 on Moon, 432 islands, 266, 268*–69* as percentage of animal bodies, Valley breeze, 373 mountains, 263, 264–65, 266 496 Van de Graaff generator, 664 location of, 262–63 photosynthesis and, 54 Variables types of, 264–65, 265* plant adaptations for, 170 controlled, 5 on Venus, 447 running. See Running water dependent, 5, 526 Volta, Alexander, 674 seeds dispersed by, 106 independent, 5, 526 Voltage, 668 separating mixture with, 539* using, 13, 526*–27* Voltaic pile, 674 soaked up by soil, 317, 319* Variation, sexual reproduction and, Volts (V), 666 surface tension of, 483 94 Volume, 368, 481 suspension in, 531 Vascular plants, 38, 48–51 air pressure and, 368, 369* transport in plant, 53, 54 roots of, 50–51 buoyancy and, 483 transpiration and, 54, 55, 184, seedless plants, 48, 49, 100–101 density and, 482 192*–93* seed plants, 48–49. See also of sounds, 644–45 as universal solvent, 533 Angiosperms (flowering plants); state of matter and, 484 in yucca plant, method of saving, Gymnosperms (conifers) thermal expansion and 58 transport system, 47*, 48, 50, 52, contraction, 524 Water conservation, 347 53, 54, 55, 192 Voyager space probe, 454–55, 589 Water cycle, 184–85 Vascular system, 48, 50 V-shape valley, 287 Water ecosystems, 218–29 Vegetative propagation, 93 changes in, 197 Velocity, 575 estuaries, 226, 241 after acceleration, 577 freshwater, 222–23 air resistance and, 587 ocean, 224–25 balanced forces and constant, 588 salt water in, 219*, 220 changes in (acceleration), 576–77 Warm air mass, 384 organisms in, 197, 220–21, 224 momentum and change in, 578 Warm-blooded animals, 67, 68. See Waterfall, 240, 241, 340 Vents also Birds; Mammals Water food chain, 145 hydrothermal, 224 Warm fronts, 384, 385 Water food pyramid, 149 volcano, 262, 263 Waste products, excretion of, 77 Water lilies, 170 Venus, 444, 445, 447, 452 Wastes, water pollution from, 345 Water pollution, 137, 344–45 Vertebrae, 74 Water. See also Fresh water; Salt cleaning up, 228, 475 Vertebrates, 36, 37, 66–68 water Water pressure system of Vibration absorption by plant roots, 50–51 echinoderms, 64 of particles in object, acids and bases in, 555 Watershed, 184, 347 temperature and, 626–27 animal adaptations for living in, Water treatment plant, 346 of sound waves, 638, 639 172

R60 index

P5_BM_IND_SC07.indd 60 10/12/06 4:03:25 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Water vapor — Zinc

Water vapor, 342 Wegener, Alfred, 252 Winter, 425 in air, 369, 390*–91* Weight, 481 gases in forest air in, 216 cloud formation from, 380 drag and, 585 storms in, 396–97 evaporation from ocean friction and, 587 Wolverines, 211 currents, 411 on other planets, 439*, 481 Wolves, 169 precipitation formation from, reaction force felt as, 592 Wood, as biomass, 335 382–83 speed of falling object and, 583* Wood ducks, 222 Waterwheels, 332–33 Weightlessness, 592 Woody stems, 52, 53 Wavelength, 652 Wells, water from, 344 Work, 598–99 electromagnetic spectrum and, “Wet-cell” battery, 674 in electric generator, 683 660 Wetlands, 222, 223, 290 energy changes during, 598, of light, 652 Whales 600–601, 602 color and, 658–59, 663* echolocation by, 646 negative, 598, 599, 632 Waves. See also Light; Sound waves right, 199 positive, 598, 599, 600 earthquake, 273, 274–75* whale-barnacles commensalism, simple machines and amount of, light, 652, 656, 657 161 607*, 609 longitudinal, 639 Wheel and axle, 609, 612, 614 Worms, 63, 162 ocean Wheelbarrow, 610–11 Writing in Science erosion and deposition by, White dwarf, 459 descriptive writing, 70*, 338* 289, 291 White light, 658, 659 Explanatory writing, 96*, 280*, storm surge and, 401 Whiteout, 397 438*, 618* tsunamis, 277, 278 Winch, 613, 616 expository writing, 58*, 258*, speed of, 652 Wind(s) 550*, 662* transverse, 652 in blizzard, 396 fictional writing, 152* Wax moth, life cycle of, 120*–21* climate and, 411 narrative writing, 404* Way, Danny, 567 cyclone, 401 persuasive writing, 228* Weather, 408. See also El Niño conditions and, 412 Atmosphere; Climate; Storms, energy from, 324, 325*, 332 severe; Wind(s) erosion and deposition by, 289, air mass and, 361, 384–85 291 definition of, 361, 366 gathering data on, 402 Xylem, 52, 53, 54, 55, 192 effect of different, 414–15 global, 370–71, 385, 411 El Niño conditions and, 412 hailstone formation and, 382–83 forecasts or predictions, 388 hurricane, 400 fronts and, 384–85 local, 372–73 highs and lows and, 386–87 measuring, 374 precipitation formation, 382–83 moving objects with, 325* Yardstick, 383 Weather balloons, 402 physical weathering by, 285 Yeast, 39 Weathering, 237, 284–85, 316. See plant adaptations to survive, 176 Yolk of egg, 118 also Erosion pollination by, 105 Young, John, 422 chemical, 285 tornado, 398 Yucca plants, 58 physical, 283*, 284–85 trade, 370 Weather maps, 388 tropical storm, 400 Weather observer, 472 Wind breaks, 320 Weather satellites, 402 Windflower, 103 Weather stations, 402 Wind instruments, 643, 648*–49* Zebra mussels, 197 Weather vane, 374 Windmills, 324, 325*, 332 Zero acceleration, 591 Webbed feet of ducks, 168 Windsock, 374 Zinc, 536 Wedges, 609, 615, 616 Wings, 72, 172

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Cover Photography Credits: Front Cover: (dragonfly body) Con Tanasiuk/Design Pics, Courtesy American Museum of Natural History. 4-5: MdeMS/Alamy. 5: (tl) Roger Eritja/Alamy; Inc./Alamy; (dragonfly wings and iris stalks) Herbert Kehrer/Corbis. Spine: (dragonfly body) (r) Claus Meyer/Minden Pictures. 6-7: Garry Black/Masterfile. 7: Courtesy American Museum Con Tanasiuk/Design Pics, Inc./Alamy; (dragonfly wings) Herbert Kehrer/Corbis. Back Cover: of Natural History. 8: (tr, b) Courtesy American Museum of Natural History. 9: (tl, c, br) Courtesy (dragonfly body) Con Tanasiuk/Design Pics, Inc./Alamy; (dragonfly wings) Herbert Kehrer/ American Museum of Natural History. 10: (tr) LMR Group/Alamy; (bl) Courtesy American Corbis; (bkgd pond) Nigel Hicks/Alamy. Museum of Natural History. 10-11: NHPA/Martin Harvey. 11: (cl) Frans Lanting/Minden Literature Credits: “The Many Sides of Diamonds” from TIME for Kids. Copyright © 2006 by Pictures; (br) Courtesy American Museum of Natural History. 12: (l to r) Mark A. Schneider/ TIME for Kids, Inc. All rights reserved. “A String of Strong Storms” from TIME for Kids. Copyright Photo Researchers, Inc.; Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Mark A. Schneider/Photo © 2005 by Time, Inc. Published by Time, Inc. All rights reserved. “The Great Jump” by Jeanna Researchers, Inc. 15: Royalty Free/CORBIS. 16: Shin Yoshino/Minden Pictures. 17: Gunter Bryner from Science World. Copyright © 2005 by Scholastic, Inc. Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc. 18-19: M I (Spike) Walker/Alamy. 19: (t to b) Juniors Bildarchiv/ Alamy; Phototake Inc./Alamy; B&B Photos/Custom Medical Stock Photo. 20-21: STEVE Illustration Credits: All Illustrations are by Macmillan/McGraw Hill (MMH) except as GSCHMEISSNER/Photo Researchers, Inc. 21: (t to b) Kevin & Betty Collins/Visuals Unlimited; noted below: B&B Photos/Custom Medical Stock Photo. 22: L. S. Stepanowicz/Visuals Unlimited. 23: (t) 6: John Megahan. 24: John Megahan. 26: John Megahan. 28: John Megahan. 50: John Digital Vision/Getty Images; (tc) Phototake Inc./Alamy; (tr) B&B Photos/Custom Medical Stock Megahan. 52: John Megahan. 54: John Megahan. 55: Virge Kask. 56: John Megahan. 74: Photo. 28: Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy. 29: (t to b) Digital Vision/Getty Images; Juniors (overlay) Jennifer Fairman. 75: Jennifer Fairman. 76: (overlay) Jennifer Fairman. 78: Jennifer Bildarchiv/Alamy. 30: Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc. 32-33: Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures. Fairman. 79: Linda Nye. 80: (overlay) Jennifer Fairman. 100: Emil Huston. 101: Emil Huston. 34: Stuart McClymont/Getty Images. 35: (l to r, t to b) Dynamic Graphics Group/IT Stock Free/ 102: Sam Tomasello. 103: Sam Tomasello. 104: Emil Huston. 106: Sam Tomasello. 107: Sam Alamy; BRUCE COLEMAN INC./Alamy; Alan & Sandy Carey/Getty Images; Creatas/PunchStock; Tomasello. 108: Emil Huston. 110: Sam Tomasello. 116: John Megahan. 144: Yuan Lee. 145: Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; Peter Coombs/Alamy; Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; Yuan Lee. 146-147: Yuan Lee. 148-149: Sharon & Joel Harris. 152: Terry Kovalcik. 153: GGS BRUCE COLEMAN INC./Alamy; Alan & Sandy Carey/Getty Images; Creatas/PunchStock; Frans Design. 170: (inset) Laurie O’Keefe. 185: John Kaufman. 186-187: John Kaufman. 188: John Lanting/Minden Pictures; Peter Coombs/Alamy; Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; Alan & Kaufman. 195: Emil Huston. 198: Gary Raham. 200: Stephen Durke. 208: XNR Productions. Sandy Carey/Getty Images; Creatas/PunchStock; Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; Peter 209: XNR Productions. 210: XNR Productions. 211: XNR Productions. 212: XNR Productions. Coombs/Alamy; Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; Creatas/PunchStock; Frans Lanting/Minden 214: XNR Productions. 223: Yuan Lee. 224: Yuan Lee. 240-241: John Kaufman. 242: Steve Pictures; Peter Coombs/Alamy; Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; Frans Lanting/Minden Weston. 244: XNR Productions. 245: XNR Productions. 246: Howard Friedman. 252-253: XNR Pictures; Peter Coombs/Alamy; Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; Peter Coombs/Alamy; Productions. 255: John Edwards Illustration. 256: Cindy Shaw. 258: John Edwards Illustration. Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; Comstock Images/Jupiter Images. 36: (l to r, t to b) Ryan 259: XNR Productions. 262-263: Steve Weston. 263: (t) XNR Productions. 264: Steve Weston. McVay/Getty Images; IT Stock/PunchStock; Royalty-Free/CORBIS; Creatas Images/ 266: Steve Weston. 272: Cindy Shaw. 274: (bl) Jeff Grunewald. 275: XNR Productions. 277: PictureQuest; Imageshop/Alamy; Gail Shumway/Getty Images. 38: (l to r, t to b) David Sieren/ John Edwards Illustration. 289: (insets) Sebastian Quigley. 297: XNR Productions. 304: Jeff Visuals Unlimited; L. Mellichamp/Visuals Unlimited; Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography/ Grunewald. 306-307: Steve Weston. 317: Frank Ippolito. 318: XNR Productions. 327: Jeff Alamy; Nature Picture Library/Alamy; Henry W. Robison/Visuals Unlimited; Adam Jones/ Grunewald. 328: (tr) Frank Ippolito. 334: (inset) Argosy. 336: (b) John Kocon. 342-343: John Visuals Unlimited. 39: (bl) John Mielcarek/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (bc) Jack M. Bostrack/ Kaufman. 345: John Edwards Illustration. 346: Jeff Grunewald. 347: John Kocon. 364-365: Visuals Unlimited; (br) Scott Camazine/Alamy. 40: (l to r) Wolfgang Baumeister/Photo John Edwards Illustration. 365: (insets) Jeff Grunewald. 366: Stephen Durke. 367: John Researchers, Inc.; PHOTOTAKE Inc./Alamy; Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; Stem Jems/ Edwards Illustration. 368: Jeff Grunewald. 369: (t) John Edwards Illustration. 369: (b) Jeff Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bl) VEM/Photo Researchers, Inc. 41: (tr) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Grunewald. 370: (b) Jeff Grunewald. 371: (t) Jeff Grunewald. 371: (b) Argosy. 372-373: Unlimited; (bl) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images; (bc) Peter Arnold, Inc./ John Kaufman. 374: (tr) John Kocon. 382-383: John Megahan. 384: (tr) John Kaufman. 384: Alamy; (br) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc. 42: (b) Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited; (cr) John Kaufman. 384: (b) XNR Productions. 386-387: (insets) Jeff Grunewald. 388: XNR (br) Dr. Harold Fisher/Visuals Unlimited. 43: (t to b) Stuart McClymont/Getty Images; Nature Productions. 394: John Kaufman. 395: John Kaufman. 408: (bl) Jeff Grunewald. 408: (br) XNR Picture Library/Alamy; Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited. 44: (l) Courtesy of the American Productions. 409: John Megahan. 410: XNR Productions. 411: (tl) Stephen Durke. 412: John Museum of Natural History; (bc) Duncan Smith/Getty Images; (br) Jim Wehtje/Getty Images. Kaufman. 416: (br) Bruce Van Patter. 423: Jeff Grunewald. 424-425: Jeff Grunewald. 426: John 45: (t) Digital Vision; (inset) Peter Weber/Getty Images. 46-47: George H. H. Huey/CORBIS. 48: Edwards Illustration. 428-429: Jeff Grunewald. 433: Jeff Grunewald. 434: Jeff Grunewald. 436: (bc) LifeFile Photos Ltd/Alamy; (br) Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc. 49: (tr) Burke/Triolo Jeff Grunewald. 438: Eric Larsen. 439: John Edwards Illustration. 444-445: John Kaufman. 458- Productions/Getty Images; (l to r) B. Rondel/zefa/Corbis; John Emker/Animals Animals-Earth 459: Stephen Durke. 460: Jeff Grunewald. 471: (br) Bruce Van Patter. 482: (insets) Argosy. 484: Scenes; JTB Photo/Alamy; Markus Botzek/zefa/CORBIS. 50: Eisenhut & Mayer/FoodPix/Jupiter (overlays) Argosy. 491: (inset) Argosy. 492: Argosy. 493: Argosy. 494-495: GGS Design. 500- Images. 50-51: Dwight Kuhn. 51: (cl) D. Hurst/Alamy; (r) Nicole Duplaix/Omni-Photo 501: Steven Stankiewicz. 520: Argosy. 522: Jeff Grunewald. 524: Argosy. 533: (inset) Argosy. Communications; (br) Richard Carlton/Visuals Unlimited. 52-53: Siede Preis/Getty Images. 54: 534: Jeff Grunewald. 535: John Kocon. 543: (insets) Argosy. 544: (insets) Argosy. 545: Argosy. Melanie Acevedo/Jupiter Images. 57: (t to b) LifeFile Photos Ltd/Alamy; Richard Carlton/ 555: Argosy. 557: Argosy. 558: Argosy. 571: (cr) Jeff Grunewald. 572: John Edwards Illustration. Visuals Unlimited; Melanie Acevedo/Jupiter Images. 58: (r) Photodisc/Getty Images; (bl) 574: Laurie O’Keefe. 575: John Edwards Illustration. 576-577: John Edwards Illustration. 580: Patricio Robles Gil/Nature Picture Library. 59: (l) Siede Preis/Getty Images; (bkgd) Siede Preis/ (insets) Jeff Grunewald. 587: Jeff Grunewald. 598: John Edwards Illustration. 600: (tr) Stephen Getty Images. 60-61: Kjell B. Sandved/Photo Researchers, Inc. 61: (t to b) Royalty-Free/Corbis; Durke. 608: Jeff Grunewald. 609: (t) Jeff Grunewald. 609: (cr) Laurie O’Keefe. 612-613: John Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; Creatas Images/PictureQuest; Steve Hopkin/Ardea London Edwards Illustration. 616: Stephen Durke. 619: (tl) Jeff Grunewald. 626: Jeff Grunewald. Ltd.; Jeremy Woodhouse/Masterfile. 62: Heather Perry/National Geographic Image Collection. 628-629: John Edwards Illustration. 630: (overlay) Argosy. 646: John Edwards Illustration. 62-63: David Wrobel/Visuals Unlimited. 63: (tl) Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; (tr) Reinhard 652: (overlay) Stephen Durke. 656: (tr) John Kocon. 657: (t) John Kocon. 660: Jeff Grunewald. Dirscherl/Visuals Unlimited. 64: (tr) Fred Bavendam/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (bl) Jean Michel Labat / 665: (cr) Jeff Grunewald. 666: (b) Steven Stankiewicz. 668: John Kocon. 669: (bl) Argosy. 670: Ardea London Ltd. 65: (tl) Jean Paul Ferrero /Ardea London Ltd.; (tr) Jean Michel Labat /Ardea Jeff Grunewald. 671: Jeff Grunewald. 674-675: John Edwards Illustration. 678: Argosy. 679: London Ltd.; (bee) Stefan Sollfors/Alamy; (ladybug) Westend61/Alamy; (cricket) Photodisc/ Jeff Grunewald. 680: Stephen Durke. 681: Stephen Durke. 682: (tr) John Edwards Illustration. Getty Images. 66: (tr) Creatas/PunchStock; (b) Stephen Frink/CORBIS. 67: (cl) Michael & 682-683: (cr) Steven Stankiewicz. 684: (inset) Stephen Durke. Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; (b) Craig K. Lorenz /Photo Researchers, Inc. 68: (tr) Klein/ Photography Credits: All photographs are by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill (MMH) and Peter Arnold, Inc.; (cr) Reg Morrison/Auscape/Minden Pictures; (bl) Arco Images/Alamy. 69: (t Ken Cavanagh, Jacques Cornell, Ken Karp and Joseph Polilio except as noted below: to b) David Wrobel/Visuals Unlimited; Fred Bavendam/Peter Arnold, Inc.; Creatas/PunchStock. 70: (t) RAYMOND MENDEZ/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (c) Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy; (bkgd) vi: (tl) Siede Preis/Getty Images; (tr) Burke/Triolo Productions/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images; Don Farrall/Getty Images. 71: (c) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; (br) Burke/Triolo Productions/ (bl) American Images/Getty Images; (br) Burke/Triolo Productions/Getty Images. vii: (tr) Alan Brand X Pictures/Getty Images. 72-73: Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures. 74: Andrew Darrington/ and Sandy Carey/Getty Images; (b) Corbis/PunchStock. viii: Royalty-Free/Corbis. ix: (tr) Alamy. 75: Jim Occi, FUNDAMENTAL PHOTOGRAPHS, NEW YORK. 76: Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy. Comstock Images/Alamy; (b) NASA/JPL-Caltech. x: (tr) WidStock/Alamy; (bl) CMCD/Getty 77: George G. Lower/Photo Researchers, Inc. 78: (tr) Andre Seale/Alamy; (b) blickwinkel/ Images; (b) Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers, Inc. xi: (tr) PhotoLink/Getty Alamy. 80: Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy. 81: (t to b) Andrew Darrington/Alamy; Juniors Bildarchiv/ Images; (l) Purestock/PunchStock; (b) Robert Glusic/Getty Images; (br) Photodisc/Getty Alamy. 83: Zoran Milich/Getty Images. 86-87: Thomas & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc. Images. 1: Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc. 2-3: Nature Picture Library/Alamy. 3: (l, r) 87: Digital Vision Ltd.; Science Pictures Limited/Photo Researchers; Mitsuhiko Imamori/

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Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Minden Pictures; Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; Jef Muel/Foto Natura /Minden Kim Taylor/Nature Picture Library. 222: (t) STOCK IMAGE/Alamy; (b) Sharon Cummings/ Pictures; American Images Inc./Getty Images. 88-89: Karlene V. Schwartz. 90-91: Digital Vision Dembinsky Photo Associates. 225: (t to b) Martin Gabriel/Nature Picture Library; Papilio/ Ltd. 91: Grace Davies. 92: (tr) CNRI/Photo Researchers; (bl) Science Pictures Limited/Photo Alamy; Brandon Cole Marine Photography/Alamy; Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS; (bkgd) Ryan Researchers. 93: (tl) Treat Davidson/FLPA; (b) NHPA/George Bernard. 94: (b) American Images McVay/Getty Images. 226: (inset) Jeffrey Lepore / Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) Joseph L. Inc/Getty Images. 95: (t to b) Digital Vision Ltd.; NHPA/George Bernard; American Images Inc./ Fontenot/Visuals Unlimited. 228: Lawrence Migdale/PIX. 229: PhotoLink/Photodisc/Getty Getty Images. 96: Andrew J. Martinez /Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bkgd) Barry Tessman/Getty Images. 232: (tr) Stonehill/zefa/CORBIS; (bl) Lynda Richardson/CORBIS. 233: Alberto Fresco/ Images. 97: (tl) C Squared Studios/Getty Images; (br) Stockdisc/PunchStock. 98-99: Alamy. 234-235: Karin Duthie/Alamy. 235: (r) Michael Freeman/IPNstock; (bl) Comstock DesignPics.com/PunchStock. 100: Glen Allison/Getty Images. 101: Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures. Images/PunchStock. 236-237: Paul Souders/Getty Images. 237: (t to b) NASA/GSFC; Karen 104: Steve Skjold/Alamy. 105: (tr) MITSUHIKO IMAMORI/Minden Pictures; (b) Konrad Wothe/ Kasmauski/Corbis; Fritz Polking/Peter Arnold, Inc.; James Schwabel/Alamy. 238-239: Tom Van Minden Pictures. 106: Bob Elsdale/Getty Images. 108: (cl) Raymond gehman/Getty Images; Sant/CORBIS. 239: (t to b) Philip James Corwin/CORBIS; Bill Lea/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (bkgd) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock. 110: Image State/Alamy. 112-113: Hans Schouten/Foto Imagestate/Alamy; Andre Jenny/Alamy; Franck Jeannin/Alamy. 243: NHPA/Scott Johnson. Natura/Minden Pictures. 113: (t to b) NHPA/Eric Soder; Brian Bevan/Ardea London Ltd.; NHPA/ 248: (tr) Terry W. Eggers/CORBIS; (cr) MONSERRATE J. SCHWARTZ/Alamy. 250-251: Art Wolfe/ George Bernard; Jef Muel/Foto Natura /Minden Pictures; Hugo Willcox/Foto Natura/Minden Getty Images. 253: Albert Copley/Visuals Unlimited. 254: NASA/GSFC. 256: (tl) Richard List/ Pictures. 114: (bl, bc) Dwight Kuhn. 115: (l to r, t to b) Papilio/Alamy; Ingo Arndt/Foto Natura/ CORBIS; (tr) Barrie Rokeach/Alamy. 257: (t to b) Albert Copley/Visuals Unlimited; NASA/GSFC; Minden Pictures; Ingo Arndt/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures; Michael & Patrcia Fogden/Minden Richard List/CORBIS. 260-261: E.R. Degginger/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 265: (tl) David Pictures; Dwight Kuhn; NHPA/Image Quest; Dwight Kuhn. 116: (b) Mark Conlin/SeaPics.com; Hosking/Alamy; (cl) Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; (bl) SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo. (inset) Chris Huss/SeaPics.com. 117: Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures. 118: (l to r) Michael & 267: Dr. John Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited. 269: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; HEIDI & HANS-JURGEN KOCH Team, NASA/GSFC. 270-271: David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images. 272: Karen Kasmauski/ /Minden Pictures. 121: Andrew Darrington/Alamy. 122-123: SHIN YOSHINO/Minden Pictures. Corbis. 273: SVS/GSFC/NASA. 274: Tom Pantages Photography. 277: (tl, tr) Space Imaging/ 124: (tr) Danita Delimont/Alamy; (b) blickwinkel/Alamy. 125: Adrian Sherratt/Alamy. 126: (bl) CRISP-Singapore. 278: Steve Craft/Masterfile. 279: SVS/GSFC/NASA. 280: M.L. Coombs/AVO/ Shape’n’colour/Alamy; (br) CuboImages srl/Alamy. 127: (tr) Keith Weller/USDA; (purple flower) USGS/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 281: Mark Downey/Masterfile. 282-283: Ron Niebrugge/ Shape’n’colour/Alamy; (white flower) CuboImages srl/Alamy. 130: Keith Heller/USDA/ARS/S Alamy. 284: david sanger photography/Alamy. 285: (tl) Fritz Polking/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (br) Photo Unit. 130-131: Corbis/PunchStock. 131: (tr) Stephen Dalton/Animals Animals/Earth Jack Plekan, FUNDAMENTAL PHOTOGRAPHS, NEW YORK. 286: Daniel and Flossie White/Alamy. Scenes; (br) SciMAT/Photo Researchers, Inc. 132: (t to b) Karlene V. Schwartz; DesignPics.com/ 287: Bill Kamin/Visuals Unlimited. 288: Willard Clay/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 289: (t) PunchStock; Hans Schouten/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures; Shin Yoshino/Minden Pictures. 133: Doug Houghton/Alamy; (cr) James Schwabel/Alamy. 290: (bl) david sanger photography/ Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden Pictures. 134: (tr) Bill Varie/CORBIS; (bl) David Hiser/Getty Images. Alamy; (br) Barrie Rokeach/Getty Images. 291: NHPA/Rod Planck. 292: (tr) Neil Denham/ 135: Thomas Dressler/Ardea London Ltd. 136: (t) John Gerlach/Visuals Unlimited; (tr) George Imagestate; (br) i2i Images/Photis/PictureQuest. 293: (t to b) Bill Kamin/Visuals Unlimited; Grall/National Geographic Image Collection; (l) Roger Eritja/Alamy; (bl) Holt Studios International Doug Houghton/Alamy; Barrie Rokeach/Getty Images. 294: (tr) Charles E. Rotkin/CORBIS; (cl) Ltd/Alamy. 136-137: Michael P. Gadomski/Photo Researchers, Inc. 137: (cl) John T. Fowler/Alamy; AP Photo/Cliff Schiappa. 294-295: Jim Wark/Peter Arnold, Inc. 295: AP Photo/L.G. Patterson. (bl) Thomas Ames, Jr./Visuals Unlimited. 138-139: NHPA/John Shaw. 139: (t to b) Creatas/ 298-299: Kevin Fleming/CORBIS. 299: (t to b) B. RUNK/S. SCHOENBERGER/Grant Heilman PunchStock; HANS SCHOUTEN/FOTO NATURA/Minden Pictures; FLIP NICKLIN /Minden Pictures; Photography; Thinkstock/PunchStock; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 300- Pat Morris/ARDEA London LTD. 140-141: M et C DENIS-HUOT/Peter Arnold, Inc. 141: (l to r) 301: Imagery and Imagination/Alamy. 303: (tr, cr) B. RUNK/S. SCHOENBERGER/Grant Heilman Siede Preis/Getty Images; Steve Hamblin/Alamy; Andrew Darrington/Alamy. 142-143: Creatas/ Photography. 304: (cl) Roberto de Gugliemo/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) Leonard Lessin/Peter PunchStock. 143: Stephen Plume/Alamy. 150: (l) Bill Bachman/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (inset) Arnold, Inc. 305: (tl) GC Minerals/Alamy; (tcl) Lawrence Lawry/Photo Researchers, Inc. 308: Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited. 154-155: Tom Uhlman Photography. 156: Jeff & Alexa (cl) sciencephotos/Alamy; (bl) Doug Sokell/Visuals Unlimited; (br) Image Source/PunchStock. Henry/Peter Arnold, Inc. 157: HANS SCHOUTEN/FOTO NATURA/Minden Pictures. 158: (bl) Jack 309: (tr) Glenn Oliver/Visuals Unlimited; (r) James Schwabel/Alamy; (bl) Stephen J. Jeffrey/Photo Resource Hawaii; (br) Chris Johns/National Geographic/Getty Images. 158-159: Krasemann/Photo Researchers, Inc. 310: (t) Fred Hirschmann; (cr) Wally Eberhart/Visuals Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS. 159: (tl, tr, cl) Jack Jeffrey. 160: (tr) Ray Coleman/Visuals Unlimited; Unlimited; (br) Eric and David Hosking/CORBIS. 312: (t to b) Mark A. Schneider/Photo (br) Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc. 161: FLIP NICKLIN /Minden Pictures. 162: (tl) Larry West/ Researchers, Inc.; ASTRID & HANS-FRIEDER MICHLER/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Andrew J. Photo Researchers, Inc.; (cl) PHOTOTAKE Inc./Alamy; (bl) Darlyne A. Murawski/Peter Arnold, Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Mark A. Schneider/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Doug Martin/ Inc. 163: (t to b) Jeff & Alexa Henry/Peter Arnold, Inc.; Chris Johns/National Geographic/Getty Photo Researchers, Inc.; Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc. 313: Wally Eberhart/ Images; Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc. 165: MICHAEL MAURO/Minden Pictures. 166-167: Visuals Unlimited. 314-315: © Grandmaison Photography/www.grandmaison.mb.ca. 316: MICHAEL & PATRICIA FOGDEN/Minden Pictures. 168: (cr, br) Marty Snyderman/Visuals (bl) Bill Ross/CORBIS; (bc) George H. H. Huey/CORBIS; (br) Gunter Ziesler /Peter Arnold, Inc. Unlimited; (bl) Organics image library/Alamy. 169: (cl) NORBERT WU/Minden Pictures; (b) Tom 319: Royalty-Free/Corbis. 320: GRANT HEILMAN/Grant Heilman Photography. 321: (t to b) Brakefield/CORBIS. 170: Kenneth W. Fink/Ardea London Ltd. 171: (tcr) Brand X Pictures/ Royalty-Free/Corbis; GRANT HEILMAN/Grant Heilman Photography. 323: Photo by Bob Nichols, PunchStock; (r) Michael Melford/Getty Images. 172: blickwinkel/Alamy. 173: (tr) Pat Morris/ USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 324-325: Russ Curtis/Photo Researchers, Inc. ARDEA London LTD.; (b) JIM BRANDENBURG /Minden Pictures. 174: (bl) MITSUHIKO IMAMORI/ 326: (cr) Courtesy MNMH/Smithsonian Institution; (bl) Slick Shoots/Alamy; (br) Wardene Minden Pictures; (br) MICHAEL & PATRICIA FOGDEN/Minden Pictures. 175: (t to b) NORBERT Weiser/Bruce Coleman USA. 328: (bc) Phil Degginger/Bruce Coleman USA; (br) B. RUNK/S. WU/Minden Pictures; Kenneth W. Fink/Ardea London Ltd.; Pat Morris/ARDEA London LTD. 176: SCHOENBERGER / Grant Heilman Photography. 329: (bcl) Phil Degginger/Bruce Coleman USA; Courtesy of Caroline Chaboo. 176-177: Graeme Teague Photography. 177: (tl) Courtesy of Dr. (bcr) Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (bl) Edward R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman USA; (br) Phil Lech Borowiec; (tr) Courtesy of Caroline Chaboo. 178: (t to b): M et C DENIS-HUOT/Peter Degginger/Bruce Coleman USA. 330: Royalty-Free/Corbis. 331: (t) Peter Bowater/Alamy; (br) Arnold, Inc.; Tom Uhlman Photography; MICHAEL & PATRICIA FOGDEN/Minden Pictures. 179: Dennis MacDonald/Alamy. 332: (bl) Thinkstock/PunchStock; (br) Royalty-Free/CORBIS. 333: HANS SCHOUTEN/FOTO NATURA/Minden Pictures. 180-181: Bob Halstead/oceanwideimages. (bl) Greenshoots Communications/Alamy; (br) Steve Craft/Masterfile. 334: Digital Vision/Getty com. 181: (t to b) Stephen Frink Collection/Alamy; Jerry Alexander/Getty Images; Ed Reschke/ Images. 335: (t) Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd/Alamy; (cr) L.G. Patterson/Associated Peter Arnold, Inc.; Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Joseph L. Fontenot/Visuals Unlimited. Press, AP. 336: Arcaid/Alamy. 337: (t to b) Courtesy MNMH/Smithsonian Institution; Peter 182-183: Craig Tuttle/CORBIS. 189: (tr) D. Hurst/Alamy; (br) Wally Eberhart/Visuals Unlimited. Bowater/Alamy; L.G. Patterson/Associated Press, AP. 338: (bkgd) Louie Psihoyos/CORBIS; (br) 190: (bl) Richard Hutchings/PhotoEdit; (inset) Holt Studios International Ltd/Alamy. 193: Kevin Schafer/Corbis. 339: Toby Talbot/AP Wide World. 340-341: Wolfgang Fuchs/Bilderberg/ blickwinkel/Alamy. 194-195: Jerry Alexander/Getty Images. 196: G. Brad Lewis/Photo Aurora/IPN. 342: Comstock/PunchStock. 344: Comstock Images/Alamy. 345: Lars Langemeier/ Resource Hawaii. 197: Dominique Braud/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 198: Visual&Written A.B./zefa/Corbis. 346: Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc. 348: (tl, tr) National Oceanic SL/Alamy. 199: (tl) David J. Littell/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (cl) Ross Frid/Visuals and Atmospheric Administration. 349: (tl) Edmond Van Hoorick/Getty Images; (b) Andy Unlimited; (bl) Nicholas Bergkessel, Jr./Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br) Stephen Frink Collection/ Belcher/Imagestate/Jupiter Images. 350: (t) Jim West/The Image Works; (b) Dewitt Jones/ Alamy. 201: Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc. 202: Paul A. Souders/CORBIS. 203: (t to b) G. CORBIS. 352: Courtesy of SCE, Santa Catalina Island. 352-353: Tim Laman/National Geographic Brad Lewis/Photo Resource Hawaii; Ross Frid/Visuals Unlimited; Adam Jones/Photo Image Collection. 354: (t to b) Imagery and Imagination/Alamy; © Grandmaison Researchers, Inc. 204-205: Joe McDonal/Bruce Coleman. 205: Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Photography/www.grandmaison.mb.ca; Russ Curtis/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Wolfgang Fuchs/ Images. 206-207: Ferrero-Labat/ardea.com. 209: (b) Stan Osolinski/Dembinsky Photo Bilderberg/Aurora/IPN. 355: (l) Doug Sokell/Visuals Unlimited; (r) GRANT HEILMAN/Grant Associates; (inset) Digital Vision/Getty Images. 210: Michio Hoshino/Minden Pictures. 211: (tr) Heilman Photography. 356: (tr) Photo by Dino Fracchia; (bl) Stock Connection/Alamy. 357: Sharon Cummings/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (bl) M. Watson/ardea.com. 212: (tl) Peter Digital image © 1996 CORBIS; Original image courtesy of NASA/CORBIS. 358-359: Cindy Hendrie/Lonely Planet Images; (bl) Digital Vision/Getty Images. 213: (oak leaf) imagebroker/ Charles/PhotoEdit. 359: AP Photo/Ric Francis. 360-361: A. T. Willett/Alamy. 361: NOAA/ Alamy; (aloe leaf) D. Hurst/Alamy; (b) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; (inset) Carl R. Sams, II/ Dembinsky Photo Associates. 362-363: Gallo Images/CORBIS. 365: (cr) Michael Mahovlich/ Dembinsky Photo Associates. 214: Joanna McCarthy/Getty Images. 217: (tl, tr, cl, cr) Bill Masterfile; (br) Mark E. Gibson/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 367: Marc Vaughn/Masterfile. Beatty/Visuals Unlimited. 218-219: DPA/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 220: (bl) Science VU/ 370: National Maritime Museum, London. 374: matthias engelien/Alamy. 375: Michael Visuals Unlimited; (bc) Mike Parry/Minden Pictures; (br) Pat Morris/Ardea London Ltd. 221: Mahovlich/Masterfile. 376: Photodisc/Getty Images. 378-379: Hans Blohm/Masterfile. 380- (bl) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited; (bc) Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br) 381: Don Farrall/Getty Images. 381: (t to b) Brian Cosgrove/Dorling Kindersley; David R.

R63 cRedits

P5_BM_CRE_SC07.indd 63 10/12/06 3:54:27 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confi rming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Frazier/Photo Researchers, Inc.; David R. Frazier/Science Photo Library. 382: (bl) Ben Hall/ Squared Studios/Getty Images; (b) Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers, Inc. Getty Images; (bc) Dennis MacDonald/PhotoEdit; (br) PHOTOTAKE Inc./Alamy. 383: Thomas 558: (tr) PhotoCuisine/CORBIS; (inset) Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc. 559: (t to b) Winz/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images. 385: (tl, tr) NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Services Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; C Squared Studios/Getty Images; Andrew Syred/Photo Division. 386: Larry Mishkar/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 387: Daryl Benson/Masterfile. 389: Researchers, Inc. 560: (tr) Courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History; (b) Werner (t to b) PHOTOTAKE Inc./Alamy; Daryl Benson/Masterfile. 391: Theowulf Maehl/zefa/Corbis. Forman Archive/Museum fur Volkerkunde, Berlin. Location: 26. 561: Courtesy of the American 392-393: A & J Verkaik/CORBIS. 395: Adrian Davies/Bruce Coleman. 396: (bl) Annie Griffiths Museum of Natural History. 564: (tr) Colin Cuthbert/Science Photo Library; (bl) Mauro Belt/CORBIS; (br) Viviane Moos/CORBIS. 396-397: image100/PunchStock. 398: Weatherstock/ Fermariello/Photo Researchers, Inc. 565: Brand X Pictures/PunchStock. 566-567: Stuart Peter Arnold, Inc. 398-399: (b) A. T. Willett/Alamy; Eric Nguyen/Jim Reed Photography/Corbis. Robertson Photography, photographersdirect.com. 567: (tl) AP Photo/Greg Baker; (bl) Photo 400: (tr) Reuters/CORBIS; (br) NOAA/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 401: ImageState/Alamy. by Mike Blabac/ZUMA Press. 568-569: Terje Rakke/Getty Images. 569: (t to b) Tom Szuba/ 402: (tl) Jim Reed/CORBIS; (cl) David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc./Alamy; (bl) Chris Sattlberger Masterfile; Larry Williams/zefa/Corbis; Roy Ooms/Masterfile. 570-571: Gary S. Settles/Photo / Photo Researchers, Inc. 403 (t to b) Annie Griffiths Belt/CORBIS; Eric Nguyen/Jim Reed Researchers, Inc. 573: (tr) Steven Lam/Getty Images; (cr) david sanger photography/Alamy. Photography/Corbis; NOAA/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 404: (tr) A. T. Willett/Alamy; (bl) 577: (tr) Alan Schein Photography/CORBIS. 578: Tom Szuba/Masterfile. 579: (t to b) david Colin Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit. 405: Paul Wenham-Clarke/Masterfile. 406-407: Bryan & Cherry sanger photography/Alamy; Alan Schein Photography/CORBIS. 580- 581: (earth) StockTrek/ Alexander Photography/Alamy. 414: (red peppers) John A. Rizzo/Getty Images; (green Getty Images. 581: Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS. 582-583: Wild Pics/Getty Images. 584: Larry peppers) C Squared Studios/Getty Images; (br) David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit. 415: Craig Williams/zefa/Corbis. 585: (t) Hideo Kurihara/Alamy; (bl) Chuck Savage/CORBIS. 586: (tl) Tim Pershouse/Lonely Planet Images. 418-419: STScI/NASA/Corbis. 419: (t to b) Bill Brooks/Alamy; Keatley/Alamy; (bowling ball) PhotoDisc/Getty Images; (tennis ball) Jack Hollingsworth/Getty NASA; NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Colorado; NASA/Handout/Reuters/Corbis. 420-421: Images; (br) PhotoDisc/Getty Images. 588: (tl) Purestock/Punchstock; (bl) Ilianski/Alamy. 589: NASA/Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS. 422: CORBIS. 427: CORBIS. 428-429: Photodisc/PunchStock. StockTrek/Getty Images. 590: (bl) Roy Ooms/Masterfile; (br) Franz-Marc Frei/CORBIS. 591: 430-431: J. A. Kraulis/MASTERFILE. 432: Jason T. Ware/Photo Researchers, Inc. 433: John Reino Hanninen/Alamy. 592: (tr) NASA/Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; (bl) Don Smetzer/Photo Sanford/Photo Researchers, Inc. 434: (cl) Frank Zullo /Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bl) Jamie Edit. 593: (t to b) Hideo Kurihara/Alamy; Purestock/Punchstock; Roy Ooms/Masterfile. 596- Rector/epa/Corbis. 436: Bill Brooks/Alamy. 437: Jason T. Ware/Photo Researchers, Inc. 440- 597: Wildscape/Alamy. 599: (tr) Roy Ooms/Masterfile; (bl) Mike Powell/Getty Images. 601: 441: Philip Perkins. 442: (bl) Comstock Images/Alamy; (inset) Jason T. Ware/Photo Alex Bartel/Photo Researchers, Inc. 602: (tr) Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; (bl) Steve Dunwell/ Researchers, Inc. 443: (tcr) NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI/CXC/SAO; (tr) NASA; (bc) Max-Planck- Getty Images. 603: (t to b) Roy Ooms/Masterfile; Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS. 606-607: Qrt/ Institut fur Radioastronomie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br) Visions of America, LLC/Alamy. 446: Alamy. 610: (cr) Richard Hutchings/Photo Edit; (b) Jeff Greenberg/Photo Edit. 611: CORBIS/ (cl) NASA/JPL-Caltech; (br) NASA/JPL. 447: (tl) Magellan/NASA JPL/Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; PunchStock. 614: (t) Tony Freeman/Photo Edit; (br) Ron Watts/CORBIS. 615: CORBIS/ (cl) NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/NMMNH. 448: (l to r) NASA/JPL. 449: (l to r) NASA/JPL; NASA/ PunchStock. 617: (t to b) Jeff Greenberg/Photo Edit; Ron Watts/CORBIS. 618: Michael Durham/ JPL; Photodisc/PunchStock. 450: (b) StockTrek/Getty Images; (inset) NASA/Photo Researchers, www.durhamphoto.com. 622-623: Paul Nevin/photolibrary/PictureQuest. 623: (t to b) Photo Inc. 451: Shigemi Numazawa/Atlas Photo Bank/Photo Researchers, Inc. 452: NASA/JPL- by Bob Byrd; Matthew Card Photography, photographersdirect.com; Alex Bartel/Photo Caltech. 453: (t to b) NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI/CXC/SAO; NASA/JPL-Caltech; StockTrek/Getty Researchers, Inc. 624-625: Marc Solomon/Getty Images. 627: (tl) Kari Erik Marttila; (t) J. Images. 454: NASA/JPL. 454-455: Photodisc/PunchStock. 455: (tl) NASA/JPL-Caltech; (tr) Schwanke/Alamy. 629: Ted Kinsman/Photo Researchers, Inc. 630: Photo by Bob Byrd. 631: NASA/JPL-Caltech; (cl) CORBIS; (cr) NASA/JPL-Caltech. 456-457: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University Purestock/PunchStock. 632: (cr) Paul Felix Photography/Alamy; (b) Digital Vision/PunchStock. of Colorado. 458: NASA/ESA/JPL/Arizona State Univ. 461: NASA/JPL-Caltech. 462: Gerard 633: (t to b) Kari Erik Marttila; Ted Kinsman/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Photo by Bob Byrd. 635: Lodriguss/Photo Researchers, Inc. 463: (tr) Keren Su/CORBIS; (br) Stapleton Collection/CORBIS. TRBfoto/Getty Images. 636-637: George Hall/Corbis. 638-639: Janine Wiedel Photolibrary/ 464: (tl) NASA/Handout/Reuters/Corbis; (tr) STScI/NASA/Corbis; (cl) NOAO/AURA/NSF; (cr) Alamy. 639: Ilene MacDonald/Alamy. 640: (tr) PhotoLink/Getty Images; (b) Flip Nicklin/ Reuters/CORBIS; (bl) STScI/NASA/Corbis; (br) STScI / NASA/Photo Researchers, Inc. 466: (tr) Minden Pictures. 641: (tr) Kari Erik Marttila; (bl) Jeff Greenberg/AGEfotostock. 642: (cl) Matteo Steven Gorton/Getty Images; (cr) Stockdisc/PunchStock; (b) Detlev Van Ravenswaay/Photo Del Grosso/Alamy; (bl) Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images. 643: (t) Jean Brooks/Robert Harding Researchers, Inc. 467: Keren Su/CORBIS. 469: Digital Vision/PunchStock. 470: (t to b) NASA/ World Imagery/Getty Images; (cr) Mike Laye/CORBIS. 644: (cl) CMCD/Getty Images; (bl) Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; J. A. Kraulis/MASTERFILE; Philip Perkins; NASA/JPL-Caltech/ Hemera Technologies/Alamy. 645: David Young-Wolff/Photo Edit. 646: Stephen Dalton/ University of Colorado. 471: (bl) NASA/JPL-Caltech; (bc) NASA/JPL. 472: (tr) Jim Reed/CORBIS; Minden Pictures. 647: (t to b) Janine Wiedel Photolibrary/Alamy; Jeff Greenberg/AGEfotostock; (bl) Frank Zullo/Photo Researchers, Inc. 473: Photo 24/Brand X Pictures/PictureQuest. 474: (t) Jean Brooks/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images. 648: C Squared Studios/Getty Hanna M. Castle/USDA/ARS, IS Photo Unit; (bl) Keith Weller/USDA/ARS, IS Photo Unit. 474- Images. 650-651: J. A. Kraulis/Masterfile. 652: Brand X Pictures/PunchStock. 653: Stockdisc/ 475: Royalty-Free/CORBIS. 475: Wally Eberhart/Visuals Unlimited. 476-477: Dave King/Dorling PunchStock. 655: Jack Atley/Reuters/Corbis. 656: BananaStock/PunchStock. 657: (cr) Leslie Kindersley. 477: (t to b) Studio Photogram/Alamy; The Hoberman Collection/Alamy. 478-479: Garland Picture Library/Alamy; (bl) Joe Bator/CORBIS 658: (tr) Stockdisc/PunchStock; (cr) Brand X Pictures/Alamy. 484: Thinkstock Images/PictureQuest. 485: Thinkstock Images/ Corbis/PunchStock; (b) Getty Images. 658-659: Robert Glusic/Getty Images. 662: (t) PictureQuest. 488-489: Ken Sherman/Graphistock/PictureQuest. 491: Studio Photogram/ Everynight Images/Alamy; (b) Digital Vision/PunchStock. 663: Rommel/Masterfile. 664-665: Alamy. 496-497: SUNNYphotography.com/Alamy. 497: Alaskastock/Alaskastock.com. 498: (tr) Matthew Card Photography, photographersdirect.com. 666: Stockbyte/PunchStock. 669: David Scharf/Science Photo Library; (c) K-PHOTOS/Alamy; (bl) Colin Cuthbert/Photo Brand X Pictures/PunchStock. 672: (t to b) Photo by Bob Byrd; TRBfoto/Getty Images; Tony Researchers, Inc. 499: Studio Photogram/Alamy. 500: (tr) Steve Bloom Images/Alamy; (bl) Freeman/Photo Edit. 674: (tr) Library of Congress; (bl) The Granger Collection, New York; (br) Photo by Bob Byrd; (br) The Granger Collection, New York. 501: (tl) Bettmann/CORBIS; (tr) Bettmann/CORBIS. 675: (t) AP Photo/Ron Kuntz; ® M. Thomsen/zefa/Corbis. 676-677: Jorma Library of Congress. 502-503: Caroline/zefa/Corbis. 504: (cl) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; (bl) The Luhta/Nature Picture Library. 679: (l) Phil Degginger/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (r) Brand X Hoberman Collection/Alamy. 505: Brian Lawrence/ImageState/PictureQuest. 506: David R. Pictures/PunchStock. 681: BananaStock/PunchStock. 682: Photo by Bob Byrd. 683: Royalty- Frazier/Photo Researchers, Inc. 507: (bl) Medical-on-Line/Alamy; (inset) Scott Camazine/ Free/CORBIS. 684: Martin Bond/Photo Researchers, Inc. 687: Rachel Epstein/Photo Edit. 688: (t Photo Researchers, Inc. 508: Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers, Inc. 509: (l) to b) Marc Solomon/Getty Images; George Hall/CORBIS; J. A. Kraulis/Masterfile; Matthew Card Kari Erik Marttila; (t to b) Visuals Unlimited; Photo by Bob Byrd; E. R. Degginger/Animals Photography, photographersdirect.com; Jorma Luhta/Nature Picture Library. 689: Robert Animals - Earth Scenes; Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc. 510: (tr) WidStock/Alamy; Glusic/Getty Images. 690: (tr) John Madere/CORBIS; (bl) Danita Delimont/Alamy. R1: (tr) (b) Michele Westmorland/CORBIS. 511: (t to b) Brian Lawrence/ImageState/PictureQuest; Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (br) RubberBall Productions/Getty Images. R2: (t to b) Burke/ Andrew Lambert Photography / Photo Researchers, Inc.; WidStock/Alamy. 513: CMCD/Getty Triolo/Brand X Pictures/Jupiterimages; StockDisc/PunchStock; ITStock Free/PunchStock. R3: (c) Images. 516-517: Owaki-Kulla/CORBIS. 517: (t to b) Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Amos Morgan/Getty Images; (paper clip) Scott Haag. R5: (cr) Paul Springett/Alamy; (bc) Brand Inc.; ImageState/Alamy; Royalty-Free/CORBIS. 518-519: Juan Carlos Munoz/AGEfotostock. X Pictures/PunchStock; (br) F. Shussler/PhotoLink/Getty Images. R14: Kareem Black/Getty 521: (t to b) Richard Megna, FUNDAMENTAL PHOTOGRAPHS, NEW YORK; Charles D. Winters/ Images. R15: (tr) Gabrielle Revere/Getty Images; (b) Science VU/CDC/Visuals Unlimited. R23: Photo Researchers, Inc.; John A. Rizzo/Getty Images. 523: Photodisc/Getty Images. 524: Tom (tr) foodfolio/Alamy; (l) Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (cr) Science Pictures Limited/Photo Uhlman/Visuals Unlimited. 525: (t to b) John A. Rizzo/Getty Images; Tom Uhlman/Visuals Researchers, Inc. R24: SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo. R25: (cr) Gerard Lodriguss/Photo Researchers, Unlimited. 532: ImageState/Alamy. 532-533: (bkgd) Siede Preis/Getty Images; (b) Stockdisc/ Inc.; (bl) Royalty-Free/CORBIS. R26: (bl) Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures; (br) Stephen Frink Punchstock. 536: (tr) foodfolio/Alamy; (bl) Kari Erik Marttila; (br) Burke/Triolo Productions/ Collection/Alamy. R27: Courtesy MNMH/Smithsonian Institution. R28: (cr) NOAA/Dembinsky Brand X Pictures/Getty Images. 539: Authors Image/Alamy. 540-541: Jason Edwards/Lonely Photo Associates; (br) sciencephotos/Alamy. R29: (tr) Ingo Arndt/Foto Natura/Minden Planet Images. 542: (bl) Martyn F. Chillmaid/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bc) Charles D. Winters/ Pictures; (l) Gail Shumway/Getty Images. R30: (tl) Klein/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (bl) Fred Science Photo Library; (br) Robert Levin/CORBIS. 543: (tr) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; (cherries, Hirschmann; (br) B&B Photos/Custom Medical Stock Photo. R31: (tl) NASA/ESA/JPL/Arizona blackberries, raspberries) PhotoAlto/PunchStock; (strawberry) Siede Preis/Getty Images. 546: State University; (br) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. R32: (tr) Ben Hall/ (bl) Karlene V. Schwartz; (bc) DPA/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (br) Charles D. Winters / Photo Getty Images; (l) Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; (br) Pat Morris/ARDEA London LTD. R33: (tl) Researchers, Inc. 547: (bl) Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bc) Royalty-Free/ Ingo Arndt/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures; (cl) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; (br) NASA. R34: CORBIS. 548: NASA/Phil Degginger/Dembinsky Photo Associates. 549 (t to b) Royalty-Free/ (bl) Frank Zullo /Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br) Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc. R35: CORBIS. 550: (t) Photodisc/Getty Images; (bl) PHOTOTAKE Inc./Alamy. 551: Photo by Bob Byrd. Eric Nguyen/Jim Reed Photography/Corbis. R36: Ryan McVay/Getty Images. 552-553: Paulo De Oliveira/Getty Images. 554: Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images. 556: (tc, tr) C

R64 credits

P5_BM_CRE_SC07.indd 64 10/12/06 3:54:27 PM Template First Pass Second Pass Confirming Pass PDF Proof

Design: Editorial: ESG: Production: EDP: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: